专题08 概要写作（大题专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

专题08 概要写作 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通+变式演练 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说说明文为主、议论文次之，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 热点·角度·拆解 · 要点一：说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 要点二：说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) · 要点三： 说明文概要写作的步骤 1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题 2. Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点 3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，去枝节 4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意 5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.复读核对，检查错误 备考建议： 平时的练习过程中，考生需严格按照以下三个步骤进行。 1. 阅读原文，划出主题句和关键词。 ① 快速阅读全文，标记段落，划出每段主题句。 ② 主题句一般位于句首或句尾，关键词出现频率较高。 2. 草稿环节中提取主题句和关键词。 ① 对主题句进行修改，采用适当连词将主题句、关键词和所要写的内容进行串联，形成一篇完整Summary。 ② 注意表达，切忌出现“Chinglish”。 ③ Summary必须清晰全面表明原文所表达信息，切不可乱入个人观点或评论。 3．定稿时务必仔细检查。 ① 检查有无单词拼写类等基本错误。 ② 注意卷面整洁，切忌乱涂乱画。 析典例·建模型 （2025·上海卷·高考真题· 概要写作） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Art Gallery Visits The lasting rainy winter is a season that feels heavy with depression. Luckily, I have a way to escape from the winter blues — visiting art galleries. Engaging with art closely, particularly in winter, is a life enhancer and a relief from loneliness, sadness, and frustration. When viewing things we find beautiful, activity in the pleasure and reward centres of the brain goes up. So when I don't have the time, or energy to take on challenging new themes in the gallery, I return to the comfort of my favourites: the blue in David Hockney's swimming pool, Agnes Martin's faint, delicate lines, or John Constable's cloudy Brighton summers. The comforting properties of these artworks are best experienced during winter. And did you know that even on the busiest of days, in the busiest galleries, there is potential for mindfulness? Mindfulness is hard to catch for me — my head feels like a mix of shopping lists, decade-old angers, and random song bits I can't name, but time spent in a gallery is the closest I get to being truly present. Part of this is down to "slow looking”, the practice of taking time to really absorb an artwork rather than giving it a glance, reading the accompanying description, having another quick look and moving on. The experience can be powerful and informative. Often, I visit galleries alone to gather my thoughts. I just want the company of form, colour, material. But sometimes I'll take my daughter. To me, joy was walking her and watching as her eyes widened in curiosity, tiny fingers pointing: "Do you see what I see?” Telling her: "Yes ... but also no.” That we all see these things in a different way is such an important lesson that reaches into every part of our lives. Remembering that perception is personal is precious for me. This knowledge keeps me in a good state. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 研考点·通技法 核心考点 具体考查方向 解题策略 解题注意事项 核心要点提炼 提炼文章主旨和 2-3 个核心分点，剔除细节 / 例子 / 重复信息 1. 通读原文，圈画核心信息（本文：逛美术馆缓解冬季坏情绪、带来愉悦感、培养专注力、领悟认知的独特性）；2. 区分主旨（逛美术馆的益处）和分点，保留核心分点；3. 剔除具体例子（如具体画家 / 作品）、修饰性细节 核心要点不超过 3 个，避免罗列细节 信息整合与简洁表达 将零散信息整合，用简洁语言表达，避免冗余 1. 将同类信息合并（如 “带来愉悦”“缓解坏情绪” 可整合）；2. 用简单句 / 复合句整合要点，避免重复表述；3. 删减修饰性形容词 / 副词，保留核心语义 保证信息完整，不遗漏关键要点 句式改写与词性转换 用自己的话改写，避免照搬原文，考查句式 / 词性灵活运用 1. 原文陈述句可改写成被动句 / 复合句；2. 进行词性转换（如形容词变名词、动词变名词）；3. 用同义词替换原文高频词（如 escape=relieve，mindfulness=concentration） 改写后保证语义不变，句式地道 逻辑衔接 用连接词将要点衔接，保证篇章连贯 1. 选择合适的连接词（and/besides/furthermore/what’s more）；2. 按原文的逻辑顺序排列要点（并列 / 递进）；3. 连接词置于句首 / 句中，保证衔接自然 避免连接词堆砌，根据要点逻辑选择 1-2 个即可 字数控制 控制在 60 词左右，考查信息压缩能力 1. 写完后统计单词数，超过则删减冗余修饰 / 连接词；2. 不足则检查是否遗漏核心要点，补充简洁表述；3. 保证每句话都为核心信息，无废话 字数误差控制在 ±3 词内，避免大幅超纲 / 不足 语法正确性 考查时态 / 主谓一致 / 拼写等基础语法，保证无错误 1. 确定基础时态（本文为一般现在时 / 一般过去时）；2. 检查主谓一致、名词单复数、拼写；3. 避免复杂句式，减少语法错误 优先保证语法正确，再追求句式多样 破类题·提能力 （上海市上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期练习试卷） Modifying your memory It has always been thought that memory is a recording device, its purpose being to file away and later allow us to recall everything that happens in our lives, rather like a library. When we recall a memory, we go into the brain library, take out a file, look at it and then put it back in the same place. These files may get a little dusty over the years, but they are always there and never change. However, new research shows this understanding of memory is not that accurate. What memory is has been redefined. To start with, there is no central memory bank; elements of memories are stored separately from each other so that things related to a particular meaning-the smells, sounds, emotions, physical touch, pictures, etc.-are held in different areas of the brain, and it’s only in the act of recalling that they are all brought together. It now appears that every time we recall a memory, aspects of that memory can change slightly. Memories are flexible. The parallel would be more like bringing up a file on the computer, modifying it slightly and then saving it again. This understanding has been crucial in enabling scientists to erase and replace memories in quite innovative ways. On a positive note, this is paving the way for new treatments of disorders, like depression and alcohol addiction. In a recent study, a mouse is put into a totally new, empty environment when it is depressed and refuses to move. A switch on a laser machine introduces a previous happy memory to the mouse and it runs around, satisfied, showing relaxed, normal behavior. Science fiction? No, not at all. It’s happening here and now. The impossible is fast becoming possible. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （建议用时：60分钟） 刷模拟 01 【来源】上海市格致中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第一次测验英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Do Weird (古怪的) People Make Better Artists? In one published experiment (there was a whole series of them), the participants were shown one of two pictures of an imaginary artist called Stefansson. One was an ordinary-looking male in his twenties, while the other was a man of the same age who “had long hair” and “had not shaved for several days” The results were interesting: The people who were shown the untidy Stefansson liked his wild unconventional art more than those who were shown the clean-shaven, suit-wearing Stefansson. The researchers say this preference is due to our desire for “sincerity” in an artist. What they mean by sincerity is that an artist’s style and appearance should go together. It sounds like a noble idea, but in fact, a huge body of great art, literature, and music was created by artists who did not look weird. Are we supposed to label these works boring and insincere? If so, we would miss an awful lot of classic works, like Bach’s musical compositions and Shakespeare’s poems. We are too much in love with the unconventional forms of art and the unconventional types that produce them. It is a strange sort of blindness to the fact that a lot of good art has been produced by people who were models of conventionality. Wesley Kant, a leading figure of abstract art, and Eric Cooper, pioneer of musical modernism, both dressed like bankers Larry White, one of the founders of literary modernism, set out to look perfectly colorless in his suit and hat, just so he could fade into the background. It is the gap between their boring appearance and their wild inner world that makes these creators so attractive. So as we explore the vast landscape of artistic expression, let us not be blinded by the charm of the weird. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 02 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期初态考英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Be Careful with an “I Don’t Care” Attitude In today’s world, the “I don’t care” attitude is becoming increasingly popular. Phrases like “I don’t care what anybody thinks” are often used to express freedom and relief. While this attitude can be liberating, it also comes with potential risks. Understanding when to adopt this mindset can make a great difference. The “I don’t care” attitude can be quite beneficial when it motivates us to persevere, especially when others have given up. Lei Jun, for instance, faced multiple skepticism when founding Xiaomi, but he kept searching for a new approach in the smartphone market without worrying about criticism. It was his perseverance in producing cost-effective phones that enabled him to win favor with massive users. As you can see in Lei’s example, ignoring external doubts can actually help us stay focused on our own goals. However, the “I don’t care” mindset can also have negative consequences if it stems from stubbornness or blame-shifting. Many relationships suffer because one person becomes indifferent to the feelings of others, focusing solely on their own desires and ignoring how interconnected people’s needs are. At times, refusing to care serves as a defense mechanism to avoid responsibility, which can lead to a disaster. In the case of the 2008 financial crisis, many financial institutions claimed that the risky lending and mortgage practices were none of their business, which eventually led to massive layoffs and bankruptcies. It’s crucial to reflect on why we adopt the “I don’t care” attitude. Are we motivated by confidence in our decisions, or are we simply avoiding challenges? Ultimately, the key is balance. There are times when it’s crucial to care deeply about others, the truth, and personal growth. At other times, it’s equally important to remain indifferent to negativity, distractions, or unnecessary pressures. By carefully choosing when to embrace the “I don’t care” attitude, we can lead more fulfilling lives. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 03 【来源】上海市浦东新区建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中教学质量检测英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use you own words as far as possible. Younger generations fall for the quiet charms of public library A November report by the American Library Association (ALA), drawing on research and a 2022 survey, found that younger generations use public libraries both in person and on line — at higher rates than older generations. More than half of the 2,075 respondents had visited a library within the past year. Interestingly, not all were bookworms: 43% of them don’t identify as readers, yet about half of these non-readers still visited their local library. Libraries have never been just about books.They are community centers — places to connect, create, and discover. For an extremely online generation facing a “loneliness crisis,” libraries are increasingly social spaces too. “We traditionally think of libraries as very quiet...,” said Rachel Noorda, co-author of the ALA report. “It’s a place to be solitary,but also a place to build community.” Talk to any young person and they’ll likely mention the idea of the “third place” — a term from sociology that has become social-media shorthand for spaces beyond home and work where people can gather freely. Younger generations know they lack many of these spaces their parents enjoyed, as the boundaries between home and work fade. Libraries may be one of the few remaining places that ask nothing of them. Yet even as young people rediscover libraries, these institutions and their workers face growing threats. In 2023, New York City mayor Eric Adams cut library funding; in Idaho, new legislation seeks to restrict materials for minors, and in Missouri, Republicans attempted to eliminate all state library funding. Still, there is hope. Emily Drabinski, president of the ALA, notes that most Americans oppose book bans and continue to hold librarians in high regard. “Most people love the library,” she said. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 04 【来源】上海市杨浦区控江中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Digging deep What you see depends on where you stand. The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. All this was well known, if not quantified, before Nussaibah Raja put numbers on it in a paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage (劫掠) of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. Perhaps. But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing (高人一等的态度) to suggest otherwise. Moreover, as Ms Raja observes, several not-yet-properly rich places, notably Egypt, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and India, are indeed developing as archaeological powers in their own right. And, as she further points out, Egyptian archaeologists are starting to take an interest in Myanmar’s fossiliferous amber beds that one might see as predatory (掠夺性的) as that of any Western fossil hunter. Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise — something they are currently bad at. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 05 【来源】上海市晋元高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月反馈练习英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Can Plants Light Our Cities? Scientists have long imagined city parks and streets lighted by plants that shine at night. The vision is attractive: living lights that need no wiring, that move with the wind, and that turn urban spaces into gardens of gentle light. Yet the science behind the dream is stubborn. Plants power themselves with photosynthesis, which converts only a tiny part of incoming sunlight into usable energy. Most estimates put the capture at under two percent, and plants must spend nearly all of that to stay alive. That leaves little spare energy to convert back into visible light. Because of this limit, engineers sometimes try to skip biology. Instead of making plants generate their own light, they inject leaves with “persistent phosphors,” the same kinds of materials that make plastic stars shine after the bedroom lights go out. These small particles can be spread through the tissues of the plants, producing bright, short-term colors. The trick works, but it is basically a stage effect. As the plant grows, the light fades; when the plant dies, the chemicals must be thrown away. Researchers also rarely address possible risks of releasing high-phosphor plants into gardens and landfills. A truly promising route would modify the plant rather than paint it. If future biotechnology enabled leaves to build biodegradable light-emitting molecules (分子), plants could store part of daylight and release it slowly after sunset. In theory, this might even assist photosynthesis by moderating changes in light levels and by converting otherwise useless wavelengths into ones the chloroplasts (叶绿体) can employ. You might picture fields that shine softly while continuing to grow through the night. For now, though, shining houseplants are mostly clever novelties. They are inspiring to look at, but they will not replace real streetlights any time soon. Use them to stimulate curiosity, not to light the city. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 刷真题 Passage（1） 2023年6月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa For many years, scientists thought that the human brain was fully mature before the teen years. They thought that a person's brain growth was complete and the structure was more or less fixed by the age of 3. However, more recent research shows that although the brain reaches its maximum size between the ages of 12 and 14, brain development is not yet complete. The brain's functionally different sections communicate with each other through synapses- connections between nerve(神经)cells.Scientists have found that synapses grow or die away, depending on how much they are used to process information, The good news is that teenagers do have the potential, through choice and behavior , to shape their brain development. The brain automatically gets rid of the synapses that it doesn't need in order to make the remaining ones more efficient. During the time the brain is removing synapses , the cells and connections that are used survive, while the ones that are not used die away. For example , if a teenager is doing music , sports or academic studies, those are the cells and connections that will become part of the brain's operating system. But unfortunately, if he or she is lying on the sofa, watching TV and playing computer games, those are the brain cells and connections that will remain into adulthood. Therefore, what you do with your teenage years could have an effect on the rest of your life, What is important is that learning how synapses grow or die away can help teenagers be better equipped to make more intelligent choices, thus motivating them to take a moment before acting to consider the consequences of their actions. If you don't want to become an adult who is buried in the sofa all day long, pull yourself out of it when you are still a teenager. 71. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- Passage（2） 2022年7月高考真题 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius? Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing, and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as, like you say , it is a genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create. As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending(升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IQ measures a standard comprehension level, while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used. For example , if your IQ is 180, the percentage that you are a genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness. The brain gains perceptive awareness upon “creating thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very “intelligent” but could not generate thoughts, you could not be an intellectual being. However, one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of IQ and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function. There are few exceptionally creative people out there, just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge. However, not all “ geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan. 71.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage（2） 2022年1月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram ( 记忆印记)--a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroseientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable , and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work , mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent , Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work , too. In their current work, Ramirez. and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells , and whether negative memories can be "overwritten by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience , they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique , University of' Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. 71.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage（3） 2021年6月高考真题 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ann Grand: A Visual Thinker Ann Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures, like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from video-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time, and the images visualized are always specific. For example,if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures, like the one in her old house and then those in her hometown. That one word can tun into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for. Visual thinking has enabled grand to build entire systems in her imagination which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations(三维仿真设计).This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started. Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals, She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that seared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs. 71.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 概要写作 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通+变式演练 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说说明文为主、议论文次之，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 热点·角度·拆解 · 要点一：说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 要点二：说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) · 要点三： 说明文概要写作的步骤 1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题 2. Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点 3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，去枝节 4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意 5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.复读核对，检查错误 备考建议： 平时的练习过程中，考生需严格按照以下三个步骤进行。 1. 阅读原文，划出主题句和关键词。 ① 快速阅读全文，标记段落，划出每段主题句。 ② 主题句一般位于句首或句尾，关键词出现频率较高。 2. 草稿环节中提取主题句和关键词。 ① 对主题句进行修改，采用适当连词将主题句、关键词和所要写的内容进行串联，形成一篇完整Summary。 ② 注意表达，切忌出现“Chinglish”。 ③ Summary必须清晰全面表明原文所表达信息，切不可乱入个人观点或评论。 3．定稿时务必仔细检查。 ① 检查有无单词拼写类等基本错误。 ② 注意卷面整洁，切忌乱涂乱画。 析典例·建模型 （2025·上海卷·高考真题· 概要写作） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Art Gallery Visits The lasting rainy winter is a season that feels heavy with depression. Luckily, I have a way to escape from the winter blues — visiting art galleries. Engaging with art closely, particularly in winter, is a life enhancer and a relief from loneliness, sadness, and frustration. When viewing things we find beautiful, activity in the pleasure and reward centres of the brain goes up. So when I don't have the time, or energy to take on challenging new themes in the gallery, I return to the comfort of my favourites: the blue in David Hockney's swimming pool, Agnes Martin's faint, delicate lines, or John Constable's cloudy Brighton summers. The comforting properties of these artworks are best experienced during winter. And did you know that even on the busiest of days, in the busiest galleries, there is potential for mindfulness? Mindfulness is hard to catch for me — my head feels like a mix of shopping lists, decade-old angers, and random song bits I can't name, but time spent in a gallery is the closest I get to being truly present. Part of this is down to "slow looking”, the practice of taking time to really absorb an artwork rather than giving it a glance, reading the accompanying description, having another quick look and moving on. The experience can be powerful and informative. Often, I visit galleries alone to gather my thoughts. I just want the company of form, colour, material. But sometimes I'll take my daughter. To me, joy was walking her and watching as her eyes widened in curiosity, tiny fingers pointing: "Do you see what I see?” Telling her: "Yes ... but also no.” That we all see these things in a different way is such an important lesson that reaches into every part of our lives. Remembering that perception is personal is precious for me. This knowledge keeps me in a good state. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 Visiting art galleries helps me fight against low spirits (in winter). Viewing my favourite exhibits can boost my spirits and provide comfort. Besides, careful appreciation of an artwork enables me to focus on the present and achieve mindfulness. Time spent with art, alone or with others, reminds me that people see things from different perspectives. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说参观艺术画廊有助于对抗冬季的低落情绪。欣赏最喜欢的展品能振奋精神，带来慰藉。此外，仔细品味一件艺术品能专注于当下，达到心无旁骛的状态。无论是独自还是与他人一起与艺术相伴的时光，都提醒人们看待事物的角度各不相同。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①The lasting rainy winter is a season that feels heavy with depression. Luckily, I have a way to escape from the winter blues — visiting art galleries. ②When viewing things we find beautiful, activity in the pleasure and reward centres of the brain goes up. ③And did you know that even on the busiest of days, in the busiest galleries, there is potential for mindfulness? ④Often, I visit galleries alone to gather my thoughts. I just want the company of form, colour, material. But sometimes I’ll take my daughter. That we all see these things in a different way is such an important lesson that reaches into every part of our lives. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Visiting art galleries helps me fight against low spirits (in winter). Viewing my favourite exhibits can boost my spirits and provide comfort. Besides, careful appreciation of an artwork enables me to focus on the present and achieve mindfulness. Time spent with art, alone or with others, reminds me that people see things from different perspectives. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Viewing my favourite exhibits can boost my spirits and provide comfort.运用动名词作主语对原文第二段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Time spent with art, alone or with others, reminds me that people see things from different perspectives.用that引导宾语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 研考点·通技法 核心考点 具体考查方向 解题策略 解题注意事项 核心要点提炼 提炼文章主旨和 2-3 个核心分点，剔除细节 / 例子 / 重复信息 1. 通读原文，圈画核心信息（本文：逛美术馆缓解冬季坏情绪、带来愉悦感、培养专注力、领悟认知的独特性）；2. 区分主旨（逛美术馆的益处）和分点，保留核心分点；3. 剔除具体例子（如具体画家 / 作品）、修饰性细节 核心要点不超过 3 个，避免罗列细节 信息整合与简洁表达 将零散信息整合，用简洁语言表达，避免冗余 1. 将同类信息合并（如 “带来愉悦”“缓解坏情绪” 可整合）；2. 用简单句 / 复合句整合要点，避免重复表述；3. 删减修饰性形容词 / 副词，保留核心语义 保证信息完整，不遗漏关键要点 句式改写与词性转换 用自己的话改写，避免照搬原文，考查句式 / 词性灵活运用 1. 原文陈述句可改写成被动句 / 复合句；2. 进行词性转换（如形容词变名词、动词变名词）；3. 用同义词替换原文高频词（如 escape=relieve，mindfulness=concentration） 改写后保证语义不变，句式地道 逻辑衔接 用连接词将要点衔接，保证篇章连贯 1. 选择合适的连接词（and/besides/furthermore/what’s more）；2. 按原文的逻辑顺序排列要点（并列 / 递进）；3. 连接词置于句首 / 句中，保证衔接自然 避免连接词堆砌，根据要点逻辑选择 1-2 个即可 字数控制 控制在 60 词左右，考查信息压缩能力 1. 写完后统计单词数，超过则删减冗余修饰 / 连接词；2. 不足则检查是否遗漏核心要点，补充简洁表述；3. 保证每句话都为核心信息，无废话 字数误差控制在 ±3 词内，避免大幅超纲 / 不足 语法正确性 考查时态 / 主谓一致 / 拼写等基础语法，保证无错误 1. 确定基础时态（本文为一般现在时 / 一般过去时）；2. 检查主谓一致、名词单复数、拼写；3. 避免复杂句式，减少语法错误 优先保证语法正确，再追求句式多样 破类题·提能力 （上海市上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期练习试卷） Modifying your memory It has always been thought that memory is a recording device, its purpose being to file away and later allow us to recall everything that happens in our lives, rather like a library. When we recall a memory, we go into the brain library, take out a file, look at it and then put it back in the same place. These files may get a little dusty over the years, but they are always there and never change. However, new research shows this understanding of memory is not that accurate. What memory is has been redefined. To start with, there is no central memory bank; elements of memories are stored separately from each other so that things related to a particular meaning-the smells, sounds, emotions, physical touch, pictures, etc.-are held in different areas of the brain, and it’s only in the act of recalling that they are all brought together. It now appears that every time we recall a memory, aspects of that memory can change slightly. Memories are flexible. The parallel would be more like bringing up a file on the computer, modifying it slightly and then saving it again. This understanding has been crucial in enabling scientists to erase and replace memories in quite innovative ways. On a positive note, this is paving the way for new treatments of disorders, like depression and alcohol addiction. In a recent study, a mouse is put into a totally new, empty environment when it is depressed and refuses to move. A switch on a laser machine introduces a previous happy memory to the mouse and it runs around, satisfied, showing relaxed, normal behavior. Science fiction? No, not at all. It’s happening here and now. The impossible is fast becoming possible. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In a traditional view, memory works like a library, where everything recorded remains permanent and fixed. Now it is found that different memory elements are saved in separate brain areas and can be modified upon recall. This perception makes it possible for scientists to modify memories in creative ways, which may help treat some disorders. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们对记忆的传统认知与新研究发现的差异，阐述了记忆的新定义，并说明这一认知突破对科学治疗相关疾病的意义。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 1. It has always been thought that memory is a recording device, its purpose being to file away and later allow us to recall everything that happens in our lives, rather like a library. These files may get a little dusty over the years, but they are always there and never change. 2. New research shows this understanding of memory is not that accurate. What memory is has been redefined. 3. There is no central memory bank; elements of memories are stored separately from each other so that things related to a particular meaning-the smells, sounds, emotions, physical touch, pictures, etc.-are held in different areas of the brain, and it’s only in the act of recalling that they are all brought together. 4. Every time we recall a memory, aspects of that memory can change slightly. Memories are flexible. The parallel would be more like bringing up a file on the computer, modifying it slightly and then saving it again. 5. This understanding has been crucial in enabling scientists to erase and replace memories in quite innovative ways. 6. This is paving the way for new treatments of disorders, like depression and alcohol addiction. (A recent study on depressed mice proves this by using a previous happy memory to make the mouse show normal behavior.) 2. 缜密构思 以要点1的传统记忆观开篇，用要点2引出新研究对记忆的重新定义；整合要点3、4，阐述新研究下记忆的核心特点；衔接要点5、6，说明这一新认知对科学家修改记忆及治疗相关疾病的意义，贴合原文行文逻辑并呼应答案总结思路。 3.遣词造句 People used to regard memory as a library, where all recorded memories are permanent and remain unchanged when recalled.​ New research shows that memory elements are stored in different brain areas and can be slightly modified during recall, making memories flexible.​ This new understanding helps scientists develop innovative ways to modify memories, which is of great significance for treating some mental and behavioral disorders. 【点睛】【高分句型1】In a traditional view, memory works like a library, where everything recorded remains permanent and fixed.（运用了where引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】This perception makes it possible for scientists to modify memories in creative ways, which may help treat some disorders.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） （建议用时：60分钟） 刷模拟 01 【来源】上海市格致中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第一次测验英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Do Weird (古怪的) People Make Better Artists? In one published experiment (there was a whole series of them), the participants were shown one of two pictures of an imaginary artist called Stefansson. One was an ordinary-looking male in his twenties, while the other was a man of the same age who “had long hair” and “had not shaved for several days” The results were interesting: The people who were shown the untidy Stefansson liked his wild unconventional art more than those who were shown the clean-shaven, suit-wearing Stefansson. The researchers say this preference is due to our desire for “sincerity” in an artist. What they mean by sincerity is that an artist’s style and appearance should go together. It sounds like a noble idea, but in fact, a huge body of great art, literature, and music was created by artists who did not look weird. Are we supposed to label these works boring and insincere? If so, we would miss an awful lot of classic works, like Bach’s musical compositions and Shakespeare’s poems. We are too much in love with the unconventional forms of art and the unconventional types that produce them. It is a strange sort of blindness to the fact that a lot of good art has been produced by people who were models of conventionality. Wesley Kant, a leading figure of abstract art, and Eric Cooper, pioneer of musical modernism, both dressed like bankers Larry White, one of the founders of literary modernism, set out to look perfectly colorless in his suit and hat, just so he could fade into the background. It is the gap between their boring appearance and their wild inner world that makes these creators so attractive. So as we explore the vast landscape of artistic expression, let us not be blinded by the charm of the weird. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Researchers found people preferred unconventional artworks created by weird-looking artists. They explain it is because we tend to think artists’ appearances should match their artistic styles. However, many good artworks were created by those who looked ordinary. These artists’ appeal lies in the contrast between their appearance and their inner world, Therefore, we shouldn’t love weird artists blindly. （58 words） 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了“古怪的人是否更能成为优秀的艺术家”这一话题，通过实验研究和实例分析，给出了对于这一观点的思考和反驳，最终得出不应盲目崇拜古怪艺术家的结论。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①In one published experiment, the participants were shown one of two pictures of an imaginary artist Stefansson. One was an ordinary-looking male in his twenties, while the other was a man of the same age who “had long hair” and “had not shaved for several d ②The people who were shown the untidy Stefansson liked his wild unconventional art more than those who were shown the clean-shaven, suit-wearing Stefansson. ③The researchers say this preference is due to our desire for “sincerity” in an artist. ④but in fact, a huge body of great art, literature, and music was created by artists who did not look weird. ⑤ It is the gap between their boring appearance and their wild inner world that makes these creators so attractive. ⑥We shouldn’t love weird artists blindly. 2. 缜密构思   将1、2、3 三个要点进行重组，将4、5两个要点进行整合。 3. 遣词造句  Researchers found people preferred unconventional artworks created by weird-looking artists. They explain it is because we tend to think artists’ appearances should match their artistic styles. However, many good artworks were created by those who looked ordinary. These artists’ appeal lies in the contrast between their appearance and their inner world, Therefore, we shouldn’t love weird artists blindly. 【点睛】【高分句型1】  Researchers found people preferred unconventional artworks created by weird-looking artists. (运用了省略that的宾语从句，表示研究发现的内容) 【高分句型2】  However, many good artworks were created by those who looked ordinary. (运用了who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those，使句子结构紧凑且信息丰富) 02 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期初态考英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Be Careful with an “I Don’t Care” Attitude In today’s world, the “I don’t care” attitude is becoming increasingly popular. Phrases like “I don’t care what anybody thinks” are often used to express freedom and relief. While this attitude can be liberating, it also comes with potential risks. Understanding when to adopt this mindset can make a great difference. The “I don’t care” attitude can be quite beneficial when it motivates us to persevere, especially when others have given up. Lei Jun, for instance, faced multiple skepticism when founding Xiaomi, but he kept searching for a new approach in the smartphone market without worrying about criticism. It was his perseverance in producing cost-effective phones that enabled him to win favor with massive users. As you can see in Lei’s example, ignoring external doubts can actually help us stay focused on our own goals. However, the “I don’t care” mindset can also have negative consequences if it stems from stubbornness or blame-shifting. Many relationships suffer because one person becomes indifferent to the feelings of others, focusing solely on their own desires and ignoring how interconnected people’s needs are. At times, refusing to care serves as a defense mechanism to avoid responsibility, which can lead to a disaster. In the case of the 2008 financial crisis, many financial institutions claimed that the risky lending and mortgage practices were none of their business, which eventually led to massive layoffs and bankruptcies. It’s crucial to reflect on why we adopt the “I don’t care” attitude. Are we motivated by confidence in our decisions, or are we simply avoiding challenges? Ultimately, the key is balance. There are times when it’s crucial to care deeply about others, the truth, and personal growth. At other times, it’s equally important to remain indifferent to negativity, distractions, or unnecessary pressures. By carefully choosing when to embrace the “I don’t care” attitude, we can lead more fulfilling lives. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考范文 Be cautious about the “I don’t care” attitude. While it can motivate perseverance by helping us stay focused on our goals despite external challenges, it also has two downsides — stubbornness and a tendency to shift blame. Indifference can damage relationships, and avoiding responsibility can lead to serious consequences. Therefore, strive for balance — care about the positive and ignore the negative. (60 words) 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍了“无所谓”的态度兼具积极作用与消极影响，文章通过举例论证分别阐释其两面性，并最终提出人们需反思该态度的出发点，把握好使用的平衡才能拥有更充实的生活。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①The “I don’t care” attitude is popular, which brings liberation but also potential risks, and choosing the right time to adopt it is vital. ②It can inspire perseverance and help people focus on goals, as proven by Lei Jun's experience of founding Xiaomi despite skepticism. ③The attitude has negative effects if it comes from stubbornness or blame-shifting. ④Indifference to others’ feelings harms relationships, and avoiding responsibility may cause severe results like the 2008 financial crisis. ⑤We need to reflect on the reasons for adopting this attitude, and balance is the key point. ⑥We should care about positive things and ignore negativity to live a more fulfilling life. 2.缜密构思 将第①个要点提炼后作为概要的开篇，开门见山点明“无所谓”这一态度的核心属性。单独提炼第②个要点，集中阐述该态度具备的积极作用。将第③④两个要点进行融合重组，详细说明该态度产生消极影响的原因及对应的不良后果。将第⑤⑥两个要点整合梳理，提出践行这一态度时需把握平衡的核心观点。 3.遣词造句 We need to strike a balance between caring and indifference, valuing what matters and brushing off meaningless negativity. 【点睛】【高分句型1】While it can motivate perseverance by helping us stay focused on our goals despite external challenges, it also has two downsides — stubbornness and a tendency to shift blame.运用while引导的让步状语从句对第二、三段中“无所谓”态度的正反核心作用进行了概括，破折号后的动词不定式to shift blame作后置定语修饰a tendency，表达非常高级。 【高分句型2】Indifference can damage relationships, and avoiding responsibility can lead to serious consequences.对三段进行了概括。运用动名词avoiding作主语，表达高级。 03 【来源】上海市浦东新区建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中教学质量检测英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use you own words as far as possible. Younger generations fall for the quiet charms of public library A November report by the American Library Association (ALA), drawing on research and a 2022 survey, found that younger generations use public libraries both in person and on line — at higher rates than older generations. More than half of the 2,075 respondents had visited a library within the past year. Interestingly, not all were bookworms: 43% of them don’t identify as readers, yet about half of these non-readers still visited their local library. Libraries have never been just about books.They are community centers — places to connect, create, and discover. For an extremely online generation facing a “loneliness crisis,” libraries are increasingly social spaces too. “We traditionally think of libraries as very quiet...,” said Rachel Noorda, co-author of the ALA report. “It’s a place to be solitary,but also a place to build community.” Talk to any young person and they’ll likely mention the idea of the “third place” — a term from sociology that has become social-media shorthand for spaces beyond home and work where people can gather freely. Younger generations know they lack many of these spaces their parents enjoyed, as the boundaries between home and work fade. Libraries may be one of the few remaining places that ask nothing of them. Yet even as young people rediscover libraries, these institutions and their workers face growing threats. In 2023, New York City mayor Eric Adams cut library funding; in Idaho, new legislation seeks to restrict materials for minors, and in Missouri, Republicans attempted to eliminate all state library funding. Still, there is hope. Emily Drabinski, president of the ALA, notes that most Americans oppose book bans and continue to hold librarians in high regard. “Most people love the library,” she said. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Researches show that public libraries hold a strong appeal for young people, though some state governments reduce support for their growth. In fact, libraries nowadays function as community centers where people read, do research and socialize with each other. Libraries are also a place for those who want to find personal spaces. In short, libraries are irreplaceable/important in people’s life. (60 words) 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究发现公共图书馆对年轻人有强大吸引力，尽管一些州政府削减对其发展的支持。实际上，如今的图书馆是人们阅读、研究和社交的社区中心，也是寻求个人空间者的理想之地。简言之，图书馆在人们生活中不可或缺。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①A November report by the American Library Association (ALA), drawing on research and a 2022 survey, found that younger generations use public libraries both in person and on line — at higher rates than older generations. ②Libraries have never been just about books.They are community centers — places to connect, create, and discover. ③Libraries may be one of the few remaining places that ask nothing of them. ④Yet even as young people rediscover libraries, these institutions and their workers face growing threats. Still, there is hope. Most people love the library. 2.缜密构思 第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Studies indicate that public libraries are highly attractive to the younger generation, despite the fact that some state governments are cutting back on their support for library development. In reality, libraries nowadays serve as community hubs where individuals can read, conduct research, and interact with one another. Moreover, libraries offer a personal space for those in search of it. In brief, libraries play an indispensable role in people's lives. 【点睛】【高分句型1】 Researches show that public libraries hold a strong appeal for young people, though some state governments reduce support for their growth. 运用that引导宾语从句以及though引导让步状语从句对原文第一段和第四段进行了概括。 【高分句型2】 In fact, libraries nowadays function as community centers where people read, do research and socialize with each other. 用where引导定语从句对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 04 【来源】上海市杨浦区控江中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Digging deep What you see depends on where you stand. The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. All this was well known, if not quantified, before Nussaibah Raja put numbers on it in a paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage (劫掠) of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. Perhaps. But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing (高人一等的态度) to suggest otherwise. Moreover, as Ms Raja observes, several not-yet-properly rich places, notably Egypt, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and India, are indeed developing as archaeological powers in their own right. And, as she further points out, Egyptian archaeologists are starting to take an interest in Myanmar’s fossiliferous amber beds that one might see as predatory (掠夺性的) as that of any Western fossil hunter. Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise — something they are currently bad at. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The unarguable fact is that rich-country archaeologists dominate poor-country studies. While Ms Raja sees it as pillage, others think poor countries have priorities and it's not wrong. Rich-country scientists should help transfer expertise. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，富裕国家的考古学家主导着贫穷国家的考古研究。Ms Raja认为这是掠夺行为，而另一些人则认为贫穷国家有更重要的事要做，让他国研究人员来进行相关研究并无不妥。富裕国家的科学家应该助力专业知识的传授。 【详解】1. 要点摘录： The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. ②Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. ③But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing to suggest otherwise. ④Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise. 2.缜密构思：将第一个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句： The fact that most archaeologists are from rich countries leads to better-studied fossils in those regions. Ms Raja believes rich-country scientific establishments are pillaging poor countries. Some think poor countries have other priorities and it’s okay for foreign researchers to study their fossils. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The unarguable fact is that rich-country archaeologists dominate poor-country studies.（运用了that引导的表语从句） 【高分句型2】While some see it as pillage, others think poor countries have priorities and it’s not wrong（运用了while引导让步状语从句和省略that引导的宾语从句） 05 【来源】上海市晋元高级中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月反馈练习英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Can Plants Light Our Cities? Scientists have long imagined city parks and streets lighted by plants that shine at night. The vision is attractive: living lights that need no wiring, that move with the wind, and that turn urban spaces into gardens of gentle light. Yet the science behind the dream is stubborn. Plants power themselves with photosynthesis, which converts only a tiny part of incoming sunlight into usable energy. Most estimates put the capture at under two percent, and plants must spend nearly all of that to stay alive. That leaves little spare energy to convert back into visible light. Because of this limit, engineers sometimes try to skip biology. Instead of making plants generate their own light, they inject leaves with “persistent phosphors,” the same kinds of materials that make plastic stars shine after the bedroom lights go out. These small particles can be spread through the tissues of the plants, producing bright, short-term colors. The trick works, but it is basically a stage effect. As the plant grows, the light fades; when the plant dies, the chemicals must be thrown away. Researchers also rarely address possible risks of releasing high-phosphor plants into gardens and landfills. A truly promising route would modify the plant rather than paint it. If future biotechnology enabled leaves to build biodegradable light-emitting molecules (分子), plants could store part of daylight and release it slowly after sunset. In theory, this might even assist photosynthesis by moderating changes in light levels and by converting otherwise useless wavelengths into ones the chloroplasts (叶绿体) can employ. You might picture fields that shine softly while continuing to grow through the night. For now, though, shining houseplants are mostly clever novelties. They are inspiring to look at, but they will not replace real streetlights any time soon. Use them to stimulate curiosity, not to light the city. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Although people dream of using glowing plants to light cities, plants have very little extra energy to produce light. Injecting phosphors can create temporary light but has many drawbacks and risks. Modifying plants is a promising method but still unrealistic. At present, glowing plants are just novelties and cannot replace streetlights soon. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家设想用发光植物照明城市，但植物光合能量有限，难以发光。注入荧光粉效果短暂且有风险，改造植物虽有前景却不现实。目前发光植物仅为新奇事物，无法替代路灯。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Scientists have long imagined city parks and streets lighted by plants that shine at night. ②Plants power themselves with photosynthesis, which converts only a tiny part of incoming sunlight into usable energy. ③Instead of making plants generate their own light, they inject leaves with “persistent phosphors,” the same kinds of materials that make plastic stars shine after the bedroom lights go out. These small particles can be spread through the tissues of the plants, producing bright, short-term colors. The trick works, but it is basically a stage effect. As the plant grows, the light fades; when the plant dies, the chemicals must be thrown away. Researchers also rarely address possible risks of releasing high-phosphor plants into gardens and landfills. ④A truly promising route would modify the plant rather than paint it. They are inspiring to look at, but they will not replace real streetlights any time soon. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行重组。 3.遣词造句 Although people dream of using luminescent plants to illuminate cities, the energy generated by plants themselves is extremely limited. Injecting phosphors can produce a brief glow, but this method has many drawbacks and risks. The modification of plants is a promising approach, but remains impractical at present. Currently, luminescent plants are merely novelties and cannot replace streetlights in the short term. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Although people dream of using glowing plants to light cities, plants have very little extra energy to produce light.（运用了Although引导的让步状语从句） [高分句型2] Injecting phosphors can create temporary light but has many drawbacks and risks.（运用了非谓语动词中的动名词短语作主语） 刷真题 Passage（1） 2023年6月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa For many years, scientists thought that the human brain was fully mature before the teen years. They thought that a person's brain growth was complete and the structure was more or less fixed by the age of 3. However, more recent research shows that although the brain reaches its maximum size between the ages of 12 and 14, brain development is not yet complete. The brain's functionally different sections communicate with each other through synapses- connections between nerve(神经)cells.Scientists have found that synapses grow or die away, depending on how much they are used to process information, The good news is that teenagers do have the potential, through choice and behavior , to shape their brain development. The brain automatically gets rid of the synapses that it doesn't need in order to make the remaining ones more efficient. During the time the brain is removing synapses , the cells and connections that are used survive, while the ones that are not used die away. For example , if a teenager is doing music , sports or academic studies, those are the cells and connections that will become part of the brain's operating system. But unfortunately, if he or she is lying on the sofa, watching TV and playing computer games, those are the brain cells and connections that will remain into adulthood. Therefore, what you do with your teenage years could have an effect on the rest of your life, What is important is that learning how synapses grow or die away can help teenagers be better equipped to make more intelligent choices, thus motivating them to take a moment before acting to consider the consequences of their actions. If you don't want to become an adult who is buried in the sofa all day long, pull yourself out of it when you are still a teenager. 71. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- 写作思路如下： · 引入话题：简述多年来科学家对青少年大脑发展的误解。 · 描述大脑发展的事实：12至14岁是大脑大小的峰值，但大脑发展还未完成。 · 解释突破：描述突破性研究，指出突触（synapses）的增长或减少取决于信息处理的使用程度。 · 青少年选择的重要性：强调青少年可以通过选择和行为塑造大脑发展。 · 举例说明：使用音乐、运动、学术研究与电视和电脑游戏作为对比，说明对应的大脑细胞和连接会留存。 · 结论与建议：强调了解突触如何增长或消失可以帮助青少年做出更明智的选择，鼓励他们在青少年时期摆脱不良习惯。 【答案答案01】 71.The passage discusses how teenage brain development is not yet complete, contrary to previous beliefs. It emphasizes that teenagers can influence their brain development through their choices and behaviors. Activities like music, sports, and academic studies strengthen brain connections, while sedentary activities like watching TV weaken them. Understanding this can encourage teenagers to make smarter choices for their future. 【答案答案02】 71.: Teenagers' brain development is not complete during adolescence, and their choices and behaviors can shape their brain development. The brain eliminates unused synapses to enhance efficiency. Engaging in productive activities like music, sports, or academics can strengthen brain connections, while passive activities like watching TV may limit brain development. Understanding this process can help teenagers make intelligent choices for a healthier future. 【答案答案03】 71. Research finds teenagers’ brain is sill developing. Synapses connect nerve cells and enable different brain parts to make communication. They grow when used and disappear if unused. What teenagers choose to do determines what cells and connections survive into adulthood, thus affecting their adult life. This knowledge of synapses can help teenagers make wiser choices. 解析：本篇概要写作的结构为说明文，行文结构比较清楚，方便学生寻找到文章主旨以及段落主旨。文章标题为：Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa（青少年应远离沙发）。文章大概内容为：专家建议青少年不要老躺在沙发上，而应该多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。本篇概要写作的内容较容易理解，文章结构很容易把控，主旨句也很容易快速找到。 Passage（2） 2022年7月高考真题 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius? Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing, and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as, like you say , it is a genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create. As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending(升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IQ measures a standard comprehension level, while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used. For example , if your IQ is 180, the percentage that you are a genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness. The brain gains perceptive awareness upon “creating thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very “intelligent” but could not generate thoughts, you could not be an intellectual being. However, one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of IQ and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function. There are few exceptionally creative people out there, just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge. However, not all “ geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan. 71.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 The higher a person's IQ, the more likely he is to be a genius. IQ measures the standard level of comprehension, while creativity measures how comprehension is used. The relationship between intelligence and genius is objectively a negative exponential function.Extremely creative people and extremely smart people don't coexist. Passage（2） 2022年1月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram ( 记忆印记)--a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroseientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable , and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work , mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent , Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work , too. In their current work, Ramirez. and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells , and whether negative memories can be "overwritten by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience , they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique , University of' Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. 71.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 Possible 1: Memory is like a net in the brain. Scientists can even track the movement of the memory in the brain. At present, Sheena Josselyn, a neuroscientist at the university of the Toronto has used mice as experimental objects, using a different technology, which can completely eliminate the fear memory of mice. (49 words Possible 2: Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. Scientists not only tracked the movement of memory in the brain, but also studied the storage location and interaction between positive memory and negative memory.(51 words) Passage（3） 2021年6月高考真题 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ann Grand: A Visual Thinker Ann Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures, like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from video-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time, and the images visualized are always specific. For example,if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures, like the one in her old house and then those in her hometown. That one word can tun into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for. Visual thinking has enabled grand to build entire systems in her imagination which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations(三维仿真设计).This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started. Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals, She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that seared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs. 71.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 Being a visual thinker,Ann Grand thinks in pictures and her memories appear as specific images in her mind in time order. As a livestock equipment designer, she benefited from her ability to visualize her designs, which enabled her to perfect them before construction. Her keen observation of details led to designs that took into account animals’ feelings。 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $