2026届高考英语二轮复习专题突破 专题04 · 阅读理解之词义猜测题

2026高考英语·二轮复习专题突破 专题04 · 阅读理解之词义猜测题 核【核心知识·深度解读】 词义猜测题是阅读理解中考查词汇理解能力的重要题型，要求考生利用上下文线索推断生词或熟词生义的含义。掌握猜词技巧，不仅有助于解题，更能提升阅读流畅性，避免因个别生词影响整体理解。 一、常见猜词线索 ● 定义线索：be, mean, refer to, be called, be known as, that is, in other words, i.e. 等引导的解释。 ● 同位语线索：逗号、破折号、括号、or 连接的同位语成分。 ● 反义线索：but, however, while, whereas, unlike, instead of 等表示对比关系的词。 ● 对比线索：similarly, likewise, in the same way, on the contrary, in contrast 等。 ● 举例线索：for example, such as, like, including 等引出具体例子。 ● 构词法线索：利用前缀、后缀、合成词推测词义。 二、解题步骤 ① 定位生词：找到画线词在文中的位置。 ② 扫描线索：在词的前后寻找定义、同位语、对比、举例等标志词。 ③ 代入验证：将推测出的词义代入原句，检查语义是否通顺。 三、常见干扰项特征 - 字面意思干扰：用单词的常见义代替语境义。 - 无关信息干扰：选项在文中出现但与词义无关。 - 正反混淆：与正确词义相反。 - 无中生有：原文未提及的意思。 四、 示例 原文：The concept of "digital minimalism" has gained traction in recent years, with millions of people trying to reduce their screen time. 题目：The word "traction" most probably means ______. 选项：A. popularity B. resistance C. decline D. confusion 解析：后文“millions of people trying to reduce their screen time”说明这个概念流行，故选A。 题型：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 专项突破·词义猜测题 Passage 1 (主题：心理学概念) Psychologists use the term cognitive dissonance to describe the mental discomfort we feel when we hold two contradictory beliefs. For example, a person who knows smoking is harmful but continues to smoke experiences this tension. To reduce the discomfort, they might convince themselves that the risk is exaggerated. This self-justification is a common human response. The theory, first proposed by Leon Festinger in 1957, has been widely studied and applied in fields from marketing to politics. Understanding cognitive dissonance helps explain why people sometimes hold onto beliefs even when faced with contradictory evidence. 1. The underlined phrase "cognitive dissonance" most probably means ______. A. a mental conflict between conflicting beliefs B. a physical illness caused by smoking C. a method of self-justification D. a marketing strategy 2. The word "tension" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. relaxation B. discomfort C. excitement D. confusion Passage 2 (主题：经济术语) In economics, inflation refers to a general increase in prices over time, reducing the purchasing power of money. Its opposite, deflation, occurs when prices fall, which might sound good but can lead to reduced consumer spending and economic stagnation. Central banks aim to keep inflation at a moderate level, typically around 2%. When inflation becomes too high, it erodes savings and causes uncertainty. Hyperinflation, an extreme form where prices rise rapidly and uncontrollably, can destroy an economy, as seen in historical cases like post-World War I Germany. 3. The word "deflation" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. a decrease in prices B. an increase in prices C. economic growth D. price stability 4. The underlined word "hyperinflation" most probably means ______. A. a slight price increase B. a rapid and uncontrollable price rise C. a decrease in purchasing power D. a stable economic condition Passage 3 (主题：动物行为) Many animals display altruistic behavior, meaning they act in ways that benefit others at a cost to themselves. For instance, vampire bats share blood meals with hungry companions, even if they haven't eaten themselves. Dolphins have been observed helping injured members to the surface to breathe. And meerkats take turns standing guard while others feed, risking their own safety to warn the group of predators. Such behaviors challenge the idea that animals are only motivated by self-interest. Evolutionary biologists explain that altruism can evolve when it helps relatives pass on shared genes or when cooperation benefits the group in the long run. 5. The underlined word "altruistic" most probably means ______. A. selfish B. harmful C. self-sacrificing for others D. competitive 6. The examples of bats, dolphins, and meerkats are used to illustrate ______. A. how animals hunt for food B. the meaning of altruistic behavior C. the dangers animals face D. how evolution works Passage 4 (主题：环境科学) One of the most pernicious forms of pollution is microplastic. These tiny particles, smaller than five millimeters, come from the breakdown of larger plastic items and from synthetic fibers in clothing. They are now found everywhere—in the deepest oceans, in Arctic ice, and even in the air we breathe. Because they are so small and widespread, they are nearly impossible to remove. Scientists are concerned about their potential health effects, as they can enter the food chain and accumulate in living organisms. Unlike larger plastic waste, which can be collected, microplastics are ubiquitous, posing a unique challenge for environmental protection. 7. The underlined word "pernicious" most probably means ______. A. beneficial B. harmful C. visible D. temporary 8. The word "ubiquitous" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. rare B. easy to remove C. found everywhere D. large in size Passage 5 (主题：科技与生活) When the company launched its new smartphone, it was an immediate success. The device had been in development for three years, and the company had invested heavily in marketing. However, a few months later, a competitor unveiled a model with superior features, causing the company's sales to plummet. The CEO admitted that they had not anticipated the rapid innovation in the market. To recover, they decided to roll out a software update that added new functions, hoping to regain customer interest. The experience taught them the importance of staying ahead of the curve. 9. The underlined word "launched" in the passage most probably means ______. A. sent into space B. started selling C. threw away D. criticized 10. The word "unveiled" is closest in meaning to ______. A. hid B. revealed C. criticized D. stopped 11. The underlined word "plummeted" most probably means ______. A. increased sharply B. remained stable C. dropped sharply D. fluctuated 12. The phrase "roll out" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. introduce B. cancel C. delay D. remove Passage 6 (主题：历史人物) Florence Nightingale was a pioneer in the field of nursing. She gained fame during the Crimean War for her tireless work in improving sanitary conditions, which dramatically reduced the death rate. Her methods were considered radical at the time, as she insisted on clean water and fresh air when many believed disease was caused by bad air. After the war, she used her influence to establish professional nursing schools and wrote extensively on hospital management. Her legacy continues today, with the Florence Nightingale Medal being the highest international distinction in nursing. She is remembered not only for her contributions to medicine but also for her indomitable spirit, having continued to work from her bed after becoming ill herself. 13. The underlined word "pioneer" most probably means ______. A. follower B. critic C. leader or innovator D. student 14. The word "radical" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. traditional B. extreme and innovative C. simple D. accepted 15. The underlined word "legacy" most probably means ______. A. a sum of money B. something handed down from the past C. a type of award D. a physical illness 16. The word "indomitable" is closest in meaning to ______. A. weak B. easily defeated C. unconquerable D. fragile Passage 7 (主题：生物学概念) In biology, symbiosis refers to a close, long-term interaction between two different species. There are several types. Mutualism benefits both partners, like the relationship between bees and flowers. Commensalism benefits one without harming the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Parasitism, in contrast, benefits one at the expense of the other, like ticks feeding on mammals. These interactions are ubiquitous in nature and play crucial roles in ecosystem functioning. Understanding them helps scientists predict how species will respond to environmental changes. 17. The underlined word "symbiosis" most probably means ______. A. a short interaction B. a close long-term relationship between species C. competition between species D. a type of predation 18. The word "mutualism" in the passage refers to a relationship that ______. A. harms one partner B. benefits both partners C. benefits neither D. only benefits one 19. The word "parasitism" is closest in meaning to a relationship where ______. A. both benefit B. one benefits, the other is harmed C. both are harmed D. neither is affected 20. The word "ubiquitous" in this passage most probably means ______. A. rare B. harmful C. found everywhere D. beneficial 参考答案及解析 Passage 1 1. A (定义线索。第一句“describe the mental discomfort we feel when we hold two contradictory beliefs”) 2. B (上下文线索。前文提到“mental discomfort”，后文“reduce the discomfort”) Passage 2 3. A (反义线索。“its opposite, deflation, occurs when prices fall”) 4. B (定义线索。“an extreme form where prices rise rapidly and uncontrollably”) Passage 3 5. C (定义线索。“act in ways that benefit others at a cost to themselves”) 6. B (举例线索。例子用于说明前面定义的 altruistic behavior) Passage 4 7. B (上下文线索。下文描述微塑料的危害：无法去除、进入食物链等) 8. C (上下文线索。“found everywhere”是直接解释) Passage 5 9. B (熟词生义。结合“new smartphone”和“immediate success”，可知是发布销售) 10. B (上下文。竞争对手发布新品，用unveiled，意为“揭幕、推出”) 11. C (上下文。因为对手产品更好，销量应下降，plummet意为“暴跌”) 12. A (上下文。为挽回市场，推出软件更新，roll out意为“推出、实施”) Passage 6 13. C (上下文。她开创了护理领域，是先锋) 14. B (上下文。她的方法在当时被认为激进，因为与主流不同) 15. B (上下文。她的贡献延续至今，legacy意为“遗产、传承”) 16. C (构词法+上下文。in-否定前缀+domitable可征服的，意为“不可征服的”) Passage 7 17. B (定义线索。“refers to a close, long-term interaction between two different species”) 18. B (定义线索。“Mutualism benefits both partners”) 19. B (定义线索。“benefits one at the expense of the other”) 20. C (上下文线索。前文举例说明这些相互作用普遍存在) 教学使用建议： 建议学生先复习猜词线索，然后做题时在原文中划出线索词。做完后对照解析，分析每道题使用了什么线索，并积累常见词根词缀。可结合历年真题进行强化训练。 2/2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $