内容正文:
2026上海初中英语语法精品讲义:数词
|上海中考总复习|内部讲义|严格与考纲对应
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一、数词的定义与分类
数词(Numeral)是表示数量、顺序、时间、年龄、编号等的词,是初中英语语法的基础考点,也是日常交际中高频使用的词汇。
初中阶段数词主要分为两大类:基数词(Cardinal Numerals)和序数词(Ordinal Numerals),此外还包括分数、小数、百分数等数词的延伸用法。
二、基数词(表示“数量多少”)
(一)基数词的构成
1. 1-19:不规则构成(需重点记忆)
1: one 2: two 3: three 4: four 5: five 6: six 7: seven 8: eight 9: nine 10: ten
11: eleven 12: twelve 13: thirteen 14: fourteen 15: fifteen 16: sixteen 17: seventeen 18: eighteen 19: nineteen
2. 20-99:整十数规则构成,非整十数组合构成
(1)整十数:词尾加 -ty(注意拼写变化)
20: twenty 30: thirty 40: forty(注意:four→forty,去u) 50: fifty 60: sixty 70: seventy 80: eighty 90: ninety
(2)非整十数(几十几):整十数 + 连字符(-)+ 个位数
例:21: twenty-one 35: thirty-five 48: forty-eight 99: ninety-nine
3. 100及以上:百位、千位、万位的表达
(1)100: one hundred(百位后加 and,美式英语可省略,英式英语常用)
例:105: one hundred (and) five 230: two hundred (and) thirty
(2)1000: one thousand;10000: ten thousand;100000: one hundred thousand;1000000: one million(百万)
(3)千以上数字:从右往左,每三位为一个单位(千 thousand、百万 million、十亿 billion),中间用逗号隔开,读数时从左往右依次读。
例:1,234: one thousand two hundred (and) thirty-four
56,789: fifty-six thousand seven hundred (and) eighty-nine
1,234,567: one million two hundred thirty-four thousand five hundred (and) sixty-seven
(二)基数词的常见用法
1. 表示数量、年龄、时间、距离
(1)表示数量:I have three books.(我有三本书。)
(2)表示年龄:He is fifteen years old. = He is a fifteen-year-old boy.(他15岁。)
(3)表示时间:7:00 = seven o’clock;8:30 = eight thirty / half past eight;9:15 = nine fifteen / a quarter past nine;10:45 = ten forty-five / a quarter to eleven
(4)表示距离:It’s five kilometers from my home to school.(从我家到学校有5公里。)
2. 表示编号
(1)名词 + 基数词(首字母大写):Class 1(一班)、Grade 7(七年级)、Room 302(302房间)
(2)the + 序数词 + 名词:the first class(第一节课)、the fifth floor(五楼)(对比:Floor 5 = the fifth floor)
3. 特殊搭配
(1)hundred/thousand/million/billion:① 前面有具体数字时,用单数形式,不接 of;② 前面无具体数字,表“许多”时,用复数形式 + of(hundreds of 成百上千的;thousands of 成千上万的)
例:two hundred students(200名学生);hundreds of students(成百上千的学生)
(2)分数表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于1时,分母用复数。(详见第四部分)
三、序数词(表示“顺序先后”)
(一)序数词的构成
1. 1-3:不规则构成(重点记忆)
1st: first(缩写:1st) 2nd: second(2nd) 3rd: third(3rd)
2. 4-19:规则构成(基数词词尾加 -th,注意拼写变化)
4th: fourth(four→fourth,去u) 5th: fifth(five→fifth,ve变f) 8th: eighth(eight→eighth,去t)
9th: ninth(nine→ninth,去e) 12th: twelfth(twelve→twelfth,ve变f) 15th: fifteenth(fifteen→fifteenth,ve变f)
其他:6th: sixth、7th: seventh、10th: tenth、11th: eleventh、13th: thirteenth、14th: fourteenth、16th: sixteenth、17th: seventeenth、18th: eighteenth、19th: nineteenth
3. 20及以上:整十数变 -ty 为 -tieth,非整十数“整十数序数词 + 连字符 + 个位数序数词”
(1)整十数:20th: twentieth、30th: thirtieth、40th: fortieth、50th: fiftieth、60th: sixtieth、70th: seventieth、80th: eightieth、90th: ninetieth
(2)非整十数(几十几):21st: twenty-first、35th: thirty-fifth、48th: forty-eighth、99th: ninety-ninth
(二)序数词的常见用法
1. 前面必须加 the(除非前面有形容词性物主代词,如 my、his、her 等)
例:He is the first to arrive.(他是第一个到的。)
This is my third time to visit Beijing.(这是我第三次去北京。)
2. 表示日期、顺序、排名
(1)表示日期:May 1st = the first of May(5月1日);June 15th = the fifteenth of June(6月15日)
(2)表示顺序:She is in the second grade.(她在二年级。)
(3)表示排名:He got the third place in the competition.(他在比赛中获得第三名。)
3. 序数词的缩写:阿拉伯数字 + 序数词词尾(1st、2nd、3rd、4th~31st)
例:My birthday is on October 12th.(我的生日在10月12日。)
四、数词的延伸用法(分数、小数、百分数)
(一)分数
1. 构成:分子(基数词)+ 分母(序数词);分子大于1时,分母用复数。
例:1/2: one half(不读 one second) 1/3: one third 2/3: two thirds 1/4: one fourth / a quarter 3/4: three fourths / three quarters
2. 用法:分数 + of + 名词(名词为可数名词复数或不可数名词),谓语动词的单复数由of后的名词决定。
例:One third of the water is dirty.(三分之一的水是脏的。)
Two thirds of the students are boys.(三分之二的学生是男生。)
(二)小数
1. 构成:小数点读作 point,小数点前的数字按基数词读,小数点后的数字逐个读(无论有几个0,都读 zero / oh)。
例:0.5: zero point five / point five 1.23: one point two three 5.08: five point zero eight 10.67: ten point six seven
(三)百分数
1. 构成:基数词 + percent(percent 无复数形式)
例:5%: five percent 20%: twenty percent 100%: one hundred percent
2. 用法:百分数 + of + 名词,谓语动词的单复数由of后的名词决定。
例:Thirty percent of the money is used for books.(30%的钱用于买书。)
Sixty percent of the trees are planted by students.(60%的树是学生们种的。)
五、易错点总结
· 1. 基数词 forty(40)、eighty(80)的拼写:注意 forty 去u,eighty 不去t。
· 2. 序数词 fifth(5th)、twelfth(12th)的拼写:ve 变 f 后加 -th。
· 3. hundred/thousand/million/billion 的用法:有具体数字用单数,无具体数字用复数 + of。
· 4. 序数词前面必须加 the,除非有形容词性物主代词修饰。
· 5. 分数中,分子大于1时,分母必须用复数。
六、练习题(基础+提升)
基础题(每题1分,共10分)
1. — How old is your sister? — She is ______ years old. (A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelfth)
2. There are ______ days in a week. (A. seven B. seventh C. the seventh)
3. October is the ______ month of a year. (A. ten B. tenth C. the tenth)
4. There are ______ students in our class. (A. fifty-five B. fifty five C. fifty-fifth)
5. He lives on the ______ floor. (A. five B. fifth C. fiveth)
6. ______ people are watching the football match. (A. Hundred of B. Hundreds of C. Two hundreds)
7. My birthday is on July ______. (A. 12th B. 12nd C. 12rd)
8. One ______ students are from Grade 7. (A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of)
9. — What time is it? — It’s ______. (A. seven thirty B. thirty seven C. seven past thirty)
10. ______ of the food is delicious. (A. Two third B. Two thirds C. Second thirds)
提升题(每题2分,共10分)
1. There are ______ days in February 2026. (A. twenty-eight B. twenty-nine C. thirty)
2. The building is ______ meters high. (A. one hundred twenty B. one hundred and twenty C. one hundred twenty)
3. — Which floor do you live on? — I live on ______ floor. (A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelfth)
4. ______ of the students in our school are girls. (A. Sixty percent B. Sixty percents C. Sixty percent’s)
5. He spent ______ yuan on the book. (A. two hundred and fifty B. two hundreds and fifty C. two hundred fifty)
七、练习题答案及解析
基础题答案
1. A 解析:表示年龄用基数词,twelfth 是序数词,the twelfth 需加 the,不符合句意。
2. A 解析:表示一周有7天,用基数词 seven;seventh 是“第七”,表顺序,不符合。
3. B 解析:十月是一年的第十个月,用序数词 tenth;前面已有 the,无需再加。
4. A 解析:表示“55名学生”,几十几用“整十数 + 连字符 + 个位数”,fifty-five 正确;fifty five 无连字符,fifty-fifth 是序数词。
5. B 解析:表示“第五层”,用序数词 fifth;five 是基数词,fiveth 拼写错误。
6. B 解析:hundred 前无具体数字,表“许多”,用 hundreds of;A选项少s,C选项多s。
7. A 解析:12的序数词缩写是 12th;12nd、12rd 拼写错误(2nd、3rd)。
8. A 解析:hundred 前有具体数字 one,用单数,且不接 of;B选项多s,C选项多of。
9. A 解析:7:30 可读作 seven thirty 或 half past seven;B、C选项表达错误。
10. B 解析:分数分子大于1,分母用复数;A选项分母未变复数,C选项分子用了序数词,错误。
提升题答案
1. A 解析:2026年是平年(能被4整除但不能被100整除,或能被400整除才是闰年),2月有28天。
2. B 解析:120米,百位和十位之间加 and(英式常用,美式可省略),one hundred and twenty 正确;A、C选项缺少 and(美式可省略,但B选项最规范)。
3. C 解析:表示“第十二层”,用序数词 twelfth,需加 the。
4. A 解析:百分数的表达是“基数词 + percent”,percent 无复数;B选项多s,C选项加了所有格,错误。
5. A 解析:250元,百位和十位之间加 and,two hundred and fifty 正确;B选项 hundred 多s,C选项缺少 and。
八、总结
数词的核心是区分基数词(表数量)和序数词(表顺序),掌握两者的构成规则和用法差异,重点记忆不规则拼写和特殊搭配(如 hundred/thousand 的用法、分数表达)。日常练习中注意易错点,多结合句子语境理解,就能熟练运用数词进行交际和解题。
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