内容正文:
UNIT 7 ART
主题语境:人与社会——艺术
Section Ⅲ Grammar(1)
名词性从句
框架脉络
回忆温故 回顾定语从句,认识名词性从句。
(1)定语从句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰名词或代词,所以也被称为形容词性从句。它通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词之后,被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。引导定语从句的词有关系代词(如 who, whom, whose, which, that 等)和关系副词(如 when, where, why 等)。
The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.(“who is wearing a red dress”是定语从句,修饰先行词“the girl” )
感知语法
(2)名词性从句相当于一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语,因此可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。定语从句的引导词都可以用于引导名词性从句,但其意义和用法均发生变化,另有部分引导词只能用于名词性从句,不能用于定语从句,如what, whether/if, because, how, wh-ever词等。
观察知新
观察下面句中的从句,在右边横线上写出从句类型及其引导词。
1.I know the man who saved the child. _______________
2. Who saved the child is still unknown. _______________
3. The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. _______________
4. That he will come to the party is certain. _______________
5. I don't know where he lives. _________________
6. The problem is how we can solve it. _______________
定语从句;who
主语从句;who
定语从句;that
主语从句;that
宾语从句;where
表语从句;how
一、名词性从句的分类及辨别方法
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的从句,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语,因此名词性从句可细分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
精讲语法
1.主语从句
整个从句在主句中作主语,一般位于句首,在it充当形式主语的句式中主语从句后置。
That he will come to the party is certain.
他会来参加派对是确定的。
Whether he can solve the problem is still unknown.
他是否能解决这个问题仍然未知。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
任何违法的人都应该受到惩罚。
It doesn't matter when we arrive.
我们什么时候到达并不重要。
2.表语从句
整个从句在主句中作表语,一般放在系动词be或者半系动词如seem, look, appear等后边。
The problem is how we can improve our English.
问题是我们如何能提高我们的英语水平。
That's why he was late for school.
那就是他上学迟到的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨了。
3.宾语从句
整个从句在主句中作宾语,一般放在及物动词或者介词后边,如果出现形式宾语it的句式,则宾语从句后置。
I wonder where he lives.
我想知道他住在哪里。
She asked me what I was doing.
她问我正在做什么。
He found it strange that she didn't come to the party.
他发现她没来参加派对很奇怪。
You must see to it that all the doors are locked before you leave.
你离开前必须确保所有的门都锁好了。
4.同位语从句
整个从句在主句中作同位语,一般放在名词后边,解释说明名词的内容,但不修饰该名词。
The news that our team has won the game is true.
我们队赢了这场比赛的消息是真的。
The question whether we should continue the experiment has not been answered.
我们是否应该继续这个实验的问题还没有得到答案。
I have no idea when he will come back.
我不知道他什么时候会回来。
二、名词性从句连接词的基本用法
宾语从句 主语
从句 表语
从句 同位
语从句 同位
语从
句
动词宾语 介词宾语
从属
连词 that 不作成分,只起连接作用 √(可
省略) √
(不可
省略) √
(不可
省略) √
(不可
省略) √
(不可
省略) √
(不可
省略)
whether 意为“是否” √ √ √ √ √ √
if 意为“是否” √ × × × × ×
as if/though 意为“好像” × × × √ × ×
because 意为“因为” × × × √ × ×
连接
代词 who(ever),
whom(ever),
what(ever),
which(ever),
whose 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语,其意义等同于疑问句中的意义;带-ever的意义加强,表示为“任何……”。 √ √ √ √
(一般不用
wh-ever词引导)
连接
副词 when, how, where, why 在从句中作状语,意义等同于在疑问句中意义。 √ √ √ √ √
注意
1.连接词在从句作的成分跟从句类型没有关系,如作状语的连接词when/where可能引导主语从句或宾语从句;作宾语的what(-ever)也可引导主语从句。
2.名词性从句的类型需要根据整个从句在大句子中所作的成分而定,如从句在及物动词或介词后一般是宾语从句,在系动词后多为表语从句,位于句首多为主语从句,位于名词后且能解释说明名词内容则为同位语从句。
3. 名词性从句引导词比定语从句引导词多,其意义大多相当于疑问句中的疑问词,这一点不同于定语从句。
4.that在定语从句和名词性从句中用法差异明显,what不引导定语从句,这是考查重点。
5.that和whether/if在名词性从句中均不作成分,只起连接作用,但that无意义,whether/if可译为“是否”。
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。(引导主语从句)
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。(引导主语从句)
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。(引导形式主语句型中的主语从句)
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。(引导主语从句)
It's a good thing that you were insured.
幸好你上了保险。(引导主语从句)
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。(引导宾语从句)
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。(引导宾语从句)
The question is whether we can get in touch with her.
问题是我们是否能联系上她。(引导表语从句)
Raw material is what we are badly in need of.
原材料是我们所急需的。(引导表语从句)
I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回家。(引导同位语从句)
三、名词性从句重难用法释疑
1.that与what引导名词性从句的区别
that在从句中不充当句子成分,也没有含义,在宾语从句中可省略;what可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,意思是“什么,……的事情,什么样的”,不可省略。如:
The fact is that he has made a big mistake.
事实是他犯了一个大错误。
What you said just now really surprised me.
你刚才说的话真的让我很惊讶。
I believe (that) she is honest.
我相信她是诚实的。
2.wh-词与wh-ever引导名词性从句的区别
连接词what(……的东西或事情),which(哪一个/些),who(谁)包含疑问含义;而whatever (anything that),whichever (any...that),whoever (anyone who)加强语气,失去了疑问意义,而表示“无论……”。同理,where(哪里;……的地方)和wherever(任何地方),when(何时;……的时间)和whenever(不论何时)也存在类似差别。试比较:
You can choose whichever you think is the best.
你可以选择你认为最好的任何一个。
Please tell me which book you prefer.
请告诉我你更喜欢哪本书。
I'll tell you whenever you want to know.
无论你什么时候想知道,我都会告诉你。
When he will arrive is still unknown.
他什么时候到达仍然未知。
I don't understand what he said at the meeting.
我不明白他在会议上说了什么。
You can take whatever you like from the shop.
你可以从商店里拿走你喜欢的任何东西。
3.whether与if的区别
表示“是否”时,二者在部分主语从句和宾语从句中可以换用,但多数名词性从句中用whether而不用if:
(1)主语从句置于句首时;
(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时;
(3)引导介词后的宾语从句时;
(4)与or not连用时;
(5)引导词后接to do时。
Whether we can finish the task on time is still a question.
我们是否能按时完成任务还是个问题。
She asked if/whether I had received her email.
她问我是否收到了她的电子邮件。
4.区分定语从句和名词性从句
(1)定语从句前面一般有一个被修饰的名词或代词,而名词性从句前面一般没有名词或代词,而是有动词、介词、系动词等。
(2)从句在句首或者以形式主语it开头,为名词性从句中的主语从句。
(3)同位语从句前面有名词,但从句和该名词不是修饰附属关系,而是解释说明的关系。二者构成修饰关系时是定语从句。
(4)对于能够同时引导这两类从句的引导词来说,在定语从句中引导词多和被修饰的名词或代词构成指称关系,因此引导词意义确定;而名词性从句中的引导词没有指称的名词,因此多含有疑问意义。
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。(定语从句)
The house which stands by the river belongs to my uncle.
河边的那座房子是我叔叔的。(定语从句)
I don't know which dress she likes best.
我不知道她最喜欢哪条裙子。(名词性从句)
This is the factory where my father once worked.
这就是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。(定语从句)
I wonder where he has gone.
我想知道他去了哪里。(名词性从句)
The problem is what we should do next.
问题是我们接下来该做什么。(名词性从句)
巧学活用1——单句语法填空
①Pick yourself up. Courage is doing _____ you are afraid to do.
②Unfortunately,I missed this event for the reason _____ I had to go and visit my grandma's house instead.
③I asked ________ they could change my ticket or not.
④_____ he said at the meeting shocked everyone.
⑤____ will be responsible for this project has not been decided yet.
⑥Sarah hopes to become a friend of ________ shares her interests.
what
that
whether
What
Who
whoever
巧学活用2——补全句子
①___________________________________ (他是否会来参加派对)remains unknown.
②___________________________(哪个队会赢得这场比赛) is hard to predict.
③Do you have any idea _____________________________________(教室里到底发生了什么事)?
④The reason why he missed classes was______________________(他生病住院了).
⑤Don't take it for granted __________________________(钱就是一切).
Whether he will come to the party or not
Which team will win the game
what is actually going on in the classroom
that he was ill in hospital
that money means everything
谢 谢 观 看
UNIT 7 ART
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