Unit 1 Across the globe 与将来相关的时态（单元核心语法精练）英语沪教版选择性必修第三册

Unit 1 Across the globe 核心语法精练（与将来相关的时态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 时态名称 构成公式 核心含义 / 用法 经典例句 一般将来时 will / shall + do 1. 单纯表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 2. 表示临时做出的决定。 3. 表示意愿、承诺或请求。 I will call you tomorrow.（我明天给你打电话。） 将来进行时 will be + doing 1. 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。 2. 表示将来某一段时间内持续进行的动作。 3. 语气更委婉、客观（不表意愿）。 At this time tomorrow, I will be flying to Beijing.（明天这个时候，我将正在飞往北京。） 将来完成时 will have + done 表示到将来某一时间点为止，已经完成的动作，并常对将来造成影响。 By the end of this year, I will have learned 3000 words.（到今年年底，我将已经学完 3000 个单词。） 将来完成进行时 will have been + doing 表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到将来某一时间，强调动作的持续性（高考考频较低，了解即可）。 By next month, I will have been working here for 10 years.（到下个月，我就在这里工作满 10 年了。） 一、单句语法填空 1．The new school (make) use of Tsinghua’s strengths, highlighting AI’s role in education and research. 2．Experts have found that the disease (lead) to a great increase in the number of sufferers unless treated seriously when the symptom first appears. 3．The spokesperson expects the bridge (become) a sightseeing spot and attract more than a million visitors a year. 4．Artisans continue to preserve this delicate tradition, ensuring that this magical integration of cooking skill and artistic interpretation, where common ingredients are elevated into poetic expressions of daily life and ancient dreams, (continue) to inspire future generations. 5．The exchange student told us that she (teach) her classmates to make traditional cakes from her homeland during the coming cultural sharing festival. 6．The old man told us that he   (travel) to Australia with his wife when he saved enough money. 7．On our way to the house, it rained so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it (take) to get there. 8．She assured me yesterday that she (help) me with the project, but so far she hasn’t lifted a finger. 9．At this time tomorrow, the research team (analyze) the survey data, so they won’t be available. 10．When you arrive at the station at exactly 6: 30 tomorrow evening, a guide (wait) for you at the east exit with a yellow flag. 11．I can’t attend the meeting at 3 pm tomorrow because I (discuss) the annual business plan at that time with my team. 12．When you arrive at the station at exactly 6:30 tomorrow evening, a guide (wait) for you at the east exit with a yellow flag. 13．By the time the project is completed next year, we (spend) more than two years on the research and development. 14．By the year 2030, scientists (find) a more effective way to solve the environmental problem. 15．By the time you arrive at the airport, we (wait) for you for more than two hours. 16．The sports event, which   (attract) many athletes from all over the world, will be held next month. 17．The day after tomorrow Li Hua and his classmates (play) football at 5:00 p.m.. 18．It’s reported that the coach (selection) twelve basketball players to take part in the sports meeting. 19．She decided that she would (memory) where her classes were and then pretend that the rest of the place didn’t exist. 20．He said he (give) the book to the teacher, but the teacher was not in his office. 二、翻译 21．政府将采取措施改善环境，这一过程将持续数年。（last）（汉译英） 22．如果天公作美，一场露天音乐会将于教学楼西侧的草坪上举行，这必将为160周年校庆增添浓墨重彩的一笔。(which) 23．除非采取更严格措施，持续恶化的水污染将使后代无法获得清洁水源。（inaccessible）（汉译英） 24．如果这些数据站得住脚，它将帮助我们认清正在调查的问题。(light) 25．你收集的资料越充分，报告就越有说服力。(The more..., the more...) 26．国王后来发现，重建这座花园需要耗费多年时间。（take） 27．研究人员都戴上了防护面罩，以免遭受辐射。(expose) （汉译英） 28．我提醒我女儿下个礼拜三她要代表全班把这个礼物送给他们的数学老师。(behalf) 29．在不远的将来，我们的智能手环将会不断追踪我们的身体状况。( smartband , keep track of…) 30．与其他国家消费者相比，很多中国人并不习惯信用卡支付，移动支付能在中国迅速崛起，一定程度上也得益于此。（benefit） 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A Few Minutes of Brisk (快速的) Activity Walking from room to room, running up and down stairs to deliver folded laundry, or taking a jog around the block ... What if you 1 look at all the things you do daily and know which ones best help or hurt your brain? A recent study attempted to answer that question by 2 (tie) activity monitors to the legs of nearly 4,500 people in the United Kingdom and tracking their 24-hour movements for seven days. Researchers then examined 3 participants’ behavior affected their short-term memory, problem-solving and processing skills. Here’s the good news. People who spent “even small amounts of time in more vigorous activities — as little as six to nine minutes — 4 (compare) with sitting, sleeping or gentle activities had 5 (high), cognition (认知) scores,” said study author John Mitchell. Moderate physical activity is typically defined as brisk walking or cycling or running up and down stairs. Vigorous movement   6 (range) from jogging, swimming to biking up a hill, basically any activity 7 is able to boost your heart rate and breathing. The study found that doing just under 10 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day led to improvements in study participants’ working memory. In addition, 10 minutes of such activity had its biggest impact on executive processes   8 9 planning and organization. The cognitive improvement was modest, but as additional time   10 (spend) doing the more energetic workout the benefits grew, Mitchell said. “Given we don’t monitor participants’ cognition over many years, this may be simply   11 those individuals who move more tend to have higher cognition on average,” he said. “However, yes, it could also imply that even minimal changes to our daily lives can have downstream consequences for our cognition.” （25-26高二上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Killing Time, Not Your Mood: The Science Behind Better Queues You are at the airport baggage claim. The flight was long, but the walk to the carousel (传送带) was short. Now you stand there, staring at the empty belt. Minutes tick by. You get frustrated. This scenario illustrates a fundamental principle 1 (discover) by airport executives in Houston years ago. Passengers complained endlessly about the wait for luggage. In response, the airport hired more handlers, successfully 2 (reduce) the wait to eight minutes. Surprisingly, complaints didn’t stop. The executives then tried a counter-intuitive approach: they moved the arrival gates 3 (far) away from the baggage claim, forcing passengers to walk six times longer to get their bags. The actual wait time dropped to just two minutes. Complaints ceased. Why? Because occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time. This falls 4 the domain of “The Psychology of Queuing,” a field pioneered by researcher David Maister. His research suggests that the objective amount of time we wait matters less than 5 we perceive that time. A major factor influencing this perception is anxiety caused by uncertainty. This explains why ride-sharing apps show you the car moving on a map, and why amusement parks display “Wait Time: 45Minutes” signs. Knowing how long removes the anxiety of the unknown, making the wait feel manageable. 6 crucial element is fairness. Humans are social animals willing to wait, but we can’t stand 7 (cheat). The “First In, First Out” rule, 8 guarantees that everyone is served in the order they arrived, is the gold standard of social justice in queues and deeply rooted in our sense of fairness. This explains the popularity of the “serpentine line” (*the single winding line used at banks or fast-food counters*). Although it may look physically longer than multiple parallel lines, it eliminates the stress of choosing the “wrong” slow line and makes sure that no one 9 (cut) in, satisfying our deep need for equity. Ultimately, businesses have learned 10 they cannot always reduce the mathematical wait time, they can engineer the experience of waiting. By keeping us occupied, informed, and treated fairly, they turn a painful delay into a tolerable pause. 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二上·上海松江·期末）English, like many languages, allows adjectives to be used as nouns, such as “the good”, “the bad”, and the “ugly”. However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate. This has led to discomfort with terms like “blacks” when used as a group noun. Journalists are often given suggestions: replace “slaves” with “enslaved people” or “racialized people”; “addicts” with “drug users” or “people with a substance-abuse problem”; and so on. In each instance, the target is a term that is, or can be seen as, bearing negative meaning. The alternative is meant to be less so. However, this approach presents challenges. One is that though a case can be made for each individual change, adopting every one will quickly make a piece of writing awkward, since every new option is longer than the one it is supposed to replace. It will also make writing seem more unnatural, since the entire point is to replace words in common use with phrases that are not. Good journalism is ideally conversational and accessible, calling for a lively and engaging style. Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it doesn’t seem to work out as hoped. Replacing a stigmatized word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word. Some groups have chosen a different approach by recovering older terms. “African-American” was popular for 30 years, but now “Black” is back, often with a capital B．While “hearing-impaired” is still used medically, many “Deaf” people proudly used the term with a capital D．The idea seems to be that showing pride is likely to be more effective than changing words. As for writers, good works should be both sharp and humane so that they can engage readers and benefit their subjects. In this context, everyday conversational language may be just as effective as the latest terms promoted by activists. 1．What does the word “stigmatizing” in Para.1 mean? A．Respecting the characteristics of individuals. B．Inventing new words to describe a new group. C．Using language that is neutral and descriptive. D．Encouraging negative associations with a group. 2．What does the writer think of the word replacement? A．It can make the writing more lively and engaging. B．The new phrases might still be misunderstood by readers. C．The new words may still bear some unfavourable meaning. D．Readers might find the new terms too formal and confusing. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Some old language has long been misused. B．Language evolution is gradually slowing down. C．New words convey meanings better than old terms. D．Effective writing should show the change of language. 4．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Linguistic engineering may not always help. B．Older terms have completely lost their appeal. C．Writers need to contribute to the invention of new terms. D．Everyday conversational language is not as effective as assumed. （25-26高二上·上海浦东新·期末）We perceive the world through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. While this process feels effortless and immediate, it is, in fact, a remarkably complex and active construction by the brain. The true complexity of perception is often underestimated. This was evident even in the scientific community during the mid-20th century. As computers were first being developed, experts optimistically believed that creating machines capable of seeing and hearing as well as humans was only about a decade away. Decades later, no such machine exists. This historical failure underlines a critical point: human perception is an extraordinarily difficult achievement to copy, revealing its hidden depth. So, what actually happens to create our conscious perception of the environment? Neuroscientists have recently undergone a complete rethinking of perception’s very nature. The classical, intuitive (直觉的) view is what’s called “bottom-up” processing. As explained by neuroscientist David Poeppel, we historically thought of ourselves as passive recording devices — like cameras or microphones — with a retina (视网膜) for sight, a cochlea (耳蜗) for hearing. In this model, raw sensory data is simply encoded and sent upward to the brain to be assembled into an understanding of the world. However, this model is incomplete. A newer, now-dominant theory places equal — if not greater — emphasis on the brain’s power of prediction. This is known as “top-down” processing.      Our brain is not a passive receiver; it is an active predictor. Constantly, based on a lifetime of experience and contextual clues, it generates guesses about what we are about to see, hear, or feel. For example, you recognize your doctor almost instantly in her office because your brain strongly predicts her presence there. You might be slower to recognize her in a supermarket aisle because that context weakens the prediction. Predictable events allow the brain to use efficient shortcuts; unpredictable ones require more computational effort. The contemporary understanding is that perception is a dynamic two-way conversation. “Bottom-up” processing (senses to brain) and “top-down” processing (brain to senses) work together at the same time, influencing each other in real time. For instance, if you encounter a dangerously loud sound, your brain can send a signal back to the inner ear to cause a protective dampening reaction. When you listen to music, your brain doesn’t just hear each note as it arrives; it predicts the upcoming beat based on the established rhythm. In conclusion, perception is far from a simple, passive recording of the external world. It is an active, constructive process. Our reality is a complex best guess, a constant and delicate balance between the new information streaming in from our senses and the powerful predictions continuously generated by our brains. This dynamic interplay is what makes perception so reliable, efficient, and uniquely human. 1．The failure to create “perceiving machines” (para 2) is mentioned to _________. A．criticize slow progress in computing B．show senses are simple C．highlight perception’s complexity D．explain the study of deafness 2．According to “top-down” processing, you might have trouble recognizing your teacher in a shopping mall due to _________. A．poor eyesight in a crowd B．weaker prediction in a new place C．the brain not using quick thinking D．confusing signals from your senses 3．What does “dynamic two-way conversation” (para 6) imply? A．Bottom-up model is incorrect. B．Brain and senses constantly interact. C．Predictions are always primary. D．Senses are unreliable. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．A passive process of collecting and interpreting. B．Technological limits in understanding perception. C．An active process combining input and prediction. D．The essential role of sensory loss in perception. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Across the globe 核心语法精练（与将来相关的时态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 时态名称 构成公式 核心含义 / 用法 经典例句 一般将来时 will / shall + do 1. 单纯表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 2. 表示临时做出的决定。 3. 表示意愿、承诺或请求。 I will call you tomorrow.（我明天给你打电话。） 将来进行时 will be + doing 1. 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。 2. 表示将来某一段时间内持续进行的动作。 3. 语气更委婉、客观（不表意愿）。 At this time tomorrow, I will be flying to Beijing.（明天这个时候，我将正在飞往北京。） 将来完成时 will have + done 表示到将来某一时间点为止，已经完成的动作，并常对将来造成影响。 By the end of this year, I will have learned 3000 words.（到今年年底，我将已经学完 3000 个单词。） 将来完成进行时 will have been + doing 表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到将来某一时间，强调动作的持续性（高考考频较低，了解即可）。 By next month, I will have been working here for 10 years.（到下个月，我就在这里工作满 10 年了。） 一、单句语法填空 1．The new school (make) use of Tsinghua’s strengths, highlighting AI’s role in education and research. 【答案】will make 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这所新学校将利用清华大学的优势，突出人工智能在教育和研究中的作用。空处作谓语，结合“The new school”可知，句子主要描述一所新学校未来的定位或计划，时态宜用一般将来时，谓语用will do的形式。故填will make。 2．Experts have found that the disease (lead) to a great increase in the number of sufferers unless treated seriously when the symptom first appears. 【答案】will lead 【详解】考查时态。句意：专家发现，这种疾病如果在症状首次出现时不认真治疗，会导致患者数量大幅增加。空处在that引导宾语从句中作谓语，根据“unless treated seriously when the symptom first appears”可知，主句描述将来可能发生的事情，应用一般将来时，且lead to和主语the disease之间是主动关系，故填will lead。 3．The spokesperson expects the bridge (become) a sightseeing spot and attract more than a million visitors a year. 【答案】to become/will become 【详解】考查宾语从句/非谓语动词。句意：这位发言人预计这座桥将会成为一个观光景点，每年吸引超过一百万名游客前来参观。expect sb/sth to do sth为固定短语，表示“预计某人/某物做某事”，所以空处可用动词不定式形式；或者空处可作为expects之后省略that引导的宾语从句的谓语，从句描述将来的动作，使用一般将来时，即will become。故填to become/will become。 4．Artisans continue to preserve this delicate tradition, ensuring that this magical integration of cooking skill and artistic interpretation, where common ingredients are elevated into poetic expressions of daily life and ancient dreams, (continue) to inspire future generations. 【答案】will continue 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：工匠们继续传承这一精巧的传统，确保这门融合烹饪技艺与艺术诠释的神奇艺术——将普通食材升华为日常生活与古老梦想的诗意表达——能继续激励后代。此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，结合“future generations”可知，用一般将来时，所以谓语动词为will continue。故填will continue。 5．The exchange student told us that she (teach) her classmates to make traditional cakes from her homeland during the coming cultural sharing festival. 【答案】would teach 【详解】考查时态。句意：这位交换生告诉我们，在即将到来的文化分享节期间，她会教同学们制作她家乡的传统糕点。主句谓语动词“told”提示为一般过去时，宾语从句需使用相应的过去时态；时间状语“during the coming cultural sharing festival”表示从过去视角来看将要发生的动作，因此用过去将来时，结构为“would+动词原形”，故填would teach。 6．The old man told us that he   (travel) to Australia with his wife when he saved enough money. 【答案】would travel 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这位老人告诉我们，等他攒够了钱，就会和妻子一起去澳大利亚旅行。主句 told 为一般过去时，从句描述过去计划的将来动作，需用过去将来时，结构为 would + 动词原形。故填would travel。 7．On our way to the house, it rained so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it (take) to get there. 【答案】would take 【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：在我们去那所房子的路上，雨下得很大，我们不禁想知道还要多久才能到那里。take(花费，占用)是宾语从句中谓语动词，根据语境可知，“to get there”是站在过去看来将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时态，其结构为“would + 动词原形”。故填would take。 8．She assured me yesterday that she (help) me with the project, but so far she hasn’t lifted a finger. 【答案】would help 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：她昨天还向我保证她会帮我做这个项目，但到目前为止她什么忙都没帮。assured后面为that的宾语从句，缺少谓语动词，结合assured和but she hasn’t lifted a finger可知，表示相对于过去将要发生的动作，此处使用过去将来时。故填would help。 9．At this time tomorrow, the research team (analyze) the survey data, so they won’t be available. 【答案】will be analyzing 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：明天这个时候，研究团队将正在分析调查数据，所以他们没空。analyze(分析)是谓语动词，结合时间状语“At this time tomorrow”可知，描述将来某个具体时间点正在进行的动作，应用将来进行时态，其结构为“will be + 现在分词”，analyze的现在分词是analyzing。故填will be analyzing。 10．When you arrive at the station at exactly 6: 30 tomorrow evening, a guide (wait) for you at the east exit with a yellow flag. 【答案】will be waiting 【详解】考查时态。句意：当你明晚六点半整抵达车站时，一名导游将举着黄色旗子在东出口等候你。此处表示将来某个时间正在做等着，应用将来进行时，故填will be waiting。 11．I can’t attend the meeting at 3 pm tomorrow because I (discuss) the annual business plan at that time with my team. 【答案】will be discussing 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我不能参加明天下午三点的会议，因为那时我将和我的团队讨论年度商业计划。根据时间状语“at 3 pm tomorrow”和“at that time”可知，此处强调在未来某个具体时刻正在进行的动作，需用将来进行时，其结构为“will be + 现在分词”。故填will be discussing。 12．When you arrive at the station at exactly 6:30 tomorrow evening, a guide (wait) for you at the east exit with a yellow flag. 【答案】will be waiting 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：明天晚上 6:30 你准时到站时，会有一名导游拿着黄旗在东出口等你。根据时间状语When you arrive at the station at exactly 6:30 tomorrow evening（明天晚上 6:30 你准时到站时），这个时间点强调将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，因此要用将来进行时。将来进行时的结构是：will be + 动词的现在分词，wait的现在分词形式是waiting。故填will be waiting。 13．By the time the project is completed next year, we (spend) more than two years on the research and development. 【答案】will have spent 【详解】考查时态。句意：到明年这个项目完成时，我们将花了两年多的时间进行研究和开发。“By the time+一般现在时从句”时，主句用将来完成时will have spent，表示将来某个时间前完成的动作，故填will have spent。 14．By the year 2030, scientists (find) a more effective way to solve the environmental problem. 【答案】will have found 【详解】考查时态。句意：到2030年，科学家们将找到一种更有效的方法来解决环境问题。根据时间状语“By the year 2030”可知，此处强调动作在将来的时间（2030年）前完成，应用将来完成时。故填will have found。 15．By the time you arrive at the airport, we (wait) for you for more than two hours. 【答案】will have been waiting 【详解】考查时态。句意：到你抵达机场时，我们将已经等了你两个多小时了。根据时间状语“By the time you arrive”可知，此处强调动作持续到该时间，且you arrive为一般现在时表将来，空格处应用将来完成进行时。故填will have been waiting。 16．The sports event, which   (attract) many athletes from all over the world, will be held next month. 【答案】will attract 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这项体育赛事将吸引来自世界各地的众多运动员参加，它将于下个月举行。设空处使用动词which引导定语从句的谓语动词，此处表示该活动将会发生，即将吸引众多运动员，故使用一般将来时。故填will attract。 17．The day after tomorrow Li Hua and his classmates (play) football at 5:00 p.m.. 【答案】will be playing/will play 【详解】考查时态。句意：后天下午五点，李华和他的同学们在踢足球。根据时间状语The day after tomorrow和5:00 p.m.可知，句子表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，可以用将来进行时，结构为“will+be+doing”，故填will be playing; 也可以表示在将来要发生的动作，用一般将来时，结构为“will+do”，故填will play。综上，故填will be playing/will play。 18．It’s reported that the coach (selection) twelve basketball players to take part in the sports meeting. 【答案】will select 【详解】考查动词和时态。句意：据报道，教练将挑选12名篮球运动员参加运动会。分析句子可知，设空处应填动词作谓语，“挑选”是select，结合语境，此处表示将来的动作，应用一般将来时will select，符合语境。故填will select。 19．She decided that she would (memory) where her classes were and then pretend that the rest of the place didn’t exist. 【答案】memorize 【详解】考查动词。句意：她决定记住她上课的地点，然后假装这个地方的其余部分不存在。“memory”是名词，意为“记忆”。此句中“would”后需接动词原形构成过去将来时，“memorize”是“memory”对应的动词，表达为“记住；记忆” 。故填memorize。 20．He said he (give) the book to the teacher, but the teacher was not in his office. 【答案】would give 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：他说他会把这本书交给老师，但当时老师不在他的办公室里。动词give表示“交给”，在句中作谓语，根据said和but the teacher was not in his office可知，空处表示当时将要做的动作，应用过去将来时。故填would give。 二、翻译 21．政府将采取措施改善环境，这一过程将持续数年。（last）（汉译英） 【答案】The government will take steps/measures to improve the environment and this process will last (for) several years. 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。“政府”是the government，“采取措施做某事”是take steps/measures to do，时态是一般将来时：will+动词原形，“改善环境”是improve the environment，“这一过程”是this process，“将持续”是will last (for)，“数年”是several years，故答案为The government will take steps/measures to improve the environment and this process will last (for) several years. 22．如果天公作美，一场露天音乐会将于教学楼西侧的草坪上举行，这必将为160周年校庆增添浓墨重彩的一笔。(which) 【答案】Weather permitting, an open-air concert will be held on the lawn west of the teaching building, which will undoubtedly add a brilliant touch to the 160th anniversary celebration of the school. 【详解】考查独立主格结构、时态语态、非限制性定语从句。表示“天公作美”即“如果天气好”，表示“天气”用weather，表示“允许”用permit，二者为主动关系，用现在分词形式用permitting，构成独立主格结构Weather permitting；表示“一场露天音乐会”用an open-air concert，作主语；表示“举行”用hold，与主语为被动关系，且事情发生在将来，用一般将来时的被动语态will be held；表示“在教学楼西侧的草坪上”用on the lawn west of the teaching building，作地点状语；表示“这必将为160周年校庆增添浓墨重彩的一笔”用非限制性定语从句，修饰主语，且关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导；表示“增添浓墨重彩的一笔”用add a brilliant touch to，时态用一般将来时，谓语用will add；表示“无疑”用副词undoubtedly，作状语，修饰will add；表示“160周年校庆”用the 160th anniversary celebration of the school，作介词to的宾语。故翻译为Weather permitting, an open-air concert will be held on the lawn west of the teaching building, which will undoubtedly add a brilliant touch to the 160th anniversary celebration of the school. 23．除非采取更严格措施，持续恶化的水污染将使后代无法获得清洁水源。（inaccessible）（汉译英） 【答案】Unless stricter measures are taken, the ever worsening water pollution will make clean water inaccessible to future generations. 【详解】考查条件状语从句、形容词用法和时态。根据句意，该句描述将来可能出现的结果，主句使用一般将来时，从句使用一般现在时表将来；表示“除非采取更严格措施”为条件状语从句，“除非”为连词unless，位于句首，首字母需大写，“更严格措施”为stricter measures作从句主语，与“采取”为被动关系，所以用被动语态，所以从句谓语动词为are taken；表示“持续恶化的水污染”为the ever worsening water pollution作主句主语，“持续恶化的”为ever worsening作定语修饰water pollution；表示“将使后代无法获得清洁水源”使用“make+宾语+宾语补足语结构”，主句谓语动词用一般将来时will make，“清洁水源”为clean water作宾语，“无法获得的”为形容词inaccessible作宾语补足语，“后代”为future generations，用介词to引出对象，因此该部分译为will make clean water inaccessible to future generations。故翻译为Unless stricter measures are taken, the ever worsening water pollution will make clean water inaccessible to future generations. 24．如果这些数据站得住脚，它将帮助我们认清正在调查的问题。(light) 【答案】If these data hold up, it will help us throw light on the problem we are investigating. 【详解】考查时态和从句。“如果”表达为if，引导条件状语从句 ；“这些数据”是these data，“站得住脚”表达为hold up，条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来 。“帮助某人做某事”是help sb. do sth；“认清，阐明”表达为throw light on；“正在调查的”用定语从句we are investigating修饰the problem ，主句用一般将来时。故译为If these data hold up, it will help us throw light on the problem we are investigating. 25．你收集的资料越充分，报告就越有说服力。(The more..., the more...) 【答案】The more thoroughly you collect information, the more persuasive your report will be. 【详解】考查时态和固定句型。题干提示用句型The more..., the more...，表示“越……，越……”，前半句描述条件，后半句描述结果；前半句用一般现在时，后半句用一般将来时表趋势。“你收集的资料越充分”中，主语是“你”you，“充分”用副词thoroughly，修饰动词短语“收集资料”collect information，即The more thoroughly you collect information；“报告就越有说服力”中，“有说服力的”用形容词persuasive，“报告”译为your report，使用主系表结构，谓语动词用will be，即the more persuasive your report will be。故翻译为The more thoroughly you collect information, the more persuasive your report will be. 26．国王后来发现，重建这座花园需要耗费多年时间。（take） 【答案】The king later discovered that it would take years to reconstruct the garden. 【详解】考查时态和从句。“国王”对应英文 The king ；“后来”为 later，作时间状语。“发现”常见英文表达为discover，因为是过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。discovered后接that从句；“重建”可表达为reconstruct 。it would take + 时间 + to do sth.为固定句式，表示“做某事将花费多长时间”；“多年时间”即years。故译为The king later discovered that it would take years to reconstruct the garden. 27．研究人员都戴上了防护面罩，以免遭受辐射。(expose) （汉译英） 【答案】The researchers were wearing protective masks so that they would not be exposed to the radiation. 【详解】考查时态、目的状语从句以及固定短语。表示“研究人员”用the researchers，作主语，句首单词，首字母大写；表示“戴上了防护面罩”用wear protective masks，句子描述的是过去正在进行的动作，时态用过去进行时，谓语用were wearing；表示“以免”用so that，引导目的状语从句；从句主语用they，指代the researchers。表示“遭受”用be exposed to，描述过去将要发生的事情，时态用过去将来时，谓语用would not be exposed to；表示“辐射”用the radiation，作宾语。故翻译为：The researchers were wearing protective masks so that they would not be exposed to the radiation. 28．我提醒我女儿下个礼拜三她要代表全班把这个礼物送给他们的数学老师。(behalf) 【答案】I reminded my daughter that she would present this gift to their math teacher on behalf of the whole class next Wednesday. 【详解】考查短语、动词和宾语从句。表示“提醒某人作某事”用remind sb. that...，其中that引导宾语从句，“提醒”这一动作发生在过去，应用过去式reminded；表示“我女儿”用my daughter；表示“把这个礼物送给某人”用present this gift to sb.，主句谓语是一般过去时reminded，宾语从句谓语应用过去将来时would present；表示“他们的数学老师”用their math teacher，作宾语；表示“代表”用短语on behalf of；表示“全班”用the whole class，作宾语；表示“下礼拜三”用next Wednesday，作时间状语。故翻译为I reminded my daughter that she would present this gift to their math teacher on behalf of the whole class next Wednesday. 29．在不远的将来，我们的智能手环将会不断追踪我们的身体状况。( smartband , keep track of…) 【答案】In the not-distant future, our smartbands will be keeping constant track of our health. 【详解】考查短语、名词和动词。表示“在不远的将来”应用介词短语in the not-distant future，在句中作状语；表示“智能手环”为名词smartband，“我们的智能手环”在句中作主语，表示泛指，应为复数形式our smartbands；表示“不断的”为形容词constant，在句中作定语；表示“追踪”应用keep track of，在句中作谓语；表示“身体状况”应用health，“我们的身体状况”our health在句中作宾语，根据时间状语“in the not-distant future”，可知，表示将来正在进行的动作应为将来进行时。故翻译为In the not-distant future, our smartbands will be keeping constant track of our health. 30．与其他国家消费者相比，很多中国人并不习惯信用卡支付，移动支付能在中国迅速崛起，一定程度上也得益于此。（benefit） 【答案】Compared to consumers in other countries, many Chinese don’t get accustomed to paying by credit card, which to some extent has benefited the rapid rise of mobile payment in China. 【详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。表示“与……相比”短语为compared to，此处过去分词作状语；表示“其他国家消费者”翻译为consumers in other countries作宾语；表示“很多中国人”作主语主语为many Chinese；表示“习惯于”短语为get accustomed to doing sth.，此处为否定陈述句，且陈述事实用一般现在时；表示“信用卡支付”用动名词短语paying by credit card；后跟which 引导的非限制性定语从句；表示“一定程度上”短语为to some extent；表示“使……受益”应用动词benefit，此处“移动支付能在中国迅速崛起，一定程度上也得益于此”理解为“有利于中国移动支付的快速崛起”翻译为benefit the rapid rise of mobile payment in China，为现在完成时。故翻译为Compared to consumers in other countries, many Chinese don’t get accustomed to paying by credit card, which to some extent has benefited the rapid rise of mobile payment in China. 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A Few Minutes of Brisk (快速的) Activity Walking from room to room, running up and down stairs to deliver folded laundry, or taking a jog around the block ... What if you 1 look at all the things you do daily and know which ones best help or hurt your brain? A recent study attempted to answer that question by 2 (tie) activity monitors to the legs of nearly 4,500 people in the United Kingdom and tracking their 24-hour movements for seven days. Researchers then examined 3 participants’ behavior affected their short-term memory, problem-solving and processing skills. Here’s the good news. People who spent “even small amounts of time in more vigorous activities — as little as six to nine minutes — 4 (compare) with sitting, sleeping or gentle activities had 5 (high), cognition (认知) scores,” said study author John Mitchell. Moderate physical activity is typically defined as brisk walking or cycling or running up and down stairs. Vigorous movement   6 (range) from jogging, swimming to biking up a hill, basically any activity 7 is able to boost your heart rate and breathing. The study found that doing just under 10 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day led to improvements in study participants’ working memory. In addition, 10 minutes of such activity had its biggest impact on executive processes   8 9 planning and organization. The cognitive improvement was modest, but as additional time   10 (spend) doing the more energetic workout the benefits grew, Mitchell said. “Given we don’t monitor participants’ cognition over many years, this may be simply   11 those individuals who move more tend to have higher cognition on average,” he said. “However, yes, it could also imply that even minimal changes to our daily lives can have downstream consequences for our cognition.” 【答案】 1．could 2．tying 3．how 4．compared 5．higher 6．ranges 7．that 8．such 9．as 10．was spent 11．that 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究，该研究探究了日常少量快速活动对人们认知能力（如短期记忆、问题解决等）的影响，发现即使每天少量的中高强度活动也能提升认知水平。 1．考查情态动词。句意：如果你能审视自己每天做的所有事情，并知道哪些最有助于或损害你的大脑，会怎么样呢？空处修饰动词look at，结合句意“能够”，且此处为What if引导的虚拟语气（表假设），用情态动词could“能够”符合语境，表一种可能性。故填could。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：最近一项研究试图回答这个问题，研究人员给英国近4500人的腿上佩戴了活动监测器，并追踪他们七天内24小时的活动情况。此处位于介词by后，动词需用动名词形式，by doing sth.表示“通过做某事”，tie的动名词为tying。故填tying。 3．考查宾语从句引导词。句意：然后研究人员分析了参与者的行为如何影响他们的短期记忆、问题解决能力和处理能力。此处引导宾语从句，作examined的宾语，从句中不缺主谓宾，结合句意“如何”，用引导词how表示行为对认知能力的影响方式。故填how。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：研究作者约翰·米切尔说：“与坐着、睡觉或进行温和活动相比，即使花少量时间进行更剧烈的活动——只需6到9分钟——的人，认知得分更高。”此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰people，people与compare之间为被动关系（被比较），所以用过去分词compared。故填compared。 5．考查形容词比较级。句意：研究作者约翰·米切尔说：“与坐着、睡觉或进行温和活动相比，即使花少量时间进行更剧烈的活动——只需6到9分钟——的人，认知得分更高。”结合句中“compared with sitting, sleeping or gentle activities”可知，此处存在比较关系，需用形容词比较级，high的比较级为higher。故填higher。 6．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：剧烈运动包括慢跑、游泳、骑自行车上山，基本上是任何能提高心率和呼吸的活动。文章整体为一般现在时，主语Vigorous movement为不可数名词，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，range的第三人称单数为ranges。故填ranges。 7．考查定语从句引导词。句意：剧烈运动包括慢跑、游泳、骑自行车上山，基本上是任何能提高心率和呼吸的活动。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为any activity，指物，且从句中缺主语，所以用关系代词that（先行词有any修饰，不能用which）。故填that。 8．考查介词。句意：此外，这种活动持续 10 分钟所产生的效果在很大程度上体现在诸如规划和组织等管理流程中。结合后文“planning and organization”可知，此处是对executive processes的具体说明，such as意为“例如”符合题意。故填such。 9．考查介词。句意：此外，这种活动持续 10 分钟所产生的效果在很大程度上体现在诸如规划和组织等管理流程中。结合后文“planning and organization”可知，此处是对executive processes的具体说明，such as意为“例如”符合题意。故填as。 10．考查动词时态和语态。句意：米切尔说，认知能力的提升幅度不大，但随着花在更剧烈锻炼上的时间增加，好处也会增多。此处为as引导的时间状语从句，主语additional time与spend之间为被动关系（时间被花费），结合上文was和下文grew可知此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为不可数名词，be动词用was，spend的过去分词为spent。故填was spent。 11．考查表语从句引导词。句意：“由于我们没有监测参与者多年来的认知情况，这可能只是那些活动更多的人平均认知水平更高，”他说。此处引导表语从句，从句成分和意义都完整，用连接词that引导。故填that。 （25-26高二上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Killing Time, Not Your Mood: The Science Behind Better Queues You are at the airport baggage claim. The flight was long, but the walk to the carousel (传送带) was short. Now you stand there, staring at the empty belt. Minutes tick by. You get frustrated. This scenario illustrates a fundamental principle 1 (discover) by airport executives in Houston years ago. Passengers complained endlessly about the wait for luggage. In response, the airport hired more handlers, successfully 2 (reduce) the wait to eight minutes. Surprisingly, complaints didn’t stop. The executives then tried a counter-intuitive approach: they moved the arrival gates 3 (far) away from the baggage claim, forcing passengers to walk six times longer to get their bags. The actual wait time dropped to just two minutes. Complaints ceased. Why? Because occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time. This falls 4 the domain of “The Psychology of Queuing,” a field pioneered by researcher David Maister. His research suggests that the objective amount of time we wait matters less than 5 we perceive that time. A major factor influencing this perception is anxiety caused by uncertainty. This explains why ride-sharing apps show you the car moving on a map, and why amusement parks display “Wait Time: 45Minutes” signs. Knowing how long removes the anxiety of the unknown, making the wait feel manageable. 6 crucial element is fairness. Humans are social animals willing to wait, but we can’t stand 7 (cheat). The “First In, First Out” rule, 8 guarantees that everyone is served in the order they arrived, is the gold standard of social justice in queues and deeply rooted in our sense of fairness. This explains the popularity of the “serpentine line” (*the single winding line used at banks or fast-food counters*). Although it may look physically longer than multiple parallel lines, it eliminates the stress of choosing the “wrong” slow line and makes sure that no one 9 (cut) in, satisfying our deep need for equity. Ultimately, businesses have learned 10 they cannot always reduce the mathematical wait time, they can engineer the experience of waiting. By keeping us occupied, informed, and treated fairly, they turn a painful delay into a tolerable pause. 【答案】 1．discovered 2．reducing 3．farther 4．into 5．how 6．Another 7．being cheated 8．which 9．cuts 10．although/though/while 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“排队心理学”的相关知识，通过休斯顿机场行李提取区的案例，阐述了人们对等待时间的感知远重要于实际等待时长，以及占据时间、信息透明和公平性对改善排队体验的作用。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这个场景诠释了休斯顿机场高管多年前发现的一个基本原理。此处修饰名词principle，作后置定语，principle与discover之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词discovered。故填discovered。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：作为回应，机场雇佣了更多搬运工，成功将等待时间缩短到8分钟。此处作结果状语，主语the airport与reduce之间是主动关系，且“缩短等待时间”是“雇佣更多搬运工”带来的自然结果，所以用现在分词reducing。故填reducing。 3．考查形容词比较级。句意：随后，高管们尝试了一种反直觉的方法：他们将登机口移得离行李提取区更远，迫使乘客要多走六倍的路才能拿到行李。根据后文forcing passengers to walk six times longer可知，此处是将登机口移动前后的距离进行对比，需用形容词比较级farther。故填farther。 4．考查介词。句意：这属于“排队心理学”的范畴，该领域由研究员大卫·梅斯特开创。fall into为固定短语，意为“属于；陷入”，此处表示“属于某个领域”。故填into。 5．考查宾语从句引导词。句意：他的研究表明，我们等待的客观时长，远不如我们对这段时间的感知重要。此处引导宾语从句，作than的宾语，从句中缺少方式状语，结合句意“我们如何感知这段时间”，需用引导词how。故填how。 6．考查冠词。句意：另一个关键因素是公平性。前文已经提到影响等待感知的一个主要因素（anxiety caused by uncertainty），此处介绍第二个关键因素，需用不定冠词another“另一个；又一个”，后接可数名词单数，且句首单词首字母需大写，故填Another。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：人类是愿意等待的社会性动物，但我们无法忍受被欺骗。stand doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“忍受做某事”；且we与cheat之间是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动语态being cheated。故填being cheated。 8．考查定语从句关系代词。句意：“先到先得”原则——保证每个人都按到达顺序得到服务——是排队时社会公平的黄金标准，深深植根于我们的公平感中。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为The “First In, First Out” rule，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句，符合语法规则。故填which。 9．考查时态。句意：虽然它在视觉上可能比多条平行线更长，但它消除了选择“错误”慢队的压力，并确保没有人插队，满足了我们对公平的深切需求。此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，且全文时态以一般现在时为主，主语no one为单数，谓语用单数形式。故填cuts。 10．考查让步状语从句。句意：最终，企业已经认识到，虽然他们不能总是减少实际的等待时长，但他们可以设计等待的体验。根据句意，“然他们不能减少实际等待时长”与“可以设计等待体验”存在让步转折关系，所以learned后省略连接词that的宾语从句中包含一个让步状语从句，需用引导词though/although/while（虽然；尽管）表示让步转折。故填though/although/while。 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二上·上海松江·期末）English, like many languages, allows adjectives to be used as nouns, such as “the good”, “the bad”, and the “ugly”. However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate. This has led to discomfort with terms like “blacks” when used as a group noun. Journalists are often given suggestions: replace “slaves” with “enslaved people” or “racialized people”; “addicts” with “drug users” or “people with a substance-abuse problem”; and so on. In each instance, the target is a term that is, or can be seen as, bearing negative meaning. The alternative is meant to be less so. However, this approach presents challenges. One is that though a case can be made for each individual change, adopting every one will quickly make a piece of writing awkward, since every new option is longer than the one it is supposed to replace. It will also make writing seem more unnatural, since the entire point is to replace words in common use with phrases that are not. Good journalism is ideally conversational and accessible, calling for a lively and engaging style. Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it doesn’t seem to work out as hoped. Replacing a stigmatized word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word. Some groups have chosen a different approach by recovering older terms. “African-American” was popular for 30 years, but now “Black” is back, often with a capital B．While “hearing-impaired” is still used medically, many “Deaf” people proudly used the term with a capital D．The idea seems to be that showing pride is likely to be more effective than changing words. As for writers, good works should be both sharp and humane so that they can engage readers and benefit their subjects. In this context, everyday conversational language may be just as effective as the latest terms promoted by activists. 1．What does the word “stigmatizing” in Para.1 mean? A．Respecting the characteristics of individuals. B．Inventing new words to describe a new group. C．Using language that is neutral and descriptive. D．Encouraging negative associations with a group. 2．What does the writer think of the word replacement? A．It can make the writing more lively and engaging. B．The new phrases might still be misunderstood by readers. C．The new words may still bear some unfavourable meaning. D．Readers might find the new terms too formal and confusing. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Some old language has long been misused. B．Language evolution is gradually slowing down. C．New words convey meanings better than old terms. D．Effective writing should show the change of language. 4．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Linguistic engineering may not always help. B．Older terms have completely lost their appeal. C．Writers need to contribute to the invention of new terms. D．Everyday conversational language is not as effective as assumed. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了用新词替代带有负面含义的词汇可能并不总是有效，甚至可能带来新的问题。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate.(然而，像“穷人”或“残疾人”这样的群体越来越被视为stigmatizing，尤其是对于那些被认为是不幸的特征。)”可知，用“穷人”、“残疾人”这类表达指代特定群体，如今愈发被认为具有污名化色彩，stigmatizing指的是对某个群体带有负面或侮辱性的关联，即“鼓励对一个群体的负面联想”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Replacing a stigmatized word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word.(替换一个带有侮辱性的词往往只会导致侮辱性转移到新词上。)”可知，作者认为词汇替换的方式并不能解决本质问题，新的词汇依然可能会带有不好的含义。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Some groups have chosen a different approach by recovering older terms.(一些团体选择了不同的方法，即恢复使用旧术语。)”和“The idea seems to be that showing pride is likely to be more effective than changing words.(这个想法似乎是，表现出自豪感可能比改变词汇更有效。)”可推断，一些旧的语言长期被误用，所以有些团体选择恢复使用旧术语。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic(语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it doesn’t seem to work out as hoped. Replacing a stigmatized word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word.(改变世界很难：改变语言要容易得多，这就是为什么语言工程会吸引那些除了键盘之外没有其他工具可用的人。但这似乎并不像预期的那样奏效。替换一个带有侮辱性的词往往只会导致侮辱性转移到新词上。)”可知，作者认为语言工程可能并不总是有帮助。故选A。 （25-26高二上·上海浦东新·期末）We perceive the world through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. While this process feels effortless and immediate, it is, in fact, a remarkably complex and active construction by the brain. The true complexity of perception is often underestimated. This was evident even in the scientific community during the mid-20th century. As computers were first being developed, experts optimistically believed that creating machines capable of seeing and hearing as well as humans was only about a decade away. Decades later, no such machine exists. This historical failure underlines a critical point: human perception is an extraordinarily difficult achievement to copy, revealing its hidden depth. So, what actually happens to create our conscious perception of the environment? Neuroscientists have recently undergone a complete rethinking of perception’s very nature. The classical, intuitive (直觉的) view is what’s called “bottom-up” processing. As explained by neuroscientist David Poeppel, we historically thought of ourselves as passive recording devices — like cameras or microphones — with a retina (视网膜) for sight, a cochlea (耳蜗) for hearing. In this model, raw sensory data is simply encoded and sent upward to the brain to be assembled into an understanding of the world. However, this model is incomplete. A newer, now-dominant theory places equal — if not greater — emphasis on the brain’s power of prediction. This is known as “top-down” processing.      Our brain is not a passive receiver; it is an active predictor. Constantly, based on a lifetime of experience and contextual clues, it generates guesses about what we are about to see, hear, or feel. For example, you recognize your doctor almost instantly in her office because your brain strongly predicts her presence there. You might be slower to recognize her in a supermarket aisle because that context weakens the prediction. Predictable events allow the brain to use efficient shortcuts; unpredictable ones require more computational effort. The contemporary understanding is that perception is a dynamic two-way conversation. “Bottom-up” processing (senses to brain) and “top-down” processing (brain to senses) work together at the same time, influencing each other in real time. For instance, if you encounter a dangerously loud sound, your brain can send a signal back to the inner ear to cause a protective dampening reaction. When you listen to music, your brain doesn’t just hear each note as it arrives; it predicts the upcoming beat based on the established rhythm. In conclusion, perception is far from a simple, passive recording of the external world. It is an active, constructive process. Our reality is a complex best guess, a constant and delicate balance between the new information streaming in from our senses and the powerful predictions continuously generated by our brains. This dynamic interplay is what makes perception so reliable, efficient, and uniquely human. 1．The failure to create “perceiving machines” (para 2) is mentioned to _________. A．criticize slow progress in computing B．show senses are simple C．highlight perception’s complexity D．explain the study of deafness 2．According to “top-down” processing, you might have trouble recognizing your teacher in a shopping mall due to _________. A．poor eyesight in a crowd B．weaker prediction in a new place C．the brain not using quick thinking D．confusing signals from your senses 3．What does “dynamic two-way conversation” (para 6) imply? A．Bottom-up model is incorrect. B．Brain and senses constantly interact. C．Predictions are always primary. D．Senses are unreliable. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．A passive process of collecting and interpreting. B．Technological limits in understanding perception. C．An active process combining input and prediction. D．The essential role of sensory loss in perception. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类的感知并非简单被动的过程，而是大脑复杂且主动的构建结果，科学家对感知的认知从“自下而上”的处理模式，发展到发现“自上而下”的预测机制的重要性，最终明确感知是两种模式实时互动、动态结合的主动建构过程。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The true complexity of perception is often underestimated. This was evident even in the scientific community during the mid-20th century. As computers were first being developed, experts optimistically believed that creating machines capable of seeing and hearing as well as humans was only about a decade away. Decades later, no such machine exists. This historical failure underlines a critical point: human perception is an extraordinarily difficult achievement to copy, revealing its hidden depth (感知的真正复杂性往往被低估，这一点在20世纪中期的科学界就很明显。计算机刚发展时，专家们乐观地认为，造出能和人类一样看和听的机器只需大约十年时间。几十年过去了，这样的机器仍未出现。这一历史性的失败凸显了一个关键点：人类的感知是一项极难复制的成就，这也揭示了其隐藏的深度)”可知，作者提及制造感知机器的失败，是为了突出人类感知过程的复杂性，这一复杂性远超当初专家的预估。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“This is known as top-down processing. Our brain is not a passive receiver; it is an active predictor. Constantly, based on a lifetime of experience and contextual clues, it generates guesses about what we are about to see, hear, or feel. For example, you recognize your doctor almost instantly in her office because your brain strongly predicts her presence there. You might be slower to recognize her in a supermarket aisle because that context weakens the prediction (这被称为自上而下的处理模式。我们的大脑不是被动的接收器，而是主动的预测器。它会根据一生的经验和环境线索，不断对我们即将看到、听到或感受到的事物做出猜测。例如，你在医生的办公室里几乎能立刻认出她，因为你的大脑强烈预测她会出现在那里。你在超市过道里认出她的速度可能会变慢，因为这种环境削弱了这种预测)”可知，自上而下的处理模式中，大脑会结合环境线索做预测，在商场认不出老师，是因为新的环境让大脑的这种预测作用变弱了。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第六段“The contemporary understanding is that perception is a dynamic two-way conversation. Bottom-up processing (senses to brain) and top-down processing (brain to senses) work together at the same time, influencing each other in real time. For instance, if you encounter a dangerously loud sound, your brain can send a signal back to the inner ear to cause a protective dampening reaction. When you listen to music, your brain doesn’t just hear each note as it arrives; it predicts the upcoming beat based on the established rhythm (当代的认知是，感知是一场dynamic two-way conversation。自下而上的处理模式（从感官到大脑）和自上而下的处理模式（从大脑到感官）同时协同工作，实时相互影响。例如，当你遇到危险的巨响时，大脑会向内耳发送信号，产生保护性的减弱反应。当你听音乐时，大脑不仅会接收传来的每个音符，还会根据既定的节奏预测即将到来的节拍)”可知，后文具体解释了这种“dynamic two-way conversation”指的是大脑和感官之间的两种处理模式相互配合、实时影响，即大脑与感官持续地相互作用。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇指出人类感知是大脑复杂且主动的构建结果，接着介绍了感知的复杂性曾被低估，随后讲解了感知的两种处理模式——自下而上的感官信息输入和自上而下的大脑预测，最后总结感知并非对外部世界简单、被动的记录，而是感官输入的新信息与大脑的预测持续平衡、动态互动的主动建构过程。选项C“结合输入与预测的主动过程”，精准概括了文章的核心内容。故选C。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $