UNIT 2 Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（译林版）

本讲义聚焦“外来词”核心知识点，从现象引入（如例句中多词借自他语），梳理其产生（文化互动、全球化需求）、融入过程（双语者使用到发音本土化）及不同语言社区态度（如法国抵制与英语接纳），构建完整知识脉络。 资料通过合成词构词法、核心词汇解析（如integrate、oppose）及“the+比较级”句型解构，提升语言能力。结合中外互借词例（如“kung fu”“bacon”），培养文化意识，引导分析不同社区态度，发展思维品质。课中辅助语法教学，课后练习助学生巩固词汇与句型，查漏补缺。

Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment Borrowed words 　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence？ Well， all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages！[1]This comes as no surprise①， given② that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages， including Latin， Greek， French and Chinese.However， English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example， English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon③”， “tank④” and “golf⑤”. 　　Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧. [2]This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years. In the current age of globalization⑩， when communications technology brings different cultures closer together， words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before， especially those related to technological developments， such as “email” and “Internet”. 　　[1]句中given that用作连词，引导状语从句，意为“考虑到，鉴于”。 　　[2]本句的时态为现在完成进行时。基本结构是“主语＋have/has＋been＋doing ...”，表示谓语动词所叙述的动作行为由过去开始，一直持续到说话之时且有可能还会继续。 　　Though borrowing words has become faster， the process is still complex， and it takes time before new words are integrated⑪ into everyday speech. At first， the borrowed word is only used by bilingual⑫ speakers.[3]It then spreads to people who do not know the original language， and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak， almost unknowingly⑬.[4]An example of this is the word “kung fu⑭”， which refers to⑮ Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu. Over time， the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones.[5]The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more it sounds and even looks like the native language. 　　Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided， but some language communities oppose⑯ adopting words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions⑰ to keep their native language pure⑱ in order to defend their identity. The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words in order to avoid borrowed words.[6]Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers， such as the Native American Navajo language， used only by the members of the tribe⑲.Under this circumstance， it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject⑳ outside influences. 　　[3]本句是and连接的并列句。前一个分句中含有who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people；后一个分句中动词不定式短语to fit ... 作目的状语；定语从句they speak修饰先行词way。 　　[4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词kung fu。 　　[5]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构，意为“越……，就越……”。 　　[6]过去分词短语used only by ...作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。 　　[7]While some communities are pessimistic㉑ about the exchange between languages， there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words.English， especially， is based on㉒ a mix of Latin， Greek and Germanic㉓ languages. The English-speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary. In fact， there have never been any formal academic restrictions㉔ on new borrowed words.[8]Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop， enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new-found ease.[9]It is also through those words that novel㉕ ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. 　　According to the linguist㉖ Edward Sapir， “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated㉗ language ...” For better or for worse㉘， the tendency㉙ to borrow words has never gone out of style㉚.[10] The more international and globalized the world becomes， the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures. 　　[7]While引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词communities。 　　[8]动词-ing短语enabling the ...作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。 　　[9]本句为强调句，句式结构为It is ...that ...，用来强调介词短语through those words。 　　[10]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构。 ①come as no surprise 不足为奇 ②given prep.考虑到，鉴于 （后接名词或that从句） ③bacon n.咸猪肉，熏猪肉 ④tank n.坦克；（贮放液体或气体的）罐 ⑤golf n.高尔夫球运动 ⑥come about 产生，发生 ⑦interact v.互动；相互作用；交流 interaction n.交流；相互影响 ⑧native tongue母语 ⑨phenomenon n.现象 ⑩globalization n.全球化 ⑪integrate vt. & vi. （使）合并；（使）加入 ⑫bilingual adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的 ⑬unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中 ⑭kung fu n.功夫 ⑮refer to 指的是 ⑯oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 ⑰intervention n.干涉行为，干预 intervene vi.干预，介入 ⑱pure adj.纯净的；完全的 ⑲tribe n.部落 ⑳reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 rejection n.拒绝接受（相信……）；否决㉑pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 be pessimistic about 对……感到悲观 ㉒be based on以……为基础/根据 ㉓Germanic adj.日耳曼语的；德国的 ㉔restriction n.限制，约束 ㉕novel adj.新的，新颖的，新奇的 ㉖linguist n.语言学家；通晓数国语言的人 ㉗isolated adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的 ㉘for better or for worse 不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 ㉙tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 ㉚go out of style过时 外来词 　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.（这家餐厅的炸豆腐真美味。）”这句话有什么特别之处吗？好吧，除了“the ”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言中借来的！这并不奇怪，因为英语已从 300 多种不同的语言中借用了词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言引入外来词的语言——几乎所有语言中都可以找到外来词。例如，被借用到汉语中的英语词汇包括“培根 （bacon）”“坦克 （tank）”和“高尔夫 （golf）”。 　　当不同语言的两种文化相互交流时，外来词就产生了。这种情况往往发生在当母语中没有合适的词来表达某个物体或某种想法时。这一现象已经延续数千年。在如今的全球化时代中，当通信技术使得不同文化更加紧密地联系在一起时，词汇甚至更有可能会以前所未有的速度直接从原语言中被借用，特别是那些与技术发展相关的词汇，如“电子邮件 （email）”和“互联网 （Internet）”。 　　虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，外来词只被双语者所使用，然后这个词会传播到不懂原语言的人那里，并且他们会在几乎不知不觉中改变外来词的发音，使之适应自己的语言习惯。这一过程的一个例子就是“功夫 （kung fu）”这个词，它指的是中国武术。这个词来源于汉语词汇“功夫 （gongfu）”。随着时间的推移，难以发音的部分被更为熟悉的发音所取代了。一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。 　　虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的身份，对外来词采取干预措施以保持自己母语的纯正。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者数量非常少，例如美洲印第安人的纳瓦霍语，只有这个部落的成员使用。在这种情况下，拒绝外来影响关系着母语的生存问题。 　　尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是基于拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合体。英语群体毫不犹豫地将外语词汇吸收到自己的日常词汇中。事实上，他们对新的外来词从来没有任何正式的学术限制。借用外来词使英语得以继续发展，使得其群体拥有一种更为有效的语言，让他们能够以新发现的轻松状态分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 　　语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。世界越是变得国际化和全球化，不同民族和文化之间就会共享更多语言特征。 　 第一步：析架构，理文本脉络 Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks. 第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫 Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer. 1.How does the author support his topic in the first paragraph？（　　） A.By providing exact figures. B.By giving some examples. C.By using some theories. D.By quoting famous sayings. 2.Why does word borrowing happen all the time in the history？（　　） A.It can meet the needs of mutual interaction. B.It happens because of technological developments. C.Words can be borrowed straight from the source language faster than before. D.People in two different cultures like to communicate with each other. 3.Who are the first to use borrowed words？（　　） A.The native speakers. B.The bilingual speakers. C.The people who do not know the original language. D.The government officials. 4.What can we learn from paragraphs 4 and 5？（　　） A.The French are expert at creating new words. B.Some languages with a small number of speakers will definitely die out. C.Borrowing words are completely forbidden in some language communities. D.In order to defend their identity， some language communities oppose borrowing words. 5.What is the author’s attitude towards borrowing words in English？（　　） A.Pessimistic. B.Doubtful. C.Optimistic. D.Indifferent. 6.Which column in the newspaper can you find the passage？（　　） A.Economy. B.Culture. C.Politics. D.Sports. 第三步：通词句，学语言表达 1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词 skateboard （n.滑板）是由动词（skate）＋名词（board）合成的名词。 合成名词构词法 例词 名词＋名词 weekend 名词＋动词 daybreak 名词＋动词-ing形式 handwriting 名词＋及物动词＋er/or painkiller 名词＋介词＋名词 editor-in-chief 动词＋名词 typewriter 动词-ing形式＋名词 reading room 形容词＋名词 gentleman 副词＋动词 outbreak 介词＋名词 afternoon 2.美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法 举例子：举例子是通过列举有代表性的、恰当的事例来说明事物特征的说明方法。举例子的作用是使文章表达的意思更明确，更生动形象，使读者更明白，还可以增强说服力，引发读者思考。 请从课文第一段中找出此类用法的句子。 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 核心词汇集释 1.integrate vt. & vi.（使）合并；（使）加入 教材原句　Though borrowing words has become faster， the process is still complex， and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech. 虽然借词已变得很快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。 【用法】 （1）integrate （sb/sth） into ...（使某人/物）融进/加入…… integrate A and/with B 将A和B合并/融合 （2）integrated adj. 各部分密切配合的；综合的 （3）integration n. 结合；整合；融合 【佳句】　Integrating the kids with the community is essential. 使孩子们融入这个社区是非常必要的。 His music is an integration of tradition and new technology. 他的音乐结合了传统和新技术。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①It’s very difficult to integrate yourself 　　　　　　a society whose culture is so different from your own. ②An 　　　　　（integrate） transportation system can greatly improve the efficiency of people’s travel. ③The 　　　　　　（integrate） of technology into the classroom has transformed the way students learn. 【写美】　完成句子 ④They are working hard 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 他们在研究中努力将理论与实践相结合。 2.oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 教材原句　Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided， but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。 【用法】 （1）oppose （doing） sth　 　　反对（做）某事 oppose sb/sb’s doing sth 反对某人做某事 （2）opposed adj. 反对的；对立的 be opposed to （doing） sth 反对（做）某事；与……对立 （3）opposing adj.　对立的；相竞争的；相反的 opposite adj. 对面的；相反的 【佳句】　（2025·1月浙江卷）The platform has enabled Ribeiro to realise her dream with a great deal of freedom， as opposed to a restaurant where the service is impersonal， the menu is known in advance， and the meal is expected to be no surprise. 这个平台使里贝罗能够以极大的自由实现她的梦想，而不是像其他餐馆那样，服务没有人格化，菜单提前知道，饭菜也不会让人感到意外。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①The local residents strongly oppose 　　　　（build） a chemical factory in this area. ②Her parents are 　　　　　　（oppose） to her marrying a man from a different country. ③The senior students are strongly opposed to 　　　　　　（treat） unfairly by others. ④The post office is on the 　　　　　　（oppose） side of the street， across from the bank. 【写美】　句型转换 ⑤In order to protect the environment， I firmly object to using disposable chopsticks. →In order to protect the environment，I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 3.pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 教材原句　While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages， there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. 尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。 【用法】 （1）（be） pessimistic about ... 对……悲观的 a pessimistic view of life 对人生悲观的看法 （2）pessimism n. 悲观；悲观主义 pessimist n. 悲观主义者 【佳句】　He was pessimistic about his future， but since he got his new job， he has become very optimistic. 他曾对未来感到悲观，但是自从找到新工作后，他变得很乐观。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Many investors are 　　　　　　（pessimism） about the future of the stock market due to the economic uncertainties. ②　　　　　　 （pessimist） about the future of the housing market has led many people to postpone their plans to buy a house. 【写美】　完成句子 ③The doctors 　　　　　　　　　　　　　his chances of making a full recovery. 医生们对他完全康复的可能性持悲观的态度。 4.tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 教材原句　According to the linguist Edward Sapir， “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse， the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. 语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。 【用法】 （1）have a tendency to do sth　有做某事的倾向 there is a（n） ... tendency （for sb/sth） to do sth（某人/某物）有做某事的倾向/趋势 （2）tend vt. 　　　　照顾；照料 vi. 倾向；趋于 tend to do sth 易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend （to） sb 照顾某人 tend to/towards 倾向于，趋于 【佳句】　He has a tendency to be optimistic when faced with difficulties. ＝He tends to be optimistic when faced with difficulties. 面对困难时，他有乐观的倾向。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①It means that more heat energy tends 　　　　　　　　（trap） in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. ②As people grow older， they tend 　　　　　　　　a more peaceful lifestyle. ③The 　　　　　　（tend） of people to use mobile payment has increased significantly in recent years. 【写美】　一句多译 ④据报道房价在某些城市有下降的趋势。 →It is reported that housing prices 　　　　　　　　　　　　in some cities.（tend） →It is reported that housing prices 　　　　　　　　　　　　in some cities.（tendency） 重点句型解构 ◇句型公式：“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”结构 教材原句　The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。 【用法】 “the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”意为“越……，就越……”，表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，前一个“the＋比较级 ...”通常相当于比较状语从句或条件状语从句，后一个“the＋比较级 ...”通常相当于主句。 （1）“the＋比较级 ... the＋比较级 ...”结构中，主句和从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。 （2）在意义明确的情况下，主从句都可以有所省略，特别是在谚语、俗语中。 The more， the better.多多益善。 【品悟】　The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make. 你越细心，你犯的错误就越少。 It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.春天来临时，天气变得越来越暖和。 【写美】　完成句子 ①　　　　　　 the ground is， 　　　　　　the air becomes. 地势越高，空气就越稀薄。 ②　　　　　　　　 we do for the people， 　　　　　　　　　　we will be. 我们为人民做得越多，我们就会越幸福。 ③　　　　　　　　　 you read the book， 　　　　　　　　　　　　you’ll feel. 这本书你读得越多，你就越会觉得有趣。 ④　　　　　　 fish there are in the pond， 　　　　　　　　it is to catch one. 池塘里的鱼越少，就越难抓到一条鱼。 ⑤If everyone contributes a bit， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 如果每个人都贡献一点，我们的地球会越来越好。 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 2　Section Ⅳ 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment 【文本透析·剖语篇】 第一步 1.Borrowed words　2.reasons　3.process　4.attitudes　5.Welcoming　6.gone out of style 第二步 1－6　BABDCB 第三步 2.For example， English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon”， “tank” and “golf”. 【核心知识·巧突破】 核心词汇集释 1.①into　②integrated　③integration　④to integrate theory and practice in their research 2.①building　②opposed　③being treated　④opposite ⑤firmly oppose/am firmly opposed to using disposable chopsticks 3.①pessimistic　②Pessimism　③are pessimistic about 4.①to be trapped　②to/towards　③tendency　④tend to decrease； have a tendency to decrease 重点句型解构 　①The higher； the thinner　②The more； the happier　③The more； the more interesting　④The fewer； the harder　⑤our earth will be better and better 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $