内容正文:
第三讲 根据逻辑关系,化解阅读七选五
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文章的段与段、句与句之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系,抓住语篇中的逻辑关系线索是解题的关键,将极大地提高阅读七选五的正确率。具体来说,七选五中常见的逻辑关系有以下几种:转折关系、并列/递进关系、因果关系、解释关系和例证关系。
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转折关系
表示转折关系的标志词有but、 however、 yet、 though(不过、然而)、or/otherwise、 instead、 nevertheless、 still、 by contrast、 compared to等。
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【经典感悟】 (2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)
In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2,672 pages, it's not exactly short. It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 39._________________________________ However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there's nothing better.
A.I don't often use this dictionary.
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For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755.“To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work,” wrote Johnson,illustrating one definition of “dull”. 40.___________________________________________ A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
D.But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
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A.I don't often use this dictionary.
B.It takes no account of the context.
C.But I still don't want to replace them.
D.But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
E.Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.
F.That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.
G.Dictionaries don't always give you enough information.
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[典例分析]
39.上文介绍了作者拥有的Shorter Oxford Dictionary这本词典,根据下文中的However可知,空处应与下文构成转折关系,下文提到当作者需要查看一个单词的来源或查找其用法的例子时,没有比这更好的了。空处应讲作者不经常用这本词典,结合选项可知,A项符合语境。
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40.上文讲到编写词典是件乏味的工作,下文讲到浏览其中的一两页也是一种有益的体验,即浏览词典的好处;空处应与上文构成转折关系且引起下文,说明浏览词典的好处。C项和D项中都含有表示转折关系的“But”,但前文未出现与作者替换词典相关的内容,故排除C项。D项内容与上文中的“To make dictionaries is dull work”表达相反的意义,且其中的a pleasure to read与下文中的a rewarding experience为同义表达。
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并列/递进关系
表示并列或递进关系的标志词有and、also、first、second、next、then、to begin with、further、similarly、moreover、in addition、what's more、not only...but (also)...、for one thing...for another (一方面……另一方面)等。
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【经典感悟1】 (2024·全国甲卷)
Control emotional (情绪的) eating. 39._______________________ ______________________Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.
B.We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger.
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A.Eat properly throughout the day.
B.We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C.Don't swallow a meal on the way to work.
D.Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E.Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
F.For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.
G.That won't lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
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[典例分析] 下文中的also表明与空处构成并列关系,空处应有与turn to food相关的动作和目的。B项中的satisfy hunger与下文中的deal with unpleasant emotions都说明了人们摄入食物的目的。
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【经典感悟2】 (2023·全国乙卷)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 36._________________________________, but studies have shown that they can promote people's wellbeing by improving their mood (心情), reducing stress and helping their memory. What's more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
B.Not only do they look beautiful
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A.All plants are different
B.Not only do they look beautiful
C.There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D.Instead, they grow better inside, where it is warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
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[典例分析] 上文指出室内绿植是家里的“无名英雄”,下文表明室内绿植还可以通过改善心情、减轻压力、增进记忆力来提升人们的幸福感,空处应与之并列,说明室内绿植的益处。抓住逻辑关系线索词,空后的but与B项中的Not only在逻辑上构成并列关系。
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因果关系
表示因果关系的标志词有so、 therefore、 thus、 consequently (因此)、 as a result (of)等。
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【经典感悟】 (2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. However, the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.
...
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The third technique is to try printing out a triple-spaced (三倍行距) copy to allow space for revision. 39.___________________________ _______________________________As a result, these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space. After you have revised your draft until it is too messy to work from anymore, you can enter your changes into your word processor. 40.Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space. The resulting blank space invites you to revise.
F.Many beginning writers don't leave enough space to revise.
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A.Make sure your handwriting is neat.
B.Let your pen follow the waves of thought.
C.The second draft of the essay should be better.
D.First of all, learn the technique of nonstop writing.
E.Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.
F.Many beginning writers don't leave enough space to revise.
G.Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space.
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[典例分析] 上文说要打印一份三倍行距的稿子,以留出修改的空间;下文说这些作者从来没有养成划掉草稿中的大块内容并在空白处修改的习惯。根据下文中的As a result可知,空处与下文构成因果关系。根据these writers可知,上文应有其指代的人。浏览选项可以发现,F项恰好是后一句的原因,且选项中的Many beginning writers与these writers相呼应。
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解释关系
从逻辑意义上看,句与句之间常常有解释关系,往往作者提出观点,紧接着对这个观点进行解释说明。
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【经典感悟】 (2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)
The journey you're on won't follow a straight path. 40.________________________________________________________ Push through, give it time and put in the effort. You will harvest the rewards of an artistic life.
E.You'll hit roadblocks, and you'll feel discouraged at times.
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A.Get out of your comfort zone.
B.Make career plans and set goals.
C.Don't throw away your beginner art.
D.Share your work if you feel comfortable doing so.
E.You'll hit roadblocks, and you'll feel discouraged at times.
F.Evaluate your performance and, if needed, redefine your role.
G.You'll develop that painting muscle memory that only comes with repetition.
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[典例分析] 上文说“你的旅行不是一条笔直的道路”,下文说“坚持下去,给它时间,付出努力”,这是面对困境时的做法,因此,空处应承接上一句,解释为什么不是笔直的道路。E项中的hit roadblocks和feel discouraged解释了你的旅程为什么不是一条笔直的道路。
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例证关系
前后的某句是为了证明另一个句子而举的例子。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有like、 such as、 for example、 for instance、 in other words、 that is to say等。
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【经典感悟1】 (2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)
In a journal or on a piece of paper, put the heading “Personal strengths.” 37._______________________________________________ ________Are you caring? Creative? Generous? A good listener? Fun to be around? They don't have to be world-changing, just aspects of your personality that you're proud of.
B.Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.
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A.A little self-forgiveness also goes a long way.
B.Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.
C.They might even like to have a go at doing the exercise.
D.It's just as important to show yourself some forgiveness.
E.It doesn't mean you have to ignore what's happened or forget it.
F.Whatever it is, no matter how small it might seem, write it down.
G.Whatever the mistake, remember it isn't a fixed aspect of your personality.
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[典例分析] 根据上文“In a journal...‘Personal strengths.’”及下文“Are you caring... to be around?”可知,空处内容应与下文列举的优点相关。B项与下文构成例证关系,符合语境。
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【经典感悟2】 (2023·全国乙卷)
...There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. 39.________________________________________________________.
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
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A.All plants are different
B.Not only do they look beautiful
C.There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D.Instead, they grow better inside, where it is warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
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[典例分析] 根据上文可知,盆栽植物能够清除有害物质。因此,空处内容应与植物的作用相关。E项列举了两种最擅长净化空气的植物,是对上文的具体例证,承接上文,符合语境。
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当堂即练 精准提升
01
32
(2025·广州模考)Wildfires can bring seemingly unavoidable destruction. So once the fire is put out, people begin to assess how to rebuild their homes. 1._________________________________________ Researchers believe climate change is making fires burn hotter and longer than ever before, causing more severe damage to the land.
1.B 解析:上文“Wildfires can bring seemingly unavoidable destruction... rebuild their homes.”引出野火过后的重建工作;B项承接上文,指出重建工作之难,符合语境。B项中的that process指代上文中的rebuild their homes。
B.Unfortunately, that process can take years.
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In the wake of wildfires, we have to act as caretakers for the earth. We need to nurture damaged ecosystems back to health. 2.___________________________________________________________
2.F 解析:上文“We need to nurture damaged ecosystems back to health.”指出重建工作的需求;下文各段落都在介绍树木在生态修复中的作用。空处应引出“植树”这个话题,F项指出植树是最佳的重建工作方式之一,承上启下,符合语境。
F.Planting trees is one of the best ways we have available.
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Trees can be restorative. Trees can be protective. For example, the dangers associated with a wildfire don't always end when the flames go out.3.________________________________________________ That's because the extra dry ground can liquify more easily if exposed to rainfall. But when trees are in the ground, their roots can help stabilize the soil. This reduces the risk of landslides.
3.E 解析:上文“the dangers associated with a wildfire don't always end when the flames go out”警示灾后风险;下文“That's because the extra dry ground can liquify more easily if exposed to rainfall.”解释山体滑坡的原因,由此可推知,空处应与下文构成因果关系, E项承接上文,提出具体风险,符合语境。E项中的a landslide与下文中的landslides是原词复现,空后的That指代E项整句内容。
E.The risk of a landslide increases after a wildfire.
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4._____________________________________________________ __________________Over time, this process helps slow the worsening effects of climate change.
4.G 解析:根据下文“Over time, this process helps slow the worsening effects of climate change.”可知,空处应阐释树木对气候变化的积极作用。G项符合语境,下文中的this process指代G项中的“树木的碳储存”这一过程。
G.Trees can also store carbon, helping limit emissions into the atmosphere.
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Researchers say climate change is one of the root causes behind the increased frequency and severity of wildfires and other natural disasters. By using trees to control the carbon released into the air, we can also limit the amount of climate-related disasters.
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There's a lot of science behind the benefits a tree can bring. 5.________________________________________ In communities struck by wildfires, people's sense of security is as damaged as the land.
5.A 解析:上文“There's a lot of science behind the benefits a tree can bring.”讲述树木有诸多科学层面的益处;下文“Standing trees signal that we have not lost hope.”表明树木对人的精神层面的价值。A项引出下文,提出另外的情感因素,But标志空处与上文形成话题上的转折关系,too标志空处与上文构成意义上的并列关系,空后的“In communities... as the land.”则承接A项,补充说明情感因素的具体体现。
A.But there's an emotional factor here, too.
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To move forward, people need a reminder that we can start again. When we plant a tree, we're making a meaningful investment in the future. Every time new roots are planted, it's an affirmation of the desire to strengthen community pride. Standing trees signal that we have not lost hope.
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A.But there's an emotional factor here, too.
B.Unfortunately, that process can take years.
C.Many animals would die in the wildfire, too.
D.And these benefits have been already proved.
E.The risk of a landslide increases after a wildfire.
F.Planting trees is one of the best ways we have available.
G.Trees can also store carbon, helping limit emissions into the atmosphere.
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【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了野火发生后,植树对灾后生态恢复的重要作用。
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(2025·南昌模拟)If you've been feeling a little pale and dried out, imagine how your houseplants feel in winter. While the sun streams in through windows all summer long, during winter it's all shadows and drafts.
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1._________________________________________________ Here are the four ways you can make them happier.
1.E 解析:上文描述了整个夏天阳光能透过窗户照进室内,而冬天则满室阴影和气流,说明了冬季室内环境不利于植物生长。下文中的 them 指代 plants。E项承接上文, 说明这样的环境会导致植物状态不好,并引出下文让植物状态更好的方法,符合语境。
E.As a result, your plants may be looking a little dull.
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Adjust the light. It's not only that the sunlight is lower in the sky—it's also available for fewer hours in the day. To guarantee your plants get enough light, you can try moving them closer to southern-facing windows. 2.____________________________________________ ___________Plant lights can ensure that your plant gets enough light where it needs it.
2.F 解析:上文提到为保证植物获得足够的光照,可将其移至朝南窗户附近;下文说植物灯能确保植物获得足够的光照。一种是自然光,一种是人造光,说明仅靠移动位置可能不够,还需要人工辅助(植物灯)。F项中的But表示转折,承接上文,man-made assistance指代下文中的Plant lights,符合语境。
F.But ultimately you may need some man-made assistance.
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Slow down the watering. I know that watering feels like the way in which we give plants love, but it is also the way in which we drown them. Too much water results in root rot. Ideally you want to water only so much that the soil is damp, but not wet, when you stick your finger in a few inches down. 3.___________________________________
_____________________
3.D 解析:该段主旨句是“Slow down the watering.”,上文提到理想的浇水情况是当你把手指伸进土壤几英寸深时,土壤是潮湿的,而不是湿透的。D项进一步说明了浇水的注意事项,符合该段主题。
D.It should have time to dry out in between watering.
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Dust your leaves. If you love your plants, you'll tend to their leaves by dusting them. Plants absorb nutrients from the air through their leaves. 4.____________________________________________________ In this case, spray them with water and wipe them with a cloth. If you're seeing leaf issues, such as all the leaves dropping, that can be a sign of over or underwatering.
4.C 解析:该段主旨句是“Dust your leaves.”,上文提到植物通过叶片从空气中吸收养分;下文提到在这种情况下,用水喷洒它们,然后用布擦拭。空处应提到叶片有问题的情况。C项给出了清洁叶片的原因,与上文内容紧密相关,也与下文中的In this case相呼应,符合该段主题。
C.And their “tiny holes” can get blocked by dust.
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5.____________________________________ Your plants enjoy the same conditions as you do. They don't enjoy hot or cold air, as either will dry them out. Each houseplant has specific needs, whether full sun, partial sun, partial shade or full shade, and you should keep their needs in mind when providing sun exposure through the day.
5.B 解析:空处为段落主旨句。下文提到植物喜欢的条件和人喜欢的一样,不喜欢冷热空气,每种室内植物都有特定的需求。所以本段内容与植物所需环境有关。B项统领下文内容,符合语境。
B.Create a welcoming environment.
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A.Avoid unfavorable factors.
B.Create a welcoming environment.
C.And their “tiny holes” can get blocked by dust.
D.It should have time to dry out in between watering.
E.As a result, your plants may be looking a little dull.
F.But ultimately you may need some man-made assistance.
G.You should be careful about watering the root, as it requires more water.
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【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章指出冬季室内植物因光照、气流等因素会状态不佳,并从光照、浇水、叶片清洁和环境营造等方面介绍了植物养护的相关事项。
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(2025·泉州三检)I was eleven years old when I spotted my neighbour, Julie, working in her garden. She asked me if I would help her cut back the hedge (树篱) overgrown over the pathway. I agreed and my brother Josh also came along to help us. We wheeled Julie's garden bin (垃圾桶) down to the hedge.
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1._________________________________________________
1.C 解析:上文描述了三人做修剪树篱的准备工作;第二段首句提到在社交媒体上发布劳动成果照片。由此可推知,空处为过渡句,衔接“准备工作”和“发布成果”。C项中的All three of us呼应上文的人物,且C项描述了劳动过程,符合语境。
C.All three of us worked on it until we reduced it.
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We posted photos of our handiwork on “Our Malmesbury”, our local social media group. The community reaction was amazing. A wheelchair user was so grateful that he didn't have to go onto the road anymore to pass the hedge. 2.___________________________________ ________________ Many people raised their hands to volunteer and do more to keep our town tidy.
2.A 解析:上文描述作者他们把修剪后树篱的照片发到社交媒体群组后,收到了一位轮椅使用者的感谢,下文提到很多人表示自愿维护小镇的整洁。A项体现了人们被带动起来,符合语境。
A.The whole town was inspired to follow our lead.
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3._____________________________________________________ Before, it looked a bit run-down, but now, the place looks cleaner and tidier. Residents comment how amazing the roses look when they flower and make the place brighter.
3.D 解析:下文介绍了镇容的变化。D项总领下文,引出了“整洁度提升、居民称赞”的内容,符合语境。
D.With many willing hands, our town has transformed.
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To keep the projects going, I managed to get funding from local businesses and associations. I used a website that lists available grants (补助). 4.________________________________________________ So Julie applied on our behalf. The funding has helped us obtain trees, plants and gardening equipment.
4.B 解析:根据下文中的So可知,空处与下文构成因果关系。上文提及作者找补助,下文提及朱莉代表他们申请。B项解释了朱莉代表申请的原因,符合语境。
B.When I first tried to apply, I wasn't of legal age.
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When we first started, everything was done out of my parent's garage. I started with almost nothing. But as time went on, donations came in from the local community. 5._____________________________ _________________________________________________There were so many items that we had to move them all to Julie's garage.
5.G 解析:上文提到最初工具存放在父母的车库,下文提到因为东西太多而不得不搬到朱莉的车库。G项与“在父母的车库”呼应,并解释了把东西搬到朱莉的车库的直接原因,符合语境。
G.Our garage got filled up so quickly with brushes, gardening tools and leaf blowers.
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Our social media group currently sits at 669 members. I'm so pleased that six years later, the campaign is still in full swing. Our mission won't stop.
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A.The whole town was inspired to follow our lead.
B.When I first tried to apply, I wasn't of legal age.
C.All three of us worked on it until we reduced it.
D.With many willing hands, our town has transformed.
E.I even won a grant to fund the planting of Queen apple trees.
F.This was the beginning of many community projects completed by volunteers.
G.Our garage got filled up so quickly with brushes, gardening tools and leaf blowers.
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【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者从偶然参与公益劳动到持续参与社区公益项目的历程。
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(2025·安徽“江南十校”一模)Knowing how to deal with depression can help you live a fuller, more productive life. The following coping techniques can help ease this mental health condition.
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Talk to someone
1.____________________________________. Staying connected can go a long way toward managing your depression. This reminds you that you're not alone. According to research, increased social connections and feeling connected can help decrease depressive symptoms.
1.C 解析:下文提到保持联系对应对抑郁很有帮助。C项中的It指代“和他人聊一聊”这一简单建议,并且effective引出下文的具体介绍。
C.It may sound simple, but it's effective
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Explore and challenge your thoughts
Depression can surface through a lot of negative thoughts, but you can learn how to challenge them with know-how and effort. 2.________
____________________________________________. Rather, it's a way to look at your real situation and restore your positivity. For instance, you might remind yourself that you are loved and then give specific examples to support this new thought pattern.
2.E 解析:根据下文中的Rather可知,空处与下文形成对比关系。下文强调这是一种审视现实、恢复积极性的方式。根据对比关系可推知,空处应该为“不是……”的情况。E项符合语境。
E.This doesn't mean just telling yourself everything's fine
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Engage in rewarding activities
Engaging in rewarding activities can help you stay active and out of depression. This can involve scheduled activities of mental health strategies. For example, you can start your day with positive self-talk and end it by writing down something you are grateful for. 3._____________________________________________________________________________.
3.G 解析:本段围绕“参加有益的活动”展开。上文介绍了进行积极的自我交流以及写下感激之事这两种具体做法。G项说明了这些活动对应对抑郁的作用,且G项中的these activities指代上文的具体做法,routine与上文中的scheduled activities呼应。
G.Including these activities into your routine can help with depression
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Practice gratitude
When you're struggling with depression, it can be difficult to be grateful. 4.___________________________________________________. Focusing on gratitude can bring you an increased sense of well-being and help you transform your understanding of belongings and abilities into sources of gratitude.
4.F 解析:上文提到挣扎于抑郁中时,很难怀有感激之情;下文提到感激带来的好处。空处应为过渡句。F项中的However表转折,且其中的appreciative与下文中的gratitude为同义复现。
F.However, being appreciative has mental health benefits
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5.____________________________
Sometimes people feel forced to apply a label they didn't want, but depression doesn't need to be part of an identity. Refusing to accept its existence only brings more pain. Accepting depression helps you become open to figuring out what led to the depression. Depression is one of the mind and body's ways of saying you need to make a change, so accepting it will help facilitate that change.
5.B 解析:本段核心是“接纳抑郁”。B项中的accept it与下文中的Accepting depression呼应,且it指代depression。
B.Learn to accept it
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A.Ignore the label
B.Learn to accept it
C.It may sound simple, but it's effective
D.Engaging in physical exercise does wonders
E.This doesn't mean just telling yourself everything's fine
F.However, being appreciative has mental health benefits
G.Including these activities into your routine can help with depression
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【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了应对抑郁的五种方法。
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Test 1 [高频词]destruction n.破坏 frequency n.频繁;发生率 [障碍词]unavoidable adj.不可避免的 assess v.评估 in the wake of...跟随在……后 caretaker n.守护者;看管人 restorative adj.有修复作用的 liquify v.(使)液化 stabilize v.(使)稳定,稳固 worsening adj.日益恶化的 severity n.严重性 affirmation n.肯定,确认
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Test 2 [高频词]guarantee v.保证;担保;确保 slow down使放慢,使减速,使减缓 keep...in mind记住…… exposure n.暴露;接触;曝光 [障碍词]stream in流入,涌入 southern-facing adj.朝南的 partial adj.部分的;偏袒的 [熟词生义]draft (常用义)n.草稿 (文章义)n.穿堂风,通风气流,通风
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Test 3 [高频词]on one's behalf代表 [障碍词]cut back修剪;削减 overgrown adj.过度生长的;杂草丛生的 handiwork n.手工成果;工作成果 run-down adj.失修的;破败的 in full swing全面展开,正处于活跃状态 [熟词生义]wheel(常用义)n.车轮(文章义)v.推动;滚动sit(常用义)v.坐 (文章义)v.处于
(某数量、水平或状态)
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Test 4 [高频词]cope v.处理;(成功地)对付 symptom n.症状 know-how n.实际知识;技能 positivity n.积极性 engage in参与;从事 facilitate v.促进 [障碍词]surface
(常用义)n.表面 (文章义)v.(负面情绪等)显现,浮现
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