Units 5～6单词短语句型语法（期中复习知识清单）高一英语下学期北师大版

专题01 Units 5~6 单词短语句型语法 Unit 5 Humans and Nature 重点单词及变形 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的→________ n人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 2. shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊→________ adj.惊愕的，震惊的→________ adj.令人震惊的 3. frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的→________ v. 使惊吓，使惊恐→________ adj. 令人害怕的 4.edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 5. curious adj.好奇的→________ n. 好奇；好奇心→________ adv.好奇地 6.equal adj.相等的；相同的→________ n. 平等 ________ adv.相等地；同样地 7.duty n．职责；义务；责任 8. base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地→________ adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的 →________ adv.基本上；从根本上说 9. anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地→________ adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的→________ n.焦虑 10. prove vt.证明；证实 11. vary v．变化，相异→________ adj.→________ n．多样→________ adj.各种各样的 12. harmless adj.无害的→________ n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害→________ adj.有害的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 重点单词用法精萃 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的 (1) ________... 挤满…… ________ n．人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 crowd into 涌入，大批涌入 crowd...out (因空间或时间不够而)将……挤出；挤掉；排挤 follow the crowd 跟大家一样；随大溜 a crowd of＝crowds of 一群；一堆；许多 2. shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊 (1)It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊 (2)be in a state of shock 处于震惊的状态 a great shock to sb. 对某人来说是个极大的震惊(抽象名词具体化) ________ adj. 惊愕的，震惊的 ________ adj. 令人震惊的 be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊 shocked look/expression/voice 震惊的表情/声音 3. frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 (1)be frightened at... 对……感到恐惧 (2)be frightened to do sth 不敢做某事 (3)be frightened of （doing）sth 害怕（做）某事 (4)be frightened to death 被吓死 (5)be frightened that 害怕…(跟从句) ________ v. 使惊吓，使惊恐 ________ adj. 令人害怕的 4. edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 (1)at the edge of... 在……边上 (2)be on edge 焦躁不安 (3)have the edge on/over... 比……有利 (4)take the edge off 减弱；减轻 (5)edge sth. into... 侧着慢慢移进…… (6)edge toward... 挤向…… (7)edge in 插入；慢慢进入 (8)edge out 排挤出去 5. curious adj.好奇的 (1)be curious ________... 对……感到好奇 (2)become curious about... 对……变得好奇 (3)be curious to do sth. 很想做某事 (4)It is curious that... ……真是奇怪 ________ n. 好奇；好奇心 out of curiosity 出于好奇 6. equal adj.相等的；相同的 n．同等的人；相等物 v．等于；比得上；敌得过 (1)be equal in 在……方面相等 (2)be equal ________ 与……相等；能胜任/应付 (3)be equal to the task 有能力承担这项任务 (4)equal opportunities/rights 平等的机会/权利 (5)be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比，无敌 (6)equal the world record 平了世界纪录 (7)equal sb. in sth. 在某方面与某人匹配 ________ n. 平等 ________ adv.相等地；同样地 7. duty n．职责；义务；责任 (1) ________ 值班，上班 (2)off duty 下班 (3)out of duty 出于责任 (4)It's one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 (5)feel it one's duty to do sth. 感觉做某事是某人的责任 8. base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地 (1)at the base of... 在……底部 (2)an air base 空军基地 (3)have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础 (4)be based on facts 以事实为依据 (5)base...on/upon...＝be based on 以……为基础/根据 (6)base one's opinions on facts 以事实为依据发表观点 ________ adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的 ________ adv.基本上；从根本上说 9. anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 (1)wait anxiously for 焦急地等待…… (2)look anxiously at 忧虑地看着…… ________ adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的 be anxious about sth.为……担心 be anxious that...担心…… be anxious for渴望得到……/为某人担心 be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事 10. prove vt.证明；证实 (1)prove sth. to sb. 向某人证明某事 (2)prove oneself (to be)... 证明自己是…… (3)prove (to be)＋n./adj. 原来是；证明是 (4)It is proved that... 据证明…… 11. varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 (1)a varied diet 丰富多样的饮食 (2)varied needs of... 不同的需求 ________ vi.变化；（大小、形状等）相异；不同 vary from...to... ……与……不同；在……到……之间变化 ________ n．多样 a variety of＋名词/代词varieties of＋名词/代词 各种各样的/种类繁多的 ________ adj.各种各样的 harmless adj.无害的 harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 harmful adj.有害的 12. harmless adj.无害的 ________ n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 do harm to对…有害 ________ adj.有害的 be harmful to 对…有害 必背短语 2 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. ______________ 用完；耗尽 2. ______________是……的产地/栖息地/发源地 3. ______________保护……不受……（危害） 4. ______________挤满了 5. ______________在某方面与某人匹敌 6. ______________对……感到震惊 7. ______________在某种程度上 8. ______________对……好奇 9. ______________逃脱做某事 10. ______________被困住 11. ______________试图做某事 12. ______________ 对…… 置之不理，对…… 撒手不管 13. ______________对……造成破坏/损害 14. ______________不知所措 15. ______________在…… 边缘；某事快要发生（尤指不好的事） 16. ______________ 吸气 17. ______________ 停止运转，出故障 18. ______________采取措施做某事 重点句型 3 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.the moment引导时间状语从句 ______________ I heard the word I became very frightened. 我一听到这句话，就变得非常害怕。 2.过去分词短语作后置定语 The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects ______________fell down more slowly. 第一，物体越大，下落得越快；第二，在两个体积相同的物体之间，圆形物体下落得更快；第三，在两个大小相同的物体之间，管状形状的物体下落得更慢。 3.than引导比较状语从句 Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more ______________. 现在我已经告诉你了，我也不能指望你会相信我，就像那些渔民当初不相信我一样。 4.with＋宾语＋补足语 That leaves the wolves ______________, so they start attacking the farmers' animals. 这使得狼没有东西可吃，于是它们开始攻击农民的牲畜。 5.as...as sb. can尽可能……地 The most important thing is to protect yourself ______________. 最重要的是尽你所能保护好自己。 语法梳理 4 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 语法点01 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。 上述三个关系副词很多情况下都可以用介词＋关系代词来替换。where＝in/at/to＋which; when＝in/on/at＋which; why＝for＋which。 1．when引导的定语从句 · I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天。 It was an exciting moment for the Spanish fans, when for the first time their team won the World Cup.对于西班牙球迷来说，那是一个激动人心的时刻，因为在那一刻，他们的球队第一次赢得了世界杯。 2．where引导的定语从句 · After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。 She is teaching at the university where her mother once studied.她在母亲曾经学习过的大学执教。 [注意]先行词是指地点的名词，如：place, factory, farm, station, town, meeting-room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 Today we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(先行词是cases)今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的例子。 He wants to find a job where his skills can be put to good use. (先行词是job)他想找一份能将他的技能派上用场的工作。 [注意]当先行词表示抽象的地点或带有地点的意味且在从句中充当类似于地点状语的作用时，定语从句用where引导。 3．why引导的定语从句 · We didn't know the reason why he refused our help.我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 The mother can't accept the reason that/which the son gives for his absence from school.这位母亲不能接受儿子为没上学给出的理由。 [注意]先行词是reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which。 一、单元写作任务：本单元的话题是“人与自然”。单元写作任务是写一个在地震中生存的技巧。写作时，人称第二人称；时态一般现在时。单元写作 当今世界地震频发, 如何才能避免伤亡并把损失降到最低呢?假如你是李华,请给你的朋友Tom写一封信,简要谈一下应对地震时的具体做法。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 谋篇布局 开头 写主题 中间 写做法 结尾 写愿望 二、写作通用表达 1.写主题（theme） Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters, so it’s crucial to know how to protect yourself. 地震是不可预测的自然灾害，因此知晓如何保护自己至关重要。 This guide aims to offer you practical safety tips for earthquakes. 本指南旨在为你提供实用的地震安全建议。 To stay safe during an earthquake, here are some key recommendations. 为在地震中确保安全，以下是一些关键建议。 2. 写做法 (Actions) (1)地震发生时的做法（Actions During an Earthquake） 室内（Indoors） If you’re inside a building, quickly take cover under a sturdy desk or table. 若在建筑物内，迅速躲到坚固的书桌或桌子下方。 Stay away from windows, glass walls, and heavy furniture that might topple over. 远离窗户、玻璃墙以及可能倾倒的重型家具。 Crouch down, keep your head low, and cover your neck and head with your arms. 蹲下，低头，用手臂护住颈部和头部。 室外（Outdoors） When outside, move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines immediately. 若在室外，立即转移到远离建筑物、树木和电线的开阔地带。 Avoid standing near structures like walls or fences that could collapse. 切勿站在可能坍塌的围墙、栅栏等建筑旁。 (2)地震后注意事项（After an Earthquake） Check for injuries and provide first-aid if necessary. 检查是否有人员受伤，如有需要进行急救。 Be cautious of aftershocks and stay away from damaged buildings. 警惕余震，远离受损建筑物。 Listen to the radio or follow official announcements for updates and instructions. 收听广播或关注官方公告，了解最新情况和指示。 (3)日常准备（Daily Preparation） Prepare an emergency kit with essentials like water, food, a flashlight, and a first-aid box. 准备应急包，包含水、食物、手电筒、急救箱等必需品。 Develop a family emergency plan and practice earthquake drills regularly. 制定家庭应急计划，定期开展地震演练。 3. 写愿望（Expressing Wishes） Hopefully, these suggestions will help you and your loved ones stay safe in case of an earthquake. 希望这些建议能帮助你和你爱的人在地震发生时确保安全。 May everyone be well-prepared and protected from the harm of earthquakes. 愿每个人都做好充分准备，免受地震危害 。 三、范文背诵 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? Let me tell you what to do to reduce the losses of an earthquake to the minimum. During an earthquake, if you are outside, you must keep away from buildings, trees and other things that can fall. If you are inside, you must stay in a corner, or get under a table. If you are trapped in the ruins, please be calm and wait for the rescue team to help. After an earthquake, you should check everything in your house, and see whether gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires are OK. Have you learned it? I believe that as long as you remember the above methods, you will be able to minimize the losses. Unit 6 The Admirable 重点单词变形 1. admire vt.钦佩；欣赏→________ adj.令人钦佩的→________ n.钦佩，羡慕→________ adj.钦佩的;赞赏的→________ n.爱慕者；崇拜者 2. generous adj.无私的；慷慨的→________ adv.慷慨地→________ n.慷慨 3. award vt.授予;给予 n.奖,奖品,奖金 4. limited adj.有限的→________ n.限度;限制;界限;范围 vt.限制→________n.限制;局限性→________ adj.无限制的→________ adj.无限的 5.advance n.发展；进步 v.前进→________ adj.高级的 6.inspire v.鼓舞→________ adj.鼓舞人心的→________ n.灵感；鼓舞(激励)人心的人/事→________ adj.受鼓舞的；有灵感的→________ adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的 7. impress v.使印象深刻→________ adj.令人钦佩的，给人印象深刻的→________ n.印象； 8. regard vt.认为,看作 n.注意;关注;关心n.[pl.] 致意,问候→________ adv.不顾;不加理会 9.aware adj.知道的，有意识的→________ n.认识；意识 10.strike v./n. 击打；撞击；罢工；使突然想到→ ________ adj. 显著的；引人注目的→pt./pp. ________ 11. engage vi.参加→________ adj.忙于；被占用的；已订婚的→________ adj.吸引人的→________ n.婚约；约定 12. design vt.计划,设计 n.设计,目的,设计方案→________n.设计师;构思者adj.名师设计的;名牌的 重点单词用法精萃 1.admire vt.钦佩;欣赏 admire sb. ________ (doing) sth.因为(做)某事而钦佩某人 ________ adj.令人钦佩的,值得赞赏的 ________ n.钦佩;赞赏 express/have admiration for sb./sth.表达对某人/物的羡慕/钦佩 in/with admiration赞赏地 ________ adj.钦佩的;赞赏的 ________ n.爱慕者；崇拜者 be an admirer of 仰慕… 2.generous adj.无私的;慷慨的;大方的;丰富的;充足的 (1) be generous to sb.对某人很大方 (2) be generous with sth.在某方面很慷慨 (3) it is generous of sb. to do sth.某人做某事是大方的 ________ adv.慷慨地,大方地 ________ n.慷慨,大方 3. award vt.授予;给予 n.奖,奖品,奖金 (1) award sb. sth.=award sth. to sb.授予/奖励某人某物 (2) be awarded sth. for sth.因为某事而获得某物 (3) give award to 给…奖励 (4) win an award赢得奖项 4. limited adj.有限的 be limited ________...受限于…… ________n.限度;限制;界限;范围 vt.限制 limit...to...使……只在……存在(或发生) set a limit设定一个限制 within limits在某种程度上;有一定限制 without limit没有限制 ________ n.限制;局限性 ________ adj.无限制的 ________ adj.无限的 5. advance n.发展;进步 v.(知识、技术等)发展,进步;促进;提出;前进,行进 (1) ________提前 (2) in advance of ...在……之前;超前 (3) advance on ...朝着……前进 (4) make an advance/advances (in...) towards (在……方面)取得进步 ________ adj.高级的,先进的 6. inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的;启发灵感的 ________ vt.鼓舞;激励;启发思考;使产生(感觉或情感) inspire sb. to do sth.激励某人做某事 inspire sb. with...使某人产生…… ________ n.灵感;启发灵感的人(或事物);鼓舞人心的人(或事物) ________ adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的 7. impressive adj.令人钦佩的;令人印象深刻的 ________ vt.使钦佩;给……留下深刻的好印象;使意识到,使铭记 vi.留下印象 impress sth. on/upon sb.使某人意识到某事的重要性 impress sb. with sb./sth.使某人钦佩某人/某事;某人/某事给某人留下深刻的好印象 be impressed by/with...对……印象深刻;钦佩…… ________ n.印象;感想 leave/make/create a/an...impression on sb.给某人留下……的印象 8. regard vt.认为,看作 n.注意;关注;关心 (1) ________ 把……当作/看作…… (2 )regard...with...以……方式看待…… (3) as regards...关于……;至于…… (4) regards n.[pl.] 致意,问候 ________...关于……;至于…… ________ adv.不顾;不加理会 regardless of不管;不顾;无论 9. awareness n.认识;意识 raise the awareness of 提高……的意识 ________ adj.明白;意识到;发觉,察觉到 be/become aware of...意识到……,知道…… ________ adj.不知道的;未意识到的 10. strike(struck, struck) v.突然发生(某种不幸);突然有坏的影响;击,打;罢工;碰撞;突然想到;划(火柴);敲;鸣;把……迷住 n.罢工;罢课;袭击 (1)be struck by with...被……吸引;喜爱…… (2)on strike在罢工 (3)It strikes/struck sb.... ________ adj.引人注目的;显著的;俊秀的 11. engage v.参加,参与;吸引住;雇用 (1)engage in从事;参加 (2)engage sb. as...雇用某人为…… (3)engage sb. to do sth.雇用某人做某事 (4)engage with...与……建立密切关系;尽力理解…… ________ adj.忙的;已订婚的;被占用的 be engaged in/on sth.从事/忙于某事 be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 ________ adj.吸引人的 ________ n.婚约；约定 12. design vt.计划,设计 n.设计,目的,设计方案 (1) by design有意地;故意地 (2) be designed for ...为……而设计 (3) be designed to do ...旨在做…… ________ n.设计师;构思者adj.名师设计的;名牌的 必背短语 1. ______________ 自愿成为实验对象 2. ______________犯下谋杀罪 3. ______________与邪恶作斗争 4. ______________遭受种族歧视 5. ______________医学文献 6. ______________被困于… 7. ______________省略 8. ______________因某事钦佩某人 9. ______________除了……之外 10.______________因...被授予诺贝尔奖 11. ______________被视为…… 12. ______________以……而著名 13. ______________为正义/平等权利而斗争 14. ______________深入了解…… 15. ______________因……出名 16. ______________尽管 17. ______________为...筹款 18. ______________ 竞争；参加选拔 重点句型 1. not only...but also...不但……而且…… This is ________ an honour for myself, ________ recognition of and encouragement for all scientists in China.这不仅是授予我个人的荣誉,也是对全体中国科学家的认可和鼓励。 2. so...that...如此……以至于…… His injuries were ________ severe ________ he had no movement or feeling in his body. 他的伤势如此严重,以至于他的身体不能动弹,也没有知觉。 3.There is no doubt that...句型 I really admire and respect him, and________ he was one of the most important figures of the 20th century. 我非常钦佩和尊敬他，毫无疑问，他是 20 世纪最重要的人物之一。 4. “wish+宾语从句”常用虚拟语气 He admitted that during the early stages of living with his injury, he wished that he ________dead and even thought of ending his own life. 他承认，在刚受伤后的那段日子里，他曾希望自己已经死去，甚至想过结束自己的生命。 5. 状语从句的省略 When________the Committee for the honour，Tu Youyou said，“This is not only an honour for myself，but also recognition of and encouragement for all scientists in China．” 在感谢委员会授予这份荣誉时，屠呦呦说：“这不仅是我个人的荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可与鼓励。” 语法精讲 语法点01 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 知识点1 关系代词的确定 “介词+关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可以用who或that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。 Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking? = Do you know the girl (that/ who/whom) our teacher is talking to? 你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？ The school in which my friend once studied is very famous. = The school(that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous. 我的朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。 知识点2介词的选取 “介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用或根据上下文要表达的具体意思，或根据先行词的习惯搭配，或根据定语从句中某些单词或短语的习惯搭配而定。具体用法如下： 1.根据上下文要表达的具体意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. (相当于 My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years.) 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. (相当于My son was saved by the pilot.)这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 2.根据定语从句修饰的先行词的习惯搭配来确定介词。 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？(on the day) 3.根据定语从句中某些词或短语的习惯搭配来确定介词。有时候，这个介词可能就是作定语从句谓语的短语动词中的一个固定介词，如choose from 中的from等。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的那辆汽车吗？（pay for) This is the computer on which I spent 3,000yuan. 这就是我花3000元买的电脑。(spend money on sth.) The two things about/ of which he was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. 他不确定的两项是语法和一些习语。(be sure about/of) 知识点3 "介词+关系代词＂的特殊用法 1.有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语动词时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有care for, deal with, get through, hear from, depend on, listen to, look after, look at, look for, send for, see to, pay attention to, take care of等。 这就是我正在寻找的手表。 【误】 This is the watch for which I am looking. [正]This is the watch which/ that I am looking for. 2.介词in,on,at，for等与关系代词which一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词when，where,why 等替换。 The reason for which(=why) he refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒绝这个邀请的理由还不清楚。 Great changes have taken place in the city in which (= where） I was born. 我出生的那个城市已经发生了巨大的变化。 3.the way后接定语从句时关系词的选择 the way(方式，方法）作先行词，后接定语从句时，若关系词在从句中作状语，则用in which或that，关系词也可省略；若关系词在从句中作宾语、主语等，关系词用which/that，且关系词在从句中作宾语时也可省略。 The way (that/in which) he treats children is very good. 他对待孩子们的方式非常好。 The way (which/that) you told me yesterday doesn't work. 你昨天告诉我的方法不管用。 语法02 同义词和反义词 知识点1 同义词 同义词是意义几乎相同的一组词语，它们词性相同。如look与see；ambition与hope，dream等。同义词虽然意义相同，但由于语义、感情色彩、语体色彩、词的搭配和位置分布的不同，有些同义词是有差异的，在不同场合要注意它们的运用。statesman和politician在字面上都是“政治家”的意思，但是，后者往往用其贬义，表示“政客”的意思。 2．从语体角度来讲，不同的同义词出现在不同的语体中，带有语体色彩。 3．在写作上，很多时候同义词在从句和一些并列的语句中应用比较多，起解释说明的作用。 · She is a vocalist，singer working in the CCTV.(这里的 singer是对前面的名词的解释。英语中常有一些这样的句子，我们可能不一定知道第一个名词的意思，但是紧跟其后的名词我们一定学过。) 4．此外，同义词也经常用在一些谚语中。 · A single spark can start a prairie fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。 知识点2 反义词 语义相对或者相反的词叫作反义词。和同义词一样，它们词性相同。 1．换位反义词 换位反义词就是指一种对立统一的关系，一方的存在以另一方的存在为前提，双方形成一个对立的统一体。 If A sells a watch to B，B buys a watch from A. If A gives a pen to B，B receives a pen from A. 英语中有一词多义的特征，所以反义词可能有不止一个，所以在不同的场合要注意反义词的使用。 2．固定搭配中的反义词 英语中有许多由一对反义词构成的固定搭配。 here and there，now and then，day and night，up and down，etc. 3．反义词在谚语中的使用，通常用对偶句，它们结构相似，意思相反。 A white lie is better than a black lie. 一个善意的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。 As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free. 只要思想被奴役，身体就永远不能自由。 Pain past is pleasure. 苦尽甘来。 East or west，home is best. 东好西好，还是家里最好。 4．词根加上前缀/后缀形成反义词。前缀有im­， in­， un­等，后缀有­less等。 在英语里，如果两个词语的意思相同或相近，那么它们就被称作同义词(synonyms)，而意思相反的词语叫作反义词(antonyms)。同义词在英语文章中的显现能够证明学习者词汇量的大小，而反义词在写作中尤为重要，俗语或者谚语以及对偶句的应用往往使文章出彩，甚至起到强调警示的作用，令人印象深刻。当然，它们也有场合的差异，色彩的不同，甚至不同的人选词也会不尽相同。 单元写作 一、单元写作任务：本单元的话题是“概要写作”。写作时，人称第三人称；时态一般现在时。 本单元的写作话题是概要写作：鼓舞人心的人或者事情。属于记叙文。记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要写清楚五要素，即 where, when, what, who, how,给读者呈现一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情通常按照时间顺序进行叙述，让读者易于把握各部分内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的中心大意。 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy for high school seniors to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There's no excuse for not visiting the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be much possible, but if you live nearby, go and check it out! If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College WeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors（顾问）, and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend. 谋篇布局 开头 写主旨。 中间 写具体 结尾 写总结 二、写作通用表达 1. 通用开头表达 （1）The writer mainly tells us... （2）The author shares his experiences... （3）From the passage, we know that... 2. 中间连接的表达 （1）表示转折、让步或对比关系的过渡性词语 however, yet, but, although, while, despite, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, even though, whereas, in spite of, by contrast, in contrast （2）表示因果关系的过渡性词语 thus, as, since ,for, therefore, consequently, accordingly, because of, due to, owing to, in that, as a result of, now that, seeing that 三、范文背诵 To ensure a brilliant college life, you'd better spare time to visit campuses to examine all aspects of your dream colleges, even if it may be costly.（要点1） If you live nearby, be sure to check it out before you apply.（要点2） Even after submitting applications, a visit can help avoid much trouble.（要点3） However, if it's not possible to see for yourself for lack of time and money, visiting the online college fairs at collegeweeklive.com will be beneficial.（要点4） $专题01 Units 5~6 单词短语句型语法 Unit 5 Humans and Nature 重点单词及变形 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的→crowd n人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 2. shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊→shocked adj.惊愕的，震惊的→shocking adj.令人震惊的 3. frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的→frighten v. 使惊吓，使惊恐→frightening adj. 令人害怕的 4.edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 5. curious adj.好奇的→curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心→curiously adv.好奇地 6.equal adj.相等的；相同的→equality n. 平等 equally adv.相等地；同样地 7.duty n．职责；义务；责任 8. base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地→basic adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的 →basically adv.基本上；从根本上说 9. anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地→anxious adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的→anxiety n.焦虑 10. prove vt.证明；证实 11. vary v．变化，相异→varied adj.→variety n．多样→various adj.各种各样的 12. harmless adj.无害的→harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害→harmful adj.有害的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 重点单词用法精萃 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的 (1)be crowded with... 挤满…… crowd n．人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 crowd into 涌入，大批涌入 crowd...out (因空间或时间不够而)将……挤出；挤掉；排挤 follow the crowd 跟大家一样；随大溜 a crowd of＝crowds of 一群；一堆；许多 2. shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊 (1)It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊 (2)be in a state of shock 处于震惊的状态 a great shock to sb. 对某人来说是个极大的震惊(抽象名词具体化) shocked adj. 惊愕的，震惊的 shocking adj. 令人震惊的 be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊 shocked look/expression/voice 震惊的表情/声音 3. frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 (1)be frightened at... 对……感到恐惧 (2)be frightened to do sth 不敢做某事 (3)be frightened of （doing）sth 害怕（做）某事 (4)be frightened to death 被吓死 (5)be frightened that 害怕…(跟从句) frighten v. 使惊吓，使惊恐 frightening adj. 令人害怕的 4. edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 (1)at the edge of... 在……边上 (2)be on edge 焦躁不安 (3)have the edge on/over... 比……有利 (4)take the edge off 减弱；减轻 (5)edge sth. into... 侧着慢慢移进…… (6)edge toward... 挤向…… (7)edge in 插入；慢慢进入 (8)edge out 排挤出去 5. curious adj.好奇的 (1)be curious about... 对……感到好奇 (2)become curious about... 对……变得好奇 (3)be curious to do sth. 很想做某事 (4)It is curious that... ……真是奇怪 curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心 out of curiosity 出于好奇 6. equal adj.相等的；相同的 n．同等的人；相等物 v．等于；比得上；敌得过 (1)be equal in 在……方面相等 (2)be equal to 与……相等；能胜任/应付 (3)be equal to the task 有能力承担这项任务 (4)equal opportunities/rights 平等的机会/权利 (5)be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比，无敌 (6)equal the world record 平了世界纪录 (7)equal sb. in sth. 在某方面与某人匹配 equality n. 平等 equally adv.相等地；同样地 7. duty n．职责；义务；责任 (1)on duty 值班，上班 (2)off duty 下班 (3)out of duty 出于责任 (4)It's one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 (5)feel it one's duty to do sth. 感觉做某事是某人的责任 8. base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地 (1)at the base of... 在……底部 (2)an air base 空军基地 (3)have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础 (4)be based on facts 以事实为依据 (5)base...on/upon...＝be based on 以……为基础/根据 (6)base one's opinions on facts 以事实为依据发表观点 basic adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的 basically adv.基本上；从根本上说 9. anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 (1)wait anxiously for 焦急地等待…… (2)look anxiously at 忧虑地看着…… anxious adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的 be anxious about sth.为……担心 be anxious that...担心…… be anxious for渴望得到……/为某人担心 be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事 10. prove vt.证明；证实 (1)prove sth. to sb. 向某人证明某事 (2)prove oneself (to be)... 证明自己是…… (3)prove (to be)＋n./adj. 原来是；证明是 (4)It is proved that... 据证明…… 11. varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 (1)a varied diet 丰富多样的饮食 (2)varied needs of... 不同的需求 vary vi.变化；（大小、形状等）相异；不同 vary from...to... ……与……不同；在……到……之间变化 variety n．多样 a variety of＋名词/代词varieties of＋名词/代词 各种各样的/种类繁多的 various adj.各种各样的 harmless adj.无害的 harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 harmful adj.有害的 12. harmless adj.无害的 harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 do harm to对…有害 harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to 对…有害 必背短语 2 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. run out 用完；耗尽 2. be home to是……的产地/栖息地/发源地 3. protect...from/against...保护……不受……（危害） 4. be crowded with挤满了 5. equal sb in sth在某方面与某人匹敌 6. be shocked at对……感到震惊 7. to some extent在某种程度上 8. be curious about对……好奇 9. escape doing sth逃脱做某事 10. be/get trapped in被困住 11. attempt to do sth试图做某事 12. turn one's back (on sb /sth) 对…… 置之不理，对…… 撒手不管 13. do/cause damage to...对……造成破坏/损害 14. at a loss不知所措 15. on the edge of 在…… 边缘；某事快要发生（尤指不好的事） 16. breathe in 吸气 17. break down 停止运转，出故障 18. take measures to do sth采取措施做某事 重点句型 3 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.the moment引导时间状语从句 The moment I heard the word I became very frightened. 我一听到这句话，就变得非常害怕。 2.过去分词短语作后置定语 The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly. 第一，物体越大，下落得越快；第二，在两个体积相同的物体之间，圆形物体下落得更快；第三，在两个大小相同的物体之间，管状形状的物体下落得更慢。 3.than引导比较状语从句 Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more than the fishermen did. 现在我已经告诉你了，我也不能指望你会相信我，就像那些渔民当初不相信我一样。 4.with＋宾语＋补足语 That leaves the wolves with nothing to eat, so they start attacking the farmers' animals. 这使得狼没有东西可吃，于是它们开始攻击农民的牲畜。 5.as...as sb. can尽可能……地 The most important thing is to protect yourself as much as you can. 最重要的是尽你所能保护好自己。 语法梳理 4 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 语法点01 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。 上述三个关系副词很多情况下都可以用介词＋关系代词来替换。where＝in/at/to＋which; when＝in/on/at＋which; why＝for＋which。 1．when引导的定语从句 · I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天。 It was an exciting moment for the Spanish fans, when for the first time their team won the World Cup.对于西班牙球迷来说，那是一个激动人心的时刻，因为在那一刻，他们的球队第一次赢得了世界杯。 2．where引导的定语从句 · After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。 She is teaching at the university where her mother once studied.她在母亲曾经学习过的大学执教。 [注意]先行词是指地点的名词，如：place, factory, farm, station, town, meeting-room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 Today we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(先行词是cases)今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的例子。 He wants to find a job where his skills can be put to good use. (先行词是job)他想找一份能将他的技能派上用场的工作。 [注意]当先行词表示抽象的地点或带有地点的意味且在从句中充当类似于地点状语的作用时，定语从句用where引导。 3．why引导的定语从句 · We didn't know the reason why he refused our help.我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 The mother can't accept the reason that/which the son gives for his absence from school.这位母亲不能接受儿子为没上学给出的理由。 [注意]先行词是reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which。 一、单元写作任务：本单元的话题是“人与自然”。单元写作任务是写一个在地震中生存的技巧。写作时，人称第二人称；时态一般现在时。单元写作 当今世界地震频发, 如何才能避免伤亡并把损失降到最低呢?假如你是李华,请给你的朋友Tom写一封信,简要谈一下应对地震时的具体做法。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 谋篇布局 开头 写主题 中间 写做法 结尾 写愿望 二、写作通用表达 1.写主题（theme） Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters, so it’s crucial to know how to protect yourself. 地震是不可预测的自然灾害，因此知晓如何保护自己至关重要。 This guide aims to offer you practical safety tips for earthquakes. 本指南旨在为你提供实用的地震安全建议。 To stay safe during an earthquake, here are some key recommendations. 为在地震中确保安全，以下是一些关键建议。 2. 写做法 (Actions) (1)地震发生时的做法（Actions During an Earthquake） 室内（Indoors） If you’re inside a building, quickly take cover under a sturdy desk or table. 若在建筑物内，迅速躲到坚固的书桌或桌子下方。 Stay away from windows, glass walls, and heavy furniture that might topple over. 远离窗户、玻璃墙以及可能倾倒的重型家具。 Crouch down, keep your head low, and cover your neck and head with your arms. 蹲下，低头，用手臂护住颈部和头部。 室外（Outdoors） When outside, move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines immediately. 若在室外，立即转移到远离建筑物、树木和电线的开阔地带。 Avoid standing near structures like walls or fences that could collapse. 切勿站在可能坍塌的围墙、栅栏等建筑旁。 (2)地震后注意事项（After an Earthquake） Check for injuries and provide first-aid if necessary. 检查是否有人员受伤，如有需要进行急救。 Be cautious of aftershocks and stay away from damaged buildings. 警惕余震，远离受损建筑物。 Listen to the radio or follow official announcements for updates and instructions. 收听广播或关注官方公告，了解最新情况和指示。 (3)日常准备（Daily Preparation） Prepare an emergency kit with essentials like water, food, a flashlight, and a first-aid box. 准备应急包，包含水、食物、手电筒、急救箱等必需品。 Develop a family emergency plan and practice earthquake drills regularly. 制定家庭应急计划，定期开展地震演练。 3. 写愿望（Expressing Wishes） Hopefully, these suggestions will help you and your loved ones stay safe in case of an earthquake. 希望这些建议能帮助你和你爱的人在地震发生时确保安全。 May everyone be well-prepared and protected from the harm of earthquakes. 愿每个人都做好充分准备，免受地震危害 。 三、范文背诵 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? Let me tell you what to do to reduce the losses of an earthquake to the minimum. During an earthquake, if you are outside, you must keep away from buildings, trees and other things that can fall. If you are inside, you must stay in a corner, or get under a table. If you are trapped in the ruins, please be calm and wait for the rescue team to help. After an earthquake, you should check everything in your house, and see whether gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires are OK. Have you learned it? I believe that as long as you remember the above methods, you will be able to minimize the losses. Unit 6 The Admirable 重点单词变形 1. admire vt.钦佩；欣赏→admirable adj.令人钦佩的→admiration n.钦佩，羡慕→admiring adj.钦佩的;赞赏的→admirer n.爱慕者；崇拜者 2. generous adj.无私的；慷慨的→generously adv.慷慨地→generosity n.慷慨 3. award vt.授予;给予 n.奖,奖品,奖金 4. limited adj.有限的→limit n.限度;限制;界限;范围 vt.限制→limitation n.限制;局限性→unlimited adj.无限制的→limitless adj.无限的 5.advance n.发展；进步 v.前进→advanced adj.高级的，6.inspire v.鼓舞→inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的→inspiration n.灵感；鼓舞(激励)人心的人/事→inspired adj.受鼓舞的；有灵感的→inspirational adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的 7. impress v.使印象深刻→impressive adj.令人钦佩的，给人印象深刻的→impression n.印象； 8. regard vt.认为,看作 n.注意;关注;关心n.[pl.] 致意,问候→regardless adv.不顾;不加理会 9.aware adj.知道的，有意识的→awareness n.认识；意识 10.strike v./n. 击打；撞击；罢工；使突然想到→ striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的→pt./pp. struck/struck 11. engage vi.参加→engaged adj.忙于；被占用的；已订婚的→engaging adj.吸引人的→engagement n.婚约；约定 12. design vt.计划,设计 n.设计,目的,设计方案→designer n.设计师;构思者adj.名师设计的;名牌的 重点单词用法精萃 1.admire vt.钦佩;欣赏 admire sb. for (doing) sth.因为(做)某事而钦佩某人 admirable adj.令人钦佩的,值得赞赏的 admiration n.钦佩;赞赏 express/have admiration for sb./sth.表达对某人/物的羡慕/钦佩 in/with admiration赞赏地 admiring adj.钦佩的;赞赏的 admirer n.爱慕者；崇拜者 be an admirer of 仰慕… 2.generous adj.无私的;慷慨的;大方的;丰富的;充足的 (1) be generous to sb.对某人很大方 (2) be generous with sth.在某方面很慷慨 (3) it is generous of sb. to do sth.某人做某事是大方的 generously adv.慷慨地,大方地 generosity n.慷慨,大方 3. award vt.授予;给予 n.奖,奖品,奖金 (1) award sb. sth.=award sth. to sb.授予/奖励某人某物 (2) be awarded sth. for sth.因为某事而获得某物 (3) give award to 给…奖励 (4) win an award赢得奖项 4. limited adj.有限的 be limited to...受限于…… limit n.限度;限制;界限;范围 vt.限制 limit...to...使……只在……存在(或发生) set a limit设定一个限制 within limits在某种程度上;有一定限制 without limit没有限制 limitation n.限制;局限性 unlimited adj.无限制的 limitless adj.无限的 5. advance n.发展;进步 v.(知识、技术等)发展,进步;促进;提出;前进,行进 (1) in advance提前 (2) in advance of ...在……之前;超前 (3) advance on ...朝着……前进 (4) make an advance/advances (in...) towards (在……方面)取得进步 advanced adj.高级的,先进的 6. inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的;启发灵感的 inspire vt.鼓舞;激励;启发思考;使产生(感觉或情感) inspire sb. to do sth.激励某人做某事 inspire sb. with...使某人产生…… inspiration n.灵感;启发灵感的人(或事物);鼓舞人心的人(或事物) inspirational adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的 7. impressive adj.令人钦佩的;令人印象深刻的 impress vt.使钦佩;给……留下深刻的好印象;使意识到,使铭记 vi.留下印象 impress sth. on/upon sb.使某人意识到某事的重要性 impress sb. with sb./sth.使某人钦佩某人/某事;某人/某事给某人留下深刻的好印象 be impressed by/with...对……印象深刻;钦佩…… impression n.印象;感想 leave/make/create a/an...impression on sb.给某人留下……的印象 8. regard vt.认为,看作 n.注意;关注;关心 (1) regard...as... 把……当作/看作…… (2 )regard...with...以……方式看待…… (3) as regards...关于……;至于…… (4) regards n.[pl.] 致意,问候 regard to...关于……;至于…… regardless adv.不顾;不加理会 regardless of不管;不顾;无论 9. awareness n.认识;意识 raise the awareness of 提高……的意识 aware adj.明白;意识到;发觉,察觉到 be/become aware of...意识到……,知道…… unaware adj.不知道的;未意识到的 10. strike(struck, struck) v.突然发生(某种不幸);突然有坏的影响;击,打;罢工;碰撞;突然想到;划(火柴);敲;鸣;把……迷住 n.罢工;罢课;袭击 (1)be struck by with...被……吸引;喜爱…… (2)on strike在罢工 (3)It strikes/struck sb.... striking adj.引人注目的;显著的;俊秀的 11. engage v.参加,参与;吸引住;雇用 (1)engage in从事;参加 (2)engage sb. as...雇用某人为…… (3)engage sb. to do sth.雇用某人做某事 (4)engage with...与……建立密切关系;尽力理解…… engaged adj.忙的;已订婚的;被占用的 be engaged in/on sth.从事/忙于某事 be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 engaging adj.吸引人的 engagement n.婚约；约定 12. design vt.计划,设计 n.设计,目的,设计方案 (1) by design有意地;故意地 (2) be designed for ...为……而设计 (3) be designed to do ...旨在做…… designer n.设计师;构思者adj.名师设计的;名牌的 必背短语 1. volunteer to be a subject 自愿成为实验对象 2. committed a murder犯下谋杀罪 3. fight against evil与邪恶作斗争 4. suffer racial discrimination遭受种族歧视 5. medical literature医学文献 6. be trapped in …被困于… 7. leave out省略 8. admire sb. for sth.因某事钦佩某人 9. apart from除了……之外 10. be awarded the Nobel Prize for...因...被授予诺贝尔奖 11. be regarded as被视为…… 12. be noted for以……而著名 13. fight for justice / equal rights为正义/平等权利而斗争 14. gain a deep knowledge about ...深入了解…… 15.gain a reputation for...因……出名 16. in spite of尽管 17. raise money for…为...筹款 18. try out for 竞争；参加选拔 重点句型 1. not only...but also...不但……而且…… This is not only an honour for myself, but also recognition of and encouragement for all scientists in China.这不仅是授予我个人的荣誉,也是对全体中国科学家的认可和鼓励。 2. so...that...如此……以至于…… His injuries were so severe that he had no movement or feeling in his body. 他的伤势如此严重,以至于他的身体不能动弹,也没有知觉。 3.There is no doubt that...句型 I really admire and respect him, and there’s no doubt that he was one of the most important figures of the 20th century. 我非常钦佩和尊敬他，毫无疑问，他是 20 世纪最重要的人物之一。 4. “wish+宾语从句”常用虚拟语气 He admitted that during the early stages of living with his injury, he wished that he was dead and even thought of ending his own life. 他承认，在刚受伤后的那段日子里，他曾希望自己已经死去，甚至想过结束自己的生命。 5. 状语从句的省略 When thanking the Committee for the honour，Tu Youyou said，“This is not only an honour for myself，but also recognition of and encouragement for all scientists in China．” 在感谢委员会授予这份荣誉时，屠呦呦说：“这不仅是我个人的荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可与鼓励。” 语法精讲 语法点01 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 知识点1 关系代词的确定 “介词+关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可以用who或that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。 Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking? = Do you know the girl (that/ who/whom) our teacher is talking to? 你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？ The school in which my friend once studied is very famous. = The school(that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous. 我的朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。 知识点2介词的选取 “介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用或根据上下文要表达的具体意思，或根据先行词的习惯搭配，或根据定语从句中某些单词或短语的习惯搭配而定。具体用法如下： 1.根据上下文要表达的具体意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. (相当于 My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years.) 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. (相当于My son was saved by the pilot.)这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 2.根据定语从句修饰的先行词的习惯搭配来确定介词。 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？(on the day) 3.根据定语从句中某些词或短语的习惯搭配来确定介词。有时候，这个介词可能就是作定语从句谓语的短语动词中的一个固定介词，如choose from 中的from等。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的那辆汽车吗？（pay for) This is the computer on which I spent 3,000yuan. 这就是我花3000元买的电脑。(spend money on sth.) The two things about/ of which he was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. 他不确定的两项是语法和一些习语。(be sure about/of) 知识点3 "介词+关系代词＂的特殊用法 1.有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语动词时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有care for, deal with, get through, hear from, depend on, listen to, look after, look at, look for, send for, see to, pay attention to, take care of等。 这就是我正在寻找的手表。 【误】 This is the watch for which I am looking. [正]This is the watch which/ that I am looking for. 2.介词in,on,at，for等与关系代词which一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词when，where,why 等替换。 The reason for which(=why) he refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒绝这个邀请的理由还不清楚。 Great changes have taken place in the city in which (= where） I was born. 我出生的那个城市已经发生了巨大的变化。 3.the way后接定语从句时关系词的选择 the way(方式，方法）作先行词，后接定语从句时，若关系词在从句中作状语，则用in which或that，关系词也可省略；若关系词在从句中作宾语、主语等，关系词用which/that，且关系词在从句中作宾语时也可省略。 The way (that/in which) he treats children is very good. 他对待孩子们的方式非常好。 The way (which/that) you told me yesterday doesn't work. 你昨天告诉我的方法不管用。 语法02 同义词和反义词 知识点1 同义词 同义词是意义几乎相同的一组词语，它们词性相同。如look与see；ambition与hope，dream等。同义词虽然意义相同，但由于语义、感情色彩、语体色彩、词的搭配和位置分布的不同，有些同义词是有差异的，在不同场合要注意它们的运用。statesman和politician在字面上都是“政治家”的意思，但是，后者往往用其贬义，表示“政客”的意思。 2．从语体角度来讲，不同的同义词出现在不同的语体中，带有语体色彩。 3．在写作上，很多时候同义词在从句和一些并列的语句中应用比较多，起解释说明的作用。 · She is a vocalist，singer working in the CCTV.(这里的 singer是对前面的名词的解释。英语中常有一些这样的句子，我们可能不一定知道第一个名词的意思，但是紧跟其后的名词我们一定学过。) 4．此外，同义词也经常用在一些谚语中。 · A single spark can start a prairie fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。 知识点2 反义词 语义相对或者相反的词叫作反义词。和同义词一样，它们词性相同。 1．换位反义词 换位反义词就是指一种对立统一的关系，一方的存在以另一方的存在为前提，双方形成一个对立的统一体。 If A sells a watch to B，B buys a watch from A. If A gives a pen to B，B receives a pen from A. 英语中有一词多义的特征，所以反义词可能有不止一个，所以在不同的场合要注意反义词的使用。 2．固定搭配中的反义词 英语中有许多由一对反义词构成的固定搭配。 here and there，now and then，day and night，up and down，etc. 3．反义词在谚语中的使用，通常用对偶句，它们结构相似，意思相反。 A white lie is better than a black lie. 一个善意的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。 As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free. 只要思想被奴役，身体就永远不能自由。 Pain past is pleasure. 苦尽甘来。 East or west，home is best. 东好西好，还是家里最好。 4．词根加上前缀/后缀形成反义词。前缀有im­， in­， un­等，后缀有­less等。 在英语里，如果两个词语的意思相同或相近，那么它们就被称作同义词(synonyms)，而意思相反的词语叫作反义词(antonyms)。同义词在英语文章中的显现能够证明学习者词汇量的大小，而反义词在写作中尤为重要，俗语或者谚语以及对偶句的应用往往使文章出彩，甚至起到强调警示的作用，令人印象深刻。当然，它们也有场合的差异，色彩的不同，甚至不同的人选词也会不尽相同。 单元写作 一、单元写作任务：本单元的话题是“概要写作”。写作时，人称第三人称；时态一般现在时。 本单元的写作话题是概要写作：鼓舞人心的人或者事情。属于记叙文。记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要写清楚五要素，即 where, when, what, who, how,给读者呈现一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情通常按照时间顺序进行叙述，让读者易于把握各部分内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的中心大意。 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy for high school seniors to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There's no excuse for not visiting the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be much possible, but if you live nearby, go and check it out! If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College WeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors（顾问）, and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend. 谋篇布局 开头 写主旨。 中间 写具体 结尾 写总结 二、写作通用表达 1. 通用开头表达 （1）The writer mainly tells us... （2）The author shares his experiences... （3）From the passage, we know that... 2. 中间连接的表达 （1）表示转折、让步或对比关系的过渡性词语 however, yet, but, although, while, despite, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, even though, whereas, in spite of, by contrast, in contrast （2）表示因果关系的过渡性词语 thus, as, since ,for, therefore, consequently, accordingly, because of, due to, owing to, in that, as a result of, now that, seeing that 三、范文背诵 To ensure a brilliant college life, you'd better spare time to visit campuses to examine all aspects of your dream colleges, even if it may be costly.（要点1） If you live nearby, be sure to check it out before you apply.（要点2） Even after submitting applications, a visit can help avoid much trouble.（要点3） However, if it's not possible to see for yourself for lack of time and money, visiting the online college fairs at collegeweeklive.com will be beneficial.（要点4） $