专题1 微专题1 第1类 科技前沿类-【备考最优解】2026版高考二轮专题复习·英语（教用word）

第一类　科技前沿类 科技前沿类说明文行文逻辑与命题点 交代背景 [命题点] 现存问题、对新事物的介绍、发明新事物的原因或目的 介绍新事物 [命题点] 具体用途、发明过程或步骤、原理依据、优缺点等 发展前景 [命题点] 介绍预期效果、发展前景 (2023·浙江卷1月C篇)A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion. Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.” What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean. Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. 28．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph? A．To explain the use of a software program. B．To show the cleverness of Project Debater. C．To introduce the designer of Project Debater. D．To emphasize the fairness of the competition. 29．What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Arguments.　　　　　　　　　 B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences. 30．What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond? A．Create rules. B．Comprehend meaning. C．Talk fluently. D．Identify difficult words. 31．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Social interaction is key to understanding symbols. B．The human brain has potential yet to be developed. C．Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters. D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future. 【思路总结】　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 28．B　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，作者在第一段提到诺亚·奥瓦迪亚的目的是展示Project Debater的聪明。 29．C　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句前一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.”可知，画线词意为“错误”，和errors意思相同。 30．B　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“There's never a stage...talking about.”以及第三段中的“What Hammond is...the most intelligent of machines.”可知，根据哈蒙德的说法，Project Debater不能理解意义。 31．A　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，社会互动是理解符号的关键。 (2025·浙江金华十校4月模拟)A wheeled robot rolls across the floor. A soft-bodied robotic star bends its five legs, moving awkwardly. Powered by conventional electricity via plug or battery, these simple robotic creations would be unremarkable, but what sets these two robots apart is that they are controlled by a living entity (实体) : a king oyster mushroom. By growing the mushroom's mycelium (菌丝体) into the robot's hardware, a team led by Cornell University researchers has engineered two types of robots that sense and respond to the environment by using electrical signals made by the mushroom and its sensitivity to light. The robots are the latest accomplishment of scientists in a field known as biohybrid robotics who seek to combine biological, living materials such as plant and animal cells or insects with artificial components to make partly living and partly engineered entities. There's still a long way to go before biohybrid robots go beyond the lab, but researchers hope one day robot jellyfish may explore oceans, sperm-powered robots may be able to deliver fertility treatments and cyborg cockroaches could search for survivors in the wake of an earthquake. “Biohybridization is an attempt to find components in the biological world that we can use, understand, and control to help our artificial systems work better，” said Shepherd, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell University. The team began by growing king oyster mushrooms in the lab from a simple kit ordered online. The researchers chose this species of mushroom because it grows easily and quickly. They cultivated the mushroom's mycelium, which can form networks that, according to the study, can sense, communicate and transport nutrients. The team found it challenging to engineer a system that could detect and use the small electrical signals from the mycelia to command the robot. “You have to make sure that your electrode (电极) touches in the right position because the mycelia are very thin，” said lead author Anand Mishra. “Then you culture them, and when the mycelia start growing, they wrap around the electrode.” 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种将生物和科技结合起来的机器人及其工作原理和存在的挑战。 1．What is special about the two robots in the first paragraph? A．They can control living creatures. B．They can make various movements. C．They are powered by king oyster mushrooms. D．They are partly mushroom and partly machine. D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“but what sets these two robots apart...a king oyster mushroom”可知，两个机器人部分是蘑菇，部分是机器。 2．What does the author want to show by giving the examples in paragraph 4? A．The future possibilities of biohybrid robots. B．The seriousness of the environmental issues. C．The limitations of biohybrid robots beyond the lab. D．The advantages of biohybrid robots over conventional ones. A　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，作者想要说明生物混合机器人的未来可能性。 3．What did the team find difficult when engineering the robots? A．Wrapping the electrode with the mycelia. B．Arranging the electrode in the right order. C．Developing a system to cultivate the mycelia. D.Positioning the electrode accurately on the mycelia. D　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“You have to make sure...are very thin”可知，在设计机器人时，团队发现难以将电极准确定位在菌丝上。 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage? A．When Nature Meets Technology B．How Technology Transforms Nature C．King Oyster Mushrooms: the Magic of Nature D．Biohybrid Robotics: the Key to Social Development A　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段内容可知，文章介绍了一种将生物和科技结合起来的机器人及其工作原理和存在的挑战。因此，A项最适合作文章标题。 典例 [高频词]opponent n. 对手，竞争者　string v．把……串在一起　be central to在……中起核心/关键作用的　distinguish...from 区分……和……　[障碍词]outperform v．超过，胜过　iron out解决(问题)　specify v. 具体说明，详述　computation n．计算，计算过程 　[熟词生义]assign (常用义) v．分配，指派 (文章义) v. 赋予 模拟 [高频词]unremarkable adj.一般的，平常的　set...apart区分开，使……与众不同　in the wake of随……之后而来，跟随在……后　nutrient n．营养素，营养物　[障碍词]oyster n．牡蛎，蚝　biohybrid adj.生物混合的　aerospace n．航空航天(工业) [熟词生义]engineer (常用义) n．工程师 (文章义)v.设计；制造　culture (常用义) n．文化 (文章义) v．培养，培育 长难句 分析 [典例]What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. [分析]　本句是并列复合句。第一个what引导主语从句；第二个what引导宾语从句，作介词to的宾语。 [译文]　哈蒙德所指的是意义的问题，而意义在区分最不聪明的人类与最聪明的机器之间起关键作用。 [模拟]By growing the mushroom's mycelium into the robot's hardware, a team led by Cornell University researchers has engineered two types of robots that sense and respond to the environment by using electrical signals made by the mushroom and its sensitivity to light. [分析]　本句是复合句。介词短语“By growing...”作方式状语；过去分词短语“led by...”作后置定语，修饰a team；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词robots；过去分词短语“made by...”作后置定语，修饰signals。 [译文]　康奈尔大学研究人员领导的团队通过将蘑菇的菌丝体植入机器人硬件，设计出了两种能够利用蘑菇产生的电信号及其对光的敏感性来感知环境并做出反应的机器人。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $