精品解析：上海市杨浦区控江中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评英语试卷

上海市控江中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评 英语试卷 (笔试满分115分，完成时间105分钟) 2025.9 II. Grammar and Vocabulary (每题1分, 共20分) Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, used one word that best fits each blank. Coral Cultures Studying corals usually requires either observing them alive in the ocean or examining their dead tissue in a laboratory. But new research offers a way to keep all coral cell types alive in a lab cultures for two weeks or ____1____ (long), opening novel experimental possibilities. The cells of cnidarians (a group that includes corals and sea anemones) are notoriously difficult ____2____ (culture). These cells ____3____ (easily damage) during extraction, and corals also have complex microbiomes (微生物群) that are tricky to wipe out with antibiotics. But ____4____ left alive, the microbes often take over cell cultures. Many cnidarians are both endangered and critical for marine ecosystem health. “We need to do more than just document ____5____ death,” says University of Miami marine biologist Nikki Traylor-Knowles, who is senior author on a new study in Scientific Reports. In it, her team details how to reduce a coral to its constituent cells and then grow them all together — like ____6____ (cultivate) the animal on a plate. The researchers made slight changes to a standard growth medium (made of seawater, chemicals and antibiotics) to reach optimal formulas for two different cnidarian species. These formulas let all the ____7____ (test) species’ cell types grow at once, without microbes or extraneous (无关的) tissues. The new methodology will bring unparalleled visibility into how cell types interact, Traylor-Knowles says, and it will allow for higher-volume experiments without raising or killing whole animals. Scientists do not yet understand all cnidarian cell types, ____8____ their functions. These cultures could show how different cells respond to stressors, ____9____ types are most vulnerable to health failures, and possibly where cnidarians get their impressive regenerative abilities. The study is groundbreaking, says molecular biologist Juris Grasis of the University of California, Merced, who was not involved with the paper but also studies cnidarians. He says he was “jealous as hell” when he saw the result. Some cell populations survived for as long as 30 days, he notes, ____10____ implies the possibility of scaling up cell reproduction for future research. Next up, Grasis says: “How do we translate this back into the field and make corals healthy again?” Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one more word than you need. A. chief B. contained C. cousin D. defeat E. engaging F. experience G. imposing H. persist I. paralyzed J. obligations K. rushed A lively, entertaining, and philosophical guide to time and time management The average human lifespan is absurdly, terrifyingly, insultingly short. Here’s one way of putting things in perspective: the first modern humans appeared on the plains of Africa at least 200,000 years ago, and scientists estimate that life, in some form, will ___11___ for another 1.5 billion years or more, until the intensifying heat of the sun puts the last organism to death. But you? Assuming you live to be eighty, you’ll have had about four thousand weeks. It follows from this that time management, broadly defined, should be everyone’s ___12___ concern; arguably, time management is all life is. Yet the modern discipline known as time management, like its hipper ___13___ productivity, is a depressingly narrow-minded affair, focused on how to crank through as many work tasks as possible, or on devising the perfect morning routine, or on cooking all your dinners for the week in one big batch on Sundays. These things matter to some extent, no doubt. But they’re hardly all that matters. The world is bursting with wonder, yet it’s the rare productivity guru (大师) who seems to have considered the possibility that the point of all our frenetic doing might be to ___14___ more of that wonder. The world also seems to be heading to hell in a handcart — a pandemic has ___15___ society, and the planet is getting hotter and hotter — but good luck finding a time management system that makes any room for ___16___ productively with your fellow citizens, with current events, or with the fate of the environment. This book is an attempt to redress the balance. It is written in the belief that time management has failed miserably. Productivity is a trap. Becoming more efficient just makes you more ___17___. Nobody in the history of humanity has ever achieved “work-life balance,” whatever that might be. The day will never arrive when you finally have everything under control: when the flood of emails has been ___18___; when your to-do lists have stopped getting longer; when you’re meeting all your ___19___ at work and in your home life; and when the fully optimized person you’ve become can turn, at last, to the things life is really supposed to be about. Let’s start by admitting ____20____: none of this is ever going to happen. But you know what? That’s excellent news. III. Reading Comprehension (45分) Section A (每题1分, 共15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Patient Care Must Include a Gun Talk “Hello, what brings you here today?” a doctor asks a patient. “I’m here for my checkup,” the patient responds. “Great. Let’s start with some routine screening questions to see whether you have any ___21___ factors we need to talk about,” the doctor says. “Do you exercise regularly? Do you smoke? Do you consume drugs or alcohol? Do you eat a healthy diet? Do you have access to a firearm inside or outside of your household?” “No, no, no, no, yes,” the patient answers. “Okay, let’s talk about firearm safety,” the doctor says. Sounds simple, right? But it really isn’t. For years doctors have considered gun violence to be a public health issue. Nevertheless, most health-care workers still do not talk to their patients about guns. In many settings, questions about firearm safety are ___22___ except in special cases such as those concerning people who are at risk of suicide, which accounts for roughly 60 percent of the nearly 40,000 gun deaths in the U.S. every year. Such targeted screening, however, can ___23___ bias and stigmatization (污名化), which hinders our ability to normalize conversations about firearm safety with our patients. If we could figure out how to make such safety checks routine, the harm ___24___ could be significant — and we could provide policy makers with valuable insights into how to depolarize, depoliticize and humanize discussions surrounding the prevention of firearm injuries. ___25___, we in the health-care lane have a unique opportunity to use an approach that focuses solely on safety and injury prevention, without involving the Second Amendment. Such universal “we ask everyone” strategies — which can ___26___ the pressure to decide who does and does not need screening — have been used successfully in public health approaches to other polarized issues such as substance use, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. So why are many doctors ___27___ to bring up firearm injury prevention? The truth is that we do not fully understand why. We know very little about how to normalize and humanize conversations about it — and ___28___ don’t want us to. A decade ago, for example, Florida went so far as to forbid physicians from asking patients routine gun-related questions and courts ultimately invalidated (使无效) the law as a(n) ___29___ of doctors’ rights. We do not have the data we need to inform us on the best way to have these talks. Health-care workers already face a number of evident ___30___ when it comes to such counseling, including a lack of education on the subject, fear of offending some patients, and inadequate resources for screening and counseling about ___31___ strategies. Fortunately, the tide is changing. A combination of recent federal funding for research into firearm injury prevention, momentum in the health-care industry and the ___32___ level of gun violence in the U.S. might finally push doctors to ask every patient about firearm safety and gun violence risk during routine health visits. We need to work diligently with gun owners, survivors and community-based organizations alike to develop culturally competent education and ___33___ strategies geared toward making these talks a part of routine checkups. Being able to ask the questions in the first place is an essential starting point. The country is at last ___34___ concerned physicians in supporting a public health approach to gun violence prevention. If we succeed in depolarizing conversations about firearm deaths, as well as about the hundreds of nonfatal firearm injuries that happen every day in the U.S., it could have a ___35___ effect among the general public, further bolstering (加强) our argument that this matter is a public health issue. Let’s make sure we get it right. 21. A. key B. complicating C. risk D. contributing 22. A. searching B. offensive C. open-ended D. straight 23. A. address B. minimize C. detect D. introduce 24. A. assessment B. reduction C. prediction D. enhancement 25. A. After all B. In addition C. Nevertheless D. Instead 26. A. remove B. activate C. legalize D. release 27. A. straightforward B. hard C. hesitant D. indifferent 28. A. children protectors B. gun-rights activists C. manufacturing workers D. weapon dealers 29. A. shortage B. violation C. preservation D. admission 30. A. barriers B. facts C. aids D. consequences 31. A. innovative B. risky C. deliberate D. preventive 32. A. recommended B. low C. superficial D. shocking 33. A. acceleration B. intervention C. perfection D. recognition 34. A. turning off B. putting away C. getting behind D. speeding up 35. A. ripple B. calming C. disproportionate D. disastrous Section B (每题2分, 共22分) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage (资助) in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the “American”, “native”, or, occasionally, “New York” school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school. The sobriquet (绰号, 外号) was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson’s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity — a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. 36. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The National Academy of Design B. Landscape painting that featured the Hudson River C. North American landscape paintings D. The training of American artists in European academies 37. According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835? A. It mediated conflicts between artists. B. It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques. C. It determined which subjects were appropriate. D. It supported their growth and development. 38. The underlined word “it” in line 12 refers to ______. A. matter B. technique C. patronage D. country 39. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training? A. In Europe. B. In the Adirondacks. C. In Vermont. D. In New Hampshire. (B) ◆ Landerneau, France Tour de France crash: A Tour de France spectator was arrested this week for causing a mass wreck that injured nine cyclists during the event’s first stage. The 30-year-old French woman, whose name has not been released, stepped in front of the racing pack with a sign reading Allez Opi-Omi (Go, Grandpa and Grandma!) and clipped German rider Tony Martin. He lost his balance, fell, and set off a cascade of collisions. It looked “like a war zone,” said doctor Gilbert Versier. German athlete Jasha Sütterlin dropped out of the competition because of injuries suffered during the pileup. The woman is accused of involuntarily causing injury and putting the lives of others at risk; she could face up to two years in prison and a fine of $35,000. ◆ London Health minister disgraced: Already battling criticism that he mishandled Britain’s pandemic response, Health Minister Matt Hancock was forced to resign this week after being caught on video kissing and cuddling with a female aide in violation of Covid distancing rules. The Sun tabloid published the office surveillance footage, which showed Hancock embracing Gina Coladangelo, a millionaire lobbyist and an old friend from Oxford University whom the married minister had hired as an aide. Prime Minister Boris Johnson initially stood by Hancock, but after the health minister was criticized by the press and fellow Conservative lawmakers, Johnson accepted his resignation. Hancock had frequently lectured the public to stay 6 feet away from non-family members, and once described lockdown-breaking flings as “a matter for the police.” ◆ Kampala, Uganda Delta surges across Africa: Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni called on citizens to plead for divine intervention (上帝之佑) this week as the Delta variant of Covid-19 ripped through his country and medical facilities ran out of oxygen. Uganda is in full lockdown, with only vehicles carrying cargo or the sick allowed on the roads and employees forced to sleep at their workplaces. Many other African countries are in a similar plight. John Nkengasong of the African CDC said that in just the past week, Covid-19 infections on the continent had jumped by 31 percent, to 5.4 million, and deaths by 19 percent, to 142,000. “The hospitals are completely overwhelmed,” he said. South Africa, which accounts for 40 percent of the deaths, has also gone into a two-week lockdown, with a curfew (宵禁) and a ban on alcohol sales. 40. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The Tour de France became a war zone because of a 30-year-old French woman. B. The British Prime Minister resigned his post because he kissed a female aide. C. A growing number of African people had infected with Covid-19 in the past week thanks to the Delta variant. D. Jasha Sütterlin no longer participated in the competition for fear of being infected with Covid-19. 41. What does the underlined word “plight” mean according to the passage? A. a difficult situation B. making a promise C. a state of being unfair D. improvement despite difficulties 42. Which section would this passage most probably be found in the Newsweek magazine? A. The Archives B. In Focus C. Global News D. Editorial Comment (C) Hackers constantly improve at penetrating cyberdefenses to steal valuable documents. So some researchers propose using an artificial-intelligence algorithm (算法) to hopelessly confuse them, once they break in, by hiding the real deal amid a mountain of convincing fakes. The algorithm, called Word Embedding-based Fake Online Repository Generation Engine (WE-FORGE), generates decoys of patents under development. But someday it could “create a lot of fake versions of every document that a company feels it needs to guard,” says its developer, Dartmouth College cybersecurity researcher V. S. Subrahmanian. If hackers were after, say, the formula for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a haystack of fakes. This could mean checking each formula in detail — and perhaps investing in a few dead-end recipes. “The name of the game here is, ‘Make it harder,’” Subrahmanian explains. “Inflict (使遭受) pain on those stealing from you.” Subrahmanian says he tackled this project after reading that companies are unaware of new kinds of cyberattacks for an average of 312 days after they begin. “The bad guy has almost a year to decamp with all our documents, all our intellectual property,” he says. “Even if you’re a Pfizer (辉瑞,美国知名制药公司), that’s enough time to steal almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels — it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the maid, and the watch of the secretary!” Counterfeit (伪造的) documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden “trip wires,” says Rachel Tobac, CEO of cybersecurity consultancy Social Proof Security. For example, an enticing file might alert security when accessed. Companies have typically used human-created fakes for this strategy. “But now if this AI is able to do that for us, then we can create a lot of new documents that are believable for an attacker — without having to do more work,” says Tobac, who was not involved in the project. The system produces convincing decoys by searching through a document for keywords. For each one it finds, it calculates a list of related concepts and replaces the original term with one chosen at random. The process can produce dozens of documents that contain no proprietary (所有权的) information but still look believable. Subrahmanian and his team asked computer science and chemistry graduate students to evaluate real and fake patents from their respective fields, and the humans found the WE-FORGE-generated documents highly believable. WE-FORGE might eventually expand its scope, but Subrahmanian notes that a document recommending a course of action, for instance, would be much more complex than a technical formula. Still, both he and Tobac think this research will attract commercial interest. “I could definitely see an organization leveraging this type of product,” Tobac says. “If this creates believable decoys without releasing sensitive details within those decoys, then I think you’ve got a huge win there.” 43. The word “decoys” probably refers to _______. A. projects that are intended to locate hackers and arrest them if possible B. fake documents that are used to trick hackers into stealing them C. professionals who design programmes to trap attackers D. computer programs that are applied to computer science and other fields 44. What will happen once hackers hit upon the WE-GORGE-generated documents? A. They will find a needle in a haystack and get pricked and bleed. B. They will be after another formula for a new drug without proper formula. C. They will have to pour a considerable amount of money to check each plausible formula. D. They will be arrested by the local police because of their illegal action. 45. What can be learned from the passage? A. Hackers can distinguish fake documents and real ones created by humans if they are given enough time. B. The basic principle employed by WE-FORGE is to scramble and substitute keywords to create relevant but fake documents. C. Computer science graduate students are asked to evaluate real and fake patents in the chemistry field. D. Both Subrahmanian and Tobac believe this research will have a commercial success if it is sold to hackers. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Solutions to New Patents B. Too Much Information C. Development in Computer Science D. New Implication of AI Section C (每题2分, 共8分) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Woman of Our Times It was half past five. The street outside Harriet’s shop was crowded with office workers flooding toward the tube station. Harriet finished checking the till, and went through the shop turning off the lights and setting the alarm. ____47____ It was pristine white, with the shop’s name, Stepping, in black, identical to the other shops in the chain. All the Stepping shops sold dance and exercise wear. Most of them, as Harriet’s was, were owned as franchises. She had been running her business for nearly five years. ____48____ She was paying back the principal now. It had been a sound investment for him. She was less sure, now, whether she was satisfied with it. She knew that it would never make her rich, but more importantly it no longer gave her the excitement it once had. Harriet dropped the keys into her handbag. ____49____ It was Leo who wanted to see the film, and she had booked the tickets to surprise him. She began to walk briskly, looking forward to the evening with her husband. ____50____ Leo was a photographer, quite a successful one. His studio was on the first floor of a small warehouse building. She pressed the button of the timed switch beside the door and light washed over her. She had the impression that the click had sounded a warning. There was a scuffle on the other side of the door. She fitted the key deftly into the lock, and the door swung inward. A. She had found the shop when she was twenty-five, and her stepfather, Ken, had bought the lease for her. B. He was normally a noisy, red-faced man who was fond of beer and gossip. C. A few moments later she reached the street where Leo had his studio. D. She went down into the street, knowing that he was watching her go. E. Then she stepped out into the street, and paused to look up at the facade. F. She checked to make sure that the envelope containing the cinema tickets was there, too. IV. Summary Writing (10分) 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Digging deep What you see depends on where you stand. The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. All this was well known, if not quantified, before Nussaibah Raja put numbers on it in a paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage (劫掠) of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. Perhaps. But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing (高人一等的态度) to suggest otherwise. Moreover, as Ms Raja observes, several not-yet-properly rich places, notably Egypt, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and India, are indeed developing as archaeological powers in their own right. And, as she further points out, Egyptian archaeologists are starting to take an interest in Myanmar’s fossiliferous amber beds that one might see as predatory (掠夺性的) as that of any Western fossil hunter. Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise — something they are currently bad at. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Translation (3+3+4+5, 共15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 乐队演奏着圆舞曲，我们在地板上优美地滑动，轻轻握着对方的手腕。(as) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 猪肉裹着小麦粉在柴火上烤，香气四溢，让人食指大动。(grill) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 移植猪的器官到人身上不再是天方夜谭，这向解决移植器官短缺问题迈了一大步，亦鲜有伦理问题。(no longer) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 这部电影火爆全球，播放流量居首，催生了数百万抖音（TikTok）小视频和数十篇分析该剧的严谨文章。（stream）（汉译英） ___________________________________________________________________________________________ VI. Guided Writing (25分) 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你校体育组在校园网就高三体育课程改革广泛征求意见，并提出两种方案：一、取消统一大课间操，改为自由安排。二、调整传统课程，增设健美操(aerobics)和太极拳(Tai Chi)作为选修课程。请你在论坛上发帖谈谈自己的看法，内容包括：你赞成哪种高三体育课程改革?并简要说明理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市控江中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评 英语试卷 (笔试满分115分，完成时间105分钟) 2025.9 II. Grammar and Vocabulary (每题1分, 共20分) Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, used one word that best fits each blank. Coral Cultures Studying corals usually requires either observing them alive in the ocean or examining their dead tissue in a laboratory. But new research offers a way to keep all coral cell types alive in a lab cultures for two weeks or ____1____ (long), opening novel experimental possibilities. The cells of cnidarians (a group that includes corals and sea anemones) are notoriously difficult ____2____ (culture). These cells ____3____ (easily damage) during extraction, and corals also have complex microbiomes (微生物群) that are tricky to wipe out with antibiotics. But ____4____ left alive, the microbes often take over cell cultures. Many cnidarians are both endangered and critical for marine ecosystem health. “We need to do more than just document ____5____ death,” says University of Miami marine biologist Nikki Traylor-Knowles, who is senior author on a new study in Scientific Reports. In it, her team details how to reduce a coral to its constituent cells and then grow them all together — like ____6____ (cultivate) the animal on a plate. The researchers made slight changes to a standard growth medium (made of seawater, chemicals and antibiotics) to reach optimal formulas for two different cnidarian species. These formulas let all the ____7____ (test) species’ cell types grow at once, without microbes or extraneous (无关的) tissues. The new methodology will bring unparalleled visibility into how cell types interact, Traylor-Knowles says, and it will allow for higher-volume experiments without raising or killing whole animals. Scientists do not yet understand all cnidarian cell types, ____8____ their functions. These cultures could show how different cells respond to stressors, ____9____ types are most vulnerable to health failures, and possibly where cnidarians get their impressive regenerative abilities. The study is groundbreaking, says molecular biologist Juris Grasis of the University of California, Merced, who was not involved with the paper but also studies cnidarians. He says he was “jealous as hell” when he saw the result. Some cell populations survived for as long as 30 days, he notes, ____10____ implies the possibility of scaling up cell reproduction for future research. Next up, Grasis says: “How do we translate this back into the field and make corals healthy again?” 【答案】1. longer 2. to culture 3. are easily damaged 4. if 5. their 6. cultivating 7. tested 8. nor 9. which 10. which 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了一项突破性的科学研究，该研究成功地在实验室中培养出了所有类型的珊瑚细胞，为海洋生物学研究开辟了新的可能性。 【1题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：但新的研究提供了一种方法，可以在实验室培养中让所有珊瑚细胞类型存活两周或更长时间，从而开启新的实验可能性。根据“keep all coral cell types alive”及“two weeks or”可知，此处表示“更长的时间”，应用形容词比较级longer。故填longer。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：众所周知，刺胞动物(包括珊瑚和海葵的一类生物)的细胞难以培养。be difficult to do sth.是固定结构，意为“做某事有困难”，此处用动词不定式的主动形式to culture表达被动含义。故填to culture。 【3题详解】 考查动词时态语态。句意：这些细胞在提取过程中很容易受损，而且珊瑚还有复杂的微生物群，用抗生素很难清除。根据“are”及“have”可知，此处描述客观事实，cells与damage是动宾关系，主语cells是复数，应用一般现在时的被动语态are easily damaged。故填are easily damaged。 【4题详解】 考查连词。句意：但如果让它们存活下来，微生物往往会接管细胞培养。根据“left alive”及“take over cell cultures”可知，此处表条件，应用连词if，引导状语从句，且从句省略主语和be动词，完整形式为“if they are left alive”。故填if。 【5题详解】 考查代词。句意：迈阿密大学的海洋生物学家Nikki Traylor-Knowles说：“我们需要做的不仅仅是记录它们的死亡。”此处指代前文提到的Many cnidarians，修饰名词death，应用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在这项研究中，她的团队详细介绍了如何将珊瑚分解成其组成细胞，然后将它们全部培养在一起，就像在培养皿中培养动物一样。根据空前介词like可知，应用动名词cultivating，作宾语。故填cultivating。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这些配方让所有被测试物种的细胞类型同时生长，没有微生物或无关组织。species与test是动宾关系，此空应是过去分词tested作定语，表示“被测试的”。故填tested。 【8题详解】 考查连词。句意：科学家们还不了解所有的刺胞动物细胞类型，也不了解它们的功能。空处表示“也不”，应用连词nor。故填nor。 【9题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：这些培养物可以显示不同的细胞如何对应激源做出反应，哪些类型最容易受到健康问题的影响，以及刺胞动物可能从哪里获得其令人惊叹的再生能力。此处引导宾语从句，且空处在从句中作定语修饰名词types，表示“哪些”，上文限定了范围“all cnidarian cell types”，应用which。故填which。 【10题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他指出，一些细胞群存活了长达30天，这意味着有可能为未来的研究扩大细胞繁殖。此处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one more word than you need. A. chief B. contained C. cousin D. defeat E. engaging F. experience G. imposing H. persist I. paralyzed J. obligations K. rushed A lively, entertaining, and philosophical guide to time and time management The average human lifespan is absurdly, terrifyingly, insultingly short. Here’s one way of putting things in perspective: the first modern humans appeared on the plains of Africa at least 200,000 years ago, and scientists estimate that life, in some form, will ___11___ for another 1.5 billion years or more, until the intensifying heat of the sun puts the last organism to death. But you? Assuming you live to be eighty, you’ll have had about four thousand weeks. It follows from this that time management, broadly defined, should be everyone’s ___12___ concern; arguably, time management is all life is. Yet the modern discipline known as time management, like its hipper ___13___ productivity, is a depressingly narrow-minded affair, focused on how to crank through as many work tasks as possible, or on devising the perfect morning routine, or on cooking all your dinners for the week in one big batch on Sundays. These things matter to some extent, no doubt. But they’re hardly all that matters. The world is bursting with wonder, yet it’s the rare productivity guru (大师) who seems to have considered the possibility that the point of all our frenetic doing might be to ___14___ more of that wonder. The world also seems to be heading to hell in a handcart — a pandemic has ___15___ society, and the planet is getting hotter and hotter — but good luck finding a time management system that makes any room for ___16___ productively with your fellow citizens, with current events, or with the fate of the environment. This book is an attempt to redress the balance. It is written in the belief that time management has failed miserably. Productivity is a trap. Becoming more efficient just makes you more ___17___. Nobody in the history of humanity has ever achieved “work-life balance,” whatever that might be. The day will never arrive when you finally have everything under control: when the flood of emails has been ___18___; when your to-do lists have stopped getting longer; when you’re meeting all your ___19___ at work and in your home life; and when the fully optimized person you’ve become can turn, at last, to the things life is really supposed to be about. Let’s start by admitting ____20____: none of this is ever going to happen. But you know what? That’s excellent news. 【答案】11. H 12. A 13. C 14. F 15. I 16. E 17. K 18. B 19. J 20. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文是一本时间管理书籍的引言。作者认为人生极短，传统时间管理过于功利，只追求效率。真正理想的平衡永远无法实现，接受这一点反而能更好地生活。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：不妨这样来权衡一下：现代人类最早出现在非洲的平原上至少已有 20 万年，而科学家估计，某种形式的生命将会持续存在 15 亿年甚至更久，直到太阳的热量不断增强导致最后的生物死亡。分析句子可知，空前为will情态动词，此处为动词形式共同构成谓语，persist“持续、存续”为动词，符合语境。故选H项。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由此可以得出结论：从广义上讲，时间管理应该是每个人首要关注的问题。分析句子可知，空后concern为名词，此处为形容词作定语修饰该名词，chief“主要的，首要的”为形容词，符合语境。故选A项。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，现代被称为时间管理的这一学科，就像其时髦的近亲“效率”一样，是一个令人沮丧地狭隘的领域，专注于如何尽可能多地完成工作任务，或者致力于设计完美的早晨例行程序，或者在周日一次性批量烹饪一周的所有晚餐。分析句子可知，空前hipper为形容词，此处为名词形式和空后的productivity构成名词短语，作宾语成分，cousin“同类事物，近似物”为名词，符合语境。故选C项。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：这个世界充满了奇妙的景象，然而却很少有高效的管理专家会考虑到这样一个可能性：我们如此忙碌地做事，其目的或许正是为了更多地去体验这种奇妙。分析句子可知，空前为不定式符号to，此处为动词原形，experience“体验”为动词，符合语境。故选F项。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：这个世界似乎正朝着末日的方向急转直下——一场疫情已经使整个社会陷入瘫痪，而地球的温度也在不断升高——但要找到一个能为与同胞、时事或环境的命运进行有效互动留出空间的时间管理方法，那可真是难上加难。分析句子可知，空前为助动词has，此处为动词的现在完成时形式作句子的谓语成分，paralyzed“使瘫痪、使陷入停滞”为动词，符合语境。故选I项。 【16题详解】 考查动名词。句意：这个世界似乎正朝着末日的方向急转直下——一场疫情已经使整个社会陷入瘫痪，而地球的温度也在不断升高——但要找到一个能为与同胞、时事或环境的命运进行有效互动留出空间的时间管理方法，那可真是难上加难。分析句子可知，空前为介词for，此处为动名词形式，engaging“参与、打交道”为动名词，和with搭配构成该电影engage with“与……互动”，符合语境。故选E项。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：效率只是让我们更加匆忙而已。分析句子可知，此处为形容词作宾语补足语成分，rushed“匆忙的、赶时间的”为形容词，符合语境。故选K项。 【18题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：永远不会有那么一天，你最终能够完全掌控一切：电子邮件的洪流被遏制住了。分析句子可知，空前为has been，此处为现在完成时的被动语态结构，作句子的谓语成分，contained“控制，遏制”为动词过去分词形式，符合语境。故选B项。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：你在工作中和家庭生活中都履行了所有义务。分析句子可知，空前为形容词物主代词your，此处为名词形式，obligations“义务”为名词，符合语境。故选J项。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：首先让我们承认失败吧：这一切都不会实现。分析句子可知，此处为名词作动词admit的宾语成分，defeat“失败”为名词，符合语境。故选D项。 III. Reading Comprehension (45分) Section A (每题1分, 共15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Patient Care Must Include a Gun Talk “Hello, what brings you here today?” a doctor asks a patient. “I’m here for my checkup,” the patient responds. “Great. Let’s start with some routine screening questions to see whether you have any ___21___ factors we need to talk about,” the doctor says. “Do you exercise regularly? Do you smoke? Do you consume drugs or alcohol? Do you eat a healthy diet? Do you have access to a firearm inside or outside of your household?” “No, no, no, no, yes,” the patient answers. “Okay, let’s talk about firearm safety,” the doctor says. Sounds simple, right? But it really isn’t. For years doctors have considered gun violence to be a public health issue. Nevertheless, most health-care workers still do not talk to their patients about guns. In many settings, questions about firearm safety are ___22___ except in special cases such as those concerning people who are at risk of suicide, which accounts for roughly 60 percent of the nearly 40,000 gun deaths in the U.S. every year. Such targeted screening, however, can ___23___ bias and stigmatization (污名化), which hinders our ability to normalize conversations about firearm safety with our patients. If we could figure out how to make such safety checks routine, the harm ___24___ could be significant — and we could provide policy makers with valuable insights into how to depolarize, depoliticize and humanize discussions surrounding the prevention of firearm injuries. ___25___, we in the health-care lane have a unique opportunity to use an approach that focuses solely on safety and injury prevention, without involving the Second Amendment. Such universal “we ask everyone” strategies — which can ___26___ the pressure to decide who does and does not need screening — have been used successfully in public health approaches to other polarized issues such as substance use, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. So why are many doctors ___27___ to bring up firearm injury prevention? The truth is that we do not fully understand why. We know very little about how to normalize and humanize conversations about it — and ___28___ don’t want us to. A decade ago, for example, Florida went so far as to forbid physicians from asking patients routine gun-related questions and courts ultimately invalidated (使无效) the law as a(n) ___29___ of doctors’ rights. We do not have the data we need to inform us on the best way to have these talks. Health-care workers already face a number of evident ___30___ when it comes to such counseling, including a lack of education on the subject, fear of offending some patients, and inadequate resources for screening and counseling about ___31___ strategies. Fortunately, the tide is changing. A combination of recent federal funding for research into firearm injury prevention, momentum in the health-care industry and the ___32___ level of gun violence in the U.S. might finally push doctors to ask every patient about firearm safety and gun violence risk during routine health visits. We need to work diligently with gun owners, survivors and community-based organizations alike to develop culturally competent education and ___33___ strategies geared toward making these talks a part of routine checkups. Being able to ask the questions in the first place is an essential starting point. The country is at last ___34___ concerned physicians in supporting a public health approach to gun violence prevention. If we succeed in depolarizing conversations about firearm deaths, as well as about the hundreds of nonfatal firearm injuries that happen every day in the U.S., it could have a ___35___ effect among the general public, further bolstering (加强) our argument that this matter is a public health issue. Let’s make sure we get it right. 21. A. key B. complicating C. risk D. contributing 22. A. searching B. offensive C. open-ended D. straight 23. A. address B. minimize C. detect D. introduce 24. A. assessment B. reduction C. prediction D. enhancement 25. A. After all B. In addition C. Nevertheless D. Instead 26. A. remove B. activate C. legalize D. release 27. A. straightforward B. hard C. hesitant D. indifferent 28. A. children protectors B. gun-rights activists C. manufacturing workers D. weapon dealers 29. A. shortage B. violation C. preservation D. admission 30. A. barriers B. facts C. aids D. consequences 31. A. innovative B. risky C. deliberate D. preventive 32. A. recommended B. low C. superficial D. shocking 33. A. acceleration B. intervention C. perfection D. recognition 34. A. turning off B. putting away C. getting behind D. speeding up 35. A. ripple B. calming C. disproportionate D. disastrous 【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。围绕“将枪支安全对话纳入常规医疗护理”展开论述，分析了医护人员面临的障碍、社会阻力，呼吁将枪支伤害预防作为公共卫生问题常规化处理。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“很好，我们先从一些常规筛查问题开始，看看你是否有任何我们需要讨论的风险因素。”A. key关键；B. complicating使复杂化的；C. risk风险；D. contributing促成的。根据上文“I’m here for my checkup”及下文“Do you exercise regularly? Do you smoke? Do you consume drugs or alcohol? Do you eat a healthy diet? Do you have access to a firearm inside or outside of your household?”可知，医生询问的都是与健康相关的风险因素，故选C。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在许多情况下，关于枪支安全的问题是冒犯性的，除非是在特殊情况下，例如涉及有自杀风险的人。A. searching深挖的；B. offensive冒犯的；C. open-ended开放式的；D. straight直接的。根据上文“most health-care workers still do not talk to their patients about guns”可推知，医疗工作者不愿谈论枪支问题，是因为担心这些问题会冒犯患者，故选B。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，有针对性的筛查可以解决偏见和污名化问题，这阻碍了我们与患者就枪支安全进行常态化对话的能力。A. address处理；B. minimize最小化；C. detect察觉；D. introduce介绍。根据下文“hinders our ability to normalize conversations about firearm safety”可知，偏见和污名化是需要被处理和解决的问题，故选A。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们能想办法让这种安全检查成为常规项目，伤害的减少可能是显著的。A. assessment评估；B. reduction减少；C. prediction预测；D. enhancement增强。根据上文“make such safety checks routine”可知，常规化的枪支安全检查是为了预防伤害，从而减少伤害，故选B。 【25题详解】 考查副词短语和副词词义辨析。句意：此外，我们在医疗保健领域有一个独特的机会，可以采用一种只关注安全和伤害预防的方法，而不涉及第二修正案。A. After all毕竟；B. In addition此外；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Instead相反。根据上文“the harm ____ could be significant”及“valuable insights”可知，此句是在“伤害减少”和“提供政策见解”之外，提出的另一个好处，故选B。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种普遍的“我们询问每个人”的策略，可以消除决定谁需要或不需要筛查的压力，已经成功地应用于其他两极分化的公共卫生问题。A. remove消除；B. activate激活；C. legalize使合法化；D. release释放。根据上文“we ask everyone”可知，对所有人进行筛查也就消除了区别对待的压力，故选A。 【27题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么，为什么许多医生犹豫要提出枪支伤害预防的问题呢？A. straightforward直截了当的；B. hard困难的；C. hesitant犹豫的；D. indifferent漠不关心的。根据上文“most health-care workers still do not talk to their patients about guns”可知，医生对此是犹豫的，故选C。 【28题详解】 考查名词短语辨析。句意：我们对如何将这些对话正常化和人性化知之甚少，而且枪支权利活动家也不希望我们这样做。A. children protectors儿童保护者；B. gun-rights activists枪支权利活动家；C. manufacturing workers制造业工人；D. weapon dealers武器经销商。根据下文“Florida went so far as to forbid physicians from asking patients routine gun-related questions”可知，是支持枪支权利的团体在反对医生询问相关问题，故选B。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，十年前，佛罗里达州甚至禁止医生向患者询问与枪支相关的常规问题，而法院最终宣布该法律无效，认为这是对医生权利的侵犯。A. shortage短缺；B. violation侵犯；C. preservation保护；D. admission承认。根据上文“forbid physicians from asking patients routine gun-related questions”及下文“doctors’ rights”可知，禁止医生提问枪支有关的问题侵犯了医生的权利。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在进行此类咨询时，医疗保健工作者已经面临着一些明显的障碍，包括缺乏相关教育、害怕冒犯一些患者，以及用于预防性筛查和咨询的资源不足。A. barriers障碍；B. facts事实；C. aids帮助；D. consequences后果。根据下文“a lack of education”、“fear of offending some patients”及“inadequate resources”可知，这些都是医生面临的障碍，故选A。 【31题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在进行此类咨询时，医疗保健工作者已经面临着一些明显的障碍，包括缺乏相关教育、害怕冒犯一些患者，以及用于预防性筛查和咨询的资源不足。A. innovative创新的；B. risky有风险的；C. deliberate深思熟虑的；D. preventive预防的。根据上文“bring up firearm injury prevention”、“screening and counseling”及下文“funding for research into firearm injury prevention”可知，此处指预防性策略，故选D。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近联邦政府对枪支伤害预防研究的资助、医疗保健行业的势头以及美国枪支暴力的令人震惊的程度，可能最终会促使医生在常规健康检查中询问每位患者枪支安全和枪支暴力风险。A. recommended被推荐的；B. low低的；C. superficial肤浅的；D. shocking令人震惊的。根据上文“the nearly 40,000 gun deaths in the U.S. every year”可知，美国枪支暴力的程度是令人震惊的，故选D。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们需要与枪支拥有者、幸存者和社区组织共同努力，开发具有文化适应性的教育和干预策略，以使这些对话成为常规检查的一部分。A. acceleration加速；B. intervention干预；C. perfection完美；D. recognition认可。根据上文“We need to work diligently”及下文“making these talks a part of routine checkups”可知，此处指干预策略，故选B。 【34题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这个国家终于支持关注公共卫生方法以预防枪支暴力的医生。A. turning off关闭；B. putting away收起；C. getting behind支持；D. speeding up加速。根据下文“supporting a public health approach to gun violence prevention”可知，此处指国家支持医生的做法，故选C。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果我们成功地消除了关于枪支死亡以及每天发生的数百起非致命枪支伤害对话的两极分化，它可能会在公众中产生连锁反应，进一步加强我们的论点，即这是一个公共卫生问题。A. ripple连锁的；B. calming平静的；C. disproportionate不成比例的；D. disastrous灾难性的。根据上文“If we succeed in depolarizing conversations about firearm deaths, as well as about the hundreds of nonfatal firearm injuries”及下文“among the public”可推知，此处是固定搭配have a ripple effect，意为“产生连锁反应”，故选A。 Section B (每题2分, 共22分) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage (资助) in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the “American”, “native”, or, occasionally, “New York” school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school. The sobriquet (绰号, 外号) was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson’s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity — a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. 36. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The National Academy of Design B. Landscape painting that featured the Hudson River C. North American landscape paintings D. The training of American artists in European academies 37. According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835? A. It mediated conflicts between artists. B. It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques. C. It determined which subjects were appropriate. D. It supported their growth and development. 38. The underlined word “it” in line 12 refers to ______. A. matter B. technique C. patronage D. country 39. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training? A. In Europe. B. In the Adirondacks. C. In Vermont. D. In New Hampshire. 【答案】36. B 37. D 38. C 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表——“哈德逊河学派”。 【36题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. (“哈德逊河学派”一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表)”可知，本文主要介绍了19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表——“哈德逊河学派”，因此本文的主旨是B选项“Landscape painting that featured the Hudson River(以哈德逊河为主题的山水画)”。故选B。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. (年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中得到稳固的地位和培养扶持)”可知，国家设计学院支持1835年以前出生的画家成长和发展。故选D。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage (资助) in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York.(从欧洲学成归来的年轻画家们更多地以人物题材为创作对象，并采用大胆而印象派的技法进行创作；他们在本国获得资助的前景尚不明朗，因此试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引它)”可知，it指代的是前面提到的patronage (资助)。故选C。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. (从欧洲学成归来的年轻画家们更多地以人物题材为创作对象，并采用大胆而印象派的技法进行创作；他们在本国获得资助的前景尚不明朗，因此试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引它)”可知，年轻一代的画家是在欧洲接受艺术训练的。故选A。 (B) ◆ Landerneau, France Tour de France crash: A Tour de France spectator was arrested this week for causing a mass wreck that injured nine cyclists during the event’s first stage. The 30-year-old French woman, whose name has not been released, stepped in front of the racing pack with a sign reading Allez Opi-Omi (Go, Grandpa and Grandma!) and clipped German rider Tony Martin. He lost his balance, fell, and set off a cascade of collisions. It looked “like a war zone,” said doctor Gilbert Versier. German athlete Jasha Sütterlin dropped out of the competition because of injuries suffered during the pileup. The woman is accused of involuntarily causing injury and putting the lives of others at risk; she could face up to two years in prison and a fine of $35,000. ◆ London Health minister disgraced: Already battling criticism that he mishandled Britain’s pandemic response, Health Minister Matt Hancock was forced to resign this week after being caught on video kissing and cuddling with a female aide in violation of Covid distancing rules. The Sun tabloid published the office surveillance footage, which showed Hancock embracing Gina Coladangelo, a millionaire lobbyist and an old friend from Oxford University whom the married minister had hired as an aide. Prime Minister Boris Johnson initially stood by Hancock, but after the health minister was criticized by the press and fellow Conservative lawmakers, Johnson accepted his resignation. Hancock had frequently lectured the public to stay 6 feet away from non-family members, and once described lockdown-breaking flings as “a matter for the police.” ◆ Kampala, Uganda Delta surges across Africa: Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni called on citizens to plead for divine intervention (上帝之佑) this week as the Delta variant of Covid-19 ripped through his country and medical facilities ran out of oxygen. Uganda is in full lockdown, with only vehicles carrying cargo or the sick allowed on the roads and employees forced to sleep at their workplaces. Many other African countries are in a similar plight. John Nkengasong of the African CDC said that in just the past week, Covid-19 infections on the continent had jumped by 31 percent, to 5.4 million, and deaths by 19 percent, to 142,000. “The hospitals are completely overwhelmed,” he said. South Africa, which accounts for 40 percent of the deaths, has also gone into a two-week lockdown, with a curfew (宵禁) and a ban on alcohol sales. 40. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The Tour de France became a war zone because of a 30-year-old French woman. B. The British Prime Minister resigned his post because he kissed a female aide. C. A growing number of African people had infected with Covid-19 in the past week thanks to the Delta variant. D. Jasha Sütterlin no longer participated in the competition for fear of being infected with Covid-19. 41. What does the underlined word “plight” mean according to the passage? A. a difficult situation B. making a promise C. a state of being unfair D. improvement despite difficulties 42. Which section would this passage most probably be found in the Newsweek magazine? A. The Archives B. In Focus C. Global News D. Editorial Comment 【答案】40. C 41. A 42. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。报道了发生在法国、英国和乌干达的三则新闻事件。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据Kampala, Uganda部分“Delta surges across Africa: Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni called on citizens to plead for divine intervention (上帝之佑) this week as the Delta variant of Covid-19 ripped through his country and medical facilities ran out of oxygen. (本周，乌干达总统Yoweri Museveni呼吁民众祈求上帝之佑，因为新冠病毒Delta变异株正在该国肆虐，医疗设施的氧气供应已经耗尽)”及“in just the past week, Covid-19 infections on the continent had jumped by 31 percent, to 5.4 million, and deaths by 19 percent, to 142,000 (仅在过去一周，非洲大陆的新冠感染人数就跃升了31%，达到540万，死亡人数增加了19%，达到14.2万)”可知，在过去一周，非洲大陆的新冠感染人数因 Delta变异株而大幅增加。故选C。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据Kampala, Uganda部分“the Delta variant of Covid-19 ripped through his country medical facilities ran out of oxygen (新冠病毒Delta变异株正在该国肆虐，医疗设施的氧气供应已经耗尽)”及“Uganda is in full lockdown, with only vehicles carrying cargo or the sick allowed on the roads and employees forced to sleep at their workplaces. Many other African countries are in a similar plight. (乌干达已全面封锁，只有运送货物或病人的车辆可以上路，员工被迫在工作场所睡觉。许多其他非洲国家也处于类似的____中)”，乌干达因Delta变异株导致医疗设施氧气耗尽，全国进入封锁状态，处境艰难，划线词plight意指许多其他非洲国家也处在类似的艰难境地中，“a difficult situation (困境)”语义最接近。故选A。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据Landerneau, France部分“Tour de France crash (环法自行车赛撞车事故)”、London部分“Health minister disgraced (卫生大臣身败名裂)”及Kampala, Uganda部分“Delta surges across Africa (德尔塔变异株在非洲蔓延)”可知，文章报道了发生在法国、英国和乌干达的三则不同国家的新闻，属于全球范围的时事报道。“Global News (全球新闻)”最符合。故选C。 (C) Hackers constantly improve at penetrating cyberdefenses to steal valuable documents. So some researchers propose using an artificial-intelligence algorithm (算法) to hopelessly confuse them, once they break in, by hiding the real deal amid a mountain of convincing fakes. The algorithm, called Word Embedding-based Fake Online Repository Generation Engine (WE-FORGE), generates decoys of patents under development. But someday it could “create a lot of fake versions of every document that a company feels it needs to guard,” says its developer, Dartmouth College cybersecurity researcher V. S. Subrahmanian. If hackers were after, say, the formula for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a haystack of fakes. This could mean checking each formula in detail — and perhaps investing in a few dead-end recipes. “The name of the game here is, ‘Make it harder,’” Subrahmanian explains. “Inflict (使遭受) pain on those stealing from you.” Subrahmanian says he tackled this project after reading that companies are unaware of new kinds of cyberattacks for an average of 312 days after they begin. “The bad guy has almost a year to decamp with all our documents, all our intellectual property,” he says. “Even if you’re a Pfizer (辉瑞,美国知名制药公司), that’s enough time to steal almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels — it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the maid, and the watch of the secretary!” Counterfeit (伪造的) documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden “trip wires,” says Rachel Tobac, CEO of cybersecurity consultancy Social Proof Security. For example, an enticing file might alert security when accessed. Companies have typically used human-created fakes for this strategy. “But now if this AI is able to do that for us, then we can create a lot of new documents that are believable for an attacker — without having to do more work,” says Tobac, who was not involved in the project. The system produces convincing decoys by searching through a document for keywords. For each one it finds, it calculates a list of related concepts and replaces the original term with one chosen at random. The process can produce dozens of documents that contain no proprietary (所有权的) information but still look believable. Subrahmanian and his team asked computer science and chemistry graduate students to evaluate real and fake patents from their respective fields, and the humans found the WE-FORGE-generated documents highly believable. WE-FORGE might eventually expand its scope, but Subrahmanian notes that a document recommending a course of action, for instance, would be much more complex than a technical formula. Still, both he and Tobac think this research will attract commercial interest. “I could definitely see an organization leveraging this type of product,” Tobac says. “If this creates believable decoys without releasing sensitive details within those decoys, then I think you’ve got a huge win there.” 43. The word “decoys” probably refers to _______. A. projects that are intended to locate hackers and arrest them if possible B. fake documents that are used to trick hackers into stealing them C. professionals who design programmes to trap attackers D. computer programs that are applied to computer science and other fields 44. What will happen once hackers hit upon the WE-GORGE-generated documents? A. They will find a needle in a haystack and get pricked and bleed. B. They will be after another formula for a new drug without proper formula. C. They will have to pour a considerable amount of money to check each plausible formula. D. They will be arrested by the local police because of their illegal action. 45. What can be learned from the passage? A. Hackers can distinguish fake documents and real ones created by humans if they are given enough time. B. The basic principle employed by WE-FORGE is to scramble and substitute keywords to create relevant but fake documents. C. Computer science graduate students are asked to evaluate real and fake patents in the chemistry field. D. Both Subrahmanian and Tobac believe this research will have a commercial success if it is sold to hackers. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Solutions to New Patents B. Too Much Information C. Development in Computer Science D. New Implication of AI 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种名为WE‑FORGE的人工智能算法，它能生成大量逼真的虚假文件，将真实信息隐藏其中，以此迷惑黑客、保护企业机密，体现了人工智能在网络安全领域的新应用。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第一段的“hiding the real deal amid a mountain of convincing fakes(把真实文件藏在大量逼真的假货中)”以及第二段“But someday it could “create a lot of fake versions of every document that a company feels it needs to guard,”(但有一天，它可能会“生成大量与公司认为需要保密的每份文件完全相同的伪造版本”)”可推知, 该算法(WE-FORGE)能够产生黑客盗取文件的伪造文件，将真实文件隐藏在堆积如山的伪造文件中，混淆视听，故划线词decoys指用来诱骗黑客的虚假文件。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“If hackers were after, say, the formula for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a haystack of fakes. This could mean checking each formula in detail — and perhaps investing in a few dead-end recipes.(如果黑客的目标是获取某种新药物的配方，那么他们就得在一堆假资料中找出真正的关键信息。这可能意味着要对每一种配方进行详细检查——甚至可能得尝试一些毫无结果的配方。)”可知，一旦黑客们获取到了由“WE-FORGE”所生成的文件，就必须投入大量的钱逐一验证看似可信的配方。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第六段“The system produces convincing decoys by searching through a document for keywords. For each one it finds, it calculates a list of related concepts and replaces the original term with one chosen at random.(该系统通过在文档中搜索关键词来生成令人信服的诱饵文件。对于每一个找到的关键词，它都会计算出一系列相关概念，并随机选取一个词来替换原来的词。)”可知，WE‑FORGE的基本原理是搜索关键词并替换，生成相关但虚假的文档。故选B。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“So some researchers propose using an artificial-intelligence algorithm to hopelessly confuse them, once they break in, by hiding the real deal amid a mountain of convincing fakes(因此一些研究人员提出使用人工智能算法，一旦黑客入侵，就将真实文件藏在大量逼真的假货中，让他们彻底混乱)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍一种名为WE‑FORGE的人工智能算法，能生成大量逼真的虚假文件，将真实信息隐藏其中，以此迷惑黑客、保护企业机密，体现了人工智能在网络安全领域的新应用、新意义。因此推断D项“人工智能的新含义”为最佳标题。故选D。 Section C (每题2分, 共8分) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Woman of Our Times It was half past five. The street outside Harriet’s shop was crowded with office workers flooding toward the tube station. Harriet finished checking the till, and went through the shop turning off the lights and setting the alarm. ____47____ It was pristine white, with the shop’s name, Stepping, in black, identical to the other shops in the chain. All the Stepping shops sold dance and exercise wear. Most of them, as Harriet’s was, were owned as franchises. She had been running her business for nearly five years. ____48____ She was paying back the principal now. It had been a sound investment for him. She was less sure, now, whether she was satisfied with it. She knew that it would never make her rich, but more importantly it no longer gave her the excitement it once had. Harriet dropped the keys into her handbag. ____49____ It was Leo who wanted to see the film, and she had booked the tickets to surprise him. She began to walk briskly, looking forward to the evening with her husband. ____50____ Leo was a photographer, quite a successful one. His studio was on the first floor of a small warehouse building. She pressed the button of the timed switch beside the door and light washed over her. She had the impression that the click had sounded a warning. There was a scuffle on the other side of the door. She fitted the key deftly into the lock, and the door swung inward. A. She had found the shop when she was twenty-five, and her stepfather, Ken, had bought the lease for her. B. He was normally a noisy, red-faced man who was fond of beer and gossip. C. A few moments later she reached the street where Leo had his studio. D. She went down into the street, knowing that he was watching her go. E. Then she stepped out into the street, and paused to look up at the facade. F. She checked to make sure that the envelope containing the cinema tickets was there, too. 【答案】47. E 48. A 49. F 50. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了Harriet结束一天的店铺工作后，准备与丈夫Leo共度夜晚的过程，以及她对自己事业和生活的思考。 【47题详解】 上文“Harriet finished checking the till, and went through the shop turning off the lights and setting the alarm. (Harriet核对完收银台，穿过店铺关掉了灯，设置了警报器)”描述了Harriet在店内完成工作、设置警报的动作，下文“It was pristine white, with the shop’s name, Stepping, in black, identical to the other shops in the chain. (它是纯净的白色，店铺名Stepping用黑色书写，和连锁店里的其他店铺一模一样)”描述了店铺外观的颜色和标识。E选项“然后她走到街上，停下来抬头看店面”承接了她从店内走到店外的动作，并引出了下文对店面外观的描述，衔接自然。故选E。 【48题详解】 上文“She had been running her business for nearly five years. (她经营这家店已经快五年了)”提到Harriet经营店铺近五年，下文“She was paying back the principal now. It had been a sound investment for him. (她现在正在偿还本金。这对他来说是一笔可靠的投资)”提到她在偿还本金，且对“他”而言是可靠的投资。A选项“她25岁时找到了这家店，她的继父Ken为她买下了租约”解释了店铺的来源和“他”的身份(继父Ken)，与下文“偿还本金”和“投资”的语境相呼应，衔接自然。故选A。 【49题详解】 上文“Harriet dropped the keys into her handbag. (Harriet把钥匙放进了手提包)”描述了Harriet把钥匙放进手提包的动作，下文“It was Leo who wanted to see the film, and she had booked the tickets to surprise him. (是Leo想看这部电影，她订了票想给他一个惊喜)”提到电影票是为丈夫Leo准备的。F选项“她检查了一下，确认装着电影票的信封也在里面”承接她整理手提包的动作，并引出了下文关于电影票的内容，衔接自然。故选F。 【50题详解】 下文“Leo was a photographer, quite a successful one. His studio was on the first floor of a small warehouse building. (Leo是一名非常成功的摄影师，他的工作室在一座小型仓库大楼的一楼)”介绍了Leo的职业和工作室的位置。C选项“几分钟后，她走到了Leo工作室所在的那条街上”引出了下文对Leo工作室的描述，衔接自然。故选C。 IV. Summary Writing (10分) 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Digging deep What you see depends on where you stand. The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. All this was well known, if not quantified, before Nussaibah Raja put numbers on it in a paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage (劫掠) of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. Perhaps. But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing (高人一等的态度) to suggest otherwise. Moreover, as Ms Raja observes, several not-yet-properly rich places, notably Egypt, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and India, are indeed developing as archaeological powers in their own right. And, as she further points out, Egyptian archaeologists are starting to take an interest in Myanmar’s fossiliferous amber beds that one might see as predatory (掠夺性的) as that of any Western fossil hunter. Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise — something they are currently bad at. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Archaeological research is biased towards rich countries as their scientists conduct most studies. Nussaibah Raja points out this bias and accuses rich countries of exploiting poor ones. However, an alternative perspective exists, arguing that poor countries may prioritize other issues. Raja suggests that rich-country scientists should collaborate more with local researchers to share knowledge and expertise. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，富裕国家的考古学家主导着贫穷国家的考古研究。Ms Raja认为这是掠夺行为，而另一些人则认为贫穷国家有更重要的事要做，让他国研究人员来进行相关研究并无不妥。富裕国家的科学家应该助力专业知识的传授。 【详解】1. 要点摘录： ①The unarguable fact that most archaeologists live in the rich world means two things. One is that the fossils of these places are far better studied than those of poorer countries, which is a scientific pity. The other is that what knowledge has been acquired about poor-country archaeology is frequently the result of visits by rich-country archaeologists. ②Ms Raja, however, sees not just a regrettable history-induced bias that should certainly be addressed in future, but also a continuing pillage of poor countries by the scientific establishments of rich places more powerful than they. ③But an alternative view is possible. This is that many of the world’s poor countries have higher priorities than studying their fossils, that letting foreign researchers do it for them is not wrong, provided no laws are broken, and that it is patronizing to suggest otherwise. ④Ms Raja rightly notes that rich-country scientists could do more to assist their poor-world hosts, especially by recruiting local researchers onto their teams to transfer expertise. 2.缜密构思：将第一个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句： Archaeological research is biased towards rich countries as their scientists conduct most studies. Nussaibah Raja points out this bias and accuses rich countries of exploiting poor ones. However, an alternative perspective exists, arguing that poor countries may prioritize other issues. Raja suggests that rich-country scientists should collaborate more with local researchers to share knowledge and expertise. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Archaeological research is biased towards rich countries as their scientists conduct most studies.（运用了as引导的原因语从句） 【高分句型2】However, an alternative perspective exists, arguing that poor countries may prioritize other issues. （运用了that引导的宾语从句） V. Translation (3+3+4+5, 共15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 乐队演奏着圆舞曲，我们在地板上优美地滑动，轻轻握着对方的手腕。(as) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】As the band played the waltz, we glided gracefully across the floor, gently holding each other’s wrists. 【解析】 【详解】考查连词、动词、副词和现在分词。表示“当……时”用连词as，引导时间状语从句；表示“乐队”用the band，作从句主语；表示“演奏圆舞曲”用played the waltz，作从句谓语和宾语，句子描述过去的场景，用一般过去时played，waltz是名词，意为“圆舞曲，华尔兹”；表示“优美地滑动”短语为glided gracefully across the floor，作主句谓语和状语，其中glide是动词，意为“滑动”，gracefully是副词，意为“优美地，优雅地”；表示“轻轻握着对方的手腕”用现在分词短语gently holding each other’s wrists，作状语，we与hold是主谓关系，故用现在分词holding，gently是副词，意为“轻轻地”，each other’s wrists是名词短语作宾语。故翻译为As the band played the waltz, we glided gracefully across the floor, gently holding each other’s wrists. 53. 猪肉裹着小麦粉在柴火上烤，香气四溢，让人食指大动。(grill) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Pork coated in wheat flour and grilled over a wood fire gives off an irresistible aroma that whets the appetite. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。主语“猪肉”用名词pork；表示“裹着”动词为coat，表示“烤”动词为grill，它们与pork是动宾关系，可处理为过去分词coated和grilled作后置定语，故“裹着小麦粉”译为coated in wheat flour，“在柴火上烤”译为grilled over a wood fire；表示“香气四溢”可译为动词词组give off an irresistible aroma，主语pork是不可数名词，且句子描述当前状态，谓语give off用一般现在时单数形式gives off；表示“让人食指大动”用定语从句that whets the appetite，修饰先行词aroma，其中whet the appetite是固定搭配，意为“刺激食欲，让人胃口大开”。故翻译为Pork coated in wheat flour and grilled over a wood fire gives off an irresistible aroma that whets the appetite. 54. 移植猪的器官到人身上不再是天方夜谭，这向解决移植器官短缺问题迈了一大步，亦鲜有伦理问题。(no longer) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is no longer a fantasy to transplant pig organs into humans, which marks a big step toward solving the shortage of transplantable organs and rarely raises ethical concerns. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型、动词、短语和定语从句。表示“做……不再是天方夜谭”用固定结构It is no longer a fantasy to do sth.，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语，fantasy是名词作表语，意为“幻想”；表示“把……移植到……里”用动词短语transplant... into...，表示“猪的器官”短语为pig organs，表示“人”名词为humans；表示“这向解决移植器官短缺问题迈了一大步”用非限制性定语从句which marks a big step toward solving the shortage of transplantable organs，which指代前面整个句子，mark a big step toward...是固定搭配，意为“标志着向……迈出一大步”，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时marks，solve the shortage of是固定搭配，意为“解决……的短缺”，transplantable organs是名词短语作宾语，意为“可移植器官”，其中transplantable是形容词作定语；表示“亦鲜有伦理问题”用and rarely raises ethical concerns，and连接从句谓语marks和raises，rarely是副词作状语，意为“鲜有”，raise concerns是固定搭配，意为 “引发问题/担忧”，形容词“ethical (伦理的)”作定语修饰名词concerns。故翻译为It is no longer a fantasy to transplant pig organs into humans, which marks a big step toward solving the shortage of transplantable organs and rarely raises ethical concerns. 55. 这部电影火爆全球，播放流量居首，催生了数百万抖音（TikTok）小视频和数十篇分析该剧的严谨文章。（stream）（汉译英） ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This film took the world by storm, topping the streaming charts and inspiring millions of TikTok short videos and dozens of rigorous analytical articles about it. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语，时态和非谓语动词。“这部电影”是this film，“火爆全球”是take the world by storm，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，take的过去式是took，“居首”是top，“播放流量”是the streaming charts，“催生了”是inspire，用and表承接，top和inspire和逻辑主语film之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语，“数百万”是millions of，“抖音（TikTok）小视频”是TikTok short videos，“数十篇”是dozens of，“严谨”是rigorous，“分析该剧的文章”是analytical articles about it，故答案为This film took the world by storm, topping the streaming charts and inspiring millions of TikTok short videos and dozens of rigorous analytical articles about it. VI. Guided Writing (25分) 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你校体育组在校园网就高三体育课程改革广泛征求意见，并提出两种方案：一、取消统一大课间操，改为自由安排。二、调整传统课程，增设健美操(aerobics)和太极拳(Tai Chi)作为选修课程。请你在论坛上发帖谈谈自己的看法，内容包括：你赞成哪种高三体育课程改革?并简要说明理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 My View on PE Curriculum Reform for Senior Three Recently, our school has proposed two plans to reform the PE curriculum for Senior Three students. From my perspective, I strongly support the second plan introducing aerobics and Tai Chi as optional courses. Firstly, although Senior Three students face heavy academic pressure, physical exercise should not be cancelled. Instead, it should be made more diverse and appealing. Traditional exercises like aerobics are energetic and can help relieve stress, while Tai Chi is gentle and helps improve concentration. Secondly, offering choices respects students’ individual preferences. Some may prefer high-intensity workouts, while others enjoy relaxing mind-body practices. Allowing students to choose what suits them can better motivate participation. Therefore, adjusting the original curriculum rather than simply canceling group exercises is both practical and beneficial. It keeps us active while making sports more enjoyable and personalized. I hope you will consider this suggestion. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于议论文，要求考生在校园论坛上发帖，针对学校提出的两种高三体育课程改革方案，表明个人支持的方案并阐述理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 选修课：optional courses → elective courses/ selective classes 缓解压力：relieve stress → reduce pressure/ ease tension 尊重学生的个人偏好：respect students’ individual preferences → honor students’ personal choices/ cater to students’ individual tastes 激发参与度：motivate participation → encourage engagement/ boost involvement 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Recently, our school has proposed two plans to reform the PE curriculum for Senior Three students.  拓展句：Recently, our school has put forward two distinct proposals aimed at reforming the physical education curriculum for Senior Three students. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Firstly, although Senior Three students face heavy academic pressure, physical exercise should not be cancelled. (运用了although引导的让步状语从句) 【高分句型2】Allowing students to choose what suits them can better motivate participation. (运用了动名词短语Allowing...作主语和what引导的宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $