精品解析：上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年高二上学期9月开学练习英语试卷

上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年高二上学期9月开学练习 英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension (25’) Section A (10’) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. She thinks the movie won an award. B. There was once a movie by that title. C. The movie has been shown before. D. She believes she saw the movie. 2. A. She’s not sure how she was able to finish so early. B. She wasn’t able to manage the project well. C. She still hasn’t heard what was shocking. D. She’s not sure how to solve the mystery. 3. A. The weather is getting worse. B. His coat had begun to look worn-out. C. He cannot find anything else to wear. D. The new coat is even worse than the old one. 4. A. She went shopping yesterday. B. She doesn’t live near the shops. C. She doesn’t like to go shopping. D. She prefers shopping to studying. 5. A. He’s afraid to swim in deep water. B. He’s too busy to go swimming. C. He’s tired of swimming. D. He injured his neck. 6. A. It’s interesting. B. It’s hard to judge. C. It’s rather difficult. D. It turned out to be easy. 7. A. Only one person can come. B. There have been few responses. C. They need one more response. D. Almost everyone can come. 8. A. She should be more generous. B. She shouldn’t find fault with Tom. C. She should ask Tom to return the money. D. She shouldn’t care so much about money. 9. A. She has left her laptop at home. B. The meeting agenda is not that urgent. C. The man should do the analysis himself. D. She doesn’t know how to deal with the data. 10. A. It isn’t meaningful. B. It hasn’t been signed. C. It costs a lot of money. D. It should be printed on paper. Section B (15’) Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. His travels. B. His short stories. C. His finances. D. His family. 12. A. Typesetter. B. River pilot. C. soldier. D. Prospector. 13 A. His stories were inspired by his travels. B. His travels prevented him from writing. C. He traveled around to publicize his writings. D. He traveled to relax from the pressures of writing. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Australia’s wildlife is threatened with extinction. B. Australia is trying to get rid of unwelcome species. C. Australia plans to introduce some foreign animals. D. Australia needs to do more to protect its wildlife. 15. A. To protect rabbits against their predators. B. To get rid of most of the invasive species. C. To keep the rabbit population from increasing. D To drive those non-native animals out of the continent. 16. A. Opposed. B. Unconcerned. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. To school. B. To her home. C. To her friend’s. D. To the supermarket. 18. A. She works at the meat counter. B. She puts groceries out on the shelves. C. She checks the quality of milk products. D. She delivers fruits and vegetables for customers. 19. A. To earn money for school. B. To be able to work outdoors. C. To get exercise while working. D. To keep her family’s yard looking nice. 20. A. He isn’t well-paid. B. He has to work too long. C. He doesn’t have time for lunch. D. He may have to work in bad weather. II. Grammar and Vocabulary (42’) Section A (12’) Directions: After reading the sentence or the passage, fill in the blanks by using the given word in the bracket to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. People often assign feelings to animals. That zoo polar bear’s vacant stare must mean he’s sad. The uh-oh expression a dog flashes after ____1____(knock) over the garbage indicates shame. But scientists haven’t determined ____2____ these human-like expressions really mean anything. After all, it’s very difficult to read a dog’s mind. Scientists believe that certain brain cells in humans ____3____ (call) spindle cells (梭形细胞) are responsible for human social behavior and the interplay between thoughts and feelings. Studies have revealed that chimpanzee, dolphin and whale brains also possess spindle cells. Although ____4____ (act) people-like, these animals may not have feelings just because of these cells. Observations of apes have also revealed behavior that appears to represent various human-like desires. In some tests, chimpanzees demonstrate ____5____ looks like altruism (利他主义), helping their own kind and even other species ____6____ the expectation of a reward. Other experiments have cast doubt whether animal behavior can reliably signify an underlying feeling. In a recent study, a Barnard College researcher tested dogs to see if their guilty looks ____7____(link) to actual bad behavior. Dogs were tempted with ____8____ treat and told by their owners not to eat it. The dog’s owners weren’t allowed to see whether their pets had eaten the treat or not, but were told ____9____ that they did or that they didn’t, and were then instructed to scold the dogs that disobeyed. The experimenters noted that scolded dogs showed a guilty look whether or not they _____10_____(do) wrong. This illustrates the difficulty in accurately interpreting animal behavior _____11_____ a marker of human-like feelings. A guilty look suggests a feeling of guilt in a human but not necessarily in a dog, according to the Barnard research. Similarly, even apparent empathy (共情) behavior _____12_____ not actually mean these feelings are present in the brains of animals. Section B (30’) (A) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the boxes. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. acknowledge B. concerns C. consistent D. deserved AB. external AC. originated AD. identified BC. issue BD. occasionally CD. own ABC. routinely Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will ____13____ up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to ____14____ factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they ____15____ making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It ____16____ in organizations where tiny errors can have catastrophic (灾难性的) consequences. These are known as high reliability organizations (HROs) and include hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise ____17____ about that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes accountability because all contributions to the event occurring are ____18____ and reviewed for possible change and improvement. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to ____19____ recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exist when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers ____20____ investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down. There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is ____21____. The idea of the “just culture”, a framework developed in the 1990s by James Reason, a psychologist, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent (恶意的) will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that are ____22____ with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely. (B) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the boxes. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. accounts B. soared C. coupled D. overshadows AB. significant AC. especially AD. featured BC. alternative BD. offset CD. overstates ABC. proportionately All at sea: Is it ever possible to take an environmentally friendly cruise (海上航游)? Poisonous, cheap, and harmful, the mud-like substance, known as heavy fuel oil, has powered the shipping industry since the 1960s. What is less well-known is that it is still used to power more than half of cruise ships, making what many choose as a(n) ____23____ to flying one of the most environmentally damaging ways to travel. Under pressure from environmentalists and new regulations, the industry is adopting new technologies, energy-saving designs, and alternative fuels. But can cruises, ____24____ with the growing market, ever be considered a “sustainable” way to travel? And with a target of net zero by 2050, are they decarbonizing fast enough? How green is my cruise holiday? While the cruise sector ____25____ for just 2% of the shipping industry, the boats are growing in size and number. As a result, they need to do more than they are doing now toward sustainability, says Inesa Ulichina, sustainable shipping officer at Transport & Environment (T&E) campaign group. “Cruise ships spend, ____26____, more time in port than other ships,” she says, “particularly in primitive and natural locations where the impact of pollution is greater.” Critics say the cruising boom — ships have ____27____ in number from 21 in the 1970s to 351 today, and the world’s biggest have doubled in size since 2000 — ____28____ decarbonization efforts by individual lines and vessels. A study commissioned by the high-level panel for a sustainable ocean economy concluded that the 2% annual improvements in carbon intensity reported by two leading cruise lines in recent years was “____29____ many times over” by an expected 6% to 7% rise in passenger traffic.  A list of Europe’s top 20 worst carbon emitters, compiled by T&E from data required by EU laws for ships to report carbon dioxide emissions, ____30____ nine of the largest cruise lines, no ferries, and just one cargo vessel. How does the industry aim to reduce its impact on the climate? The EU is bringing in ____31____ penalties for sailing on dirty fuel from next year, and has set targets for greenhouse gas reduction. The hope is that this kind of legislation ____32____ with pressure from environmentalists and the public, could drive more positive changes for future cruise ship holidays. III. Cloze (30’) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. (A) Why saving older animals is vital to species’ survival It’s not just humans who get wiser as they age — animals do too, according to a growing body of research. And ____33____ is not just a number: as animals get older they behave differently ____34____ their life experiences, gain richer knowledge of their environment, and often pass it on to younger members of their group, researchers say. The problem is, we are killing off these older creatures. “Earth’s old animals are ____35____,” researchers warned in a paper published in Science last month, which analyzed more than 9,000 peer-reviewed papers. Few make it to old age, and the ones that do are ____36____ to being hunted or harvested by humans, because they are the biggest or have, for example, the largest antlers, horns, or tusks. ____37____ the largest and most experienced animals can have significant consequences for group culture and social structures, researchers warn, as they argue for a new approach called “longevity conservation.” Much research on ageing has focused on negative health aspects, says the lead researcher, Keller Kopf. “That ____38____ idea about old individuals not being important for populations or for environments is really not the full story,” he says. The more he examined different groups of animals, the more he stumbled on remarkable instances demonstrating the ____39____ of older creatures. Primates, whales, elephants, and pack-hunting animals all have old individuals who carry vital ____40____ knowledge and maintain social structures, according to the paper. Older female elephants, for example, have a “social memory” of who is a friend or ____41____, and are more sensitive to ____42____ dangers such as listening out for lions. The research shows that removing older individuals results in populations becoming more unstable over time, sometimes eventually ____43____. Older birds can provide better food and care for their offspring and deep-sea corals that can grow for thousands of years can provide shelter for marine mammals. Although older mammals may produce fewer offspring themselves, they help look after young ones. This is called the “____44____ hypothesis” of healthy populations, which was first studied in humans but has also been explored in elephants and orcas. “Older individuals are likely to ____45____ important cultural knowledge, so if our fishing practices are aimed at catching these individuals then the culture collapses,” says Kopf. “The trouble is once culture is lost it is very hard to regain. This would explain,” he adds, “why many fish populations have not ____46____, even after fishing moratoriums (暂停).” Kopf’s paper refers to the importance of “cultural transmission” that not only recognises that animals have culture but that these individuals transmit their social learning to other individuals. The loss of old individuals can be a ____47____ factor for many species threatened with extinction, he continues. “It’s not currently recognized widely but the literature itself has shown that the loss of these old individuals can be a major contributor to the decline of those species.” 33. A. time B. success C. age D. happiness 34. A. depending on B. sticking to C. worrying about D. resulting in 35. A. on the rise B. in decline C. in demand D. out of control 36. A. vulnerable B. beneficial C. accustomed D. obliged 37. A. Trapping B. Protecting C. Taming D. Eliminating 38. A. abstract B. accurate C. simple D. faint 39. A. danger B. value C. mystery D. trace 40. A. cultural B. academic C. adequate D. basic 41. A. superior B. colleague C. enemy D. peer 42. A. potential B. immediate C. obvious D. permanent 43. A. thriving B. stabilizing C. spreading D. collapsing 44. A. species B. memory C. grandmother D. communication 45. A. absorb B. harbor C. advance D. digest 46. A. analyzed B. estimated C. managed D. recovered 47. A. balancing B. driving C. complicating D. limiting (B) In 1968, Walter Mischel set a challenge for a group of children aged three to five at the nursery school his daughters attended in California. A researcher offered each of them a marshmallow (棉花糖) and then left them alone in the room. If they could resist ____48____ the colorful sweet until researcher returned up to 15 minutes later, they would be given a second sweet. Some children ate the marshmallow straight away, but most would engage in unintentionally comic attempts to resist temptation. They pulled funny faces, played with their hair, picked up the marshmallow and just ____49____ to take a bite. If two children were doing the experiment together, they engaged in a conversation about how they could work together to reach the goal of ____50____ their pleasure. What Mischel, a clinical psychologist, wanted was to understand how children learned to ____51____ temptation. Over the following years, the group of children remained friends. When Mischel chatted to his daughters about their former classmates, he began to notice an interesting ____52____: the children who had exhibited the most self-control in the ‘marshmallow test’ were doing better in life than their peers. He decided to investigate further. For more than 40 years, Mischel followed the lives of the nursery students. His findings were extraordinary. It turns out that being able to resist a treat at the age of five is a strong ____53____ of success in life: you are more likely to perform well at school and develop self-confidence and less likely to be overweight or develop addictions. Mischel still teaches psychology at Columbia University and has just written The Marshmallow Test, a book summing up half a century of research. The conclusion he draws from his marshmallow research is ____54____: some people may be ____55____ disciplined but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught. Teach children self-control early and you can improve their ____56____. However no single ____57____ —such as self-control—can explain success or failure. Some critics have pointed out that Mischel’s original subjects were themselves children of university professors and graduate students—not exactly a representative sample. Other scientists noted that ____58____ in home environment could account for differences: stable homes and one-child families encourage self-control, while in less stable homes and those with many children, if you don’t ____59____ a marshmallow now there won’t be any left in 15 minutes. Mischel answers these critics by noting that studies in a wide variety of schools found ____60____ results. He acknowledges that the environment ____61____ our ability to resist temptation and observes that genetics plays a role too. But he still believes that the ability to resist temptation can be ____62____ and encouraged. 48. A. watching B. buying C. hiding D. eating 49. A. asked B. pretended C. promised D. agreed 50. A. doubling B. sharing C. seeking D. concealing 51. A. take to B. deal with C. look for D. make up 52. A. alternative B. condition C. pattern D. requirement 53. A. element B. degree C. reward D. predictor 54. A. disappointing B. alarming C. positive D. stable 55 A. individually B. collectively C. thoroughly D. naturally 56. A. prospects B. techniques C. benefits D. resources 57. A. opportunity B. characteristic C. temptation D. qualification 58. A. variation B. interest C. mobility D. distribution 59. A. make B. grab C. like D. leave 60. A. similar B. practical C. conflicting D. virtual 61. A. strengthens B. reveals C. shapes D. restricts 62. A. found B. presented C. learnt D. defined IV. Reading Comprehension (38’) Section A (30’) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Around this time last winter, at a gymnasium 45 minutes outside Budapest, I was surprised to come across a group of roughly 30 men and women with wooden axes. They had gathered to practice something called Baranta, perhaps the youngest of the world’s so-called traditional martial arts. While they took turns swinging and blocking, one member of the group, a beefy man with a tight, gray, military-style haircut, walked over to where I was standing and began excitedly talking to me in Hungarian. Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta. The name Baranta, I later learned, originates from an old Hungarian word meaning, roughly, “to attack.” Today, it refers to a fighting style based on a mixture of Hungarian folk dancing. Mongolian wrestling, and the imagined fighting skills of its practitioners’ ancestors. Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia. Baranta clubs have formed in most major Hungarian cities and in many smaller villages, Babinszki says. These new “traditionalists” are interested in taking up archery (射箭) and horseback riding and organizing giant “tribal meetings” at which they dress in Mongolian-style felt coats and fur hats. Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in quibbling over their authenticity. “They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at Eõtvõs Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition. 63. Why did the beefy man show the writer a series of videos? A. He was trying to sell the writer these videos. B. He found the writer couldn’t understand his words. C. He had difficulty translating English into Hungarian. D. He wanted the writer to know how he practiced Baranta. 64. According to the passage, what happened in the early 1990s? A. Baranta made a comeback in Hungary. B. Baranta clubs moved from villages to major cities. C. Some Hungarians began exploring the country’s history. D. Some Hungarians became interested in Mongolian martial arts. 65. What does the phrase “quibbling over” (in the last paragraph) most probably mean? A. complaining about B. handing over C. insisting on D. engaging in 66. Vendel Teszler is quoted in the last paragraph in order to show ________. A. tradition changes with time no matter how old it is B. the history of Hungary remains a mystery to many people C. wishful imagination appeals more to people than historical fact D. what traditionalists believe in is likely not to be true to the fact (B) This document sets out the display standards for Glasgow Museums. This guide will help exhibition planners provide access to exhibitions in our museums. Glasgow Museums’ aim is to improve access to collections by having as many items as possible on display and without physical barriers. We also try out best to protect these objects without limiting access to them. Object Placement • Don’t place objects in such a way that they could present a danger to visitors. • All object displays, cased or otherwise, must be viewable by all, including people who are small in figure or in wheelchairs. Open Display • All objects on open display must be secure from theft and damage. • All objects identified for potential open display must be viewed and agreed on an object-to-object basis by the Security Manager of the museum. Recommendations Distance Recommended distance to place objects out of “casual arm’s 700mm length” (taken from the edge of the object to the edge of any proposed form of barrier) 700mm *In some cases, 600mm may be acceptable, provided the plinth height is above 350mm. Cased Objects • All cased displays should fall within the general optimum (最优的) viewing band of 750-2000mm. Ensure everything is visually accessible from a wheelchair. • Position small objects or those with fine detail in the front part of a case, with larger items behind. • Position small items or those with fine detail no higher than 1015mm from floor level. Objects placed above this height are only seen from below by people in wheelchairs or people who are small in figure. 67. From this passage, we can learn that Glasgow Museums ________. A. limit access to exhibitions on a daily basis B. are most well-known for its large collection C. make generous donations to the disabled D. give weight to the experiences of visitors 68. According to the guide, objects to be placed on open display must ________. A. be equipped with anti-theft system B. be viewed from a distance of 700mm C. receive approval from the museum first D. fall within arms’ reach of a standing man 69. A mother and her 10-year-old son are likely to both feel comfortable in front of a diamond placed in a glass case at the height of ________. A. 1250mm B. 950mm C. 650mm D. 450mm (C) Recently, Copenhagen’s Happiness Research Institute surveyed 2,600 Danish workers, from every type of job, about the sources of professional contentment. The winner was a sense of purpose, which contributed twice as much to an individual’s job satisfaction as did the runner-up, having a high-quality manager. Meik Wiking, the institute’s CEO, notes that Aristotle recognized the close connection between happiness and a sense of purpose. The good life — what the philosopher called eudaimonia — is not an easy life, but rather one filled with meaning and striving toward a goal. “We need a sense of purpose,” Wiking says. This need, moreover, appears to grow at midlife. As the developmental psychologist Erik H. Erikson observed, at some point in middle age a person begins to shift from investing inward — building a career, raising a family, buying a house, accumulating wealth and prestige — to investing outward. A growing “encore movement” is based on these ideas, and on the belief that purpose can drive a person through mid-career discontent. Groups like Encore.org, for example, connect middle-aged and older people with work that promotes the social good; Harvard and Stanford have launched programs that help experienced professionals design the course to their next calling. “When people get to their mid-career stage, they want to give back and do something meaningful,” says Philip A. Pizzo, the director of Stanford’s program, the Distinguished Careers Institute. This is sometimes easier said than done, however. “People become anxious and just start doing things that are not connected or not meaningful,” he says — joining a committee here, volunteering there — “just to feel like they are contributing.” Though tuition runs $60,000 a year, the institute has received far more applicants than it can accommodate. Pizzo, who was formerly the dean of Stanford’s medical school, hopes there will be more similar programs as millions of Baby Boomers and Gen Xers move through the workforce toward retirement. He warns that the alternative — drifting without purpose — is bound to be costly. His instinct is supported by a growing body of research indicating that having a sense of purpose is a powerful predictor of mental and physical health — by some measures, as powerful as education, wealth, genes, exercise, or social network. Compared with people who feel little purpose in life, those who report a strong sense of purpose are far less likely to die over a given period; they are also far less likely to suffer a heart attack, and are less likely to suffer from conditions such as diabetes, metastatic cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. 70. According to Aristotle, how can we have a good life? A. By working hard for a goal. B. By having a well-paid job. C. By staying positive despite difficulties. D. By understanding the sense of purpose. 71. It can be inferred from the passage that people in midlife need a sense of purpose badly because they are very likely to ________. A. feel tired of their daily life B. feel anxious about their future C. feel dissatisfied with their work D. feel eager for life improvement 72. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Distinguished Careers Institute? A. It is far more popular than expected. B. It helps people of all ages find their career paths. C. It teaches its participants how to avoid costly programs. D. It was launched by professionals from Harvard and Stanford. 73. The last paragraph is mainly concerned with ________. A. the research conducted on the sense of purpose B. the impact of people’s instinct on their health C. the importance of having a sense of purpose D. the predictor of some unusual conditions (D) Buying organic food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food — and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tended to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields (产量) are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analysed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop thinking of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms Seufert said. 74. What does the study find about organic farms? A. They are less than efficient. B. They support more wildlife. C. They produce more emissions. D. They are a great drain on energy. 75. The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to ______. A. irregular B. unlimited C. irrelevant D. unimportant 76. What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A. Its role has long been neglected by farmers. B. It is more popular in Canada than in other countries. C. It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D. Its evolution will help meet the growing global population. 77. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Organic food: Pros and Cons B. Organic food is risk to the planet C. Organic food is drawing attention D. Organic food: Solution to food shortage Section B (8’) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Is necessity the mother of invention? One common view regarding inventions is expressed in the saying “Necessity is the mother of invention.” That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled demand: some technology is widely recognized to be unsatisfactory or limiting. ____78____ Some inventor finally comes up with a solution superior to the existing, unsatisfactory technology. Society adopts the solution if it is on par with the society’s values and other technologies. ____79____ In 1942, in the middle of World War II, the U.S. government set up the Manhattan Project with the explicit goal of inventing the technology required to build an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could do so. That project succeeded in three years, at a cost of $2 billion. Familiar cases like this deceive (欺骗) us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. However, many or most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity, in the absence of an initial demand for the product they had in mind. ____80____ Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they ‘needed’ it. Still other devices, invented to serve one purpose, eventually found most of their use for other, unanticipated purposes. It may come as a surprise to learn that these inventions in search of a use include most of the major technological breakthroughs of modern times, ranging from the airplane and automobile, to the internal combustion engine and electric light bulb. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa. A good example is the history of Thomas Edison’s phonograph (留声机), the most original invention of the greatest inventor of modern times. When Edison built his first phonograph in 1877, he published an article proposing ten uses to which his invention might be put. They included preserving the last words of dying people, recording books for blind people to hear, announcing clock time, and teaching spelling. ____81____ Only after about 20 years did Edison reluctantly admit that the main use of his phonograph was to record and play music. Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) propelling locomotives and boats. A. Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. B. Some inventors follow the trends of the times, focusing primarily on being innovative and unconventional. C. Would-be inventors, motivated by the prospect of money or fame, perceive the need and try to meet it. D. Quite a few inventions do comply with this commonsense view of necessity as invention’s mother. E. Although things have been invented through technological innovation, there are still many imperfect aspects that need to be improved through user trials. F. Reproduction was not high on his list of priorities. V. Translation (15’=3’*5) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 82. 每当我看到多年前旅行时买的纪念品挂钟时，总感觉往事历历在目，不禁潸然泪下。(Every time) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 83. 帮助出狱罪犯重拾生活信心事关社会和谐，引起了当地政府的高度关注。(concern v.) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 84. 这个展览将传统习俗与现代科技相结合，开创了传统民间艺术的数字化再现。(pioneer v.) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 85. 我突然想到，自从我们上次一起在郊外采集野生蜂蜜和野果已经过去好几年了。(occur) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 86. 年轻的运动员们必须承受艰苦训练的考验，他们的日常作息要严格服从团队的安排。(subject) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年高二上学期9月开学练习 英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension (25’) Section A (10’) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. She thinks the movie won an award. B. There was once a movie by that title. C. The movie has been shown before. D. She believes she saw the movie. 2. A. She’s not sure how she was able to finish so early. B. She wasn’t able to manage the project well. C. She still hasn’t heard what was shocking. D. She’s not sure how to solve the mystery. 3. A. The weather is getting worse. B. His coat had begun to look worn-out. C. He cannot find anything else to wear. D. The new coat is even worse than the old one. 4. A. She went shopping yesterday. B. She doesn’t live near the shops. C. She doesn’t like to go shopping. D. She prefers shopping to studying. 5. A. He’s afraid to swim in deep water. B. He’s too busy to go swimming. C. He’s tired of swimming. D. He injured his neck. 6. A. It’s interesting. B. It’s hard to judge. C. It’s rather difficult. D. It turned out to be easy. 7. A. Only one person can come. B. There have been few responses. C. They need one more response. D. Almost everyone can come. 8. A. She should be more generous. B. She shouldn’t find fault with Tom. C. She should ask Tom to return the money. D. She shouldn’t care so much about money. 9. A. She has left her laptop at home. B. The meeting agenda is not that urgent. C. The man should do the analysis himself. D. She doesn’t know how to deal with the data. 10. A. It isn’t meaningful. B. It hasn’t been signed. C. It costs a lot of money. D. It should be printed on paper. Section B (15’) Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. His travels. B. His short stories. C. His finances. D. His family. 12. A. Typesetter. B. River pilot. C. soldier. D. Prospector. 13. A. His stories were inspired by his travels. B. His travels prevented him from writing. C. He traveled around to publicize his writings. D. He traveled to relax from the pressures of writing. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Australia’s wildlife is threatened with extinction. B. Australia is trying to get rid of unwelcome species. C. Australia plans to introduce some foreign animals. D. Australia needs to do more to protect its wildlife. 15. A. To protect rabbits against their predators. B. To get rid of most of the invasive species. C. To keep the rabbit population from increasing. D. To drive those non-native animals out of the continent. 16. A. Opposed. B. Unconcerned. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. To school. B. To her home. C. To her friend’s. D. To the supermarket. 18. A. She works at the meat counter. B. She puts groceries out on the shelves. C. She checks the quality of milk products. D. She delivers fruits and vegetables for customers. 19. A. To earn money for school. B. To be able to work outdoors. C. To get exercise while working. D. To keep her family’s yard looking nice. 20. A. He isn’t well-paid. B. He has to work too long. C. He doesn’t have time for lunch. D. He may have to work in bad weather. II. Grammar and Vocabulary (42’) Section A (12’) Directions: After reading the sentence or the passage, fill in the blanks by using the given word in the bracket to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. People often assign feelings to animals. That zoo polar bear’s vacant stare must mean he’s sad. The uh-oh expression a dog flashes after ____1____(knock) over the garbage indicates shame. But scientists haven’t determined ____2____ these human-like expressions really mean anything. After all, it’s very difficult to read a dog’s mind. Scientists believe that certain brain cells in humans ____3____ (call) spindle cells (梭形细胞) are responsible for human social behavior and the interplay between thoughts and feelings. Studies have revealed that chimpanzee, dolphin and whale brains also possess spindle cells. Although ____4____ (act) people-like, these animals may not have feelings just because of these cells. Observations of apes have also revealed behavior that appears to represent various human-like desires. In some tests, chimpanzees demonstrate ____5____ looks like altruism (利他主义), helping their own kind and even other species ____6____ the expectation of a reward. Other experiments have cast doubt whether animal behavior can reliably signify an underlying feeling. In a recent study, a Barnard College researcher tested dogs to see if their guilty looks ____7____(link) to actual bad behavior. Dogs were tempted with ____8____ treat and told by their owners not to eat it. The dog’s owners weren’t allowed to see whether their pets had eaten the treat or not, but were told ____9____ that they did or that they didn’t, and were then instructed to scold the dogs that disobeyed. The experimenters noted that scolded dogs showed a guilty look whether or not they _____10_____(do) wrong. This illustrates the difficulty in accurately interpreting animal behavior _____11_____ a marker of human-like feelings. A guilty look suggests a feeling of guilt in a human but not necessarily in a dog, according to the Barnard research. Similarly, even apparent empathy (共情) behavior _____12_____ not actually mean these feelings are present in the brains of animals. 【答案】1. knocking 2. whether 3. called 4. acting 5. what 6. without 7. were linked 8. a 9. either 10. had done 11. as 12. might##may 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨人们是否能将动物的行为与人类的情感直接对应，通过多项科学研究说明动物看似类人的表情与行为，并不一定代表它们拥有和人类一样的情绪。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：狗狗打翻垃圾桶后露出的“糟了”的表情表明它很羞愧。after为介词，后接动名词作宾语。故填knocking。 【2题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：但科学家还没有确定这些类人的表情是否真的有意义。此处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”。故填whether。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：科学家认为人类体内被称为梭形细胞的某些脑细胞负责人类的社会行为以及思想与情感之间的相互作用。call与cells之间为被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。故填called。 【4题详解】 考查省略句。句意：尽管表现得像人类一样，但这些动物可能并不会因为这些细胞就拥有情感。此处为状语从句省略，完整从句为although these animals are acting…，省略主语和be动词。故填acting。 【5题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：在一些测试中，黑猩猩表现出类似利他主义的行为。从句中缺少主语，表示“……的事物/样子”，用what引导宾语从句。故填what。 【6题详解】 考查介词。句意：帮助同类甚至其他物种，而不期待回报。根据句意表示“没有，不”，用介词加名词短语。故填without。 【7题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：研究狗狗是否愧疚的表情与实际的不良行为有关。be linked to 为固定搭配，表示“与……有关”；主句为一般过去时的被动语态，从句也用过去时态。故填were linked。 8题详解】 考查冠词。句意：狗狗被一种食物诱惑。此处表示泛指“一种，一份”，treat为可数名词。首字母为辅音音素开头，不定冠词用a。故填a。 【9题详解】 考查连词。句意：主人要么被告知狗狗吃了，要么被告知没吃。either…or…为固定搭配，表示“要么……要么……”。故填either。 【10题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：实验者注意到，无论狗狗是否真的做错事，被责骂的狗狗都会露出愧疚的表情。“做错”发生在“露出表情”之前，表示过去的过去，用过去完成时。故填had done。 【11题详解】 考查介词。句意：这说明很难准确地将动物行为解读为类人情感的标志。interpret…as…表示“把……解读为……”为固定短语。故填as。 【12题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：同样，即使是明显的共情行为，也可能并不意味着动物大脑中存在这些情感。表示“可能”，用may或might。故填might/may。 Section B (30’) (A) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the boxes. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. acknowledge B. concerns C. consistent D. deserved AB. external AC. originated AD. identified BC. issue BD. occasionally CD. own ABC. routinely Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will ____13____ up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to ____14____ factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they ____15____ making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It ____16____ in organizations where tiny errors can have catastrophic (灾难性的) consequences. These are known as high reliability organizations (HROs) and include hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise ____17____ about that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes accountability because all contributions to the event occurring are ____18____ and reviewed for possible change and improvement. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to ____19____ recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exist when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers ____20____ investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down. There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is ____21____. The idea of the “just culture”, a framework developed in the 1990s by James Reason, a psychologist, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent (恶意的) will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that are ____22____ with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely. 【答案】13. CD 14. AB 15. A 16. AC 17. B 18. AD 19. BC 20. ABC 21. D 22. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了企业与组织中的指责文化与无责文化，阐述了无责文化的起源、作用、重要意义以及“公正文化”对其的补充与平衡。 【13题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：这会让人们更不愿意承认自己的错误。根据前文“it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake”可知，这会让人们更不愿意承认自己的错误，固定搭配own up to表示“承认（错误等）”，will后跟动词原形。故填CD。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：2015 年发表的研究表明，那些管理者用外部因素解释失败的公司，业绩不如从自身找原因的公司。空处需填形容词修饰名词，根据后文“blamed themselves”可知，此处涉及归咎于外因和内因的对比，external factors表示“外部因素”符合句意。故填AB。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：就像孩子们如果承认做错事，就会害怕爸爸妈妈的惩罚一样，在充满指责的环境中，员工如果在工作中承认犯了错，会害怕批评和惩罚。条件状语从句缺谓语动词，根据前文“employees are afraid of criticism and punishment”可知，员工如果在工作中承认犯了错，会害怕批评和惩罚。acknowledge doing sth.表示 “承认做了某事”符合句意。故填A。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：它起源于那些微小错误也可能造成灾难性后果的组织。空处缺谓语动词，根据后文“in organizations where tiny errors can have catastrophic consequences”可知，这种文化起源于那些微小错误也可能造成灾难性后果的组织。originate in表示“起源于、源自”，此处用一般过去时，表示过去的动作。故填AC。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：因为在这些机构里，失误可能会造成灾难性后果，所以如果在这样一种环境中运作是很危险的：员工不敢汇报已发生的错误，也不敢对那些可能演变成未来事故的缺陷提出担忧。空处需填名词作宾语，根据后文“about that deficiencies may turn into future errors”可知，员工不敢提出担忧，raise concerns表示 “提出担忧、引起关注”。故填B。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：无责文化最大限度地强化了问责制，因为所有导致该事件发生的因素都会被识别并审查，以便做出可能的改变与改进。空处需填过去分词与be动词构成被动语态，根据前文“all contributions to the event occurring”可知，所有导致该事件发生的因素都会被识别出来，be identified表示 “被识别、被确认”。故填AD。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：负责监管全美国空中交通的美国国家运输安全委员会明确表示，它的职责不是追究责任，而是查明问题所在，并发布建议以避免事故再次发生。根据“to find out what went wrong and to”可知，空处需填动词原形，结合后文“recommendations”可知，此处表示发布建议，issue recommendations表示 “发布 / 提出建议”。故填BC。 【20题详解】 考查副词。句意：这就是为什么如果网站崩溃或服务器宕机，软件工程师和开发人员会经常调查问题所在。空处需填副词修饰动词investigate，结合句意可知，出现网络问题，软件工程师和开发人员会经常调查问题所在，routinely 表示“常规地、经常地”。故填ABC。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：毕竟，有时候指责是应得的。空处需填形容词作表语，根据前文“What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault?”可知，有些惩罚是应该的。deserved 表示“应得的、理所当然的”。故填D。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它承诺营造这样一种文化：人们不会因做出与其经验和培训相符的行为或决定而受到惩罚。根据前文“It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them”可知，在这种文化中，人们不会因做出与其经验和培训相符的行为或决定而受到惩罚。be consistent with表示“与…… 一致、相符”，符合句意。故填C。 (B) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the boxes. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. accounts B. soared C. coupled D. overshadows AB. significant AC. especially AD. featured BC. alternative BD. offset CD. overstates ABC. proportionately All at sea: Is it ever possible to take an environmentally friendly cruise (海上航游)? Poisonous, cheap, and harmful, the mud-like substance, known as heavy fuel oil, has powered the shipping industry since the 1960s. What is less well-known is that it is still used to power more than half of cruise ships, making what many choose as a(n) ____23____ to flying one of the most environmentally damaging ways to travel. Under pressure from environmentalists and new regulations, the industry is adopting new technologies, energy-saving designs, and alternative fuels. But can cruises, ____24____ with the growing market, ever be considered a “sustainable” way to travel? And with a target of net zero by 2050, are they decarbonizing fast enough? How green is my cruise holiday? While the cruise sector ____25____ for just 2% of the shipping industry, the boats are growing in size and number. As a result, they need to do more than they are doing now toward sustainability, says Inesa Ulichina, sustainable shipping officer at Transport & Environment (T&E) campaign group. “Cruise ships spend, ____26____, more time in port than other ships,” she says, “particularly in primitive and natural locations where the impact of pollution is greater.” Critics say the cruising boom — ships have ____27____ in number from 21 in the 1970s to 351 today, and the world’s biggest have doubled in size since 2000 — ____28____ decarbonization efforts by individual lines and vessels. A study commissioned by the high-level panel for a sustainable ocean economy concluded that the 2% annual improvements in carbon intensity reported by two leading cruise lines in recent years was “____29____ many times over” by an expected 6% to 7% rise in passenger traffic.  A list of Europe’s top 20 worst carbon emitters, compiled by T&E from data required by EU laws for ships to report carbon dioxide emissions, ____30____ nine of the largest cruise lines, no ferries, and just one cargo vessel. How does the industry aim to reduce its impact on the climate? The EU is bringing in ____31____ penalties for sailing on dirty fuel from next year, and has set targets for greenhouse gas reduction. The hope is that this kind of legislation ____32____ with pressure from environmentalists and the public, could drive more positive changes for future cruise ship holidays. 【答案】23. BC 24. AC 25. A 26. ABC 27. B 28. D 29. BD 30. AD 31. AB 32. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。邮轮多使用重燃料油，污染严重，数量与规模激增使其脱碳成效被抵消。欧盟将出台严厉处罚与减排目标，期待法规与公众压力推动行业可持续发展。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：鲜为人知的是，它（指某种能源）仍被用于驱动超过半数的游轮，这使得它成为许多人选择的、作为乘飞机出行的替代方式的一种环保出行方式。而乘飞机出行是对环境危害最大的几种出行方式之一。根据“it is still used to power more than half of cruise ships, making what many choose as”以及句意“替代方式”可知应填名词alternative，作宾语，不定冠词提示用单数。故选BC。 【24题详解】 考查副词。句意：但邮轮旅行，尤其是考虑到其日益增长的市场规模，真的能被视为一种“可持续”的出行方式吗？根据“with the growing market”以及句意“尤其”可知应填副词especially，修饰介词短语。故选AC。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：虽然游轮行业仅占航运业的2%，但这些船只的规模和数量却在不断增加。根据“for just 2%”以及句意“占比”可知应填动词account，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为the cruise sector，谓语用三单形式。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查副词。句意：她说：她表示：“按比例来看，邮轮在港口停留的时间比其他船只更长，尤其是在那些原始自然区域，污染造成的影响也更为严重。”根据“more time in port than other ships”以及句意“按比例来看”可知应填副词proportionately，修饰动词。故选ABC。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：批评人士称，游轮行业的蓬勃发展（从20世纪70年代的21艘增加到如今的351艘，而且世界上最大的游轮的规模自2000年以来也翻了一番）掩盖了各航运公司和船只在减少碳排放方面所做的努力。根据“from 21 in the 1970s to 351 today”以及句意“增加”可知应填动词soar，结合上文have可知为现在完成时。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查动词。句意：批评人士称，游轮行业蓬勃发展（从20世纪70年代的21艘增加到如今的351艘，而且世界上最大的游轮的规模自2000年以来也翻了一番）掩盖了各航运公司和船只在减少碳排放方面所做的努力。根据“decarbonization efforts by individual lines and vessels”以及句意“掩盖”可知应填overshadow，作谓语，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为boom，谓语用三单形式。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：由一个致力于可持续海洋经济的高级专家小组委托开展的一项研究得出结论：两家主要邮轮公司近年来报告的碳强度每年平均下降2%的这一情况，被预计会出现的6%至7%的客流量增长“抵消了数倍之多”。根据“many times over” by an expected 6% to 7% rise in passenger traffic.”以及句意“抵消”可知应填动词offset，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。故选BD。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：由T&E组织根据欧盟法律要求各船只上报二氧化碳排放量的数据编制的一份欧洲20家碳排放量最大的企业名单中，有9家是大型游轮公司，没有一艘渡轮，而货船仅有一艘。根据“nine of the largest cruise lines, no ferries, and just one cargo vessel.”以及句意“以……为特色”可知应填feature，发生在过去用一般过去时。故选AD。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：欧盟从明年起将对使用劣质燃料进行航海的行为实施严厉处罚，并且还设定了减少温室气体排放的目标。根据“penalties for sailing on dirty fuel from next year”以及句意“严厉”可知应填形容词significant，修饰名词penalties。故选AB。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：期望是，此类立法措施再加上环保人士和公众的施压，能够促使未来邮轮度假活动发生更多积极的变化。根据“with pressure from environmentalists and the public”以及句意“加上”可知应填coupled，构成coupled with。故选C。 III. Cloze (30’) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. (A) Why saving older animals is vital to species’ survival It’s not just humans who get wiser as they age — animals do too, according to a growing body of research. And ____33____ is not just a number: as animals get older they behave differently ____34____ their life experiences, gain richer knowledge of their environment, and often pass it on to younger members of their group, researchers say. The problem is, we are killing off these older creatures. “Earth’s old animals are ____35____,” researchers warned in a paper published in Science last month, which analyzed more than 9,000 peer-reviewed papers. Few make it to old age, and the ones that do are ____36____ to being hunted or harvested by humans, because they are the biggest or have, for example, the largest antlers, horns, or tusks. ____37____ the largest and most experienced animals can have significant consequences for group culture and social structures, researchers warn, as they argue for a new approach called “longevity conservation.” Much research on ageing has focused on negative health aspects, says the lead researcher, Keller Kopf. “That ____38____ idea about old individuals not being important for populations or for environments is really not the full story,” he says. The more he examined different groups of animals, the more he stumbled on remarkable instances demonstrating the ____39____ of older creatures. Primates, whales, elephants, and pack-hunting animals all have old individuals who carry vital ____40____ knowledge and maintain social structures, according to the paper. Older female elephants, for example, have a “social memory” of who is a friend or ____41____, and are more sensitive to ____42____ dangers such as listening out for lions. The research shows that removing older individuals results in populations becoming more unstable over time, sometimes eventually ____43____. Older birds can provide better food and care for their offspring, and deep-sea corals that can grow for thousands of years can provide shelter for marine mammals. Although older mammals may produce fewer offspring themselves, they help look after young ones. This is called the “____44____ hypothesis” of healthy populations, which was first studied in humans but has also been explored in elephants and orcas. “Older individuals are likely to ____45____ important cultural knowledge, so if our fishing practices are aimed at catching these individuals then the culture collapses,” says Kopf. “The trouble is once culture is lost it is very hard to regain. This would explain,” he adds, “why many fish populations have not ____46____, even after fishing moratoriums (暂停).” Kopf’s paper refers to the importance of “cultural transmission” that not only recognises that animals have culture but that these individuals transmit their social learning to other individuals. The loss of old individuals can be a ____47____ factor for many species threatened with extinction, he continues. “It’s not currently recognized widely but the literature itself has shown that the loss of these old individuals can be a major contributor to the decline of those species.” 33. A. time B. success C. age D. happiness 34. A. depending on B. sticking to C. worrying about D. resulting in 35. A. on the rise B. in decline C. in demand D. out of control 36. A. vulnerable B. beneficial C. accustomed D. obliged 37. A. Trapping B. Protecting C. Taming D. Eliminating 38. A. abstract B. accurate C. simple D. faint 39. A. danger B. value C. mystery D. trace 40. A. cultural B. academic C. adequate D. basic 41. A. superior B. colleague C. enemy D. peer 42. A. potential B. immediate C. obvious D. permanent 43. A. thriving B. stabilizing C. spreading D. collapsing 44. A. species B. memory C. grandmother D. communication 45. A. absorb B. harbor C. advance D. digest 46. A. analyzed B. estimated C. managed D. recovered 47. A. balancing B. driving C. complicating D. limiting 【答案】33. C 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. B 40. A 41. C 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. B 46. D 47. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述年长动物对物种生存至关重要，它们承载文化知识、维持社会结构，而人类活动导致其数量减少，呼吁保护年长动物。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员说，年龄不仅仅是一个数字：随着动物年龄的增长，它们的行为会因生活经历而有所不同，对环境有更丰富的了解，并常常将其传递给群体中较年轻的成员。A. time时间；B. success成功；C. age年龄；D. happiness幸福。根据前文“It’s not just humans who get wiser as they age — animals do too”可知，此处围绕“年龄”展开，强调年龄不只是数字，符合语境。故选C。 【34题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究人员说，年龄不仅仅是一个数字：随着动物年龄的增长，它们的行为会因生活经历而有所不同，对环境有更丰富的了解，并常常将其传递给群体中较年轻的成员。A. depending on取决于、由于；B. sticking to坚持；C. worrying about担心；D. resulting in导致。结合下文“their life experiences, gain richer knowledge of their environment, and often pass it on to younger members of their group,”可知，动物行为的不同取决于它们的生活经历。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：“地球上的年长动物正在减少，”研究人员在上个月发表在《科学》杂志上的一篇论文中警告说，该论文分析了9000多篇同行评审论文。A. on the rise在增加；B. in decline在减少、在衰退；C. in demand有需求；D. out of control失控。根据前文“The problem is, we are killing off these older creatures.”可知，人类正在杀害年长动物，因此它们的数量在减少。故选B。 【36题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很少有动物能活到老年，而那些活到老年的动物容易被人类猎杀或捕获，因为它们体型最大，或者例如有最大的鹿角、牛角或象牙。A. vulnerable易受伤害的、易受影响的；B. beneficial有益的；C. accustomed习惯的；D. obliged感激的，有义务的。根据后文“because they are the biggest or have, for example, the largest antlers, horns, or tusks”可知，年长动物因自身特点，更容易成为人类猎杀的目标。故选A。 【37题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员警告说，保护体型最大、经验最丰富的动物可能会对群体文化和社会结构产生重大影响，他们主张采用一种名为“长寿保护”的新方法。A. Trapping捕捉；B. Protecting保护；C. Taming驯服；D. Eliminating清除，消除。根据后文“removing older individuals results in populations becoming more unstable”可知，要保护年长的动物。故选B。 38题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“那种认为年长个体对种群或环境不重要的简单想法真的不是全部事实，”他说。A. abstract抽象的；B. accurate准确的；C. simple简单的，片面的；D. faint微弱的。结合前文“Much research on ageing has focused on negative health aspects”和后文“is really not the full story”可知，人们以往对年长动物的认知是片面、简单的，没有看到其重要性。故选C。 【39题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他研究的动物群体越多，就越能发现更多显著的例子，证明年长动物的价值。A. danger危险；B. value价值；C. mystery神秘；D. trace痕迹。根据后文“Primates, whales, elephants, and pack-hunting animals all have old individuals who carry vital ____ knowledge and maintain social structures, according to the paper. ”可知，年长动物是有价值的。故选B。 【40题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：论文称，灵长类动物、鲸鱼、大象和群体捕猎动物都有年长个体，它们承载着重要的文化知识并维持社会结构。A. cultural文化的；B. academic学术的；C. adequate足够的；D. basic基础的。根据后文“cultural transmission”、“culture collapses”可知，此处指年长动物承载文化知识。故选A。 【41题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，年长的雌性大象对谁是朋友或敌人有“社会记忆”，并且对潜在的危险更敏感，比如倾听狮子的动静。A. superior上级；B. colleague同事；C. enemy敌人；D. peer同龄人。根据前文“friend or”可知，此处应是与friend相对的enemy（敌人），体现大象的社会记忆。故选C。 【42题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，年长的雌性大象对谁是朋友或敌人有“社会记忆”，并且对潜在的危险更敏感，比如倾听狮子的动静。A. potential潜在的；B. immediate立即的；C. obvious明显的；D. permanent永久的。根据后文“such as listening out for lions”可知，狮子的危险尚未发生，属于潜在的危险。故选A。 【43题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，清除年长个体导致种群随着时间的推移变得更加不稳定，有时最终会崩溃。A. thriving繁荣；B. stabilizing稳定；C. spreading传播；D. collapsing崩溃。根据前文“populations becoming more unstable”和后文“culture collapses”可知，种群不稳定最终会崩溃。故选D。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这被称为健康种群的“祖母假说”，最初是在人类中研究的，但在大象和虎鲸中也进行了探索。A. species物种；B. memory记忆；C. grandmother祖母；D. communication交流。根据前文“Although older mammals may produce fewer offspring themselves, they help look after young ones.”可知，年长雌性动物帮助照顾幼崽，这符合“祖母假说”的定义，即年长雌性对种群的贡献。故选C。 【45题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“年长个体可能承载着重要的文化知识，所以如果我们的捕鱼行为以捕捉这些个体为目标，那么文化就会崩溃，”科普夫说。A. absorb吸收；B. harbor持有，承载；C. advance推进；D. digest消化。结合前文“carry vital cultural knowledge”可知，此处指年长个体“承载”重要的文化知识。故选B。 【46题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“这也可以解释为什么许多鱼类种群即使在暂停捕鱼后也没有恢复，”他补充道。A. analyzed分析；B. estimated估计；C. managed管理；D. recovered恢复。根据前文“even after fishing moratoriums”可知，暂停捕鱼的目的是让鱼类种群恢复，但由于年长个体被捕获、文化消失，种群难以恢复。故选D。 【47题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他继续说，年长个体的消失可能是许多濒临灭绝物种的驱动因素。A. balancing平衡的；B. driving驱动的，主要的；C. complicating复杂的；D. limiting限制的。根据后文“the loss of these old individuals can be a major contributor to the decline of those species”可知，年长个体的消失是物种衰退的“主要驱动因素”。故选B。 (B) In 1968, Walter Mischel set a challenge for a group of children aged three to five at the nursery school his daughters attended in California. A researcher offered each of them a marshmallow (棉花糖) and then left them alone in the room. If they could resist ____48____ the colorful sweet until researcher returned up to 15 minutes later, they would be given a second sweet. Some children ate the marshmallow straight away, but most would engage in unintentionally comic attempts to resist temptation. They pulled funny faces, played with their hair, picked up the marshmallow and just ____49____ to take a bite. If two children were doing the experiment together, they engaged in a conversation about how they could work together to reach the goal of ____50____ their pleasure. What Mischel, a clinical psychologist, wanted was to understand how children learned to ____51____ temptation. Over the following years, the group of children remained friends. When Mischel chatted to his daughters about their former classmates, he began to notice an interesting ____52____: the children who had exhibited the most self-control in the ‘marshmallow test’ were doing better in life than their peers. He decided to investigate further. For more than 40 years, Mischel followed the lives of the nursery students. His findings were extraordinary. It turns out that being able to resist a treat at the age of five is a strong ____53____ of success in life: you are more likely to perform well at school and develop self-confidence and less likely to be overweight or develop addictions. Mischel still teaches psychology at Columbia University and has just written The Marshmallow Test, a book summing up half a century of research. The conclusion he draws from his marshmallow research is ____54____: some people may be ____55____ disciplined but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught. Teach children self-control early and you can improve their ____56____. However, no single ____57____ —such as self-control—can explain success or failure. Some critics have pointed out that Mischel’s original subjects were themselves children of university professors and graduate students—not exactly a representative sample. Other scientists noted that ____58____ in home environment could account for differences: stable homes and one-child families encourage self-control, while in less stable homes and those with many children, if you don’t ____59____ a marshmallow now there won’t be any left in 15 minutes. Mischel answers these critics by noting that studies in a wide variety of schools found ____60____ results. He acknowledges that the environment ____61____ our ability to resist temptation and observes that genetics plays a role too. But he still believes that the ability to resist temptation can be ____62____ and encouraged. 48. A. watching B. buying C. hiding D. eating 49. A. asked B. pretended C. promised D. agreed 50. A. doubling B. sharing C. seeking D. concealing 51. A. take to B. deal with C. look for D. make up 52. A. alternative B. condition C. pattern D. requirement 53. A. element B. degree C. reward D. predictor 54. A. disappointing B. alarming C. positive D. stable 55. A. individually B. collectively C. thoroughly D. naturally 56. A. prospects B. techniques C. benefits D. resources 57. A. opportunity B. characteristic C. temptation D. qualification 58. A. variation B. interest C. mobility D. distribution 59. A. make B. grab C. like D. leave 60. A. similar B. practical C. conflicting D. virtual 61. A. strengthens B. reveals C. shapes D. restricts 62. A. found B. presented C. learnt D. defined 【答案】48. D 49. B 50. A 51. B 52. B 53. A 54. C 55. D 56. B 57. D 58. A 59. B 60. A 61. C 62. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍临床心理学家Walter Mischel的“棉花糖测验”，其主要测试人的自控力。 【48题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果他们能在研究人员15分钟后回来之前抵制食用这种五颜六色的甜食，他们将得到第二种甜食。A. watching看；B. buying买；C. hiding隐藏；D. eating吃。根据后文“Some children ate the marshmallow straight away, but most would engage in unintentionally comic attempts to resist temptation.”可知，一些孩子直接把棉花糖吃了。由此可知，这份挑战是测试孩子们能不能抵制食用棉花糖。故选D。 【49题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们扮鬼脸，摆弄头发，捡起棉花糖，假装咬了一口。A. asked问；B. pretended假装；C. promised承诺；D. agreed 同意。根据上文“but most would engage in unintentionally comic attempts to resist temptation”可知，这些孩子会无意中做出滑稽的尝试来抵制吃棉花糖的诱惑，可得出他们只是假装吃棉花糖。故选B。 【50题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果两个孩子在一起做实验，他们会进行对话，讨论如何一起合作以实现快乐加倍的目标。A. doubling加倍；B. sharing分享；C. seeking寻找；D. concealing隐藏。根据上文的“如果孩子们能在研究人员15分钟后回来之前抵制食用这种五颜六色的甜食，他们将得到第二种甜食”内容和上文的“they engaged in a conversation about how they could work together to reach the goal of  ________ their pleasure”可推知，孩子们在一起谈论，讨论让自己快乐加倍如何抵制吃棉花糖的诱惑。故选A。 【51题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：临床心理学家Mischel想了解儿童是如何学会应对诱惑的。A. take to喜欢；B. deal with处理；C. look for寻找；D. make up构成。根据上文“If they could resist ________ the colorful sweet until researcher returned up to 15 minutes later, they would be given a second sweet. ”可推知，Mischel想要了解孩子们抵御诱惑的能力。故选B。 【52题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当Mischel 和女儿们聊起以前的同学时，他开始注意到一个有趣的情况：在“棉花糖测试”中表现出最有自控能力的孩子们在生活中比同龄人做得更好。A. alternative可供选择的事物；B. condition情况；C. pattern模式；D. requirement要求。根据后文“the children who had exhibited the most self-control in the ‘marshmallow test’ were doing better in life than their peers”可知，“最有自控能力的孩子们在生活中比同龄人做得更好”是一种“情况”。故选B。 【53题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，在五岁的时候能够抵制款待是生活中成功的一个重要因素：你更有可能在学校表现出色并建立自信，而不太可能超重或上瘾。A. element要素；B. degree级别；C. reward奖励；D. predictor预言者。根据后文“you are more likely to perform well at school and develop self-confidence and less likely to be overweight or develop addictions”可知，在五岁的时候能够抵制款待是生活中成功的一个重要因素。故选A。 【54题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他从棉花糖研究中得出的结论是积极的：有些人可能天生有纪律，但抵抗诱惑的能力也是一种可以传授的技能。A. disappointing令人失望的；B. alarming使人害怕的；C. positive积极的；D. stable稳定的。根据后文“some people may be ________ disciplined but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught”可知，这是一种比较好的结论，故“积极的”符合语境。故选C。 【55题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. individually各自地；B. collectively全体地；C. thoroughly彻底地；D. naturally天生地。根据后文“ but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught”可推知，有人的自控力或许是天生的，但是自控力是可以在后天习得的。故选D。 【56题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽早教孩子自控，你就能提高他们的技巧。A. prospects前景；B. techniques技巧；C. benefits益处；D. resources资源。根据上文“but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught”可知，自控力是一种可以在后天习得的技巧。“skill”和“techniques”相呼应。故选B。 【57题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，没有一个单一的条件——比如自我控制——可以解释成功或失败。A. opportunity机会；B. characteristic特色；C. temptation诱惑；D. qualification条件。根据本处语境“However, no single ________ —such as self-control can explain success or failure.”可知，成功的因素并不是单一的条件。故选D。 【58题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他科学家指出，家庭环境的差异可能是造成差异的原因：稳定的家庭和独生子女家庭鼓励自我控制，而在不稳定的家庭和有很多孩子的家庭，如果你现在不吃棉花糖，15分钟内就不会剩下棉花糖了。A. variation差异；B. interest兴趣； C. mobility流动性；D. distribution分布。根据后文“stable homes and one-child families encourage self-control, while in less stable homes and those with many children”可知，不同家庭的孩子表现出不同的自控力，所以家庭环境的差异可能是造成差异的原因。故选A。 【59题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. make制作；B. grab吃；C. like喜欢；D. leave离开。根据后文“won’t be any left in 15 minutes”可推知，如果现在不吃棉花糖，15分钟以内棉花糖就会被其他兄弟姐妹吃完，grab后接食物，意为“吃”。故选B。 【60题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Mischel回答这些批评时指出，在各种学校进行的研究都发现了类似的结果。A. similar相似的； B. practical实际的；C. conflicting相矛盾的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据上文“Some critics have pointed out that Mischel’s original subjects were themselves children of university professors and graduate students—not exactly a representative sample.”可知，那些评论家质疑Mischel的测试对象比较局限，并不一定具有代表性。由此可推断，Mischel在回应质疑时表示在其他学校的实验也得到了类似的结论。故选A。 【61题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他承认环境塑造了我们抵抗诱惑的能力，并观察到遗传也起到了作用。A. strengthens加强；B. reveals揭示；C. shapes塑造；D. restricts限制。根据上文“stable homes and one-child families encourage self-control, while in less stable homes and those with many children”可知，家庭环境对一个人的自控力是有影响的，由此可知，环境在一方面也“塑造”了我们的自控力。故选C。 【62题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他仍然相信，抵制诱惑的能力是可以学习和鼓励的。A. found发现；B. presented展示；C. learnt学习；D. defined阐明。根据上文“but the ability to resist temptation is a skill that can also be taught”可知， Mischel仍然坚持抵抗诱惑的能力是可以“学习”的。故选C。 IV. Reading Comprehension (38’) Section A (30’) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Around this time last winter, at a gymnasium 45 minutes outside Budapest, I was surprised to come across a group of roughly 30 men and women with wooden axes. They had gathered to practice something called Baranta, perhaps the youngest of the world’s so-called traditional martial arts. While they took turns swinging and blocking, one member of the group, a beefy man with a tight, gray, military-style haircut, walked over to where I was standing and began excitedly talking to me in Hungarian. Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta. The name Baranta, I later learned, originates from an old Hungarian word meaning, roughly, “to attack.” Today, it refers to a fighting style based on a mixture of Hungarian folk dancing. Mongolian wrestling, and the imagined fighting skills of its practitioners’ ancestors. Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia. Baranta clubs have formed in most major Hungarian cities and in many smaller villages, Babinszki says. These new “traditionalists” are interested in taking up archery (射箭) and horseback riding and organizing giant “tribal meetings” at which they dress in Mongolian-style felt coats and fur hats. Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in quibbling over their authenticity. “They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at Eõtvõs Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition. 63. Why did the beefy man show the writer a series of videos? A. He was trying to sell the writer these videos. B. He found the writer couldn’t understand his words. C. He had difficulty translating English into Hungarian. D. He wanted the writer to know how he practiced Baranta. 64. According to the passage, what happened in the early 1990s? A. Baranta made a comeback in Hungary. B. Baranta clubs moved from villages to major cities. C. Some Hungarians began exploring the country’s history. D. Some Hungarians became interested in Mongolian martial arts. 65. What does the phrase “quibbling over” (in the last paragraph) most probably mean? A. complaining about B. handing over C. insisting on D. engaging in 66. Vendel Teszler is quoted in the last paragraph in order to show ________. A. tradition changes with time no matter how old it is B. the history of Hungary remains a mystery to many people C. wishful imagination appeals more to people than historical fact D. what traditionalists believe in is likely not to be true to the fact 【答案】63. B 64. C 65. A 66. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了去年冬天作者偶遇了一群练习一种被叫做Baranta的一群人，从而了解到了一些与Baranta这种世界上最年轻的所谓的传统武术有关的一些历史情况。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta. (即使有翻译的帮助，我也很难跟上他说的话。也许是感觉到了这一点，他拿出手机给我看了一系列视频，其中有几组人在练习Baranta。)”可知，这个健壮的男人给作者看了一系列的视频是因为他发现作者听不懂他的话。故选B。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia. (Kata Babinszki是 Pécs大学的一名学生，正在写一篇关于Baranta的文章。她告诉我，这种做法可以追溯到20世纪90年代初。那时，一小群匈牙利人开始深入研究他们国家的过去，回顾它作为奥匈帝国一部分的历史，回顾它作为一个王国的时代，甚至回顾匈牙利人作为骑兵穿越东欧和中亚边缘的时期。)”可知，在20世纪90年代，早期一群匈牙利人开始探索匈牙利这个国家的历史。故选C。 【65题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in (尽管许多这些服饰与其说是根植于历史事实，不如说是根植于渴望的想象，但似乎很少有匈牙利人……感兴趣)”和“their authenticity (它们的真实性)”可知，quibbling over所在句子表示“尽管许多这样的装饰与其说根植于历史事实，不如说是根植于渴望的想象，但似乎没有几个匈牙利人有兴趣争论它们的真实性”，quibbling over意为“争论，抱怨”，和complaining about意思相近，故选A。 【66题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at Eõtvõs Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition. (布达佩斯Eõtvõs Loránd大学研究匈牙利传统主义者的教授Vendel Teszler说：“他们回到了我们的知识非常不确定的时代。”“没有人能确切地告诉他们，什么样的服装在历史上是准确的。一切都可以被改造和创造。”即使是传统。)”可知，在教授Vendel Teszler看来匈牙利的这些新的“传统主义者”所穿的服装有可能不一定是历史上本来的样子，因为一切都可以被改造和创造。即使是传统。所以作者在最后一段引用了Vendel Teszler的话目的是为了来说明传统主义者所相信的未必是真的。故选D。 (B) This document sets out the display standards for Glasgow Museums. This guide will help exhibition planners provide access to exhibitions in our museums. Glasgow Museums’ aim is to improve access to collections by having as many items as possible on display and without physical barriers. We also try out best to protect these objects without limiting access to them. Object Placement • Don’t place objects in such a way that they could present a danger to visitors. • All object displays, cased or otherwise, must be viewable by all, including people who are small in figure or in wheelchairs. Open Display • All objects on open display must be secure from theft and damage. • All objects identified for potential open display must be viewed and agreed on an object-to-object basis by the Security Manager of the museum. Recommendations Distance Recommended distance to place objects out of “casual arm’s 700mm length” (taken from the edge of the object to the edge of any proposed form of barrier) 700mm *In some cases, 600mm may be acceptable, provided the plinth height is above 350mm. Cased Objects • All cased displays should fall within the general optimum (最优的) viewing band of 750-2000mm. Ensure everything is visually accessible from a wheelchair. • Position small objects or those with fine detail in the front part of a case, with larger items behind. • Position small items or those with fine detail no higher than 1015mm from floor level. Objects placed above this height are only seen from below by people in wheelchairs or people who are small in figure. 67. From this passage, we can learn that Glasgow Museums ________. A. limit access to exhibitions on a daily basis B. are most well-known for its large collection C. make generous donations to the disabled D. give weight to the experiences of visitors 68. According to the guide, objects to be placed on open display must ________. A. be equipped with anti-theft system B. be viewed from a distance of 700mm C. receive approval from the museum first D. fall within arms’ reach of a standing man 69. A mother and her 10-year-old son are likely to both feel comfortable in front of a diamond placed in a glass case at the height of ________. A. 1250mm B. 950mm C. 650mm D. 450mm 【答案】67. D 68. C 69. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了格拉斯哥博物馆对参展物品所规定的展示标准和要求。 【67题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Glasgow Museums’ aim is to improve access to collections by having as many items as possible on display and without physical barriers. ”（格拉斯哥博物馆的目标是通过展示尽可能多的物品，并且没有物理障碍，来改善人们对藏品的访问）可知从这段话中，我们可以了解到格拉斯哥博物馆重视游客的体验。故选D项。 【68题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三部分“All objects identified for potential open display must be viewed and agreed on an object-to-object basis by the Security Manager of the museum.”（所有被确定为可能开放展示的物品必须由博物馆的安全经理逐个查看并同意），可知根据该指南，公开展示的物品必须首先获得博物馆的批准。故选C项。 【69题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一部分“All cased displays should fall within the general optimum (最优的) viewing band of 750-2000mm. Ensure everything is visually accessible from a wheelchair.”（所有带外壳的显示器应在750-2000mm的一般最佳观看范围内。确保所有东西都可以从轮椅上看到。）以及“Position small items or those with fine detail no higher than 1015mm from floor level. ”（摆放小物件或有细节的物件，距离地面不超过1015mm）可知一位母亲和她10岁的儿子在放在950毫米高的玻璃盒子里的钻石面前都会感到很舒服。故选B项。 (C) Recently, Copenhagen’s Happiness Research Institute surveyed 2,600 Danish workers, from every type of job, about the sources of professional contentment. The winner was a sense of purpose, which contributed twice as much to an individual’s job satisfaction as did the runner-up, having a high-quality manager. Meik Wiking, the institute’s CEO, notes that Aristotle recognized the close connection between happiness and a sense of purpose. The good life — what the philosopher called eudaimonia — is not an easy life, but rather one filled with meaning and striving toward a goal. “We need a sense of purpose,” Wiking says. This need, moreover, appears to grow at midlife. As the developmental psychologist Erik H. Erikson observed, at some point in middle age a person begins to shift from investing inward — building a career, raising a family, buying a house, accumulating wealth and prestige — to investing outward. A growing “encore movement” is based on these ideas, and on the belief that purpose can drive a person through mid-career discontent. Groups like Encore.org, for example, connect middle-aged and older people with work that promotes the social good; Harvard and Stanford have launched programs that help experienced professionals design the course to their next calling. “When people get to their mid-career stage, they want to give back and do something meaningful,” says Philip A. Pizzo, the director of Stanford’s program, the Distinguished Careers Institute. This is sometimes easier said than done, however. “People become anxious and just start doing things that are not connected or not meaningful,” he says — joining a committee here, volunteering there — “just to feel like they are contributing.” Though tuition runs $60,000 a year, the institute has received far more applicants than it can accommodate. Pizzo, who was formerly the dean of Stanford’s medical school, hopes there will be more similar programs as millions of Baby Boomers and Gen Xers move through the workforce toward retirement. He warns that the alternative — drifting without purpose — is bound to be costly. His instinct is supported by a growing body of research indicating that having a sense of purpose is a powerful predictor of mental and physical health — by some measures, as powerful as education, wealth, genes, exercise, or social network. Compared with people who feel little purpose in life, those who report a strong sense of purpose are far less likely to die over a given period; they are also far less likely to suffer a heart attack, and are less likely to suffer from conditions such as diabetes, metastatic cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. 70. According to Aristotle, how can we have a good life? A. By working hard for a goal. B. By having a well-paid job. C. By staying positive despite difficulties. D. By understanding the sense of purpose. 71. It can be inferred from the passage that people in midlife need a sense of purpose badly because they are very likely to ________. A. feel tired of their daily life B. feel anxious about their future C. feel dissatisfied with their work D. feel eager for life improvement 72. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Distinguished Careers Institute? A. It is far more popular than expected. B. It helps people of all ages find their career paths. C. It teaches its participants how to avoid costly programs. D. It was launched by professionals from Harvard and Stanford. 73. The last paragraph is mainly concerned with ________. A. the research conducted on the sense of purpose B. the impact of people’s instinct on their health C. the importance of having a sense of purpose D. the predictor of some unusual conditions 【答案】70. A 71. C 72. A 73. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了职场与人生中目标感对幸福感、中年职业倦怠以及身心健康的重要作用。 【70题详解】 细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Meik Wiking, the institute’s CEO, notes that Aristotle recognized the close connection between happiness and a sense of purpose. The good life — what the philosopher called eudaimonia — is not an easy life, but rather one filled with meaning and striving toward a goal. “We need a sense of purpose,” Wiking says.(该研究所首席执行官梅克・维金指出，亚里士多德早已认识到幸福感与目标感之间的密切联系。哲学家口中的“美好生活”，并非安逸顺遂的人生，而是充满意义、为目标不懈奋斗的人生。“我们需要目标感。” 维金说。)” 可知，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们要为目标努力奋斗才能拥有美好人生，故选A。 【71题详解】 推理判断题。根据原文第四段“A growing “encore movement” is based on these ideas, and on the belief that purpose can drive a person through mid-career discontent.(日益壮大的“人生下半场运动”正是基于这些理念，也基于这样一种信念：目标感能帮助人们度过职业中期的倦怠与不满。)” 可知，中年人迫切需要目标感，因为他们很可能对自己的工作感到不满，故选C。 【72题详解】 细节理解题。根据原文第六段“Though tuition runs $60,000 a year, the institute has received far more applicants than it can accommodate.(尽管该项目每年学费高达 6 万美元，但其申请人数仍远超可接纳人数。)” 可知，该学院比预期的要受欢迎得多，故选A。 【73题详解】 主旨大意题。根据原文最后一段“His instinct is supported by a growing body of research indicating that having a sense of purpose is a powerful predictor of mental and physical health — by some measures, as powerful as education, wealth, genes, exercise, or social network.(他的这一观点得到了越来越多研究的支持。这些研究表明，拥有目标感是身心健康的重要预测指标—— 在某些衡量标准下，其重要程度堪比教育、财富、基因、运动或社交网络。)” 可知，最后一段主要讲述拥有目标感的重要性，故选C。 (D) Buying organic food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food — and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tended to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields (产量) are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analysed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop thinking of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms Seufert said. 74. What does the study find about organic farms? A. They are less than efficient. B. They support more wildlife. C. They produce more emissions. D. They are a great drain on energy. 75. The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to ______. A. irregular B. unlimited C. irrelevant D. unimportant 76. What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A. Its role has long been neglected by farmers. B. It is more popular in Canada than in other countries. C. It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D. Its evolution will help meet the growing global population. 77. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Organic food: Pros and Cons B. Organic food is risk to the planet C. Organic food is drawing attention D. Organic food: Solution to food shortage 【答案】74. A 75. D 76. C 77. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究发现有机农业并非总比传统农业更利于地球和人类健康，分析其优缺点及适用场景，指出两者应结合实现可持续粮食供应。 【74题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms.(有机农场通常有更多的鸟类和蜜蜂，但这种优势可能会被抵消，因为它们每英亩的粮食产量比传统农场平均低19%到25%)”可知，有机农场的产量比传统农场低，即其效率较低。故选A项。 【75题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第六段中的“The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”.(作者认为，在加拿大等国家，农药法规严格，饮食中富含微量营养素，选择有机食品的健康益处可能是marginal。他们说，有机种植的食品可能含有稍微多一点的微量营养素，但不清楚这是否能为消费者提供任何实际的健康益处)”可知，有机食品的微量营养素仅稍多，且不确定是否能带来实际健康益处，由此猜测marginal意为“不重要的”，与unimportant意思相近。故选D项。 【76题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We need to stop thinking of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum.(我们需要停止将有机农业和传统农业视为两个极端)”可知，人们通常将有机农业和传统农业看作是对立的两端，即有机农业被认为是传统农业的对立面。故选C项。 【77题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Buying organic food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers.(研究人员称，购买有机食品并不总是比使用人工杀虫剂种植的便宜食品更有利于地球或人类健康)”结合后文分别分析了有机农业的优势（如鸟类蜜蜂更多、能源使用更少、水污染更少）和不足（如产量低、可能排放更高、健康益处不大），最后指出两者应结合实现可持续粮食供应。选项A“有机食品：优缺点”概括了文章核心内容，适合作本文标题。故选A项。 Section B (8’) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Is necessity the mother of invention? One common view regarding inventions is expressed in the saying “Necessity is the mother of invention.” That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled demand: some technology is widely recognized to be unsatisfactory or limiting. ____78____ Some inventor finally comes up with a solution superior to the existing, unsatisfactory technology. Society adopts the solution if it is on par with the society’s values and other technologies. ____79____ In 1942, in the middle of World War II, the U.S. government set up the Manhattan Project with the explicit goal of inventing the technology required to build an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could do so. That project succeeded in three years, at a cost of $2 billion. Familiar cases like this deceive (欺骗) us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. However, many or most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity, in the absence of an initial demand for the product they had in mind. ____80____ Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they ‘needed’ it. Still other devices, invented to serve one purpose, eventually found most of their use for other, unanticipated purposes. It may come as a surprise to learn that these inventions in search of a use include most of the major technological breakthroughs of modern times, ranging from the airplane and automobile, to the internal combustion engine and electric light bulb. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa. A good example is the history of Thomas Edison’s phonograph (留声机), the most original invention of the greatest inventor of modern times. When Edison built his first phonograph in 1877, he published an article proposing ten uses to which his invention might be put. They included preserving the last words of dying people, recording books for blind people to hear, announcing clock time, and teaching spelling. ____81____ Only after about 20 years did Edison reluctantly admit that the main use of his phonograph was to record and play music. Even inventions that meet the need for which they were initially designed may later prove more valuable at meeting unforeseen needs. While James Watt designed his steam engine to pump water from mines, it soon was supplying power to cotton mills, then (with much greater profit) propelling locomotives and boats. A. Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. B. Some inventors follow the trends of the times, focusing primarily on being innovative and unconventional. C. Would-be inventors motivated by the prospect of money or fame, perceive the need and try to meet it. D. Quite a few inventions do comply with this commonsense view of necessity as invention’s mother. E. Although things have been invented through technological innovation, there are still many imperfect aspects that need to be improved through user trials. F. Reproduction was not high on his list of priorities. 【答案】78. C 79. D 80. A 81. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨“需求是发明之母”这一观点，指出部分发明符合该观点，但更多发明源于好奇心，且常是发明催生需求而非反之，并结合实例佐证。 【78题详解】 根据上文“That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled demand: some technology is widely recognized to be unsatisfactory or limiting.(也就是说，当一个社会存在未被满足的需求时，发明就会出现：某些技术被广泛认为是不尽如人意或具有局限性的)”以及下文“Some inventor finally comes up with a solution superior to the existing, unsatisfactory technology.(最终，一些发明家会想出一个比现有的、不尽如人意的技术更好的解决方案)”可知，此处应衔接“未被满足的需求”与“发明家解决需求”，C选项“Would-be inventors, motivated by the prospect of money or fame, perceive the need and try to meet it.(未来的发明家们，受金钱或名声前景的激励，察觉到这种需求并试图满足它)”中的the need指代上文的unfulfilled demand，try to meet it引出下文“想出解决方案”，符合语境。故选C项。 【79题详解】 根据下文“In 1942, in the middle of World War II, the U.S. government set up the Manhattan Project with the explicit goal of inventing the technology required to build an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could do so. That project succeeded in three years, at a cost of $2 billion.(1942年，二战中期，美国政府启动了曼哈顿计划，明确目标是在纳粹德国之前发明制造原子弹所需的技术。该项目历时三年成功，耗资20亿美元)”可知，该例子是为了证明“需求催生发明”这一观点，因此上文应先提出“有部分发明符合这一观点”，D选项“Quite a few inventions do comply with this commonsense view of necessity as invention’s mother.(相当多的发明确实符合“需求是发明之母”这一常识性观点)”中的this commonsense view指代前文核心观点，下文例子正是对该句的佐证，符合语境。故选D项。 【80题详解】 根据上文“However, many or most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity, in the absence of an initial demand for the product they had in mind.(然而，许多或大多数发明是由好奇心驱使的人开发的，他们心中的产品最初并没有需求)”以及下文“Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they “needed” it.(只有在使用了相当长的一段时间后，消费者才开始觉得他们“需要”它)”可知，此处应衔接“发明先出现，后找到需求”，A选项“Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it.(一旦一种设备被发明出来，发明者就必须为它找到应用场景)”中的invented承接上文inventions were developed，find an application引出下文“消费者逐渐产生需求”，符合语境。故选A项。 【81题详解】 根据上文“When Edison built his first phonograph in 1877, he published an article proposing ten uses to which his invention might be put. They included preserving the last words of dying people, recording books for blind people to hear, announcing clock time, and teaching spelling.(1877年，爱迪生制造出第一台留声机时，他发表了一篇文章，提出了他的发明可能的十种用途。其中包括保存临终者的遗言、为盲人录制可听的书籍、报时和教拼写)”以及下文“Only after about 20 years did Edison reluctantly admit that the main use of his phonograph was to record and play music.(大约20年后，爱迪生才不情愿地承认，他的留声机的主要用途是录制和播放音乐)”可知，此处应体现爱迪生最初提出的用途中没有“录制和播放音乐”，F选项“Reproduction was not high on his list of priorities.(音乐复制在他的优先事项列表中并不靠前)”中的Reproduction指代“录制和播放音乐”，呼应下文的主要用途，符合语境。故选F项。 V. Translation (15’=3’*5) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 82. 每当我看到多年前旅行时买的纪念品挂钟时，总感觉往事历历在目，不禁潸然泪下。(Every time) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Every time I looked at the wall clock I bought as a souvenir while travelling years ago, I felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词，动词和从句。“每当”用Every time引导时间状语从句，“看到”用look at表示，描述过去的事情用一般过去时，“挂钟”用名词the wall clock作宾语，“我买的”用定语从句I bought表示，先行词为the wall clock，在从句中作宾语，可省略关系代词that或which，挂钟是“作为纪念品”用as a souvenir表示，“多年前旅行时”用while引导的时间状语从句的省略形式表示为while travelling years ago，“感觉”用动词feel表示，“往事历历在目”即“古老的记忆回来了”表示为the old memories came back，“不禁做某事”用couldn’t help doing sth表示，“潸然泪下”用动词weep表示。故译为Every time I looked at the wall clock I bought as a souvenir while travelling years ago, I felt the old memories came back and couldn’t help weeping. 83. 帮助出狱罪犯重拾生活信心事关社会和谐，引起了当地政府的高度关注。(concern v.) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Helping criminals released from prison restore confidence in life is concerned with social harmony, so it has aroused high attention of the local government. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词和动词。“帮助出狱罪犯重拾生活信心”是句子主语，用动名词形式，“帮助”用动名词Helping表示，“出狱罪犯”即“被从监狱释放的罪犯”译为criminals released from prison，其中released from prison是过去分词短语作后置定语；“重拾生活信心”用restore confidence in life表达，符合help sb. do sth.的结构。“事关……”用被动结构be concerned with表示，描述客观情况用一般现在时，“社会和谐”译为social harmony作介词宾语。“引起了当地政府的高度关注”用so引导结果状语从句，说明前半句带来的影响；“引起”用arouse表达，“高度关注”为high attention；“当地政府”译为the local government，用of所有格表示所属关系；动作已发生，用现在完成时has aroused。故译为Helping criminals released from prison restore confidence in life is concerned with social harmony, so it has aroused high attention of the local government. 84. 这个展览将传统习俗与现代科技相结合，开创了传统民间艺术的数字化再现。(pioneer v.) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Integrating/Combining traditional customs and modern technology, the exhibition pioneers the digital reproduction of traditional folk art. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语、非谓语动词、名词短语和时态。根据句意以及句子提示词可知，表示“将……与……相结合”应为动词短语integrate/combine...and...；结合句子结构可知，此处非谓语动词作状语，integrate/combine和逻辑主语表示“这个展览”的名词the exhibition为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式；表示“传统习俗”应为名词短语traditional customs；表示“现代科技”应为名词短语modern technology；表示“开创，开辟”为动词pioneer，结合句意可知，该句应为陈述一般事实，为一般现在时，主语为the exhibition，谓语动词pioneer使用第三人称单数形式；表示“传统民间艺术的数字化再现”应为动词短语the digital reproduction of traditional folk art，作宾语。故翻译为：Integrating/Combining traditional customs and modern technology, the exhibition pioneers the digital reproduction of traditional folk art. 85. 我突然想到，自从我们上次一起在郊外采集野生蜂蜜和野果已经过去好几年了。(occur) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It suddenly occurs to me that it has been years since we gathered wild honey and fruits in the suburbs last time. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型和时态。句子描述现在的情况，用一般现在时，表示“某人突然想到……”句型为It suddenly occurs to sb. that；表示“自从……已经过去好几年了”可用句型it has been years since…，从句用一般过去时，主语为we；表示“采集野生蜂蜜和野果”可用gathered wild honey and fruits；表示“在郊外”为in the suburbs；表示“上次”为last time。故翻译为It suddenly occurs to me that it has been years since we gathered wild honey and fruits in the suburbs last time. 86. 年轻的运动员们必须承受艰苦训练的考验，他们的日常作息要严格服从团队的安排。(subject) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Young athletes must endure the trial of intense training, and their daily routines are subject to / are subjected to the team’s strict schedule. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词，动词和短语。“年轻的运动员们”用名词短语Young athletes作主语。“必须承受”用情态动词must加动词endure作谓语。“艰苦训练的考验”用名词短语the trial of intense training作宾语。“他们的日常作息”用名词短语their daily routines作主语。“要严格服从”用固定短语be subject to或be subjected to表示“服从、受…… 支配”。“团队的安排”用名词短语the team’s strict schedule作介词to的宾语。两个分句用并列连词and连接，句子描述的是普遍要求和客观事实，用一般现在时。故译为Young athletes must endure the trial of intense training, and their daily routines are subject to/are subjected to the team’s strict schedule. 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $