专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，山东专用）高一英语下学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——社会现象与文化传承 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东枣庄·期中） World Sleep Day fell on March 21 this year, and the problem of sleep deprivation (不足) among teenagers has come into focus. Many teenagers feel sleepy during the day because of busy schedules filled with homework, extracurricular activities and the temptation to use electronic devices. A report issued by the Chinese Sleep Research Society on March 16 showed that more than half of young people born after 2000 in China fall asleep after midnight, reported Shanghai Observer. In the US, 77.3 percent of high school students do not get enough sleep, according to USAFacts. Quality sleep is important for people of any age, but especially so for teenagers. They need nine to ten hours of sleep each day to function at their best, said the US National Institutes of Health. This is more than what they need both as children and later as adults because of the deep mental, physical, social and emotional development that takes place during adolescence, said the website Sleep Foundation. For students, sleep plays a key role in school performance by improving attention, memory and thinking skills. It helps sharpen the mind and facilitates (促进) learning. Besides helping with learning, sleep also supports teenagers’ creative abilities. This link was first studied in the late 20th century when researchers at Loughborough University in the UK compared creative performance between sleep-deprived people and those who slept normally. The first group scored lower on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. They often repeated the same mistakes and had trouble coming up with new ideas. More recently, in 2023, a team led by Kathleen Esfahany at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) identified a stage of sleep called “sleep onset”, which provides a special time for creativity. This phase happens when we are between being awake and asleep. The MIT team found that when people are prompted (促使) to dream about a certain topic during sleep onset, they perform more creatively on related tasks after waking up, reported MIT News. 1．All of the following are factors resulting in teenagers’ sleep deprivation EXCEPT . A．heavy homework load B．late-night use of smartphones C．early school start time D．participation in after-school sports 2．How did sleep-deprived individuals perform based on the Loughborough University study? A．Higher scores but less creative. B．Poorer performance with repeated errors. C．Average results yet innovative. D．Unchanged creativity and declined memory. 3．What did the MIT team discover about the “sleep onset” stage? A．It only occurs in teenagers. B．It provides a chance for creativity. C．It is the deepest stage of sleep. D．It helps people remember dreams better. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The causes and effects of teenagers’ sleep deprivation. B．The importance of sleep for academic performance. C．The link between quality sleep and creativity. D．The sleep patterns and stages of global teenagers. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东日照·期中） Imagine having a delicious coffee accompanied by a tasty dessert, and being served by someone with the affection of a grandparent... That’s Vollpension, a series of cozy cafés in Austria that are characterized by the fact that half of their employees are senior citizens. Some people may wonder why these seniors wouldn’t prefer to take it easy. However, the truth is that Vollpension has turned out to be a great opportunity for the elderly, not only economically but also emotionally. Because yes, while there are older people who may want to remain at home, there are others who would like to be able to continue working, but who experience labor discrimination (歧视). As this company explains on its website, the seemingly simple act of making a coffee or baking a cake can be freeing. It allows them to feel useful and helps them fight loneliness (one of the biggest problems today) because they interact with other people, both young and old. Lastly, the workers earn some extra money to make up for their often-insufficient pensions (养老金). So, as long as these people have the physical and mental ability to work and the desire to do so, there’s no reason to discriminate against them in the work environment. On social networks, it’s becoming increasingly common to find profiles of grandmothers who give cooking tips or sell food that they prepare. There are also examples of seniors who teach younger people how to repair things at home, or who even give life advice. Young people can help their elderly family members or neighbors who need technical support. As at the Vollpension cafés in Austria, when young and old work together the generation gap suddenly narrows, and the world becomes a more respectful, caring, and better place. And the advantages run both ways, because young people also have a lot to learn from older adults. Both generations can flourish (兴旺) when they help each other. 1．What makes Vollpension special? A．It mainly serves senior citizens. B．It has many older employees. C．It offers coffee with a unique taste. D．It provides emotional services. 2．Why do some senior people continue to work after retirement? A．To live their life to the full. B．To set an example for the young. C．To fill the labour shortage. D．To fight against age discrimination. 3．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．There are more job opportunities for the elderly online. B．Seniors have more life skills than the younger generation. C．Many seniors are active in starting their business or service. D．Technology plays an important role in caring for the elderly. 4．What does the author stress in the last paragraph? A．The challenges faced by the elderly. B．The benefits of intergenerational help. C．The need for more cafés like Vollpension. D．The value of senior citizens in the workforce. 主题02 人与社会——社会心理与人际互动 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东聊城·期中） Frightening as monsters (怪兽) are, they have always attracted us. From strange combinations of animals to magical beings, creatures have emerged from our imaginations throughout history. Today, they still frequent our cinema screens. Considering how scared we can be of monsters, it seems paradoxical that we keep making them. In fact, there is science behind our love of monsters. Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living with predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ (祖先) first deadly threats, causing them to develop snake-responsive neurons in their brains. This adaptation allowed them to recognize snakes with just a quick look. That is why we get a thrill seeing snake-like monsters on the screen. Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to spot bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years, and then on modern screens. There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, which releases adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed. The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilization, or aliens growing within us. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds. 1．Which word can replace the underlined word “paradoxical” in paragraph 1? A．Unnecessary. B．Frightening. C．Predictable. D．Unreasonable. 2．What is the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3? A．To show the origin of monsters. B．To compare different deadly creatures. C．To honour the wisdom of our ancestors. D．To introduce dangerous animals on screens. 3．How does watching a horror film benefit people with anxiety? A．It helps people to fight against fear. B．It helps people forget anxious experiences. C．It helps people feel relaxed with its safe ending. D．It helps people learn how to escape from dangers. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards our love of monsters? A．Critical. B．Uncertain. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） When young children’s behavior becomes challenging, many parents turn to threats. Many parents threatened to leave an activity or place, or not get snacks. “Discipline (管教) helps young children learn what behaviors are safe and proper and can play an important role in helping them learn the difference between right and wrong,” said Susan Woolford, M. D．“Empty threats, however, destroy trust and aren’t usually effective.” Most parents surveyed reported getting input about discipline strategies from several sources, turning to the child’s other parent, talking with friends or using parenting books, articles and social media. Meanwhile, less than a fifth of parents have discussed discipline with a healthcare provider and one in eight parents say they haven’t thought about their discipline strategies. Some parents surveyed admitted using discipline strategies that aren’t recommended by experts, with two in five sometimes spanking (打屁股). “Discipline strategies should be proper for the child’s age and developmental level.” Woolford said. For children aged one to two, distraction (分散注意力) and redirection are often most effective, noting that children this young are exploring their environment and willful misbehavior is quite few. But after age two, children understand their actions can cause a reaction from others and may increasingly test that out. Parents of children aged three to five surveyed were more likely to use warnings, speak firmly, and give timeouts. During these preschool ages, parents should let them know what their misbehavior will lead to. For instance, if a child throws a drink out of anger, a proper punishment would be to have them clean up the mess while an unrelated punishment will be less effective. Reactions should be immediate, so the child understands the connection with their misbehavior. As children grow, they respond differently to various discipline methods, so parents should adapt their strategies and stay open to new approaches. “Balancing correction with positive strengthening — like praise and rewards — helps children build self-respect while learning from their mistakes.” Woolford said. 1．What will threatening bring to kids according to Susan Woolford? A．Less belief in parents. B．More improper behaviors. C．Unwillingness to accept gifts. D．Inability to tell right from wrong. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Effective threats to children. B．Situations of discipline strategies. C．Various methods of parenting. D．Reasons for children’s misbehavior. 3．What should parents do with the misbehavior of children aged 3 to 5? A．Reason with them patiently and seriously. B．Reflect on the causes of their mistakes. C．Forgive them for their childish actions. D．Punish them immediately and properly. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Praise and rewards ensure self-respect. B．Disciplining children is a flexible process. C．Parenting becomes easier as children grow. D．Correcting mistakes is a new parenting approach. 主题03 人与自我——身心健康与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东德州·期中） Over a year ago, some of my colleagues and I started a tradition in which we try out different restaurants in the Austin area. This quickly became a highlight worth looking forward to. Each outing has been filled with great food, engaging conversations, and lively debates. But no matter what the evening’s discussion is, one thing is a constant: however full we feel after the main course, we always prefer to order dessert. A team of researchers led by Marielle Minère and Henning Fenselau, along with colleagues, set out to investigate why this happens. Their findings revealed a surprising brain mechanism at play, one that helps explain why sugar cravings continue even when we are no longer hungry. Central to their discovery are POMC neurons(神经元), a group of cells that have long been known to regulate appetite and hunger. Traditionally, POMC neurons are believed to work by promoting fullness. But Minère and colleagues discovered something unexpected, which is that not all POMC neurons function this way. Instead of reducing appetite, some POMC neurons actually increase it, but only for sugar! In other words, while the body signals that it has had enough food, the brain at the same time activates a pathway that specifically encourages sugar consumption. To test this, the scientists used advanced imaging techniques to watch these neurons in action as mice encountered different foods. When researchers blocked the actions of these neurons, mice showed less interest in sugary foods after meals. Interestingly, this effect was specific to sugar and had no impact on the consumption of fatty foods. Of course, this study also has wider applications beyond just explaining our after-dinner excess (过量). This discovery could lead to useful treatments for overeating, especially when it comes to sugar. 1．What does the underlined word “cravings” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A routine meal schedule. B．A dislike for certain flavors. C．A sudden loss of appetite. D．A strong desire for specific foods. 2．What is the key discovery about POMC neurons? A．They regulate hunger for more foods. B．They are responsible for burning calories. C．Some of them encourage sugar appetite. D．Some of them influence sleep pattern. 3．What happened when POMC neurons were blocked in mice? A．Mice lost their appetite entirely. B．Mice consumed more fatty foods. C．Sugary foods were less attractive. D．More vegetables were preferred. 4．What is the text likely to discuss next? A．Possible effects of sugar on mood. B．New ways to control sugar intake. C．Potential harms of sugar consumption. D．Practical strategies to boost appetite. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东省淄博实验中学·期中） U. S. teens spend more than eight hours a day on screens, and there’s growing concern over it. Now, a new study published by the American Psychological (心理的) Association, confirms that teens seem to feel better about themselves when they cut back. “Social media can feel like a comparison trap (陷阱),” says study author Helen Thai, a doctoral student in psychology at McGill University. Her research found that limiting screen time to about one hour a day helped anxious teens and young adults feel better about their body image and their appearance. “What I noticed in social media was that I couldn’t help but compare myself.” Thai says. Reading posts from famous people and influencers, as well as people in her own social network, led to a lack of self-confidence. So, Thai and a team of researchers decided to test whether reducing time on social media would improve body image. They gathered a few hundred volunteers, aged 17-25. all of whom had experienced symptoms (症状) of anxiety or depression — which could make them easily influenced by social media. Half of the volunteers were asked to reduce their social media to 60 minutes a day for three weeks. The other half continued to use social media with no limits. The researchers gave the volunteers surveys at the beginning and end of the study, including statements such as “I’m pretty happy about the way I look,” and “I am satisfied with my weight.” Among the group that cut social media use, the overall score on appearance improved from 2.95 to 3.15 on a 5-point scale. The change may seem small, but any change in such a short period of time is worth noticing. “It’s encouraging that college students were willing to cut back screen time, even for three weeks,” psychologist Andrea Graham says. While this study included people with symptoms of anxiety or depression, Graham says it’s worth applying this approach to other groups, such as people with eating problems. 1．What is the probable meaning of the underlined sentence in para 2? A．Teens are forced to post their own images on social media B．Teens couldn’t help but spend too much time on social media C．Teens tends to compare themselves with others on social media D．Teens are fooled into believing false information on social media 2．How was the research conducted by Thai and a team of researchers? A．By listing numbers B．By giving examples C．By making comparisons D．By analyzing causes and effects 3．What can we learn about the survey? A．The study included people with mental health and eating problems B．There was little difference in appearance score between the two groups C．College students were not willing to reduce screen time for more weeks D．Cutting social media use makes a difference to teens’ opinion of their image 4．Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A．Less screen time, more self-confidence B．Social media, a time bomb on your health C．How to improve your image on social media D．Concern over social media addiction keeps growing 主题04 人与社会——科技与社会发展 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·山东济宁·期中） It’s easy to believe that robots are stealing jobs from human workers and badly affect the job market; after all, you’ve likely heard that they are tracking and moving packages without the use of human hands. But there’s no need to worry about a robot takeover just yet, says a new study from BYU sociology professor Eric Dahlin. Dahlin’s research found that robots aren’t replacing (取代) humans at the rate most people think, but people are likely to greatly exaggerate (夸大) the rate of robot takeover. To understand the relationship between job loss and robots, Dahlin surveyed nearly 2, 000 people about their views on jobs being replaced by robots. They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers (雇主) have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots. The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times. “Our understanding of robots taking over jobs is greatly exaggerated,” says Dahlin. Those who haven’t lost jobs overstate it by about double, and those who have lost jobs overstate it by about three times. Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs. The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way. “An everyday example is an autonomous machine at your local department store,” says Dahlin. “This robot cleans the floors while employees clean under shelves or other difficult-to-reach places.” 1．How did Eric Dahlin carry out his research? A．By asking people questions. B．By comparing early studies. C．By interviewing employers. D．By studying new businesses. 2．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．Bad effects of technology. B．A fall in laid-off workers. C．Benefits of using robots. D．The finding of the study. 3．What might deepen people’s worry about robot takeover according to the text? A．Low pay. B．News reports. C．Physical health. D．Fewer workplaces, 4．Which statement will Eric Dahlin probably agree with? A．Robots can work as human partners. B．Job markets will be affected seriously. C．All human workers will be replaced. D．Work experience matters too much. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） In the old libraries of Dunhuang’s Mogao Caves, a 21-year-old computer student named Zhang Wei found something amazing. While studying 50,000 ancient papers scanned (扫描) into computers since 2020, she noticed that 30% had strange marks no one could read. These marks came from old languages once used along the Silk Road. This led her to create “SilkRoad AI” — a computer program that mixes language studies with smart machines to understand forgotten writing. Zhang’s success came from studying stone markers in Xi’an. These stones had the same message in Chinese and two other ancient languages. Her program looked at how the marks were drawn and what they might mean. After months of work, the AI guessed 82% of the unknown marks correctly by matching them to known sounds. But some experts voiced different opinions. Professor Li from Beijing University said, “Computers can’t understand the hidden stories in old writings.” In 2023, Zhang’s team tested their AI at an international history meeting. They used it to read a 1,200-year-old medical book from an ancient kingdom. The computer translated plant names and found 17 types still used in traditional medicine. When scientists checked these findings against modern plant records, they were proved correct. The test helped Zhang get UNESCO’s support to protect disappearing local languages. Now working with the British Museum on ancient Indian writings, Zhang’s AI has helped experts understand 4,000-year-old business records. Her newest idea uses phone cameras — when visitors point their phones at damaged paintings in the Mogao Caves, they can see repaired pictures with computer-translated explanations. “We’re not just solving word puzzles,” Zhang says. “We’re helping people from different times and places talk to each other again.” 1．What led Zhang Wei to create “SilkRoad AI”? A．A program about the Silk Road. B．Her interest in computer science. C．Strange marks on ancient papers. D．Amazing libraries of Mogao Caves. 2．What was Professor Li’s attitude towards Zhang Wei’s methods? A．Doubtful. B．Uninterested. C．Unclear. D．Positive. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．A study on traditional medicine. B．An international history meeting. C．The effectiveness of SilkRoad AI. D．The protection of local languages. 4．What can we learn from Zhang’s words in the last paragraph? A．Her newest idea is creative. B．Her work easily solves word puzzles. C．Her AI helps understand business records. D．Her program connects the past and present. 主题04 人与自然——生态保护与生物多样化 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·山东青岛·期中） Often, research surrounding non-native — also referred to as invasive (入侵的) — species focuses on the negative impact on the environments they invade. Non-native species represent threats or even disasters; some are even famous for it. But according to a new study from Brown University, while the negative aspects of non-native life, including the increased risk of causing extinction to other species, are mainly talked about, the positives are not always addressed. Researchers say that non-native species also have the ability to increase biodiversity (生物多样性) within habitats. As far as famously feared non-native species go, zebra mussels are high on the unwanted list. They originated in the waters of Eurasia and have grown to become a major issue in lakes and waterways across the Great Lakes, as well as in states such as Texas and California. In unnatural habitats, they reproduce rapidly, outcompeting native species for resources. Additionally, they attach themselves to hard surfaces, such as pipes and boats, costing millions to remove. But for its research, the team decided to focus not only on non-native species’ negative impacts but also on what they can contribute to habitats. In forests, the earthworms have the ability to change the ecosystem negatively. However, when earthworms are present in agricultural land, there is a possibility for a 25-percent increase in the productivity of agricultural crops. As far as brown trout — a non-native species in New Zealand — are concerned, locals have embraced the fish, enjoying the economic and recreational benefits of fishing for the species and adding it to their local food. Biologist Dov Sax, along with co-authors of the Brown University study, says that these benefits are not as uncommon as past research on invasive species may suggest. “Our new paper argues that the positive impacts of non-native species are neither unexpected nor rare but instead common and important,” says Sax. 1．What does the new study focus on? A．Bad influence of invasive species. B．Uncertain future some species face. C．Possible benefits non-native species bring. D．The importance of biodiversity protection. 2．What can we learn about zebra mussels from paragraph 2? A．They are listed as endangered species. B．They disturb the local natural balance. C．They receive a warm welcome in Texas. D．They bring huge business opportunities. 3．What is locals’ attitude to the brown trout？ A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Supportive. D．Discontent. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Say No to the Non-Native Species B．What do Unnatural Habitats Mean? C．A Close Link Between Researches D．Are Invasive Species Always Bad? Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东枣庄·期中） To people who love seafood, oysters (牡蛎) can be a delicious treat. Others value them as a source of precious pearls. But to Demi Johnson, a 15-year-old from Mississippi, US, oysters are very useful for the environment. “After learning that oyster reefs and gardens are endangered, I felt inspired to help the environment and give back,” Johnson told WLOX, a news website. The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources says that the number of oysters in Mississippi’s coastal waters has dropped a lot because of human-made and natural disasters. Johnson argued that the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, as well as the 2020 opening of the Bonnet Care Spillway, a flood control project, made the situation more severe. “My solution is to partner with educational institutions and teach others to grow their own off-farm oysters,” she told How Africa News. When Johnson started oyster gardening in 2022 at Schooner Pier on Biloxi Bay, she didn't know anything about the subject. Today, she’s something of an expert. Through oyster gardening, she learned many things: a single oyster can clean up to 50 gallons of seawater a day, removing algae and harmful organisms. Big groups of oysters form reefs, providing habitat for hundreds of other sea creatures. Now, Johnson has already raised more than 1,500 oysters, which will have a tremendous ecological impact by releasing millions of larvae (幼虫) into the environment. During oyster gardening season, she and her mom go to Biloxi Bay to check her cages and remove algae and predators such as snails and crabs. She also tries to encourage others to get involved. “You don’t have to do a lot to take care of your oyster garden”, she told Times for Kids, “but the impact it has on the environment is great.” She was also a great supporter of ecological causes. Last year, after winning a National Geographic award for her efforts to recover her state’s oyster population, Johnson donated the $1,000 cash prize to the Mississippi Oyster Gardening Program. 1．What inspired Demi Johnson to start oyster gardening? A．Her great interest in seafood. B．Her concern about oyster reefs. C．Her school project requirement. D．Her mother’s encouragement. 2．What contributes to the decline of oyster population? A．Oil spilling and spillway opening. B．Hurricane damage and industrial pollution. C．Overfishing and climate change. D．Habitat destruction and invasive species. 3．What are the ecological benefits of oyster reefs? A．Producing pearls and serving as a food source. B．Preventing coastal erosion and reducing flood risks. C．Absorbing carbon dioxide and handling climate change. D．Cleaning seawater and providing habitats for marine life. 4．How does Demi Johnson feel about oyster gardening? A．Effortless but influential. B．Challenging yet rewarding. C．Simple yet ineffective. D．Laborious but beneficial. 主题05 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） The plants of the South African Fynbos region are no stranger to fire. Many species have adapted to dealing with and even depending on fire to complete their lifecycles. There is one species, however, that takes this to the extreme. It is named the fire lily. This plant provides wonderful flower shows during its brief flowering time after summer fires. Through its “phoenix-like” (凤凰涅槃的) habit, it is a source of interest and wonder, especially when seen in the wild against a blackened, ashy (布满灰烬的) background. For most of the year, the plant is only a small group of narrow, long leaves. As the dry months of summer approach, the leaves senesce and the plant more or less disappears until its time to flower. However, unlike other plants in this region, the fire lily lies in wait for a very special flowering cue (暗示) —smoke. It has been noted that fire lilies only seem to want to reproduce after a fire. No other environmental factor seems to cause flowering. This has made them quite annoying for their lovers. Only after a fire burns over the landscape, will a scape (花梗) appear, topped with anywhere from 1 to 12 red flowers. This dependence on fire for flowering has attracted the attention of a few scientists concerned with protection of this kind of plant. Obviously, if we care about protecting species like the fire lily, it is extremely important that we understand how they reproduce. By experimenting with various burn and smoke treatments, researchers found out that it wasn’t heat that caused flowering but rather something in the smoke itself. Though researchers were not able to separate out the exact chemical(s) (化学物质) responsible, at least we now know that we can make fire lilies flower using smoke alone. 1．What can we know about the fire lily from the first paragraph? A．It is totally strange to fire. B．Its lifecycle depends on fire. C．It has a long flowering time. D．Its flowers look like phoenixes. 2．What does the underlined word “senesce” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fade. B．Grow. C．Dance. D．Shine. 3．What is probably the key factor for fire lily flowering? A．Heat. B．Smoke. C．Weather. D．Chemical. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Fire Lily: Out of the Ashes B．Fire Lily: Away from Smoke C．A Plant Driving Its Lovers Crazy D．An Endangered Species in the Wild Passage 2 （23-24高一下·山东济宁·期中） One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might someday get lost in a “sea of technology” rather than experiencing the natural world. TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors. Each of us has a place in nature where we go sometimes, even if it is torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. “If the decrease in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment (蚕食)?” asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods. Without having a nature experience, kids can turn out just fine, but they are missing out a huge enrichment of their lives. That applies to everything from their physical health and mental health, to stress levels, creativity and cognitive (认知的) skills. Experts predict modern kids will have poorer health than their parents — and a lack of outside play is surely part of it; research suggests that kids do better academically in schools with a nature exposure. Even a small outdoor experience can create wonder in a child. The three-year-old turning over his first rock realizes he is not alone in the world.   Kids are not responsible. They are just over-protected and frightened. It is dangerous outdoors from time to time, but when repetitive stress from computers is replacing breaking an arm as a childhood rite (仪式) during the children’s growth, it can be more dangerous. We should help regain for our kids some of the freedom and joy of exploring nature and taking friendship in fields and woods that cement love, respect and need for landscape. As parents, we should devote some of our energies to taking our kids into nature. This could yet be our greatest cause. 1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To show the great damage done to nature. B．To recommend a popular book to the public. C．To stress the necessity of kid’s going outdoors. D．To raise the awareness of environmental protection. 2．What may happen to children without a nature experience? A．They’ll surely become a failure. B．They’ll keep a high sense of wonder. C．They may suffer physically and mentally. D．They can develop better social skills. 3．What does the author think of children’s breaking an arm? A．It is not a bad thing in a sense. B．It is caused by the careless parents. C．It should be taken seriously. D．It could be prevented from happening. 4．What does the underlined word “cement” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Lack. B．Strengthen. C．Prove. D．Require. 主题01 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东名校考试联盟·期中） A recent study from the University of Amsterdam reveals an interesting phenomenon: When sad or difficult scenes appear in artworks, people spend more time looking at them compared to similar photographs. This discovery helps explain why art has been used for centuries to explore challenging subjects. Researchers conducted five experiments with over 500 participants to test their preferences. In the first test, people chose between viewing paintings described as “selected for art galleries” or photos described as “news article images.” When scenes showed negative events like war or suffering, 63% preferred paintings, while only 37% chose photos. But for positive scenes like acts of kindness, this preference for art was not seen. Why does this happen? Later experiments showed three key reasons: Safety through imagination: Paintings felt less emotionally heavy. As one participant noted, “Art feels like a story, but photos feel too real.” Beauty balances pain: 78% considered paintings as more beautiful, even when showing sad content. Thinking space: Artistic styles inspired deeper thinking. People spent 40% longer viewing abstract war paintings compared to detailed photos. Professor Emma Chen, who wasn’t involved in the study, explains: “Art creates psychological distance. When we see brushstrokes (笔触) or unusual colors, our brain understands this isn’t real. This ‘safety blanket’ lets us face difficult truths without feeling overwhelmed.” These findings show that art acts as a psychological filter when we face difficult or negative subjects. The beauty of artistic creations, along with the feeling that we’re stepping back from reality into a “as-if” world while experiencing art, may reduce the emotional impact of negative content, making it more approachable than non-art media. The findings have real-world applications. Museums using this research redesigned exhibits about climate change, replacing graphic photos with symbolic sculptures. Visitor engagement increased by 55%, with more people reading information panels (信息面板). “It’s like using honey to make medicine easier to swallow,” says museum educator David Müller. “The artistic form helps important messages reach people who might otherwise look away.” 1．What is the purpose of the text? A．To compare the artistic value of paintings and photos. B．To show how art makes negative content easier to face. C．To argue that museums should replace photos with artworks. D．To explain why people prefer beautiful images over realistic ones. 2．Why do people spend more time viewing negative art than photos? A．News-related photos naturally lack artistic value. B．Art provides clearer information about real events. C．Art reduces emotional stress while encouraging reflection. D．Photos are often less professionally created than paintings. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a psychological filter” in paragraph 4 mean? A．A tool for improving photo quality. B．A method for selecting gallery artworks. C．A technique for creating abstract paintings. D．A mental process for softening emotional impact. 4．What does the museum example imply about art’s social role? A．Modern audiences no longer care about realistic representations. B．Museums should avoid displaying works with disturbing content. C．Artistic forms can help important messages reach wider audiences. D．Art simplifies complex problems to make them easy to understand. 主题02 人与社会——社会现象与文化传承 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东济南·期中） Over 7 million people in China registered as organ donors, says official at national commemoration China’s annual national commemoration event for human organ donation was held in Shenyang, Northeast China’s Liaoning Province, on Tuesday. Health officials announced at the event that China has seen a year-on-year increase in organ donation and transplants, with over 7.05 million people registered as organ donors in the country. The event, held ahead of the Qingming Festival — a traditional holiday for honoring the deceased — featured stories of organ donors and their families, transplant recipients, and donation coordinators. It also included a memorial ceremony for 26 donors, with a moment of silence and floral tributes. Attendees included officials, family representatives of the donors, and medical students. This national annual commemoration, guided by the Red Cross Society of China and the National Health Commission and organized by the China Organ Donation Administrative Center(CODAC), is also a promotional activity for organ donation. The publicity ambassador for human organ donation in China, Zhang Dingyu, was appointed to the role in March. A recipient of the national honorary title “The People’s Hero” in 2020, Zhang was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), a fatal and incurable disease, but he remained on the frontlines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, he made the decision to donate his body for future research on ALS. Speaking about his current condition on Tuesday, Zhang noted that the condition of his lower limbs has gradually grown more severe, while his upper limbs, fingers, and lower back occasionally experience cramps and spasms. However, he emphasized that his overall physical condition remains relatively stable and said he is not a typical ALS patient. Becoming a donor was only natural for him, Zhang said. While the traditional view is that our bodies belong to our parents, Zhang said he believes they also belong to society and humanity as a whole. Zhang currently still serves as a medical worker at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory. “We are conducting gene knockout research and seek collaboration to advance studies on gene-knockout organisms, including pig organs such as kidneys and hearts, as part of an effort to explore potential alternatives to organ donation. Through these studies, we strive to better meet clinical needs and enhance service to the public,” Zhang told the Global Times. Currently, more than 280 memorial sites for organ donors have been established across the country. Within a week, various provinces in China held a series of organ donor commemorations, including East China’s Jiangsu, Northwest China’s Gansu, East China’s Fujian, and South China’s Guangdong, with the purpose of expressing gratitude and respect to organ donors and their families, and raising public awareness about the significance of organ donation. 1．What can the know about the event mentioned above? A．The event is annually held afterthe Qingming Festival. B．It included a memorial ceremony with a moment of boisterousness. C．It is a traditional holiday to pay tribute to the deceased. D．Its attendees included merely officials and medical students. 2．What can be inferred about Zhang Dingyu’s decision to donate his body? A．It reflects his desire to challenge traditional beliefs about bodily ownership. B．It aims to gain public recognition of his award as a “People’s Hero”. C．It is vehemently motivated by his need for medical treatment for ALS. D．It prioritizes both family and his wishes over societal responsibilities. 3．What does the term “gene knockout” in the context of Zhang’s research most likely refers to? A．Deleting specific genes in animal organs for medical experiments B．Preserving human genes for future generations to live sustainably. C．Combining animal and human DNA for better transplants. D．Analyzing genetic mutations in ALS patients to cure them. 4．What is the primary purpose of holding organ donor commemorations nationwide? A．To compete with international medical research standards to stand out. B．To respect donors and fuel public awareness of organ donation deeply. C．To collect enough funds for some expensive organ transplant surgeries. D．To document the history of organ donation policies and rewind it. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·山东省实验中学·期中） People’s tendency to follow trends, especially on social media, is definitely a common phenomenon. What does psychology say about trend following and is there a way to break free from the desire to follow the newest craze? According to psychologist Pamela Rut, following trends doesn’t fully show character weakness. Rather, it is an entirely natural behavior fixed firmly into humans’ basic need to belong to a social group and establish connections with others. Historically, following trends was critical for our survival. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that early humans worked together to transport stone tools over long distances about 2 million years ago in what is now Kenya — cooperation that allowed them to survive in a bad environment. And though following a trend on social media isn’t exactly as important as outrunning a saber-toothed tiger (剑齿虎), human evolution has programmed our brains to be receptive to social signals. Another contributing factor the social cognition (认知) — the processes that determine what we notice and how we respond to others — largely takes place in the parts of the brain that oversee sight, pattern recognition, decision-making, and similar functions. “Thanks to our humans’ complex cognitive systems, our brains are really good at identifying patterns and motivating behavior that communicates our social status. As a result, you can use almost anything to signal your membership or connection with a social group. Giving off the right social signals lets others know which group you belong to or want to engage with and those signals are monitored and interpreted by others. Referred to as identity signaling, these behaviors can range from putting a bumper sticker on a car to selecting a brand of clothing,” said Rut. Almost everyone follows trends in social groups, without exception. However, tweens, teens and young adults are especially likely to follow trends, including risky ones, due to their heightened desire for acceptance and belonging among peers. Therefore, it’s of great significance to guide them during their journey towards maturity. 1．What does Rut think of following trends? A．Risky. B．Strange. C．Reasonable. D．Funny. 2．Why did early humans prefer to follow trends? A．To expand their population. B．To show their great position. C．To remove mental weakness. D．To live through difficulties. 3．What is the hidden meaning of identity signaling? A．A great thirst for belonging. B．A true reflection of personality. C．Good taste in fashion industry. D．Blind pursuit of novelty. 4．What will the following-up paragraph most probably discuss? A．Insights into the coming trends. B．Parental guidance in kids’ future jobs. C．Psychology behind trend following. D．Tips on following trends sensibly. 主题03 人与社会——科技与社会发展 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东烟台·期中） Nowadays generative (生成的) AI tools like ChatGPT are flooding into schools, promising to transform learning. But in a recent study, researchers uncovered a hidden danger: the better these tools perform, the more they might drop students’ ability to think by themselves. Nearly 1,000 students from grade 9 to 11 in Turkey joined the study. They were divided into three groups: one with no AI access (使用权) — the control group, one using ChatGPT, and one using GPT Tutor — an improved AI tutor designed by teachers which gave guidance instead of answers and included fixes for common mistakes. Over four weeks, students used these tools during practice periods, and then were followed by exams without AI help. During practice periods, students using the ChatGPT scored 48% higher than those without AI. Those using the improved GPT Tutor scored 127% higher. However, in exams without AI, ChatGPT users performed 17% worse than the control group. GPT Tutor users, on the other hand, did just as well as students who never used AI. This shows that while AI can better shortterm performance, poorly designed tools might hurt real learning. Researchers found that students using ChatGPT often asked for direct answers instead of trying to solve problems themselves. About 31% of their messages were simple requests like, “What’s the answer?” In comparison, GPT Tutor users spent more time asking for guidance or explaining their details. The safeguards in GPT Tutor — like detailed guidance — helped students think critically. Without these features, ChatGPT acted like a “crutch”, making students less prepared for their own homework. Surveys also showed another fact. ChatGPT users felt confident about their exam performance, even though their scores dropped. GPT Tutor users believed they learned more, even though their exam results were similar to the control group. This suggests that AI tools might create false confidence if not carefully designed. In short, generative AI has great promise in education, but its design matters. Tools built with teacher expertise and focus on problem-solving can help students learn. Those that prioritize speed over understanding might do more harm than good. 1．Which aspect of generative AI tools does the new research focus on? A．Its advancement. B．Its accuracy. C．Its flexibility. D．Its influence. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Experimental design. B．Study results. C．Research background. D．Tool functions. 3．Which request is a student using GPT Tutor likely to make? A．Grade the monthly test paper quickly. B．Provide the best title of my composition. C．Walk me through this problem step by step. D．Translate the following sentence into Chinese. 4．What do the surveys concerning AI tools present in paragraph 5? A．A misunderstanding of the product design contents. B．A mismatch between student beliefs and actual results. C．Confidence is directly affected by complexity of AI tools. D．Scores differ between ChatGPT users and the control group. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东日照·期中） As urban populations grow, so does the demand for fresh, locally grown produce. In response, high-tech greenhouses equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly common in cities. In reality, AI-powered greenhouses are making their way into homes and community gardens. Despite what many believe, these systems aren’t overly sophisticated — many are designed for beginners with easy-to-use phone apps. People often think that maintaining a high-tech greenhouse requires constant monitoring and expert knowledge, but AI does most of the work itself, adjusting lighting, humidity, and nutrients in real time while telling you if something requires attention. Dr. Lisa Tanaka, a senior researcher at the MIT Urban Agriculture Lab, argues that this misunderstanding comes from the assumption that high-yield (高产量) farming needs more people to work on it. “With energy costs rising, smart greenhouses actually reduce waste by precisely controlling resources,” she explains. Recent studies from her lab show these systems use 30-40% less water than traditional farming while increasing yields by up to 25%. Plants depend on balanced conditions to grow healthily, and AI ensures they receive exactly what they need. Without proper light, growth slows, and yields drop. Dr. Tanaka compares forcing plants to grow in changing environments to “making emergency stop and speeding up at the same time while driving a car” — it confuses the plant, making it weaker and causing it to die sooner. This stress can make plants easier to catch diseases and reduce their nutritional value. To address this, smart greenhouses use LED grow lights paired with AI algorithms that adjust light color for different growth stages. These systems not only improve photosynthesis (光合作用) but also cut energy use by up to 50% compared to traditional setups. With this technology, city farmers can grow healthier plants with the least effort while reducing their carbon footprint. 1．What does the underlined word “sophisticated” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Modern. B．Expensive. C．Dependable. D．Complex. 2．What is a feature of smart greenhouses? A．Saving more energy. B．Depending on more farmers. C．Monitoring plant diseases. D．Calling for professional knowledge. 3．Why does the author mention car driving in paragraph 4? A．To provide details for his argument. B．To summarize the paragraphs above. C．To prove AI’s positive effect on plants. D．To compare the growth speed of plants. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．AI Powers Future Urban Farming. B．Smart Greenhouses Beautify Cities. C．AI Makes a Difference to the Communities. D．Community Gardens are Gaining Popularity. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·山东省淄博实验中学·期中） A major scientific achievement has been recognized with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was given to a team using machine learning to solve a big problem in biology: predicting and designing the 3D shapes of proteins (蛋白质). Most of this work was done at a tech company, marking a notable change that high-level scientific research can also originate outside traditional academic settings. Proteins are extremely important for our bodies and are involved in almost every biological process. The shape of a protein determines its function. If a protein is shaped incorrectly, it can cause serious diseases like Alzheimer’s and diabetes. Historically, predicting a protein's shape from its amino acid sequence (氨基酸序列) was very difficult and made scientists confused. The breakthrough happened with A-Fold, a machine learning program that can correctly predict protein structures from their amino acid sequences. This tool has changed the field, providing insights into the structure of over 200 million proteins so far. This data is expected to speed up the progress in medicine and drug development, opening new ways to treat diseases. The tech company's success with A-Fold also underscores the growing impact of artificial intelligence （AI） in various scientific areas, showing that Al can address complex biological problems and contribute to critical advancements in health and medicine. The Nobel Prize committee awarded this work to highlight the value of combining different areas in science, where technology and biology meet to create amazing results. This achievement not only shows what AI can do but also sets an example for future scientific projects that combine technology with traditional research to address global problems. 1．Why was the team awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? A．They explained the functions of important body elements. B．They discovered a treatment for Alzheimer's and diabetes. C．They worked out protein structures with a machine learning program. D．They created a new way to treat diseases through traditional research. 2．Why is the shape of a protein critical to its function? A．It leads to the development of the diseases. B．It offers insights into the structure of protein. C．It speeds up the progress of medicine and drug. D．It affects the protein's role in biological processes. 3．What does the underlined word “underscore” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Decrease. B．Highlight. C．Question. D．Ignore. 4．What possibility does the author imply about the future of scientific research? A．A new focus on solving biological problems. B．An amazing change in academic research settings. C．An increase in joint efforts between different fields. D．A lessened dependence on machine learning techniques. 主题03 人与自我——自我认知与成长 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东省济南市第二中学·期中） Dreaming appears to have little connection to work. However, new research shows that when dreams are first recalled (回忆), people often draw connections between their dreams and waking lives, and the connections they draw affect how they think, feel and act at work. The team performed the studies that collectively captured approximately 5,000 morning reports of dream recall among full-time employees. The researchers issued morning field study, a single-day morning-to-afternoon study, and a two-week experience sampling study. “An awe-inspiring dream is highly impactful and memorable, often involving extraordinary experiences or interactions. For example, we arrive at work shortly after interacting with our loved ones who have passed away, narrowly escaping or performing arts of amazing ability.” Belinda, the chief of the study, said. “These experiences bleed into and affect our waking lives, including how productive we are at work.” Assume you recall an awe-inspiring dream in the morning, and then later in the afternoon, your boss tells you to conduct 10 more interviews than you were expecting to do. You might now think that it’s not that big a deal because your awe-inspiring dream just puts everything into perspective. You have a greater realization that there’s a bigger world out there and you’re just part of it. “So, get a good night’s sleep for waking wonder!” Belinda added. Studies show that dreams appear. in all stages of sleep and are impactful. However, the most vivid dreams—those most likely to have meaning and create waking wander—appear during REM sleep. Because REM sleep takes place late in a given sleep cycle (循环), getting enough and high-quality sleep will help you get the most out of your dreams. Sleep tracking devices can show when and how much time you spend in REM sleep, which help improve sleep schedules to increase the chance of having awe-inspiring dreams. For both managers and employees, how much or how well people sleep really means a lot, which can increase productivity at work. 1．What is paragraph 2 intended to explain? A．Why a dream is recorded. B．How the study is conducted. C．What the study revealed. D．Who joined in the research. 2．Which is an awe-inspiring dream according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Failing a tough test. B．Meeting with strangers. C．Saving people like a superman. D．Being stuck in a traffic accident. 3．What does the last paragraph recommend? A．Sleep-tracking study. B．Quality sleep. C．Waking wonder. D．Healthy living habits. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Dreams can be channeled for productivity. B．Dreams impact all sleep stages. C．Dreams contribute to one’s mental health. D．Dreams are attracting greater attention worldwide. 主题04 人与自我——身心健康与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东省济宁市第一中学·期中） Deep sleep doesn’t just rest your body. Scientists believe it’s also when the brain washes away toxins (毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain’s self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr TimSargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI’s Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory awhile fighting dementia (痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the buildup of sticky plaques (粘性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We’re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it’s recycling wasting material in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they’ve hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realizing they’re at a dead end.” 1．What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins’ developing the brain scan? A．To aid people to enter deep sleep. B．To research how to remove sticky plaques. C．To track the brain’s self-cleaning capability. D．To cure people of memory loss and dementia. 2．What may cause dementia according to the text? A．Not enough blood in the brain. B．The over-cleaning of the brain. C．The increase of cerebrospinal fluid. D．The gradual increase of sticky plaques. 3．What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Worsening. B．Beginning. C．Improvement. D．Disappearance. 4．What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A．It is quite effective. B．It is just imaginary. C．It brings more work. D．It is far from exact. 主题05 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东青岛·期中） Greenland sharks are believed to live for around 400 years. Normally, an animal can’t grow so old. Over time, falling bodily functions and illnesses like cancer come up and cause damage. Yet the Greenland shark seems to disobey this pattern. In 2021, Arne Sahm, a bioinformatician, decided to find out reasons for the sharks’ long life. Arne Sahm’s team acquired DNA from the samples (样本) of sharks caught by fishers in the southern bays of Greenland. They published their findings in September. One element that stood out was a high amount of “jumping genes”. Most organisms, including humans, have “jumping genes”: genes that copy themselves into a new section of a genetic chain. They can introduce genetic diversity, but can also be harmful. If DNA is left damaged, “jumping genes” can contribute to problems within cells, including cancer. But these “jumping genes” might play a more beneficial role in the Greenland shark, creating additional helpful genes, which could slow down aging. Researchers think the better a genome (基因组) is maintained, the longer lifespan an organism could have. A gene called TP53 also caught the teams’ attention. Seen as the “guardian of the genome”, TP53 is vital for cancer prevention. Many animals have it, including humans. TP53 contains instructions for the protein p53, which helps in tumor suppression (肿瘤抑制) and DNA repair. P53 works by either stopping cells with damaged DNA from dividing further until it’s repaired, or causing them to die. In Greenland sharks, a part of its TP53 gene chain is different from how it typically functions in other animals. Using an AI model, the researchers predicted it could impact p53’s structure and how it handles DNA repair, possibly leading to a longer life. More studies are needed to confirm the function of the proteins (蛋白质) found in the Greenland shark’s genome. Looking at gene expression would be one next step. 1．How did Arne Sahm’s team conduct their research on Greenland sharks? A．By observing sharks in the wild. B．By tracking sharks with sensors. C．By analyzing genes from shark samples. D．By testing sharks’ survival ability in labs. 2．What can be inferred (推断) about “jumping genes” in Greenland sharks? A．They are unique to Greenland sharks. B．They always limit genetic differences. C．They can copy themselves to be better genes. D．They may help live longer by adding beneficial genes. 3．What helps Greenland sharks live longer than other animals according to paragraph 4? A．Their cells divide much faster than in other animals. B．Their different TP53 gene might help repair DNA better. C．Their TP53 gene’s poor function causes faster cell growth. D．They don’t have the p53 protein that controls cell division. 4．How is the passage organized? A． B． C． D． Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东烟台·期中） A single Antarctic krill is about the size of your finger. But with a population of more than 700 trillion in the Southern Ocean, the tiny animal’s impact across the entire planet is enormous. They’re food by the millions for seals, penguins and whales. And they sequester (隔绝) huge amounts of carbon—more than $15 billion worth per year, according to a research team, led by Savoca, an ecologist at Stanford University. Researchers found that Antarctic krill sequester similar amounts of carbon to coastal seagrass, which scientists consider one of the planet’s most productive carbon sinks. Krill feed on phytoplankton, which, like land-based plants, consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen as they photosynthesize (进行光合作用). When krill waste sinks to the bottom of the ocean, all that carbon goes with it, sequestering it and freeing up space at the oceanic surface for more carbon to be absorbed from the air. Increasingly, though, Antarctic krill face danger from warming seas and a growing fishery. Scientists say that without international action to strengthen oceanic protected areas and combat climate change, krill populations — and the resulting carbon sequestration — could drop off sharply in the coming ten years. Researchers also found that an increase in plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean could reduce krill’s ability to sequester carbon by 27 percent. “You only have to look as far as our own country for the story of eagles to show you how quickly something can go from being incredibly numerous to extinct,” they said. “We’re still trying to understand exactly how climate change will affect Antarctic krill and our research is in its early stages. There are lots of other things we need to consider,” another researcher Sylvester says. “It’s just the start. But we believe we’ll make a breakthrough and our efforts will bear fruit.” 1．What is the primary role of Antarctic krill in the ecosystem? A．They’re a major food source for land animals. B．They help lock away carbon and support ocean life. C．They assist in absorbing the waste on the ocean floor. D．They release oxygen and keep the temperature of ocean. 2．What does the underlined word “combat” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Adapt to. B．Give in to. C．Fight against. D．Put up with. 3．Why did the researchers list the example of eagles in paragraph 5? A．To make a comparison in numbers. B．To show ways of avoiding species extinction. C．To prove the strong survival ability of Antarctic krill. D．To illustrate the necessity of protecting Antarctic krill. 4．What’s Sylvester’ attitude toward the research? A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——社会现象与文化传承 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东枣庄·期中） World Sleep Day fell on March 21 this year, and the problem of sleep deprivation (不足) among teenagers has come into focus. Many teenagers feel sleepy during the day because of busy schedules filled with homework, extracurricular activities and the temptation to use electronic devices. A report issued by the Chinese Sleep Research Society on March 16 showed that more than half of young people born after 2000 in China fall asleep after midnight, reported Shanghai Observer. In the US, 77.3 percent of high school students do not get enough sleep, according to USAFacts. Quality sleep is important for people of any age, but especially so for teenagers. They need nine to ten hours of sleep each day to function at their best, said the US National Institutes of Health. This is more than what they need both as children and later as adults because of the deep mental, physical, social and emotional development that takes place during adolescence, said the website Sleep Foundation. For students, sleep plays a key role in school performance by improving attention, memory and thinking skills. It helps sharpen the mind and facilitates (促进) learning. Besides helping with learning, sleep also supports teenagers’ creative abilities. This link was first studied in the late 20th century when researchers at Loughborough University in the UK compared creative performance between sleep-deprived people and those who slept normally. The first group scored lower on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. They often repeated the same mistakes and had trouble coming up with new ideas. More recently, in 2023, a team led by Kathleen Esfahany at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) identified a stage of sleep called “sleep onset”, which provides a special time for creativity. This phase happens when we are between being awake and asleep. The MIT team found that when people are prompted (促使) to dream about a certain topic during sleep onset, they perform more creatively on related tasks after waking up, reported MIT News. 1．All of the following are factors resulting in teenagers’ sleep deprivation EXCEPT . A．heavy homework load B．late-night use of smartphones C．early school start time D．participation in after-school sports 2．How did sleep-deprived individuals perform based on the Loughborough University study? A．Higher scores but less creative. B．Poorer performance with repeated errors. C．Average results yet innovative. D．Unchanged creativity and declined memory. 3．What did the MIT team discover about the “sleep onset” stage? A．It only occurs in teenagers. B．It provides a chance for creativity. C．It is the deepest stage of sleep. D．It helps people remember dreams better. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The causes and effects of teenagers’ sleep deprivation. B．The importance of sleep for academic performance. C．The link between quality sleep and creativity. D．The sleep patterns and stages of global teenagers. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了青少年睡眠不足的原因及睡眠对青少年的重要性。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段“Many teenagers feel sleepy during the day because of busy schedules filled with homework, extracurricular activities and the temptation to use electronic devices.(许多青少年白天感到困倦，因为他们的日程安排得很满，包括家庭作业、课外活动以及使用电子设备的诱惑)”可知，导致青少年睡眠不足的因素有繁重的作业负担、深夜使用智能手机和参加课外体育活动，没有提及“上学时间早”。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段“The first group scored lower on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. They often repeated the same mistakes and had trouble coming up with new ideas.(第一组在托兰斯创造性思维测试中的得分较低。他们经常重复同样的错误，很难想出新点子)”可知，根据拉夫堡大学的研究，睡眠不足的人表现更差，且会重复犯错。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“a team led by Kathleen Esfahany at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) identified a stage of sleep called “sleep onset”, which provides a special time for creativity.(麻省理工学院(MIT)的凯瑟琳·埃斯法哈尼领导的一个研究小组发现了一个名为“睡眠开始”的睡眠阶段，这个阶段为创造力提供了特殊的时间)”可知，麻省理工学院的团队发现“睡眠开始”阶段为创造力提供了机会。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，再根据第一段“World Sleep Day fell on March 21 this year, and the problem of sleep deprivation(不足) among teenagers has come into focus.(今年的世界睡眠日是3月21日，而青少年睡眠不足的问题也成为了人们关注的焦点)”可知，文章开篇指出今年3月21 日世界睡眠日，青少年睡眠不足问题受到关注，接着讲述了导致青少年睡眠不足的因素，如作业多、课外活动和使用电子设备等，然后阐述了睡眠对青少年的重要性，包括对学习表现、创造力等方面的影响。所以本篇文章主要介绍了青少年睡眠不足的原因及睡眠对青少年的重要性。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东日照·期中） Imagine having a delicious coffee accompanied by a tasty dessert, and being served by someone with the affection of a grandparent... That’s Vollpension, a series of cozy cafés in Austria that are characterized by the fact that half of their employees are senior citizens. Some people may wonder why these seniors wouldn’t prefer to take it easy. However, the truth is that Vollpension has turned out to be a great opportunity for the elderly, not only economically but also emotionally. Because yes, while there are older people who may want to remain at home, there are others who would like to be able to continue working, but who experience labor discrimination (歧视). As this company explains on its website, the seemingly simple act of making a coffee or baking a cake can be freeing. It allows them to feel useful and helps them fight loneliness (one of the biggest problems today) because they interact with other people, both young and old. Lastly, the workers earn some extra money to make up for their often-insufficient pensions (养老金). So, as long as these people have the physical and mental ability to work and the desire to do so, there’s no reason to discriminate against them in the work environment. On social networks, it’s becoming increasingly common to find profiles of grandmothers who give cooking tips or sell food that they prepare. There are also examples of seniors who teach younger people how to repair things at home, or who even give life advice. Young people can help their elderly family members or neighbors who need technical support. As at the Vollpension cafés in Austria, when young and old work together the generation gap suddenly narrows, and the world becomes a more respectful, caring, and better place. And the advantages run both ways, because young people also have a lot to learn from older adults. Both generations can flourish (兴旺) when they help each other. 1．What makes Vollpension special? A．It mainly serves senior citizens. B．It has many older employees. C．It offers coffee with a unique taste. D．It provides emotional services. 2．Why do some senior people continue to work after retirement? A．To live their life to the full. B．To set an example for the young. C．To fill the labour shortage. D．To fight against age discrimination. 3．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．There are more job opportunities for the elderly online. B．Seniors have more life skills than the younger generation. C．Many seniors are active in starting their business or service. D．Technology plays an important role in caring for the elderly. 4．What does the author stress in the last paragraph? A．The challenges faced by the elderly. B．The benefits of intergenerational help. C．The need for more cafés like Vollpension. D．The value of senior citizens in the workforce. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了奥地利的一系列温馨咖啡馆——Vollpension，这些咖啡馆的特别之处在于其员工中有一半是老年人，并探讨老年人继续工作的益处及代际互助的优势。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s Vollpension, a series of cozy cafés in Austria that are characterized by the fact that half of their employees are senior citizens.(那就是Vollpension，奥地利一系列温馨的咖啡馆，其特点是其员工中有一半是老年人。)”可知，Vollpension的特别之处在于它有很多老年的员工。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, the truth is that Vollpension has turned out to be a great opportunity for the elderly, not only economically but also emotionally.(然而，事实是，Vollpension为老年人提供了一个绝佳的机会，不仅在经济上，而且在情感上。)”和第三段“It allows them to feel useful and helps them fight loneliness (one of the biggest problems today) because they interact with other people, both young and old.(这让他们感到自己很有用，并帮助他们对抗孤独感（这是当今最大的问题之一），因为他们与年轻人和老年人都有互动。)”可知，有些老年人在退休后继续工作是因为他们想充分享受生活，使自己在经济上和情感的需求得到满足。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“On social networks, it’s becoming increasingly common to find profiles of grandmothers who give cooking tips or sell food that they prepare. There are also examples of seniors who teach younger people how to repair things at home, or who even give life advice.(在社交网络上，越来越常见到这样的祖母个人主页：她们分享烹饪小贴士，或售卖自己制作的食物。也有老年人教年轻人如何在家修理东西，甚至提供人生建议的例子。)”可知，许多老年人积极创业或提供服务。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“As at the Vollpension cafés in Austria, when young and old work together the generation gap suddenly narrows, and the world becomes a more respectful, caring, and better place. And the advantages run both ways, because young people also have a lot to learn from older adults. Both generations can flourish when they help each other.(就像在奥地利的Vollpension咖啡馆一样，当年轻人和老年人一起工作时，代沟突然缩小了，世界变得更加尊重、更加关爱、更加美好。而且这种好处是双向的，因为年轻人也可以从老年人身上学到很多东西。当两代人互相帮助时，他们都能兴旺发达。)”可知，作者在最后一段强调了代际互助的好处。故选B。 主题02 人与社会——社会心理与人际互动 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东聊城·期中） Frightening as monsters (怪兽) are, they have always attracted us. From strange combinations of animals to magical beings, creatures have emerged from our imaginations throughout history. Today, they still frequent our cinema screens. Considering how scared we can be of monsters, it seems paradoxical that we keep making them. In fact, there is science behind our love of monsters. Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living with predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ (祖先) first deadly threats, causing them to develop snake-responsive neurons in their brains. This adaptation allowed them to recognize snakes with just a quick look. That is why we get a thrill seeing snake-like monsters on the screen. Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to spot bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years, and then on modern screens. There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, which releases adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed. The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilization, or aliens growing within us. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds. 1．Which word can replace the underlined word “paradoxical” in paragraph 1? A．Unnecessary. B．Frightening. C．Predictable. D．Unreasonable. 2．What is the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3? A．To show the origin of monsters. B．To compare different deadly creatures. C．To honour the wisdom of our ancestors. D．To introduce dangerous animals on screens. 3．How does watching a horror film benefit people with anxiety? A．It helps people to fight against fear. B．It helps people forget anxious experiences. C．It helps people feel relaxed with its safe ending. D．It helps people learn how to escape from dangers. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards our love of monsters? A．Critical. B．Uncertain. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了人类为何对怪物既感到害怕又被其吸引的现象，从人类历史、心理机制等方面进行了阐述，说明了怪物在人类文化和心理中的重要作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据前文“Considering how scared we can be of monsters(考虑到我们对怪物有多害怕)”以及后文“we keep making them(我们一直制造怪物)”可知，我们害怕怪物，但是又一直在制造怪物，看起来是不合理的。由此推知，划线词paradoxical为“不合理的”之意。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living with predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ (祖先) first deadly threats, causing them to develop snake-responsive neurons in their brains.(怪物是我们与捕食者长期共存的历史中想象出来的生物。例如，蛇是我们祖先的第一个致命威胁，导致他们在大脑中发展出对蛇敏感的神经元)”以及第三段“Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to spot bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years, and then on modern screens.(同样，我们祖先的思维也受到在恶劣环境中发现熊、狮子和其他大型捕食者的需要的影响。这些动物有着长长的牙齿和巨大的爪子，它们抓住了我们的想象力，几千年来，它们出现在洞穴壁画中，然后出现在现代的屏幕上)”可知，这两段从蛇和大型捕食者的角度解释了怪物的起源，指出它们是基于我们祖先与捕食者共存的历史经验演化得来。由此推知，二三段的目的是说明怪物的起源。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, which releases adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed.(被怪物吓到有心理上的好处。可怕生物的恐怖故事会激活杏仁核，大脑的恐惧中心，释放肾上腺素。随着故事在安全的情况下结束，肾上腺素水平下降，产生了促进放松感的化学物质。这种可控的恐惧体验可能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力。因此，一些焦虑的人喜欢在睡觉前看恐怖电影)”可知，观看恐怖电影能让人们在安全的结局中感到放松。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance.(这种可控的恐惧体验可能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力)”以及最后一段“The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilization, or aliens growing within us. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds.(我们今天为电影和书籍创造的怪物反映了我们最深的恐惧——无论是威胁文明的哥斯拉，还是在我们体内生长的外星人。通过了解我们的怪物以及我们为什么制造它们，我们可以学到很多关于我们思想表面下发生的事情)”可知，作者认为对怪物的喜爱能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力，以及学到很多关于我们思想表面下发生的事情。由此推知，作者对我们对怪物的喜爱支持的态度。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） When young children’s behavior becomes challenging, many parents turn to threats. Many parents threatened to leave an activity or place, or not get snacks. “Discipline (管教) helps young children learn what behaviors are safe and proper and can play an important role in helping them learn the difference between right and wrong,” said Susan Woolford, M. D．“Empty threats, however, destroy trust and aren’t usually effective.” Most parents surveyed reported getting input about discipline strategies from several sources, turning to the child’s other parent, talking with friends or using parenting books, articles and social media. Meanwhile, less than a fifth of parents have discussed discipline with a healthcare provider and one in eight parents say they haven’t thought about their discipline strategies. Some parents surveyed admitted using discipline strategies that aren’t recommended by experts, with two in five sometimes spanking (打屁股). “Discipline strategies should be proper for the child’s age and developmental level.” Woolford said. For children aged one to two, distraction (分散注意力) and redirection are often most effective, noting that children this young are exploring their environment and willful misbehavior is quite few. But after age two, children understand their actions can cause a reaction from others and may increasingly test that out. Parents of children aged three to five surveyed were more likely to use warnings, speak firmly, and give timeouts. During these preschool ages, parents should let them know what their misbehavior will lead to. For instance, if a child throws a drink out of anger, a proper punishment would be to have them clean up the mess while an unrelated punishment will be less effective. Reactions should be immediate, so the child understands the connection with their misbehavior. As children grow, they respond differently to various discipline methods, so parents should adapt their strategies and stay open to new approaches. “Balancing correction with positive strengthening — like praise and rewards — helps children build self-respect while learning from their mistakes.” Woolford said. 1．What will threatening bring to kids according to Susan Woolford? A．Less belief in parents. B．More improper behaviors. C．Unwillingness to accept gifts. D．Inability to tell right from wrong. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Effective threats to children. B．Situations of discipline strategies. C．Various methods of parenting. D．Reasons for children’s misbehavior. 3．What should parents do with the misbehavior of children aged 3 to 5? A．Reason with them patiently and seriously. B．Reflect on the causes of their mistakes. C．Forgive them for their childish actions. D．Punish them immediately and properly. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Praise and rewards ensure self-respect. B．Disciplining children is a flexible process. C．Parenting becomes easier as children grow. D．Correcting mistakes is a new parenting approach. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要探讨了父母在面对孩子挑战性行为时采取的管教策略，并强调了不同年龄阶段应采用不同的方法，以及及时、适当的反应和灵活调整策略的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Empty threats, however, destroy trust and aren’t usually effective.(然而，空洞的威胁会破坏信任，通常不会有效)”可知，Susan Woolford认为威胁会破坏孩子对父母的信任。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Most parents surveyed reported getting input about discipline strategies from several sources, turning to the child’s other parent, talking with friends or using parenting books, articles and social media. Meanwhile, less than a fifth of parents have discussed discipline with a healthcare provider and one in eight parents say they haven’t thought about their discipline strategies. Some parents surveyed admitted using discipline strategies that aren’t recommended by experts, with two in five sometimes spanking (打屁股).(大多数接受调查的父母表示，他们会从几个渠道获取管教策略的信息，比如求助于孩子的另一位父母，与朋友交谈，或者使用育儿书籍、文章和社交媒体。与此同时，不到五分之一的父母与医疗保健提供者讨论过管教问题，八分之一的父母表示他们没有考虑过自己的管教策略。一些接受调查的父母承认，他们使用了专家不推荐的管教策略，五分之二的父母有时会打屁股)”可知，第二段主要描述了父母获取管教策略的来源（如伴侣、朋友、书籍等）及部分父母使用专家不推荐的方法（如打屁股）的情况，整体围绕“管教策略的应用现状”展开。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“For instance, if a child throws a drink out of anger, a proper punishment would be to have them clean up the mess while an unrelated punishment will be less effective. Reactions should be immediate, so the child understands the connection with their misbehavior.(例如，如果一个孩子因为生气而把饮料扔了，适当的惩罚是让他们清理混乱，而不相关的惩罚将不太有效。反应应该是即时的，这样孩子就能理解与他们的不当行为的联系)”可知，对于3-5岁孩子的错误行为，父母需立即且恰当地惩罚。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As children grow, they respond differently to various discipline methods, so parents should adapt their strategies and stay open to new approaches.(随着孩子的成长，他们对各种管教方法的反应不同，所以父母应该调整自己的策略，并对新的方法保持开放的态度)”可知，管教是一个需要灵活调整的过程。故选B。 主题03 人与自我——身心健康与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东德州·期中） Over a year ago, some of my colleagues and I started a tradition in which we try out different restaurants in the Austin area. This quickly became a highlight worth looking forward to. Each outing has been filled with great food, engaging conversations, and lively debates. But no matter what the evening’s discussion is, one thing is a constant: however full we feel after the main course, we always prefer to order dessert. A team of researchers led by Marielle Minère and Henning Fenselau, along with colleagues, set out to investigate why this happens. Their findings revealed a surprising brain mechanism at play, one that helps explain why sugar cravings continue even when we are no longer hungry. Central to their discovery are POMC neurons(神经元), a group of cells that have long been known to regulate appetite and hunger. Traditionally, POMC neurons are believed to work by promoting fullness. But Minère and colleagues discovered something unexpected, which is that not all POMC neurons function this way. Instead of reducing appetite, some POMC neurons actually increase it, but only for sugar! In other words, while the body signals that it has had enough food, the brain at the same time activates a pathway that specifically encourages sugar consumption. To test this, the scientists used advanced imaging techniques to watch these neurons in action as mice encountered different foods. When researchers blocked the actions of these neurons, mice showed less interest in sugary foods after meals. Interestingly, this effect was specific to sugar and had no impact on the consumption of fatty foods. Of course, this study also has wider applications beyond just explaining our after-dinner excess (过量). This discovery could lead to useful treatments for overeating, especially when it comes to sugar. 1．What does the underlined word “cravings” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A routine meal schedule. B．A dislike for certain flavors. C．A sudden loss of appetite. D．A strong desire for specific foods. 2．What is the key discovery about POMC neurons? A．They regulate hunger for more foods. B．They are responsible for burning calories. C．Some of them encourage sugar appetite. D．Some of them influence sleep pattern. 3．What happened when POMC neurons were blocked in mice? A．Mice lost their appetite entirely. B．Mice consumed more fatty foods. C．Sugary foods were less attractive. D．More vegetables were preferred. 4．What is the text likely to discuss next? A．Possible effects of sugar on mood. B．New ways to control sugar intake. C．Potential harms of sugar consumption. D．Practical strategies to boost appetite. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，以作者和同事餐后总想吃甜点这一现象引出研究，介绍了科学家对餐后仍渴望吃糖这一现象背后大脑机制的研究，发现部分 POMC 神经元会增加对糖的食欲，并通过对老鼠的实验验证了这一发现，该研究对控制过度摄入糖分有潜在应用。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“however full we feel after the main course, we always prefer to order dessert.(无论主菜后我们感觉有多饱，我们总是更愿意点甜点)” 以及第三段 “while the body signals that it has had enough food, the brain at the same time activates a pathway that specifically encourages sugar consumption.(当身体发出已经吃饱的信号时，大脑同时激活了一条专门鼓励吃糖的路径)” 可知，即使我们不再饿了，对糖的渴望也会继续，此处 “cravings” 指的是对特定食物（糖）的强烈渴望。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But Minère and colleagues discovered something unexpected, which is that not all POMC neurons function this way. Instead of reducing appetite, some POMC neurons actually increase it, but only for sugar!(但Minère和同事们有了意想不到的发现，并非所有的 POMC 神经元都以这种方式发挥作用。一些 POMC 神经元非但不会降低食欲，实际上还会增加食欲，但只针对糖！)” 可知，关于 POMC 神经元的关键发现是其中一些会增加对糖的食欲。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“When researchers blocked the actions of these neurons, mice showed less interest in sugary foods after meals.(当研究人员阻断这些神经元的活动时，老鼠餐后对含糖食物的兴趣降低了)” 可知，当老鼠体内的 POMC 神经元被阻断时，含糖食物的吸引力降低了。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “This discovery could lead to useful treatments for overeating, especially when it comes to sugar.(这一发现可能会为暴饮暴食，尤其是糖分摄入过多带来有效的治疗方法)” 表明接下来可能会讨论控制糖分摄入的新方法。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东省淄博实验中学·期中） U. S. teens spend more than eight hours a day on screens, and there’s growing concern over it. Now, a new study published by the American Psychological (心理的) Association, confirms that teens seem to feel better about themselves when they cut back. “Social media can feel like a comparison trap (陷阱),” says study author Helen Thai, a doctoral student in psychology at McGill University. Her research found that limiting screen time to about one hour a day helped anxious teens and young adults feel better about their body image and their appearance. “What I noticed in social media was that I couldn’t help but compare myself.” Thai says. Reading posts from famous people and influencers, as well as people in her own social network, led to a lack of self-confidence. So, Thai and a team of researchers decided to test whether reducing time on social media would improve body image. They gathered a few hundred volunteers, aged 17-25. all of whom had experienced symptoms (症状) of anxiety or depression — which could make them easily influenced by social media. Half of the volunteers were asked to reduce their social media to 60 minutes a day for three weeks. The other half continued to use social media with no limits. The researchers gave the volunteers surveys at the beginning and end of the study, including statements such as “I’m pretty happy about the way I look,” and “I am satisfied with my weight.” Among the group that cut social media use, the overall score on appearance improved from 2.95 to 3.15 on a 5-point scale. The change may seem small, but any change in such a short period of time is worth noticing. “It’s encouraging that college students were willing to cut back screen time, even for three weeks,” psychologist Andrea Graham says. While this study included people with symptoms of anxiety or depression, Graham says it’s worth applying this approach to other groups, such as people with eating problems. 1．What is the probable meaning of the underlined sentence in para 2? A．Teens are forced to post their own images on social media B．Teens couldn’t help but spend too much time on social media C．Teens tends to compare themselves with others on social media D．Teens are fooled into believing false information on social media 2．How was the research conducted by Thai and a team of researchers? A．By listing numbers B．By giving examples C．By making comparisons D．By analyzing causes and effects 3．What can we learn about the survey? A．The study included people with mental health and eating problems B．There was little difference in appearance score between the two groups C．College students were not willing to reduce screen time for more weeks D．Cutting social media use makes a difference to teens’ opinion of their image 4．Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A．Less screen time, more self-confidence B．Social media, a time bomb on your health C．How to improve your image on social media D．Concern over social media addiction keeps growing 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现减少社交媒体的使用会让青少年对自己感觉更好，文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及意义。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Her research found that limiting screen time to about one hour a day helped anxious teens and young adults feel better about their body image and their appearance. “What I noticed in social media was that I couldn’t help but compare myself.” Thai says.(她的研究发现，将每天看屏幕的时间限制在一小时左右，有助于焦虑的青少年和年轻人对自己的身体形象和外表感觉更好。“我在社交媒体上注意到的是，我忍不住拿自己做比较。”Thai说)”可知，后文指出青少年喜欢在社交媒体上和他人比较，故划线句子意思是“青少年倾向于在社交媒体上与他人比较”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Half of the volunteers were asked to reduce their social media to 60 minutes a day for three weeks. The other half continued to use social media with no limits.(一半的志愿者被要求在三周内将每天使用社交媒体的时间减少到60分钟。另一半继续无限制地使用社交媒体)”以及倒数第二段“The researchers gave the volunteers surveys at the beginning and end of the study, including statements such as “I’m pretty happy about the way I look,” and “I am satisfied with my weight.” Among the group that cut social media use, the overall score on appearance improved from 2.95 to 3.15 on a 5-point scale.(研究人员在研究开始和结束时对志愿者进行了调查，包括“我对自己的长相很满意”和“我对自己的体重很满意”等陈述。在减少社交媒体使用的小组中，外表的总分从2.95分提高到3.15分（满分为5分）)”可知，Thai和一组研究人员的研究是通过比较进行的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers gave the volunteers surveys at the beginning and end of the study, including statements such as “I’m pretty happy about the way I look,” and “I am satisfied with my weight.” Among the group that cut social media use, the overall score on appearance improved from 2.95 to 3.15 on a 5-point scale.(研究人员在研究开始和结束时对志愿者进行了调查，包括“我对自己的长相很满意”和“我对自己的体重很满意”等陈述。在减少社交媒体使用的小组中，外表的总分从2.95分提高到3.15分（满分为5分）)”可知，减少社交媒体的使用会改变青少年对自己形象的看法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“U. S. teens spend more than eight hours a day on screens, and there’s growing concern over it. Now, a new study published by the American Psychological (心理的) Association, confirms that teens seem to feel better about themselves when they cut back.(美国青少年每天花在屏幕上的时间超过8小时，这引起了越来越多的关注。现在，美国心理学协会发表的一项新研究证实，青少年在减少屏幕时间的时候似乎感觉更好)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现减少社交媒体的使用会让青少年对自己感觉更好，文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及意义。由此可知，A选项“少看屏幕，更自信”最符合文章标题。故选A。 主题04 人与社会——科技与社会发展 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·山东济宁·期中） It’s easy to believe that robots are stealing jobs from human workers and badly affect the job market; after all, you’ve likely heard that they are tracking and moving packages without the use of human hands. But there’s no need to worry about a robot takeover just yet, says a new study from BYU sociology professor Eric Dahlin. Dahlin’s research found that robots aren’t replacing (取代) humans at the rate most people think, but people are likely to greatly exaggerate (夸大) the rate of robot takeover. To understand the relationship between job loss and robots, Dahlin surveyed nearly 2, 000 people about their views on jobs being replaced by robots. They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers (雇主) have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots. The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times. “Our understanding of robots taking over jobs is greatly exaggerated,” says Dahlin. Those who haven’t lost jobs overstate it by about double, and those who have lost jobs overstate it by about three times. Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs. The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way. “An everyday example is an autonomous machine at your local department store,” says Dahlin. “This robot cleans the floors while employees clean under shelves or other difficult-to-reach places.” 1．How did Eric Dahlin carry out his research? A．By asking people questions. B．By comparing early studies. C．By interviewing employers. D．By studying new businesses. 2．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．Bad effects of technology. B．A fall in laid-off workers. C．Benefits of using robots. D．The finding of the study. 3．What might deepen people’s worry about robot takeover according to the text? A．Low pay. B．News reports. C．Physical health. D．Fewer workplaces, 4．Which statement will Eric Dahlin probably agree with? A．Robots can work as human partners. B．Job markets will be affected seriously. C．All human workers will be replaced. D．Work experience matters too much. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于机器人的新研究，研究表明机器人并没有取代工人，相反，在工作场所，员工和机器人都在一起工作，在某种程度上提供了更多的价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers (雇主) have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots.(他们首先被要求猜测雇主用机器人取代工作的员工比例是多少。然后他们被问及他们的雇主是否曾经用机器人取代过他们的工作)”可知，此次研究主要通过问答的方式进行的。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times.(研究发现，只有14%的员工说他们的工作被机器人取代了。但那些经历过机器人取代工作的人将机器人取代人类工作的影响夸大了约三倍)”可知，本段主要讲述了此次研究的发现。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs.(一些引人注目的头条新闻称，糟糕的就业前景可能夸大了机器人取代工作的情况)”可知，新闻报道为引起大众关注，夸大机器人取代人工的实际情况，从而加剧了大众的焦虑。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way.(这一发现与早期研究相符，早期研究表明机器人并没有取代工人。相反，员工和机器人一起工作的工作场所在某种程度上提供了更多价值。)”可推知，Eric Dahlin可能会认同“机器人可以成为人类干活的好搭档”这一论述。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） In the old libraries of Dunhuang’s Mogao Caves, a 21-year-old computer student named Zhang Wei found something amazing. While studying 50,000 ancient papers scanned (扫描) into computers since 2020, she noticed that 30% had strange marks no one could read. These marks came from old languages once used along the Silk Road. This led her to create “SilkRoad AI” — a computer program that mixes language studies with smart machines to understand forgotten writing. Zhang’s success came from studying stone markers in Xi’an. These stones had the same message in Chinese and two other ancient languages. Her program looked at how the marks were drawn and what they might mean. After months of work, the AI guessed 82% of the unknown marks correctly by matching them to known sounds. But some experts voiced different opinions. Professor Li from Beijing University said, “Computers can’t understand the hidden stories in old writings.” In 2023, Zhang’s team tested their AI at an international history meeting. They used it to read a 1,200-year-old medical book from an ancient kingdom. The computer translated plant names and found 17 types still used in traditional medicine. When scientists checked these findings against modern plant records, they were proved correct. The test helped Zhang get UNESCO’s support to protect disappearing local languages. Now working with the British Museum on ancient Indian writings, Zhang’s AI has helped experts understand 4,000-year-old business records. Her newest idea uses phone cameras — when visitors point their phones at damaged paintings in the Mogao Caves, they can see repaired pictures with computer-translated explanations. “We’re not just solving word puzzles,” Zhang says. “We’re helping people from different times and places talk to each other again.” 1．What led Zhang Wei to create “SilkRoad AI”? A．A program about the Silk Road. B．Her interest in computer science. C．Strange marks on ancient papers. D．Amazing libraries of Mogao Caves. 2．What was Professor Li’s attitude towards Zhang Wei’s methods? A．Doubtful. B．Uninterested. C．Unclear. D．Positive. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．A study on traditional medicine. B．An international history meeting. C．The effectiveness of SilkRoad AI. D．The protection of local languages. 4．What can we learn from Zhang’s words in the last paragraph? A．Her newest idea is creative. B．Her work easily solves word puzzles. C．Her AI helps understand business records. D．Her program connects the past and present. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了21岁的计算机专业学生张薇通过创建“SilkRoad AI”项目，利用人工智能技术解读古代文献中的未知符号，为保护和传承消失的当地语言做出贡献的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While studying 50,000 ancient papers scanned (扫描) into computers since 2020, she noticed that 30% had strange marks no one could read. These marks came from old languages once used along the Silk Road. This led her to create “SilkRoad AI” — a computer program that mixes language studies with smart machines to understand forgotten writing. (在研究自2020年以来扫描到电脑中的5万份古代文献时，她注意到30%的文献上有奇怪的符号，没人能读懂。这些符号来自曾经在丝绸之路上使用的古老语言。这促使她创建了“SilkRoad AI”——一个将语言研究与智能机器相结合，以理解被遗忘文字的计算机程序。)”可知，古代文献上的奇怪符号促使张薇创建了“SilkRoad AI”。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“But some experts voiced different opinions. Professor Li from Beijing University said, “Computers can’t understand the hidden stories in old writings.” (但一些专家表达了不同的意见。北京大学的李教授说：“计算机无法理解古老文字中隐藏的故事。”)”可推知，李教授对张薇的方法持怀疑态度。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“In 2023, Zhang’s team tested their AI at an international history meeting. They used it to read a 1,200-year-old medical book from an ancient kingdom. The computer translated plant names and found 17 types still used in traditional medicine. When scientists checked these findings against modern plant records, they were proved correct. The test helped Zhang get UNESCO’s support to protect disappearing local languages. (2023年，张薇的团队在一个国际历史会议上测试了他们的人工智能。他们用它来阅读一本来自一个古老王国的1200年前的医学书籍。计算机翻译了植物名称，并发现了17种仍在传统医学中使用的植物。当科学家将这些发现与现代植物记录进行比对时，它们被证明是正确的。这次测试帮助张薇获得了联合国教科文组织的支持，以保护正在消失的当地语言。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了“SilkRoad AI”在解读古代文献方面的有效性。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句““We’re not just solving word puzzles,” Zhang says. “We’re helping people from different times and places talk to each other again.” (“我们不仅仅是在解决文字谜题，”张薇说。“我们正在帮助不同时代和地方的人们再次相互交流。”)”可推知，张薇认为她的程序连接了过去和现在。故选D项。 主题04 人与自然——生态保护与生物多样化 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·山东青岛·期中） Often, research surrounding non-native — also referred to as invasive (入侵的) — species focuses on the negative impact on the environments they invade. Non-native species represent threats or even disasters; some are even famous for it. But according to a new study from Brown University, while the negative aspects of non-native life, including the increased risk of causing extinction to other species, are mainly talked about, the positives are not always addressed. Researchers say that non-native species also have the ability to increase biodiversity (生物多样性) within habitats. As far as famously feared non-native species go, zebra mussels are high on the unwanted list. They originated in the waters of Eurasia and have grown to become a major issue in lakes and waterways across the Great Lakes, as well as in states such as Texas and California. In unnatural habitats, they reproduce rapidly, outcompeting native species for resources. Additionally, they attach themselves to hard surfaces, such as pipes and boats, costing millions to remove. But for its research, the team decided to focus not only on non-native species’ negative impacts but also on what they can contribute to habitats. In forests, the earthworms have the ability to change the ecosystem negatively. However, when earthworms are present in agricultural land, there is a possibility for a 25-percent increase in the productivity of agricultural crops. As far as brown trout — a non-native species in New Zealand — are concerned, locals have embraced the fish, enjoying the economic and recreational benefits of fishing for the species and adding it to their local food. Biologist Dov Sax, along with co-authors of the Brown University study, says that these benefits are not as uncommon as past research on invasive species may suggest. “Our new paper argues that the positive impacts of non-native species are neither unexpected nor rare but instead common and important,” says Sax. 1．What does the new study focus on? A．Bad influence of invasive species. B．Uncertain future some species face. C．Possible benefits non-native species bring. D．The importance of biodiversity protection. 2．What can we learn about zebra mussels from paragraph 2? A．They are listed as endangered species. B．They disturb the local natural balance. C．They receive a warm welcome in Texas. D．They bring huge business opportunities. 3．What is locals’ attitude to the brown trout？ A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Supportive. D．Discontent. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Say No to the Non-Native Species B．What do Unnatural Habitats Mean? C．A Close Link Between Researches D．Are Invasive Species Always Bad? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【难度】0.65 【来源】山东省青岛地区2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员发现非本地物种有助于增加当地生物多样性，并列举了一些例子加以说明。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But according to a new study from Brown University, while the negative aspects of non-native life, including the increased risk of causing extinction to other species, are mainly talked about, the positives are not always addressed. Researchers say that non-native species also have the ability to increase biodiversity (生物多样性) within habitats.(但根据布朗大学的一项新研究，虽然非本地生物的负面影响，包括导致其他物种灭绝的风险增加，主要被谈论，但积极的一面并不总是得到解决。研究人员说，非本地物种也有能力增加栖息地内的生物多样性)”可知，这项新研究的重点是非本地物种可能带来的好处。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In unnatural habitats, they reproduce rapidly, outcompeting native species for resources. Additionally, they attach themselves to hard surfaces, such as pipes and boats, costing millions to remove.(在非自然栖息地，它们繁殖迅速，与本地物种争夺资源。此外，它们附着在坚硬的表面上，如管道和船只，要花费数百万美元才能清除)”可知，斑马贻贝破坏了当地的自然平衡。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“As far as brown trout — a non-native species in New Zealand — are concerned, locals have embraced the fish, enjoying the economic and recreational benefits of fishing for the species and adding it to their local food.(至于褐鳟鱼——新西兰的一种非本地物种——当地人已经接受了这种鱼，享受着捕捞这种鱼带来的经济和娱乐效益，并将其添加到当地的食物中)”可知，当地人对褐鳟的态度是支持。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But according to a new study from Brown University, while the negative aspects of non-native life, including the increased risk of causing extinction to other species, are mainly talked about, the positives are not always addressed. Researchers say that non-native species also have the ability to increase biodiversity (生物多样性) within habitats.(但根据布朗大学的一项新研究，虽然非本地生物的负面影响，包括导致其他物种灭绝的风险增加，主要被谈论，但积极的一面并不总是得到解决。研究人员说，非本地物种也有能力增加栖息地内的生物多样性)”结合文章主要说明了研究人员发现非本地物种有助于增加当地生物多样性，并列举了一些例子加以说明。可知，D选项“入侵物种总是有害的吗？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东枣庄·期中） To people who love seafood, oysters (牡蛎) can be a delicious treat. Others value them as a source of precious pearls. But to Demi Johnson, a 15-year-old from Mississippi, US, oysters are very useful for the environment. “After learning that oyster reefs and gardens are endangered, I felt inspired to help the environment and give back,” Johnson told WLOX, a news website. The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources says that the number of oysters in Mississippi’s coastal waters has dropped a lot because of human-made and natural disasters. Johnson argued that the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, as well as the 2020 opening of the Bonnet Care Spillway, a flood control project, made the situation more severe. “My solution is to partner with educational institutions and teach others to grow their own off-farm oysters,” she told How Africa News. When Johnson started oyster gardening in 2022 at Schooner Pier on Biloxi Bay, she didn't know anything about the subject. Today, she’s something of an expert. Through oyster gardening, she learned many things: a single oyster can clean up to 50 gallons of seawater a day, removing algae and harmful organisms. Big groups of oysters form reefs, providing habitat for hundreds of other sea creatures. Now, Johnson has already raised more than 1,500 oysters, which will have a tremendous ecological impact by releasing millions of larvae (幼虫) into the environment. During oyster gardening season, she and her mom go to Biloxi Bay to check her cages and remove algae and predators such as snails and crabs. She also tries to encourage others to get involved. “You don’t have to do a lot to take care of your oyster garden”, she told Times for Kids, “but the impact it has on the environment is great.” She was also a great supporter of ecological causes. Last year, after winning a National Geographic award for her efforts to recover her state’s oyster population, Johnson donated the $1,000 cash prize to the Mississippi Oyster Gardening Program. 1．What inspired Demi Johnson to start oyster gardening? A．Her great interest in seafood. B．Her concern about oyster reefs. C．Her school project requirement. D．Her mother’s encouragement. 2．What contributes to the decline of oyster population? A．Oil spilling and spillway opening. B．Hurricane damage and industrial pollution. C．Overfishing and climate change. D．Habitat destruction and invasive species. 3．What are the ecological benefits of oyster reefs? A．Producing pearls and serving as a food source. B．Preventing coastal erosion and reducing flood risks. C．Absorbing carbon dioxide and handling climate change. D．Cleaning seawater and providing habitats for marine life. 4．How does Demi Johnson feel about oyster gardening? A．Effortless but influential. B．Challenging yet rewarding. C．Simple yet ineffective. D．Laborious but beneficial. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了15岁的Demi Johnson因担忧牡蛎礁的生存状况，而开始牡蛎养殖以改善环境的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段““After learning that oyster reefs and gardens are endangered, I felt inspired to help the environment and give back,” Johnson told WLOX, a news website.(“在得知牡蛎礁和牡蛎养殖场濒临灭绝后，我受到鼓舞，想要帮助改善环境并做出回报，” 约翰逊告诉新闻网站WLOX)” 可知，Demi Johnson对牡蛎礁的担忧促她使开始养殖牡蛎。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Johnson argued that the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, as well as the 2020 opening of the Bonnet Care Spillway, a flood control project, made the situation more severe.(约翰逊认为，2010 年的“深水地平线”石油泄漏事件，以及 2020 年防洪工程邦尼特凯尔溢洪道的启用，使情况变得更加严峻)”可知，石油泄漏和溢洪道的启用导致了牡蛎数量的减少。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Through oyster gardening, she learned many things: a single oyster can clean up to 50 gallons of seawater a day, removing algae and harmful organisms. Big groups of oysters form reefs, providing habitat for hundreds of other sea creatures.(通过养殖牡蛎，她学到了很多东西：一只牡蛎每天可以净化多达 50 加仑的海水，清除藻类和有害生物。大量的牡蛎形成了牡蛎礁，为数百种其他海洋生物提供了栖息地)”可知，牡蛎礁的生态效益是净化海水和为海洋生物提供栖息地。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““You don’t have to do a lot to take care of your oyster garden”, she told Times for Kids, “but the impact it has on the environment is great.”(“你不需要做很多事情来照料你的牡蛎养殖场，”她告诉《儿童时代》杂志，“但它对环境的影响是巨大的。”)”可推知，Demi Johnson认为养殖牡蛎不费力但很有影响力。故选A。 主题05 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东潍坊·期中） The plants of the South African Fynbos region are no stranger to fire. Many species have adapted to dealing with and even depending on fire to complete their lifecycles. There is one species, however, that takes this to the extreme. It is named the fire lily. This plant provides wonderful flower shows during its brief flowering time after summer fires. Through its “phoenix-like” (凤凰涅槃的) habit, it is a source of interest and wonder, especially when seen in the wild against a blackened, ashy (布满灰烬的) background. For most of the year, the plant is only a small group of narrow, long leaves. As the dry months of summer approach, the leaves senesce and the plant more or less disappears until its time to flower. However, unlike other plants in this region, the fire lily lies in wait for a very special flowering cue (暗示) —smoke. It has been noted that fire lilies only seem to want to reproduce after a fire. No other environmental factor seems to cause flowering. This has made them quite annoying for their lovers. Only after a fire burns over the landscape, will a scape (花梗) appear, topped with anywhere from 1 to 12 red flowers. This dependence on fire for flowering has attracted the attention of a few scientists concerned with protection of this kind of plant. Obviously, if we care about protecting species like the fire lily, it is extremely important that we understand how they reproduce. By experimenting with various burn and smoke treatments, researchers found out that it wasn’t heat that caused flowering but rather something in the smoke itself. Though researchers were not able to separate out the exact chemical(s) (化学物质) responsible, at least we now know that we can make fire lilies flower using smoke alone. 1．What can we know about the fire lily from the first paragraph? A．It is totally strange to fire. B．Its lifecycle depends on fire. C．It has a long flowering time. D．Its flowers look like phoenixes. 2．What does the underlined word “senesce” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fade. B．Grow. C．Dance. D．Shine. 3．What is probably the key factor for fire lily flowering? A．Heat. B．Smoke. C．Weather. D．Chemical. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Fire Lily: Out of the Ashes B．Fire Lily: Away from Smoke C．A Plant Driving Its Lovers Crazy D．An Endangered Species in the Wild 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述南非Fynbos地区的火百合如何依赖火灾后的烟雾开花，以及科学家对其繁殖机制的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的句子“Many species have adapted to dealing with and even depending on fire to complete their lifecycles. There is one species, however, that takes this to the extreme. It is named the fire lily.(许多物种已经适应了应对火灾，甚至依赖火灾来完成它们的生命周期。然而，有一种物种将这一点发挥到了极致，它就是火百合)”可知，火百合的生命周期依赖火。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文的“As the dry months of summer approach(随着干燥的夏季的临近，叶子……)”和下文的“the plant more or less disappears until its time to flower(这种植物或多或少会消失，直到开花的时候)”可推测随着夏季干燥月份的临近，叶子会枯萎，“senesce” 应是“枯萎、凋谢”的意思，与“Fade”意义一致。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据原文最后一段的句子“By experimenting with various burn and smoke treatments, researchers found out that it wasn’t heat that caused flowering but rather something in the smoke itself.(通过对各种燃烧和烟雾处理进行实验，研究人员发现导致开花的不是热量，而是烟雾本身的某种物质)”可知，烟雾可能是火百合开花的关键因素。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段“The plants of the South African Fynbos region are no stranger to fire. Many species have adapted to dealing with and even depending on fire to complete their lifecycles. There is one species, however, that takes this to the extreme. It is named the fire lily. This plant provides wonderful flower shows during its brief flowering time after summer fires. Through its “phoenix-like” (凤凰涅槃的) habit, it is a source of interest and wonder, especially when seen in the wild against a blackened, ashy (布满灰烬的) background.(南非费因博斯地区的植物对火灾并不陌生。许多物种已经适应了与火打交道，甚至依赖火来完成它们的生命周期。然而，有一种物种将这一点发挥到了极致。它被命名为火百合。这种植物在夏季火灾后的短暂开花期间提供了精彩的花卉展示。通过其“凤凰涅槃”的习性，它成为了一个有趣和奇妙的来源，尤其是在野外黑色、布满灰烬的背景下。)”可知，文章主要围绕火百合依赖火灾，在火灾后的灰烬中开花的特点展开，A选项“Fire Lily: Out of the Ashes(火百合：从灰烬中重生)”能准确概括文章主旨。故选A项。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·山东济宁·期中） One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might someday get lost in a “sea of technology” rather than experiencing the natural world. TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors. Each of us has a place in nature where we go sometimes, even if it is torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. “If the decrease in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment (蚕食)?” asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods. Without having a nature experience, kids can turn out just fine, but they are missing out a huge enrichment of their lives. That applies to everything from their physical health and mental health, to stress levels, creativity and cognitive (认知的) skills. Experts predict modern kids will have poorer health than their parents — and a lack of outside play is surely part of it; research suggests that kids do better academically in schools with a nature exposure. Even a small outdoor experience can create wonder in a child. The three-year-old turning over his first rock realizes he is not alone in the world.   Kids are not responsible. They are just over-protected and frightened. It is dangerous outdoors from time to time, but when repetitive stress from computers is replacing breaking an arm as a childhood rite (仪式) during the children’s growth, it can be more dangerous. We should help regain for our kids some of the freedom and joy of exploring nature and taking friendship in fields and woods that cement love, respect and need for landscape. As parents, we should devote some of our energies to taking our kids into nature. This could yet be our greatest cause. 1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To show the great damage done to nature. B．To recommend a popular book to the public. C．To stress the necessity of kid’s going outdoors. D．To raise the awareness of environmental protection. 2．What may happen to children without a nature experience? A．They’ll surely become a failure. B．They’ll keep a high sense of wonder. C．They may suffer physically and mentally. D．They can develop better social skills. 3．What does the author think of children’s breaking an arm? A．It is not a bad thing in a sense. B．It is caused by the careless parents. C．It should be taken seriously. D．It could be prevented from happening. 4．What does the underlined word “cement” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Lack. B．Strengthen. C．Prove. D．Require. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章作者从一些孩子缺乏对户外和自然的了解引发的一些问题，表达了对孩子成长经历的担忧。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Each of us has a place in nature where we go sometimes, even if it is torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes.(我们每个人在大自然中都有一个地方，有时我们会去那里，即使它被拆毁了。我们不可能是拥有那个地方的最后一代人。照这样下去，那些错过户外奇观的孩子长大后将不会成为自然景观的保护者。)”可知，第二段写作目的是强调孩子们去户外的必要性。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Without having a nature experience, kids can turn out just fine, but they are missing out a huge enrichment of their lives. That applies to everything from their physical health and mental health, to stress levels, creativity and cognitive (认知的) skills.( 没有大自然的体验，孩子们可以表现得很好，但他们失去了生活中丰富的东西。这适用于他们的身体健康和心理健康，压力水平，创造力和认知技能。)”可知，没有经历过自然的孩子错失了丰富其生活的机会，无论是身体健康还是心理健康都受到影响。由此可推知，没有经历过自然的孩子在生理和心理上都不太健康。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It is dangerous outdoors from time to time, but when repetitive stress from computers is replacing breaking an arm as a childhood rite (仪式) during the children’s growth, it can be more dangerous.(户外有时很危险，但当孩子们在成长过程中，重复性的电脑压力取代了摔断手臂这样的童年仪式时，这可能更加危险。)”可知，作者认为摔断手臂在某种程度上并不是一件坏事。故选A。 4．词句猜测题。根据上文“We should help regain for our kids some of the freedom and joy of exploring nature and taking friendship in fields and woods(我们应该帮助我们的孩子重新获得一些探索自然的自由和快乐，以及在田野和树林中建立友谊)”可知，孩子们在田野和树林里建立友谊可以加强他们对景观的爱、尊重和需要，因此可以推断出“cement”的意思应该是“加强”。故选B。 主题01 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东名校考试联盟·期中） A recent study from the University of Amsterdam reveals an interesting phenomenon: When sad or difficult scenes appear in artworks, people spend more time looking at them compared to similar photographs. This discovery helps explain why art has been used for centuries to explore challenging subjects. Researchers conducted five experiments with over 500 participants to test their preferences. In the first test, people chose between viewing paintings described as “selected for art galleries” or photos described as “news article images.” When scenes showed negative events like war or suffering, 63% preferred paintings, while only 37% chose photos. But for positive scenes like acts of kindness, this preference for art was not seen. Why does this happen? Later experiments showed three key reasons: Safety through imagination: Paintings felt less emotionally heavy. As one participant noted, “Art feels like a story, but photos feel too real.” Beauty balances pain: 78% considered paintings as more beautiful, even when showing sad content. Thinking space: Artistic styles inspired deeper thinking. People spent 40% longer viewing abstract war paintings compared to detailed photos. Professor Emma Chen, who wasn’t involved in the study, explains: “Art creates psychological distance. When we see brushstrokes (笔触) or unusual colors, our brain understands this isn’t real. This ‘safety blanket’ lets us face difficult truths without feeling overwhelmed.” These findings show that art acts as a psychological filter when we face difficult or negative subjects. The beauty of artistic creations, along with the feeling that we’re stepping back from reality into a “as-if” world while experiencing art, may reduce the emotional impact of negative content, making it more approachable than non-art media. The findings have real-world applications. Museums using this research redesigned exhibits about climate change, replacing graphic photos with symbolic sculptures. Visitor engagement increased by 55%, with more people reading information panels (信息面板). “It’s like using honey to make medicine easier to swallow,” says museum educator David Müller. “The artistic form helps important messages reach people who might otherwise look away.” 1．What is the purpose of the text? A．To compare the artistic value of paintings and photos. B．To show how art makes negative content easier to face. C．To argue that museums should replace photos with artworks. D．To explain why people prefer beautiful images over realistic ones. 2．Why do people spend more time viewing negative art than photos? A．News-related photos naturally lack artistic value. B．Art provides clearer information about real events. C．Art reduces emotional stress while encouraging reflection. D．Photos are often less professionally created than paintings. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a psychological filter” in paragraph 4 mean? A．A tool for improving photo quality. B．A method for selecting gallery artworks. C．A technique for creating abstract paintings. D．A mental process for softening emotional impact. 4．What does the museum example imply about art’s social role? A．Modern audiences no longer care about realistic representations. B．Museums should avoid displaying works with disturbing content. C．Artistic forms can help important messages reach wider audiences. D．Art simplifies complex problems to make them easy to understand. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，该研究揭示了当艺术作品中出现悲伤或困难的场景时，人们会比看类似的照片花更多时间观看，更容易接受，并分析了其背后的心理学原因及实际应用。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When sad or difficult scenes appear in artworks, people spend more time looking at them compared to similar photographs. This discovery helps explain why art has been used for centuries to explore challenging subjects.(当悲伤或困难的场景出现在艺术作品中时，与类似的照片相比，人们会花更多的时间观看。这一发现有助于解释为什么几个世纪以来艺术一直被用来探索具有挑战性的主题。)”和下文内容可知，文章开篇指出人们面对艺术作品中的悲伤或困难场景时，会比面对相似照片花费更多时间，接着通过研究解释原因，即艺术能作为心理过滤器，减少负面内容的情感冲击，最后说明该研究在现实中的应用，如博物馆用艺术形式展示气候变化相关内容以吸引观众。整体围绕艺术如何让人们更易面对负面内容展开，所以目的是展示艺术如何使负面内容更容易被面对。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Safety through imagination: Paintings felt less emotionally heavy. As one participant noted, “Art feels like a story, but photos feel too real.” Beauty balances pain: 78% considered paintings as more beautiful, even when showing sad content. Thinking space: Artistic styles inspired deeper thinking.( 通过想象获得安全感：绘画作品在情感上给人的沉重感较轻。正如一位参与者所说：‘艺术感觉就像一个故事，而照片感觉太真实了。’美感平衡痛苦：78% 的人认为绘画作品更具美感，即使展现的是悲伤的内容也是如此。思考空间：艺术风格激发了更深入的思考。)”可知，人们花更多的时间看负面艺术作品而不是照片是因为艺术在鼓励反思的同时减轻了情感压力。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线部分下文“The beauty of artistic creations, along with the feeling that we’re stepping back from reality into a “as-if” world while experiencing art, may reduce the emotional impact of negative content, making it more approachable than non-art media. (艺术创作的美感，以及我们在欣赏艺术时从现实中抽离、进入一个‘仿佛’世界的那种感觉，或许能够减轻负面内容带来的情感冲击，使其相比非艺术媒介而言，更易于被人们接受。)”可知，艺术创作的美以及体验艺术时从现实中抽离的感觉，会减少负面内容的情感冲击，所以“a psychological filter”指的是一种减轻情感冲击的心理过程，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The artistic form helps important messages reach people who might otherwise look away.(艺术形式有助于重要的信息传达给那些原本可能会视而不见的人。)”可知，博物馆的例子暗示了艺术形式可以帮助重要的信息传达给更广泛的受众。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——社会现象与文化传承 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东济南·期中） Over 7 million people in China registered as organ donors, says official at national commemoration China’s annual national commemoration event for human organ donation was held in Shenyang, Northeast China’s Liaoning Province, on Tuesday. Health officials announced at the event that China has seen a year-on-year increase in organ donation and transplants, with over 7.05 million people registered as organ donors in the country. The event, held ahead of the Qingming Festival — a traditional holiday for honoring the deceased — featured stories of organ donors and their families, transplant recipients, and donation coordinators. It also included a memorial ceremony for 26 donors, with a moment of silence and floral tributes. Attendees included officials, family representatives of the donors, and medical students. This national annual commemoration, guided by the Red Cross Society of China and the National Health Commission and organized by the China Organ Donation Administrative Center(CODAC), is also a promotional activity for organ donation. The publicity ambassador for human organ donation in China, Zhang Dingyu, was appointed to the role in March. A recipient of the national honorary title “The People’s Hero” in 2020, Zhang was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), a fatal and incurable disease, but he remained on the frontlines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, he made the decision to donate his body for future research on ALS. Speaking about his current condition on Tuesday, Zhang noted that the condition of his lower limbs has gradually grown more severe, while his upper limbs, fingers, and lower back occasionally experience cramps and spasms. However, he emphasized that his overall physical condition remains relatively stable and said he is not a typical ALS patient. Becoming a donor was only natural for him, Zhang said. While the traditional view is that our bodies belong to our parents, Zhang said he believes they also belong to society and humanity as a whole. Zhang currently still serves as a medical worker at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory. “We are conducting gene knockout research and seek collaboration to advance studies on gene-knockout organisms, including pig organs such as kidneys and hearts, as part of an effort to explore potential alternatives to organ donation. Through these studies, we strive to better meet clinical needs and enhance service to the public,” Zhang told the Global Times. Currently, more than 280 memorial sites for organ donors have been established across the country. Within a week, various provinces in China held a series of organ donor commemorations, including East China’s Jiangsu, Northwest China’s Gansu, East China’s Fujian, and South China’s Guangdong, with the purpose of expressing gratitude and respect to organ donors and their families, and raising public awareness about the significance of organ donation. 1．What can the know about the event mentioned above? A．The event is annually held afterthe Qingming Festival. B．It included a memorial ceremony with a moment of boisterousness. C．It is a traditional holiday to pay tribute to the deceased. D．Its attendees included merely officials and medical students. 2．What can be inferred about Zhang Dingyu’s decision to donate his body? A．It reflects his desire to challenge traditional beliefs about bodily ownership. B．It aims to gain public recognition of his award as a “People’s Hero”. C．It is vehemently motivated by his need for medical treatment for ALS. D．It prioritizes both family and his wishes over societal responsibilities. 3．What does the term “gene knockout” in the context of Zhang’s research most likely refers to? A．Deleting specific genes in animal organs for medical experiments B．Preserving human genes for future generations to live sustainably. C．Combining animal and human DNA for better transplants. D．Analyzing genetic mutations in ALS patients to cure them. 4．What is the primary purpose of holding organ donor commemorations nationwide? A．To compete with international medical research standards to stand out. B．To respect donors and fuel public awareness of organ donation deeply. C．To collect enough funds for some expensive organ transplant surgeries. D．To document the history of organ donation policies and rewind it. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了中国器官捐献年度纪念活动在沈阳举行，多地响应，张定宇任宣传大使，活动旨在缅怀捐献者、推广捐献理念 。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The event, held ahead of the Qingming Festival-a traditional holiday for honoring the deceased-featured stories of organ donors and their families, transplant recipients, and donation coordinators.(该活动在清明节前举行，清明节是一个纪念逝者的传统节日，活动以器官捐赠者及其家人、移植受者和捐赠协调员的故事为特色。)”可知，清明节是一个纪念逝者的传统节日。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“Becoming a donor was only natural for him, Zhang said. While the traditional view is that our bodies belong to our parents, Zhang said he believes they also belong to society and humanity as a whole.(张定宇说，成为一名捐赠者对他来说是很自然的事。虽然传统观点认为我们的身体属于父母，但张定宇说，他认为我们的身体也属于整个社会和人类。)”可知，张定宇决定捐赠身体反映了他想要挑战关于身体归属的传统观念。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“We are conducting gene knockout research and seek collaboration to advance studies on gene-knockout organisms, including pig organs such as kidneys and hearts, as part of an effort to explore potential alternatives to organ donation. Through these studies, we strive to better meet clinical needs and enhance service to the public(我们正在进行基因敲除研究，并寻求合作以推进对基因敲除生物体的研究，包括猪的器官，如肾脏和心脏，作为探索器官捐赠潜在替代方案的一部分。通过这些研究，我们努力更好地满足临床需求并提高对公众的服务)”可知，“gene knockout”在张定宇的研究中最有可能指的是在动物器官中删除特定基因以进行医学实验。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Currently, more than 280 memorial sites for organ donors have been established across the country. Within a week, various provinces in China held a series of organ donor commemorations, including East China’s Jiangsu, Northwest China’s Gansu, East China’s Fujian, and South China’s Guangdong, with the purpose of expressing gratitude and respect to organ donors and their families, and raising public awareness about the significance of organ donation.(目前，全国已建立了 280 多个器官捐赠者纪念场所。在一周内，中国的各个省份，包括华东的江苏、西北的甘肃、华东的福建和华南的广东，都举行了一系列器官捐赠者纪念活动，目的是向器官捐赠者及其家人表达感激和尊重，并提高公众对器官捐赠意义的认识。)”可知，在全国范围内举行器官捐赠者纪念活动的主要目的是尊重捐赠者并深入提高公众对器官捐赠的认识。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·山东省实验中学·期中） People’s tendency to follow trends, especially on social media, is definitely a common phenomenon. What does psychology say about trend following and is there a way to break free from the desire to follow the newest craze? According to psychologist Pamela Rut, following trends doesn’t fully show character weakness. Rather, it is an entirely natural behavior fixed firmly into humans’ basic need to belong to a social group and establish connections with others. Historically, following trends was critical for our survival. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that early humans worked together to transport stone tools over long distances about 2 million years ago in what is now Kenya — cooperation that allowed them to survive in a bad environment. And though following a trend on social media isn’t exactly as important as outrunning a saber-toothed tiger (剑齿虎), human evolution has programmed our brains to be receptive to social signals. Another contributing factor the social cognition (认知) — the processes that determine what we notice and how we respond to others — largely takes place in the parts of the brain that oversee sight, pattern recognition, decision-making, and similar functions. “Thanks to our humans’ complex cognitive systems, our brains are really good at identifying patterns and motivating behavior that communicates our social status. As a result, you can use almost anything to signal your membership or connection with a social group. Giving off the right social signals lets others know which group you belong to or want to engage with and those signals are monitored and interpreted by others. Referred to as identity signaling, these behaviors can range from putting a bumper sticker on a car to selecting a brand of clothing,” said Rut. Almost everyone follows trends in social groups, without exception. However, tweens, teens and young adults are especially likely to follow trends, including risky ones, due to their heightened desire for acceptance and belonging among peers. Therefore, it’s of great significance to guide them during their journey towards maturity. 1．What does Rut think of following trends? A．Risky. B．Strange. C．Reasonable. D．Funny. 2．Why did early humans prefer to follow trends? A．To expand their population. B．To show their great position. C．To remove mental weakness. D．To live through difficulties. 3．What is the hidden meaning of identity signaling? A．A great thirst for belonging. B．A true reflection of personality. C．Good taste in fashion industry. D．Blind pursuit of novelty. 4．What will the following-up paragraph most probably discuss? A．Insights into the coming trends. B．Parental guidance in kids’ future jobs. C．Psychology behind trend following. D．Tips on following trends sensibly. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了从众趋势的心理原因及部分人群的从众现象。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to psychologist Pamela Rut, following trends doesn’t fully show character weakness. Rather, it is an entirely natural behavior fixed firmly into humans’ basic need to belong to a social group and establish connections with others. (根据心理学家帕梅拉・鲁特的说法，追随潮流并不完全表明性格弱点。相反，这是一种完全自然的行为，深深植根于人类归属于一个社会群体并与他人建立联系的基本需求中)”可知，鲁特认为追随潮流是合理的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Historically, following trends was critical for our survival. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that early humans worked together to transport stone tools over long distances about 2 million years ago in what is now Kenya — cooperation that allowed them to survive in a bad environment. (从历史上看，追随潮流对我们的生存至关重要。考古学家发现了证据，大约200万年前，早期人类在现在的肯尼亚共同合作，长途运输石器 —— 这种合作使他们能够在恶劣的环境中生存下来)”可知，早期人类追随潮流是为了度过困难时期。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中““Thanks to our humans’ complex cognitive systems, our brains are really good at identifying patterns and motivating behavior that communicates our social status. As a result, you can use almost anything to signal your membership or connection with a social group. Giving off the right social signals lets others know which group you belong to or want to engage with and those signals are monitored and interpreted by others. Referred to as identity signaling, these behaviors can range from putting a bumper sticker on a car to selecting a brand of clothing,” said Rut. (鲁特说：“多亏了我们人类复杂的认知系统，我们的大脑非常善于识别模式，并激发那些能够传达我们社会地位的行为。因此，你几乎可以利用任何东西来表明你属于某个社会群体，或者与某个社会群体有联系。释放出正确的社交信号能让其他人知道你属于哪个群体，或者你想与哪个群体交往，而且这些信号会被其他人监测和解读。这些行为被称为身份信号，其范围可以从在汽车上贴保险杠贴纸到选择某个品牌的服装不等。”)”可知，身份信号的隐藏意义是对归属感的强烈渴望。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Almost everyone follows trends in social groups, without exception. However, tweens, teens and young adults are especially likely to follow trends, including risky ones, due to their heightened desire for acceptance and belonging among peers. Therefore, it’s of great significance to guide them during their journey towards maturity. (几乎每个人都会追随社会群体中的潮流，无一例外。然而，由于青少年和年轻人对同伴的接纳和归属感的强烈渴望，他们特别容易追随潮流，包括有风险的潮流。因此，在他们走向成熟的过程中引导他们具有重要意义。)”可知，接下来的段落很可能会讨论如何理智地追随潮流的建议。故选D。 主题03 人与社会——科技与社会发展 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东烟台·期中） Nowadays generative (生成的) AI tools like ChatGPT are flooding into schools, promising to transform learning. But in a recent study, researchers uncovered a hidden danger: the better these tools perform, the more they might drop students’ ability to think by themselves. Nearly 1,000 students from grade 9 to 11 in Turkey joined the study. They were divided into three groups: one with no AI access (使用权) — the control group, one using ChatGPT, and one using GPT Tutor — an improved AI tutor designed by teachers which gave guidance instead of answers and included fixes for common mistakes. Over four weeks, students used these tools during practice periods, and then were followed by exams without AI help. During practice periods, students using the ChatGPT scored 48% higher than those without AI. Those using the improved GPT Tutor scored 127% higher. However, in exams without AI, ChatGPT users performed 17% worse than the control group. GPT Tutor users, on the other hand, did just as well as students who never used AI. This shows that while AI can better shortterm performance, poorly designed tools might hurt real learning. Researchers found that students using ChatGPT often asked for direct answers instead of trying to solve problems themselves. About 31% of their messages were simple requests like, “What’s the answer?” In comparison, GPT Tutor users spent more time asking for guidance or explaining their details. The safeguards in GPT Tutor — like detailed guidance — helped students think critically. Without these features, ChatGPT acted like a “crutch”, making students less prepared for their own homework. Surveys also showed another fact. ChatGPT users felt confident about their exam performance, even though their scores dropped. GPT Tutor users believed they learned more, even though their exam results were similar to the control group. This suggests that AI tools might create false confidence if not carefully designed. In short, generative AI has great promise in education, but its design matters. Tools built with teacher expertise and focus on problem-solving can help students learn. Those that prioritize speed over understanding might do more harm than good. 1．Which aspect of generative AI tools does the new research focus on? A．Its advancement. B．Its accuracy. C．Its flexibility. D．Its influence. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Experimental design. B．Study results. C．Research background. D．Tool functions. 3．Which request is a student using GPT Tutor likely to make? A．Grade the monthly test paper quickly. B．Provide the best title of my composition. C．Walk me through this problem step by step. D．Translate the following sentence into Chinese. 4．What do the surveys concerning AI tools present in paragraph 5? A．A misunderstanding of the product design contents. B．A mismatch between student beliefs and actual results. C．Confidence is directly affected by complexity of AI tools. D．Scores differ between ChatGPT users and the control group. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现人工智能工具会降低学生独立思考的能力，解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But in a recent study, researchers uncovered a hidden danger: the better these tools perform, the more they might drop students’ ability to think by themselves.(但在最近的一项研究中，研究人员发现了一个隐藏的危险：这些工具的性能越好，它们就越有可能降低学生独立思考的能力)”可知，新的研究集中在生成式人工智能工具的影响方面。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Nearly 1,000 students from grade 9 to 11 in Turkey joined the study. They were divided into three groups: one with no AI access (使用权) — the control group, one using ChatGPT, and one using GPT Tutor — an improved AI tutor designed by teachers which gave guidance instead of answers and included fixes for common mistakes. Over four weeks, students used these tools during practice periods, and then were followed by exams without AI help.(土耳其近1000名9年级到11年级的学生参加了这项研究。他们被分为三组：一组没有人工智能访问——对照组，一组使用ChatGPT，一组使用GPT导师——一种由教师设计的改进的人工智能导师，提供指导而不是答案，并包括对常见错误的修复。在四周的时间里，学生们在练习期间使用这些工具，然后在没有人工智能帮助的情况下进行考试)”可知，第二段的主要内容是实验设计。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In comparison, GPT Tutor users spent more time asking for guidance or explaining their details. The safeguards in GPT Tutor — like detailed guidance — helped students think critically. Without these features, ChatGPT acted like a “crutch”, making students less prepared for their own homework.(相比之下，GPT Tutor的用户花更多的时间寻求指导或解释他们的细节。GPT Tutor的保障措施——比如详细的指导——帮助学生批判性地思考。没有这些功能，ChatGPT就像一根“拐杖”，让学生对自己的作业准备不足)”可知，GPT Tutor的用户花更多的时间寻求指导或解释他们的细节。由此推知，使用GPT Tutor的学生可能会提出“一步一步地告诉我这个问题”。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Surveys also showed another fact. ChatGPT users felt confident about their exam performance, even though their scores dropped. GPT Tutor users believed they learned more, even though their exam results were similar to the control group. (调查还显示了另一个事实。ChatGPT的用户对他们的考试表现很有信心，即使他们的分数下降了。GPT导师的用户认为他们学到了更多，即使他们的考试成绩与对照组相似)”可知，关于人工智能工具的调查是学生的信念和实际结果不匹配。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东日照·期中） As urban populations grow, so does the demand for fresh, locally grown produce. In response, high-tech greenhouses equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly common in cities. In reality, AI-powered greenhouses are making their way into homes and community gardens. Despite what many believe, these systems aren’t overly sophisticated — many are designed for beginners with easy-to-use phone apps. People often think that maintaining a high-tech greenhouse requires constant monitoring and expert knowledge, but AI does most of the work itself, adjusting lighting, humidity, and nutrients in real time while telling you if something requires attention. Dr. Lisa Tanaka, a senior researcher at the MIT Urban Agriculture Lab, argues that this misunderstanding comes from the assumption that high-yield (高产量) farming needs more people to work on it. “With energy costs rising, smart greenhouses actually reduce waste by precisely controlling resources,” she explains. Recent studies from her lab show these systems use 30-40% less water than traditional farming while increasing yields by up to 25%. Plants depend on balanced conditions to grow healthily, and AI ensures they receive exactly what they need. Without proper light, growth slows, and yields drop. Dr. Tanaka compares forcing plants to grow in changing environments to “making emergency stop and speeding up at the same time while driving a car” — it confuses the plant, making it weaker and causing it to die sooner. This stress can make plants easier to catch diseases and reduce their nutritional value. To address this, smart greenhouses use LED grow lights paired with AI algorithms that adjust light color for different growth stages. These systems not only improve photosynthesis (光合作用) but also cut energy use by up to 50% compared to traditional setups. With this technology, city farmers can grow healthier plants with the least effort while reducing their carbon footprint. 1．What does the underlined word “sophisticated” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Modern. B．Expensive. C．Dependable. D．Complex. 2．What is a feature of smart greenhouses? A．Saving more energy. B．Depending on more farmers. C．Monitoring plant diseases. D．Calling for professional knowledge. 3．Why does the author mention car driving in paragraph 4? A．To provide details for his argument. B．To summarize the paragraphs above. C．To prove AI’s positive effect on plants. D．To compare the growth speed of plants. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．AI Powers Future Urban Farming. B．Smart Greenhouses Beautify Cities. C．AI Makes a Difference to the Communities. D．Community Gardens are Gaining Popularity. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了配备人工智能系统的高科技温室在城市农业中的应用及其优势。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Despite what many believe, these systems aren’t overly sophisticated — many are designed for beginners with easy-to-use phone apps.(尽管许多人认为这些系统过于sophisticated，但许多系统都是为初学者设计的，配有易于使用的手机应用程序)”可知，这里是在说这些系统并不是像人们想的那样“复杂”，而是很简单的，所以划线词“sophisticated”意为“复杂的”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“With energy costs rising, smart greenhouses actually reduce waste by precisely controlling resources.(随着能源成本的上升，智能温室通过精确控制资源来减少浪费)”可知，智能温室的一个特点是节省更多的能源。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Plants depend on balanced conditions to grow healthily, and AI ensures they receive exactly what they need. Without proper light, growth slows, and yields drop. Dr. Tanaka compares forcing plants to grow in changing environments to “making emergency stop and speeding up at the same time while driving a car” — it confuses the plant, making it weaker and causing it to die sooner. This stress can make plants easier to catch diseases and reduce their nutritional value.(植物依靠平衡的条件来健康生长，而人工智能确保它们得到所需的一切。如果没有适当的光照，生长就会减慢，产量就会下降。Tanaka博士将迫使植物在不断变化的环境中生长比作“在开车时同时紧急刹车和加速”——这会让植物感到困惑，使其变得更弱，导致其更快死亡。这种压力会使植物更容易生病，并降低其营养价值)”可知，作者提到开车是为了说明植物在不平衡的环境下生长就像在开车时同时紧急刹车和加速一样，会对植物造成压力，从而证明人工智能通过提供平衡的生长条件对植物有积极影响。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“As urban populations grow, so does the demand for fresh, locally grown produce. In response, high-tech greenhouses equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly common in cities.(随着城市人口的增长，对当地新鲜农产品的需求也在增加。作为回应，配备人工智能系统的高科技温室在城市中变得越来越普遍)”可知，本文主要讲述了人工智能在城市农业中的应用，特别是高科技温室如何通过人工智能系统提高农作物的产量和质量，同时减少资源浪费。因此，选项A“人工智能为未来城市农业提供动力”最能概括文章的主旨，是这篇文章最好的标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·山东省淄博实验中学·期中） A major scientific achievement has been recognized with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was given to a team using machine learning to solve a big problem in biology: predicting and designing the 3D shapes of proteins (蛋白质). Most of this work was done at a tech company, marking a notable change that high-level scientific research can also originate outside traditional academic settings. Proteins are extremely important for our bodies and are involved in almost every biological process. The shape of a protein determines its function. If a protein is shaped incorrectly, it can cause serious diseases like Alzheimer’s and diabetes. Historically, predicting a protein's shape from its amino acid sequence (氨基酸序列) was very difficult and made scientists confused. The breakthrough happened with A-Fold, a machine learning program that can correctly predict protein structures from their amino acid sequences. This tool has changed the field, providing insights into the structure of over 200 million proteins so far. This data is expected to speed up the progress in medicine and drug development, opening new ways to treat diseases. The tech company's success with A-Fold also underscores the growing impact of artificial intelligence （AI） in various scientific areas, showing that Al can address complex biological problems and contribute to critical advancements in health and medicine. The Nobel Prize committee awarded this work to highlight the value of combining different areas in science, where technology and biology meet to create amazing results. This achievement not only shows what AI can do but also sets an example for future scientific projects that combine technology with traditional research to address global problems. 1．Why was the team awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? A．They explained the functions of important body elements. B．They discovered a treatment for Alzheimer's and diabetes. C．They worked out protein structures with a machine learning program. D．They created a new way to treat diseases through traditional research. 2．Why is the shape of a protein critical to its function? A．It leads to the development of the diseases. B．It offers insights into the structure of protein. C．It speeds up the progress of medicine and drug. D．It affects the protein's role in biological processes. 3．What does the underlined word “underscore” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Decrease. B．Highlight. C．Question. D．Ignore. 4．What possibility does the author imply about the future of scientific research? A．A new focus on solving biological problems. B．An amazing change in academic research settings. C．An increase in joint efforts between different fields. D．A lessened dependence on machine learning techniques. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了AI预测和设计蛋白质结构获诺贝尔化学奖。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This award was given to a team using machine learning to solve a big problem in biology: predicting and designing the 3D shapes of proteins. (这个奖项被授予了一个使用机器学习解决生物学中一个大问题的团队：预测和设计蛋白质的3D形状。)”可知，该团队使用机器学习程序解决了蛋白质结构的问题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Proteins are extremely important for our bodies and are involved in almost every biological process. The shape of a protein determines its function. (蛋白质对我们的身体至关重要，几乎参与每一个生物过程。蛋白质的形状决定了它的功能。)”可知，蛋白质的形状影响其在生物过程中的作用。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“The tech company's success with A-Fold (这家科技公司在A-Fold上的成功)”及“the growing impact of artificial intelligence （Al） in various scientific areas, showing that AI can address complex  biological problems and contribute to critical advancements in health and medicine. (人工智能在各种科学领域日益增长的影响力，表明人工智能可以解决复杂的生物学问题，并为健康和医学领域的关键进步做出贡献。)”可知，A-Fold 的成功凸显了人工智能在各个领域的影响力，因此“underscore”与选项 B意思相近，意为“强调，突出”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Nobel Prize committee awarded this work to highlight the value of combining different areas in science, where technology and biology meet to create amazing results. This achievement not only shows what Al can do but also sets an example for future scientific projects that combine technology with traditional research to address global problems. (诺贝尔奖委员会颁发这项工作是为了突出结合不同科学领域的重要性，其中技术和生物学相遇并创造出惊人的成果。这一成就不仅展示了人工智能可以做什么，也为未来结合技术与传统研究的科学项目树立了榜样，以解决全球问题。)”可知，作者暗示了未来科学研究的一个可能性是不同领域之间的合作将增加，特别是在技术和生物学交汇的领域。故选C。 主题03 人与自我——自我认知与成长 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东省济南市第二中学·期中） Dreaming appears to have little connection to work. However, new research shows that when dreams are first recalled (回忆), people often draw connections between their dreams and waking lives, and the connections they draw affect how they think, feel and act at work. The team performed the studies that collectively captured approximately 5,000 morning reports of dream recall among full-time employees. The researchers issued morning field study, a single-day morning-to-afternoon study, and a two-week experience sampling study. “An awe-inspiring dream is highly impactful and memorable, often involving extraordinary experiences or interactions. For example, we arrive at work shortly after interacting with our loved ones who have passed away, narrowly escaping or performing arts of amazing ability.” Belinda, the chief of the study, said. “These experiences bleed into and affect our waking lives, including how productive we are at work.” Assume you recall an awe-inspiring dream in the morning, and then later in the afternoon, your boss tells you to conduct 10 more interviews than you were expecting to do. You might now think that it’s not that big a deal because your awe-inspiring dream just puts everything into perspective. You have a greater realization that there’s a bigger world out there and you’re just part of it. “So, get a good night’s sleep for waking wonder!” Belinda added. Studies show that dreams appear. in all stages of sleep and are impactful. However, the most vivid dreams—those most likely to have meaning and create waking wander—appear during REM sleep. Because REM sleep takes place late in a given sleep cycle (循环), getting enough and high-quality sleep will help you get the most out of your dreams. Sleep tracking devices can show when and how much time you spend in REM sleep, which help improve sleep schedules to increase the chance of having awe-inspiring dreams. For both managers and employees, how much or how well people sleep really means a lot, which can increase productivity at work. 1．What is paragraph 2 intended to explain? A．Why a dream is recorded. B．How the study is conducted. C．What the study revealed. D．Who joined in the research. 2．Which is an awe-inspiring dream according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Failing a tough test. B．Meeting with strangers. C．Saving people like a superman. D．Being stuck in a traffic accident. 3．What does the last paragraph recommend? A．Sleep-tracking study. B．Quality sleep. C．Waking wonder. D．Healthy living habits. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Dreams can be channeled for productivity. B．Dreams impact all sleep stages. C．Dreams contribute to one’s mental health. D．Dreams are attracting greater attention worldwide. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了梦境对工作的影响。研究表明，当人们回忆起梦境时，会将其与清醒时的生活联系起来，而这些联系会影响他们在工作中的思考、感受和行为方式。因此，获得充足、高质量的睡眠有助于人们更好地利用梦境，从而提高工作效率。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The team performed the studies that collectively captured approximately 5,000 morning reports of dream recall among full-time employees. The researchers issued morning field study, a single-day morning-to-afternoon study, and a two-week experience sampling study.(该团队进行的研究共收集了大约5000份全职员工的早晨梦境回忆报告。研究人员发布了上午的实地研究，一天的上午到下午的研究，以及为期两周的经验抽样研究)”可知，第二段主要解释了研究是如何进行。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中““An awe-inspiring dream is highly impactful and memorable, often involving extraordinary experiences or interactions. For example, we arrive at work shortly after interacting with our loved ones who have passed away, narrowly escaping or performing arts of amazing ability.(一个令人敬畏的梦极具影响力且令人难忘，往往包含非凡的经历或互动。例如，在与已故的亲人交流后不久我们就到了工作地点，或是惊险逃脱，又或是展现出惊人的艺术表演能力。)”可推知，令人敬畏的梦常常是非凡的经历或互动。结合选项，“像超人一样救人”并不是日常生活的可能出现的场景，展示了非凡的经历。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Belinda的话“So, get a good night's sleep for waking wonder!(所以，睡个好觉，迎接清晨的惊喜吧！)”和“For both managers and employees, how much or how well people slept really means a lot, which can increase productivity at work.(对于管理者和员工来说，人们睡得多少或睡得好真的很重要，这可以提高工作效率)”可知，Belinda推荐优质睡眠。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Dreaming appears to have little connection to work. However, new research shows that when dreams are first recalled, people often draw connections between their dreams and waking lives, and the connections they draw affect how they think, feel and act at work.(做梦似乎和工作没有什么关系。然而，新的研究表明，当人们第一次回忆起梦境时，往往会把梦境和现实生活联系起来，而这种联系会改变他们在工作中的思考、感受和行为)”和最后一段中“For both managers and employees, how much or how well people slept really means a lot, which can increase productivity at work.(对于管理者和员工来说，人们睡得多少或睡得好真的很重要，这可以提高工作效率)”可推知，文章用研究来说明当人们回忆起梦境时，会将其与清醒时的生活联系起来，而这些联系会影响他们在工作中的思考、感受和行为方式。因此，获得充足、高质量的睡眠有助于人们更好地利用梦境，从而提高工作效率。因此“梦可以用于提高工作效率”是文章主要内容。故选A项。 主题04 人与自我——身心健康与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东省济宁市第一中学·期中） Deep sleep doesn’t just rest your body. Scientists believe it’s also when the brain washes away toxins (毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain’s self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr TimSargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI’s Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory awhile fighting dementia (痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the buildup of sticky plaques (粘性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We’re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it’s recycling wasting material in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they’ve hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realizing they’re at a dead end.” 1．What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins’ developing the brain scan? A．To aid people to enter deep sleep. B．To research how to remove sticky plaques. C．To track the brain’s self-cleaning capability. D．To cure people of memory loss and dementia. 2．What may cause dementia according to the text? A．Not enough blood in the brain. B．The over-cleaning of the brain. C．The increase of cerebrospinal fluid. D．The gradual increase of sticky plaques. 3．What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Worsening. B．Beginning. C．Improvement. D．Disappearance. 4．What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A．It is quite effective. B．It is just imaginary. C．It brings more work. D．It is far from exact. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家们的一个新研究项目，即开发一种大脑扫描技术，来观察大脑自我清洁的能力，研究大脑自我清洁与痴呆症之间的关系，以及这种扫描技术在研究中的作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI's Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. (南澳大利亚健康与医学研究所（SAHMRI）的神经科学家蒂姆・萨金特博士与该研究所分子成像与治疗研究部门的爱德华・罗宾斯博士合作，开发出一种脑部扫描技术，该技术能显示大脑自我清洁的程度。)”可知，Sargeant博士和Robins博士开发大脑扫描技术的目的是追踪大脑的自我清洁能力。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段后两句“Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the buildup of sticky plaques (粘性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. (研究表明，记忆力差与大脑中粘性斑块等毒素之间存在明显联系。科学家认为，随着时间推移，这种斑块在大脑中积聚，可能无法正常自我清洁，从而使人们面临患痴呆症的风险。)”可知，大脑中粘性斑块的逐渐增加可能会导致痴呆症。故选D项。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句““We’ re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默病) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. (萨金特博士说：“我们的目标是在大多数人患上阿尔茨海默病之前，捕捉到50岁或60岁左右的人脑部在努力自我清洁时出现的迹象。”)”可知，他们的目标是在大多数人患阿尔茨海默病之前，捕捉50或60岁左右的人大脑努力保持自我清洁的迹象。“onset”所在句子表达在阿尔茨海默病开始之前，所以“onset”意思是“开始”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句““The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they've hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realizing they’ re at a dead end.” (“这项扫描省去了很多猜测的工作，因为它能让科学家亲眼看到他们是否达到了目标，”罗宾斯博士说，“如果没有成像技术，研究人员可能一路推进到试验阶段，才意识到自己走进了死胡同。”)”可推知，Robins博士认为这种大脑扫描技术相当有效，能让科学家亲眼看到他们是否达到了目标，从而省去了很多猜测工作。故选A项。 主题05 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·山东青岛·期中） Greenland sharks are believed to live for around 400 years. Normally, an animal can’t grow so old. Over time, falling bodily functions and illnesses like cancer come up and cause damage. Yet the Greenland shark seems to disobey this pattern. In 2021, Arne Sahm, a bioinformatician, decided to find out reasons for the sharks’ long life. Arne Sahm’s team acquired DNA from the samples (样本) of sharks caught by fishers in the southern bays of Greenland. They published their findings in September. One element that stood out was a high amount of “jumping genes”. Most organisms, including humans, have “jumping genes”: genes that copy themselves into a new section of a genetic chain. They can introduce genetic diversity, but can also be harmful. If DNA is left damaged, “jumping genes” can contribute to problems within cells, including cancer. But these “jumping genes” might play a more beneficial role in the Greenland shark, creating additional helpful genes, which could slow down aging. Researchers think the better a genome (基因组) is maintained, the longer lifespan an organism could have. A gene called TP53 also caught the teams’ attention. Seen as the “guardian of the genome”, TP53 is vital for cancer prevention. Many animals have it, including humans. TP53 contains instructions for the protein p53, which helps in tumor suppression (肿瘤抑制) and DNA repair. P53 works by either stopping cells with damaged DNA from dividing further until it’s repaired, or causing them to die. In Greenland sharks, a part of its TP53 gene chain is different from how it typically functions in other animals. Using an AI model, the researchers predicted it could impact p53’s structure and how it handles DNA repair, possibly leading to a longer life. More studies are needed to confirm the function of the proteins (蛋白质) found in the Greenland shark’s genome. Looking at gene expression would be one next step. 1．How did Arne Sahm’s team conduct their research on Greenland sharks? A．By observing sharks in the wild. B．By tracking sharks with sensors. C．By analyzing genes from shark samples. D．By testing sharks’ survival ability in labs. 2．What can be inferred (推断) about “jumping genes” in Greenland sharks? A．They are unique to Greenland sharks. B．They always limit genetic differences. C．They can copy themselves to be better genes. D．They may help live longer by adding beneficial genes. 3．What helps Greenland sharks live longer than other animals according to paragraph 4? A．Their cells divide much faster than in other animals. B．Their different TP53 gene might help repair DNA better. C．Their TP53 gene’s poor function causes faster cell growth. D．They don’t have the p53 protein that controls cell division. 4．How is the passage organized? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了格陵兰鲨鱼长寿的原因，包括其独特的“跳跃基因”和TP53基因的作用，以及研究人员对这些基因功能的探索。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In 2021, Arne Sahm, a bioinformatician, decided to find out reasons for the sharks’ long life. Arne Sahm’s team acquired DNA from the samples (样本) of sharks caught by fishers in the southern bays of Greenland. They published their findings in September.(2021年，生物信息学家Arne Sahm决定找出鲨鱼长寿的原因。Arne Sahm的团队从渔民在格陵兰岛南部海湾捕获的鲨鱼样本中获得了DNA。他们在9月份发表了他们的研究结果)”可知，研究团队是通过分析鲨鱼样本的基因进行研究的。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“But these ‘jumping genes’ might play a more beneficial role in the Greenland shark, creating additional helpful genes, which could slow down aging. (但这些‘跳跃基因’可能在格陵兰鲨鱼中发挥更有益的作用，产生额外的有益基因，从而延缓衰老)”可以推断，“跳跃基因”可能通过增加有益基因帮助鲨鱼延长寿命。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In Greenland sharks, a part of its TP53 gene chain is different from how it typically functions in other animals. Using an AI model, the researchers predicted it could impact p53’s structure and how it handles DNA repair, possibly leading to a longer life.(在格陵兰鲨鱼中，TP53基因链的一部分与其他动物的典型功能不同。研究人员利用人工智能模型预测，它可能会影响p53的结构及其处理DNA修复的方式，从而可能导致更长的寿命)”可知，格陵兰鲨鱼不同的TP53基因可能有助于更好地修复DNA，从而帮助格陵兰鲨比其他动物活得更久。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，文章第一段中提出格陵兰鲨鱼长寿现象；第二段介绍了生物信息学家Arne Sahm的研究和研究方法；第三段中“One element that stood out was a high amount of ‘jumping genes’.(其中一个突出的因素是大量的‘跳跃基因’)”和第四段中“A gene called TP53 also caught the teams’ attention.(一种叫做TP53的基因也引起了研究小组的注意)”分别介绍了研究发现格陵兰鲨鱼体内的“跳跃基因”和TP53基因可能帮助格陵兰鲨鱼活得更久，这两段是并列关系；第五段介绍了下一步研究方向。这种结构符合B项的模式。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·山东烟台·期中） A single Antarctic krill is about the size of your finger. But with a population of more than 700 trillion in the Southern Ocean, the tiny animal’s impact across the entire planet is enormous. They’re food by the millions for seals, penguins and whales. And they sequester (隔绝) huge amounts of carbon—more than $15 billion worth per year, according to a research team, led by Savoca, an ecologist at Stanford University. Researchers found that Antarctic krill sequester similar amounts of carbon to coastal seagrass, which scientists consider one of the planet’s most productive carbon sinks. Krill feed on phytoplankton, which, like land-based plants, consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen as they photosynthesize (进行光合作用). When krill waste sinks to the bottom of the ocean, all that carbon goes with it, sequestering it and freeing up space at the oceanic surface for more carbon to be absorbed from the air. Increasingly, though, Antarctic krill face danger from warming seas and a growing fishery. Scientists say that without international action to strengthen oceanic protected areas and combat climate change, krill populations — and the resulting carbon sequestration — could drop off sharply in the coming ten years. Researchers also found that an increase in plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean could reduce krill’s ability to sequester carbon by 27 percent. “You only have to look as far as our own country for the story of eagles to show you how quickly something can go from being incredibly numerous to extinct,” they said. “We’re still trying to understand exactly how climate change will affect Antarctic krill and our research is in its early stages. There are lots of other things we need to consider,” another researcher Sylvester says. “It’s just the start. But we believe we’ll make a breakthrough and our efforts will bear fruit.” 1．What is the primary role of Antarctic krill in the ecosystem? A．They’re a major food source for land animals. B．They help lock away carbon and support ocean life. C．They assist in absorbing the waste on the ocean floor. D．They release oxygen and keep the temperature of ocean. 2．What does the underlined word “combat” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Adapt to. B．Give in to. C．Fight against. D．Put up with. 3．Why did the researchers list the example of eagles in paragraph 5? A．To make a comparison in numbers. B．To show ways of avoiding species extinction. C．To prove the strong survival ability of Antarctic krill. D．To illustrate the necessity of protecting Antarctic krill. 4．What’s Sylvester’ attitude toward the research? A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了南极磷虾在生态系统中的重要作用，以及它们目前面临的危险，包括海洋变暖、渔业发展以及塑料污染等，同时提及了研究人员对保护南极磷虾及未来研究的积极态度。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“They’re food by the millions for seals, penguins and whales. And they sequester (隔绝) huge amounts of carbon—more than $15 billion worth per year, according to a research team, led by Savoca, an ecologist at Stanford University. (它们是海豹、企鹅和鲸鱼数以百万计的食物来源。根据斯坦福大学生态学家Savoca领导的一个研究小组的说法，它们每年封存价值超过150亿美元的碳)”以及第三段“Krill feed on phytoplankton, which, like land-based plants, consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen as they photosynthesize (进行光合作用). When krill waste sinks to the bottom of the ocean, all that carbon goes with it, sequestering it and freeing up space at the oceanic surface for more carbon to be absorbed from the air. (磷虾以浮游植物为食，浮游植物像陆地植物一样，在光合作用时消耗二氧化碳并释放氧气。当磷虾的排泄物沉入海底时，所有的碳也随之被封存起来，同时为海洋表面腾出空间，以便从空气中吸收更多的碳)”可知，南极磷虾是海豹、企鹅和鲸鱼数以百万计的食物来源，同时它们每年封存大量碳，在海洋表面腾出空间，以便从空气中吸收更多的碳，由此可知，南极磷虾在生态系统中的主要作用是帮助封存碳并支持海洋生物。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词所在句“Scientists say that without international action to strengthen oceanic protected areas and combat climate change, krill populations — and the resulting carbon sequestration — could drop off sharply in the coming ten years. (科学家们表示，如果不采取国际行动加强海洋保护区建设和combat气候变化，磷虾种群数量以及由此产生的碳封存能力可能会在未来十年内急剧下降)”可知，科学家认为如果不采取国际行动加强海洋保护区建设和对抗气候变化，磷虾种群数量以及由此产生的碳封存能力可能会在未来十年内急剧下降，由此可知，划线词“combat”意为“对抗”，与“Fight against”意思相近。A.Adapt to适应；B.Give in to屈服于；C.Fight against对抗；D.Put up with忍受。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Researchers also found that an increase in plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean could reduce krill’s ability to sequester carbon by 27 percent. “You only have to look as far as our own country for the story of eagles to show you how quickly something can go from being incredibly numerous to extinct,” they said.(研究人员还发现，南大洋塑料污染的增加可能会使磷虾封存碳的能力降低27%。他们说：“你只要看看我们自己国家鹰的故事，就会知道某种生物是如何从数量众多迅速走向灭绝的”)”可知，研究人员提到鹰的数量从众多到灭绝的例子，是为了说明如果南极磷虾得不到保护，也会面临类似的危险，由此可知，研究人员在第五段中列举鹰的例子是为了说明保护南极磷虾的必要性。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re st$