板块1 专题1 专题强化训练3 说明文-【备考最优解】2026版高考二轮专题复习·英语创新版（教用word）

专题强化训练 专题强化训练3　说明文 题源：https：//www.scientificamerican.com/ What would you say if you suddenly hit your toe on a doorframe? Depending on how much it hurts, you might yell in pains, crying a stream of curse words—or utter a very specific interjection(感叹词) such as “ouch” or “ow”． Ponsonnet, a linguist, and her colleagues searched databases of 131 world languages for interjections that express pain and two other basic emotions, disgust and joy. The sample included dozens of language families from Asia, Australia, Latin America, Africa and Europe. According to their report in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, many languages have an interjection word for expressing pain. In Chinese, it's ai-ya; in French, it's aie; and in several Australian accents, it's yakayi. Researchers found that [a] dominates the nonlinguistic, often subconscious cries of pain, called vocalizations. In fact, these interjections resembled one another in different languages more than they resembled other words of the same language.This effect—which did not hold true for interjections expressing joy or disgust—was driven by one category of vowels [a], which often combines with other letters to create sounds such as “ai” and “ow”． Could those similarities come from the primal (原始的), nonlinguistic sounds that seem to automatically spring from us when we get hurt? Research on this idea is rare, so Ponsonnet joined forces with Pisanski, who studies vocal communication's evolution in mammals (哺乳动物), to conduct another experiment. The researchers recruited 166 English, Japanese，Spanish, Turkish and Chinese speakers to produce the sounds they would make if they were experiencing pain, disgust or joy. This time the team found that for each emotion, vocalizations contained similar vowel sounds across those five languages. For disgust, the most common sound was [e] (pronounced like “uh”); for joy, it was [i](pronounced like “ee”) ; and for pain, it was the now familiar [a]. For disgust and joy, the vocalizations may be similar across the planet, but their interjections are far more diverse—perhaps because these feelings carry more cultural dimensions than pain, Pisanski suggests.“Pain is pain, I think, no matter where you're from，” she says. “It's a biological experience.” 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。 文章通过跨语言研究介绍了语言与生物体验之间的深层联系。 1．What is the main focus of the study conducted by Ponsonnet? A．The cultural dimensions of pain, disgust and joy. B．The certain interjections in different languages. C．The evolution of vocal communication in mammals. D．The biological experience of pain in different cultures. B　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Ponsonnet, a linguist, and her colleagues...disgust and joy.”可知，不同语言中的某些感叹词是语言学家研究的重点。 2．What does the underlined part “This effect” refer to in paragraph 4? A． Pain interjections are more alike across languages. B．Joy and disgust are more similar across languages. C．Emotional sounds are similar in the same language. D．Pain interjections are more alike in the same language. A　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线部分上文中的“these interjections resembled...of the same language”可知，This effect 指的就是不同语言中表示疼痛的感叹词更加相似的这种情况。 3．What can be inferred from Pisanski's statement in the last paragraph? A．Pain is the only emotion that has a biological basis. B．The expression of pain is more varied than that of joy or disgust. C．Pain is a universal experience that crosses cultural differences. D．The interjections for pain are more complex than those for other emotions. C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Pain is pain, I think, no matter where you're from，’ she says.‘It's a biological experience.’”可知，皮桑斯基认为痛苦是一种跨越文化差异的生理上的体验。 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Comparing the expressions of emotions in different cultures. B．Exploring the reasons of similar pain-related interjections. C．Analyzing the role of vowels in forming emotional words. D．Studying cultural differences in expressing disgust and joy. B　解析：文章大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了表示疼痛的感叹词的跨语言相似性、产生原因及其生物学根源，并总结了不同情感表达的差异性。 A (2025·杭州高三质检)When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928，he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched.Rather than simply starting over，Fleming switched his focus to the fungus.He identified the bacteria-killing substance，which he called“penicillin”，and seemingly at a single stroke，created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素). That's how most people see innovation：A flash of brilliance.Then Eureka! A new world is born.The truth，however，is messier.It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming's discovery in context，consider Ignaz Semmelweis，who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame.That was because in the 1850s，his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory，which attributed disease to “bad air”．After his death in 1865，germ theory was accepted，paving the way for Fleming's later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator.When he published his results in 1929，few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper，understood its importance，and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity.By 1943，with World War Ⅱraging，the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin，saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics.Fleming，Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support.For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and AI，their innovators，while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations，who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas.So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章以发明青霉素为例， 说明了创新并非简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。 1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. C　解析：段落大意题。通读前两段可知，前两段通过亚历山大·弗莱明发现青霉素的故事，指出人们认为创新是灵光一闪是对创新的普遍误解，实际上并非如此简单。因此，前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。 2．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck's got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs. D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“After his death in...Fleming's later work.”可知，这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。 3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. B　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在句可知，21个公司量产的青霉素拯救了无数生命， 开启了抗生素的新时代。 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations：Individuals Are True Heroes B．From Failure to Success：The Story of Penicillin C．The Lone Genius：Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin D．The Long Road to Penicillin：How Innovation Happens　 D　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了青霉素从发现到广泛应用的漫长过程，并以青霉素为例，说明了创新并非绝大部分人认为的天才的灵光一现，而是需要众多因素共同作用的复杂过程。 B (2025·石家庄质检)If you asked me to name the yearly sports activity, I would give the title to HYROX, which is an individual but interactive activity. Fitness fans run eight kilometres and stop after each to perform exercises such as sled pushes or burpees. The faster you complete the course, the higher your score is in the HYROX worldwide rankings. Many surveys indicate that people are exercising more now than in previous years. It's individual fitness pursuits that are driving the rise. I spent the first half of my 29-year-old life as a hockey player and the second as a distance runner. I long for the common goal of team sports, but I also value the responsibility and clear results that come from working toward my own running targets. So it's odd to me that people prefer individual fitness pursuits to team sports. One common explanation is that organized sports haven't bounced back. When people learned to exercise with less money, equipment, space, time and organization, they kept individual activities. Meanwhile, there are now fitness apps for users to tailor workouts based on their heart rates and sleep quality. The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines. However, an obvious problem for individual sports is loneliness. Engaging in team sports is a proven way to ease it, which boosts our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships. Well, HYROX is a combined activity：an individual sport that we do with others. Each competition follows the same scoring system, which allows people to compare their results with others around the world. It's the type that has come to dominate the fitness world. And, according to Guy Faulkner, a professor at the University of British Columbia, if it gets people out of the door, then it's a good one. “The most effective form of sport, ” he said, “is the form you will sustain.” 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了室内健身跑比赛这一新兴的兼具独立性与互动性的活动，阐述了人们越来越倾向于个人健身追求的现象及原因等，还提及专家对有效运动形式的看法。 5．What is the key feature of HYROX? A．It requires teamwork and shared plans. B．It is organized to find sports partners. C．It skips physical challenges for leisure. D．It is self-paced but ranked with others. D 　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的 “I would give the title...worldwide rankings”可知，室内健身跑比赛是个人运动， 但具有互动性；它由个人控制节奏但会和其他人一起排名。 6.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Negative effects of collective sports. B．Methods of choosing wearables. C．Reasons for the shift to individual fitness. D．Tailored workouts with fitness apps. C　解析：段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段整体阐述了人们转向个人健身的原因。 7.How does HYROX address the problem with individual sports? A．By targeting people afraid of public interactions. B．By connecting individuals with shared experiences. C．By prioritizing personal achievements over group goals. D．By offering a kind of treatment for mental health issues. B　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，室内健身跑比赛是个人和他人一起进行的运动， 有统一的评分系统，能让人们和世界各地的人比较成绩，即通过这种方式将有共同经历 (都参与室内健身跑比赛运动) 的个人联系起来。 8．What does Guy Faulkner consider the most effective sport? A．Sport that requires the least effort. B．Sport that involves more people. C．Sport that one will do consistently. D．Sport that provides the quickest results. C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“And, according to Guy Faulkner...‘The most effective form of sport，’ he said, ‘is the form you will sustain.’”可知，他认为最有效的运动是人们能持续进行的运动。 C (2025·石家庄质检)A third of the Arctic's tundra (北极冻原), forests and wetlands have become a source of carbon emissions, a new study has found, as global heating ends thousands of years of carbon storage. For thousands of years, Arctic land ecosystems have acted as a deep-freeze, holding potential emissions in the tundra. But ecosystems in the region are releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere with rising temperatures, a study published in Nature Climate Change concluded. More than 30% of the region is a source of CO2, according to the analysis, rising to 40% when emissions from wildfires are included. By using data from 200 study sites between 1990 and 2020, the research demonstrates how the Arctic's tundra, forests and wetlands are being transformed by rapid warming. The shift is occurring despite the Arctic becoming greener. “In one place where I work in Alaska, when the tundra unfreezes, the plants that absorb CO2 grow more, so you can sometimes get an uptick in carbon storage，” Sue Natalia, the lead researcher said. “But the tundra continues to unfreeze and the microbes (微生物) take over. You can visually see the changes in the landscape.” There is a growing concern about the natural processes that regulate the Earth's climate, which are being affected by rising temperatures. Together, the planet's oceans, forests, soils and other natural carbon sinks absorb about half of all human emissions, but there are signs that these sinks are under stress. The Arctic ecosystem has been gathering carbon for thousands of years, helping cool the atmosphere. In a warming world, the researchers say, its carbon cycle is beginning to change and needs better monitoring. Dr Anna Virkkala, the author of the study, said, “The carbon in the Arctic soil is close to half of the Earth's soil carbon pool, much more than in the atmosphere. This huge pool should ideally stay in the ground. But now, rising temperatures are speeding the breakdown of plant and animal remains, which releases stored carbon back into the air as greenhouse gases like CO2, creating a cycle that fuels even more warming.” 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了因全球变暖，三分之一的北极冻原、 森林和湿地变为碳排放源。 9．What's the main reason for the release of carbon from Arctic soils? A．Tundra defrosting. B．Wildfire erupting. C．Tree over-cutting. D．Wetland disappearing. A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段内容及第四段中的 “But the tundra continues to unfreeze and the microbes take over.”可推知，冻原解冻是北极土壤中碳释放的主要原因。 10.What does the underlined word “uptick” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Boost. B．Loss. C．Limit. D．Release. A　解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的 “when the tundra unfreezes...in carbon storage”并结合常识可知， 当冻原解冻时， 吸收二氧化碳的植物生长得更多，此时碳储存量应该是有所增加。因此，画线词与boost意思相近。 11.What can we infer about the Arctic's soil carbon pool according to Dr Anna Virkkala? A．It has less carbon than the air. B．It ought to be stored in the tundra. C．It can break down organic matter. D．It is less affected by global warming. B　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 “The carbon in...stay in the ground.”可推知，安娜·维尔卡拉认为北极土壤中的碳库巨大， 理想情况下应该被储存在冻原中。 12.What is the main idea of the passage? A．Arctic greening cuts carbon emissions. B．More carbon is being released in Arctic. C．Arctic carbon storage is growing rapidly. D．Extreme climate makes Arctic inhabitable. B　解析：文章大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了随着全球变暖， 北极生态系统的变化导致更多碳被释放。 外刊 [障碍词]a stream of一连串的　utter v．说出　dominate v．在……中具有最重要(或明显)的特色　subconscious adj.下意识的 resemble v．像，看起来像　join forces with与……合作　recruit v．征募　dimension n．方面　[熟词生义]spring(常用义)n.春天 (文章义)v.突然说；突然出现 A篇 [高频词]innovation n. (新事物、思想或方法的) 创造，创新，改革　come into use开始被使用　conflict with与……发生冲突　attribute...to...把……归因于……，认为……是由于……　gifted adj.有天赋的，天资聪慧的　[障碍词]switch one's focus to把某人的注意力转移到　identify v．确认，认出，鉴定； 找到，发现　seemingly adv.看似，貌似，表面上　at a single stroke一下子　scorn n．轻蔑，鄙视　take notice注意，关注，留意　rage v．猛烈地继续，激烈进行　groundbreaking adj.开创性的，创新的，革新的 team up with...与……合作，与……协作　visionary n．有眼力的人，有远见卓识的人　fast-track v．加速……的进程 break down失败；崩溃，垮掉；出故障　[熟词生义]culture(常用义)n.文化，文明 (文章义)n.培养物；培养细胞；培养菌 B篇 [高频词]interactive adj.互动的，相互交流的　fitness n．健康；健身　indicate v．表明、暗示　pursuit n．追求；事业；爱好　long for渴望，向往　odd adj.奇怪的，怪异的　organized adj.有组织的　routine n．常规，惯例　engage in (使)从事，参加　ease v．(使) 减轻，(使)缓解　effective adj.有效的　sustain v．维持；使保持，使稳定持续　[障碍词]bounce back恢复，复原；重整旗鼓 workout n．体育锻炼，训练　wearable n．可穿戴设备　[熟词生义]name(常用义) n．名字 (文章义) v．选中　tailor(常用义) n．裁缝 (文章义) v．专门制作， 定做 C篇 [高频词]emission n．排放物；(光、热、气等的)发出，射出，排放　storage n．贮存，贮藏(空间)　act as充当、担任　potential adj.潜在的　demonstrate v．证明，证实，说明　take over接替，取代　cycle n．循环　monitor v．监视，检查　breakdown n．分解　[障碍词]unfreeze v．(使)解冻，化冻，融化　regulate v．调节，控制(速度、压力、温度等)　carbon sink碳汇 长难句 分析 [A篇]When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928，he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus, killing any colonies it touched. [分析]　本句是主从复合句。句中When引导时间状语从句；“he had grown”为省略关系词的定语从句，修饰先行词a bacteria culture；“killing...touched”为现在分词短语作状语，其中“it touched”为省略关系词的定语从句。 [译文]　在1928年，当亚历山大·弗莱明回到实验室时，他发现自己培养的细菌培养物被霉菌感染了，霉菌所接触到的任何菌落都被杀死了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $