易错20 阅读理解·主旨大意（4大易错点+易错闯关训练）（易错专练）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

易错20 阅读理解·主旨大意（4大易错点+易错闯关训练） 目 录 第一部分 易错点剖析 1 易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三 易错01 以偏概全：细节当主旨片面当全面 1 易错02 扩缩范围：选项范围过大或者过小 4 易错03 主观臆断：脱离原文臆断作者观点 9 易错04 过度引申：过度推断或延伸原文内容 13 第二部分 易错点闯关 17 闯关01 记叙文段落大意题 17 闯关02 说明文段落大意题 18 闯关03 说明文文章大意题 19 闯关04 议论文文章大意题 21 闯关05 记叙文标题概况题 22 闯关06 说明文标题概况题 23 闯关07 议论文标题概况题 24 易错01 以偏概全：细节当主旨片面当全面 易错典题 【例1】（2024·福建漳州10月·一模） Along with reviewing research on how to recover and rebound from a wide range of hardships, Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups who have overcome ordinary and extraordinary difficulties. We look at the steps people can take to help themselves through tough times. We explore the psychology of recovery and the challenges of regaining confidence and rediscovering joy. We cover ways to speak about pain and comfort friends who are suffering. 30．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The method they wrote the book. B．The content of their book. C．The reason for writing the book. D．The people the book concerns. 避错攻略 【方法总结】 定位主旨句：重点阅读首尾段及段落首尾句，把握文章核心。 概括比对：选项若仅对应某段内容或个别例子，则可能片面。 警惕绝对细节：包含具体数字、事例的选项，常是干扰项。 【干货必记】段落大意满分技能点拨 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。 2.思维导图 3.识别“以偏概全”特征 ◆细节当主旨 标志：选项内容原文中确实提到，但只是一个例子、一个数据或一个分论点。 口诀：只见树木，不见森林。 ◆片面当全面 标志：选项只概括了文章某一段落或部分内容，无法覆盖全文（尤其是首尾段）。 口诀：以段代篇，范围缩水。 ◆事实当观点 标志：选项陈述了一个文中提及的客观事实，但文章主旨是探讨该事实背后的原因、影响或意义。 口诀：就事论事，缺乏深度。 ◆破题三看 一看首尾段：主旨句绝大多数出现在这里；二看段落首句：快速串起文章脉络；三看选项关键词：遇到包含具体细节、绝对化表述（如only, best, all） 或明显只对应某一段内容的选项，高度警惕！ 举一反三 1. (2023全国乙卷第32题) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 2.（25-26高三上·河北·期末）Lari’s innovation extends beyond shelter. Driven by a growing passion for sustainability, Lari has created a program to teach poor people to construct buildings and make eco-friendly materials. Knowledge is shared through DIY videos on her YouTube channel and workshops held at training centers. Her designs particularly stress the importance of women’s needs, creating over 80,000 smokeless cookstoves that won a UN World habitat Prize and eco-toilets that provide cleanliness and dignity. These low-cost, zero-carbon structures demonstrate her commitment to architecture that protects both people and the planet. 2．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Lari’s never-ending creativity. B．The benefits of Lari’s inventions. C．The application of smokeless cookstoves. D．Lari’s focus on women’s rights. 3.（2026·山东济南·一模）Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.” 3．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The consequences of avoidance actions. B．The ways of forming thinking patterns. C．The reasons of ignoring opposing views. D．The health costs of our avoidance habits. 易错02 扩缩范围：选项范围过大或者过小 易错典题 【例2】（25-26高三上·湖北武汉·期末）Our Earth is located on the inner edge of a spiral (螺旋的) arm within the Milky Way, but this is not our permanent address. When most dinosaurs went extinct, our solar system was in a completely different arm! Our galaxy (星系) is in a state of constant evolution. Thirteen billion years ago, the gas and dust particles (分子) that eventually became our Milky Way were moving quickly in every direction. Despite the wild motion of its parts, the galaxy as a whole was spinning about an axis (轴). While their individual motions were chaotic, the galaxy as a whole acquired all the particles and circled around a common axis. Meanwhile, frequent crashes slowed the particles, allowing gravity to pull them inward. So, why is the Milky Way flat? The answer lies in the conservation of angular momentum (动量). In dense (密度大的) objects like stars, internal pressure and gravity create a sphere. But in a low-density, high-momentum system like a young galaxy, the spinning motion dominates. To conserve momentum, particles could not fall directly inward but were forced to orbit, gradually collapsing into a single, spinning discover billions of years. The Milky Way’s spiral arms are not rigid structures, but dynamic squeezing waves. As these waves travel through the galaxy’s disc, they squeeze gas, starting the birth of bright young star groups that outline the arms. The galaxy’s spin then winds these waves into grand spirals. Our solar system, orbiting faster than the wave pattern, is currently diving deeper into our local arm — a journey through a single arm takes millions of years. Recent observations even suggest spiral galaxies can host two or more crossing waves travelling at different speeds. The result would be that spiral arms last for tens or hundreds of millions of years before breaking apart and re-forming. When the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, our galaxy’s spirals may have looked entirely different than today. And in about 5 billion years, the Milky Way will start to combine with the Andromeda galaxy and disturb the conservation of angular momentum, thus creating an egg shape and giving rise to a new time in our galaxy’s history. 31．What is the passage mainly about? A．The evolution of the Milky Way. B．The crash between galaxies. C．The formation of the solar system. D．The characteristics of spiral galaxies. 避错攻略 【方法总结】 1.扩大范围: 干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为广泛或夸大。这样的选项可能包含超出原文信息的推测或结论，导致考生误认为这是对文本的总结或解释。例如，原文信息为"Most people will experience at least one incorrect medical diagnosis(诊断) in their lifetime" (大部分人一生中至少会经历一次错误的医疗诊断)，干扰项“B项:Diagnostic errors happen to everyone in their lifetime”, 用everyone而扩大了范围。 2.缩小范围: 干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为狭窄。这种选项可能只强调原文中某个具体细节，而忽略了更广泛的背景或整体内容，使考生误以为这是重点内容。例如，原文为in the world,干扰项换为national。 【干货必记】主旨大意题满分技能点拨 1.命题特点 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.思维导图 3.答题策略 题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 举一反三 1.（25-26高二上·广东揭阳·期末）Dolphins and parrots are known to address each other by imitating the sounds they hear other members of their species make, but only humans are known to address each other using names they make up. However, this might not be the case. Wild elephants respond to individual names in the same way as humans, according to new research published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution. Intending to find out whether elephants might be using made-up names, too, Michael Pardo, a behavioral ecologist at Colorado State University, and his colleagues first identified 469 calls or “rumbles” made by wild African elephants living in Amboseli National Park and Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves in Kenya. Each of the vocalizations (发声) had a known caller and a known receiver, and an algorithm (算法) was used to predict which of these sounds were potential names and which elephant they were likely to describe. Next, the researchers played recordings of these “names” to different elephants and found that elephants responded more enthusiastically to their own name than they did to the names of others. When they heard their names, they approached the speaker more quickly and responded more vocally. The findings suggest that elephants have specific vocalizations or names for each other, and that they can recognize these names, even when they occur out of context. Name-calling was more common when animals were communicating over long distances, the authors found, and also when adults were talking to their babies. The young were less likely than adults to use names, suggesting that the ability to design and use names is a skill that takes years to learn. Elephants are intelligent creatures that live in complex social groups. They use sound, sight, scent and touch to communicate with each other, and their calls are known to communicate a rich stream of information, including details about age, sex, emotion and behavioral intention. The ability to design and link a sound with the identity of another animal suggests that elephants have a previously unappreciated depth of cognitive ability—they may be capable of abstract thought. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．Research showing elephants may have abstract thought ability. B．Research showing wild elephants can use and recognize made-up names. C．Research showing African elephants live in highly complex social groups. D．Research showing dolphins and parrots imitate species’ sounds to communicate. 2.（2026·河南郑州·一模）When you look at the colorful rows of fruits and vegetables in the grocery store, you might think you’re getting all the nutrients you need. But recent studies show that today’s crops have fewer nutrients than what our grandparents ate decades ago. This decline is alarming and could affect our health in the future. Over the past 70 years, many fruits, vegetables, and grains have lost significant amounts of protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. A review in the journal Foods in 2024 called this a major challenge for future generations. This is especially important as more people are encouraged to eat plant-based diets for health and environmental reasons. David Montgomery, a professor at the University of Washington, warns that this nutrient decline means our food is less effective at preventing chronic (慢性的) diseases. Even if you eat lots of fresh produce, what you’re eating today is less nutritious than what your grandparents ate, says Kristie Ebi, an expert in climate change and health. The problem lies in modern farming practices. Methods that increase crop harvest often harm soil health. Irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting prevent the natural interactions between plants and soil fungi (真菌), reducing nutrient absorption. Climate change and rising carbon dioxide levels also play a role in lowering nutrient content. A major study in 2004 found that 43 garden crops had less protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C compared to 50 years earlier. More recent studies show similar trends in Australian vegetables and wheat, with significant drops in iron and protein. This nutrient decline affects not just plant-based diets but also meat. Animals now eat less nutritious grasses and grains, making meat and dairy products less nutritious too. Scientists urge us not to worry too much but to pay attention to how our food is grown. Montgomery says understanding the impact of farming practices gives us a new reason. As the population grows, we need to protect and restore our farmland to ensure healthy food for everyone. 2．What is the text mainly about? A．The decrease of nutrients in crops. B．The consequence of plant-based diets. C．The worsening health conditions of humans. D．The big problems of modern farming practices. 3.（2025·四川眉山·一模）In a pioneering achievement, scientists have successfully transformed light into a “supersolid,” a state of matter that exhibits characteristics of both solids and liquids in the meantime. This remarkable discovery, published in the journal Science, paves the way for novel advancements in condensed-matter (凝聚态物) physics. A supersolid is a unique state of matter governed by the principles of quantum (量子) mechanics. In this state, particles form an organized, crystal structure like a solid, yet they can move freely and fluidly like a liquid without stickiness. The lack of stickiness means that supersolids can quickly pipe themselves out of any containers. Ordinary solids are typically static and do not move on their own. However, supersolids possess the ability to change direction and density based on particle interactions while still keeping an orderly network structure. The formation of supersolids requires extremely low temperatures, usually close to absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius). While supersolids have been previously created from atomic gases, the recent research employed a novel mechanism involving “polariton (极化子)” systems. Polaritons are multiple particles formed by the strong coupling of light and quasiparticles (准粒子) through electromagnetic interactions. These polaritons can concentrate into the lowest possible energy state, similar to certain atomic gases. Namely, light is combined with matter, and together, they can be condensed into a supersolid. The study of supersolids is crucial because it allows us to observe the effects of tiny interactions between particles without the interference of temperature. By examining the behavior and characteristics of supersolids, we gain insights into the fundamental ways in which atoms and particles are organized. This knowledge helps us understand the world at a basic level. With further research and development, supersolids hold great potential for various applications. They could be used in quantum computing, superconductors, frictionless oils, and potentially many other applications that we have yet to imagine. The creation of a supersolid from light represents a significant leap forward in this field. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The importance of further research into supersolids. B．The process of transforming light into a supersolid. C．The history and potential value of supersolid research. D．The features and potential applications of supersolids. 易错03 主观臆断：脱离原文臆断作者观点 易错典题 【例3】（2025·广东深圳·10月月考） This type of “umbrella science”, they warn, can miss important localized events. For instance, in describing rainwater’s flow from the forest treetops to the soils, the authors note that “if several branches efficiently capture and carry storm water to the stem, rainwater inputs to near-stem soils can be more than100 times greater.” Likewise, water vapor (水蒸气) clouds trapped beneath forest treetop covers may escape remote detection, yet be sensitive to scientists on the ground. At the broader scale, these oversights can affect Ground Earth systems models, which often underestimate forest treetop water storage. 31．What does the author think of the “umbrella science”? A．It is groundbreaking. B．Its scientific values are not noticed. C．It is insufficient to trace ecological events. D．It involves research methods across disciplines. 避错攻略 【方法总结】核心原则：所有主旨结论均来自原文，拒绝“常识延伸”“经验脑补”“逻辑过度推导”. 方法： 1.勾画出选项中的关键词，回到原文中寻找支撑它的多个信息点。如果只有一个细节或例子支持，而全文大部分内容在说别的，那这个选项就很可能是陷阱。 2.问自己：这篇文章是在“介绍一个现象/研究”，还是在 “论证一个观点/推销一个理念”？主旨题常常考的是写作目的。介绍现象是客观的，论证观点是主观的。如果全文都在描述、列举、说明，那么主旨通常是中立的。 【干货必记】避免主观臆断三大策略 在阅读理解或考试中，主旨大意题要求考生通过分析文章的结构、内容、关键词等，准确概括出文章的中心思想，而不能主观臆断。主观臆断往往会导致对文章主旨的误解或错误判断，因为这种判断没有基于文本的实际内容，而是基于考生个人的主观想法或先入为主的观念。 1.圈注关键: 在阅读文章时，使用笔在纸上或心中标记出关键信息，如作者的观点、主题句和支持论据等。这有助于在做题时快速回顾重要内容，确保答案是基于作者的实际陈述而不是自己的理解。 2.回文定位: 在回答问题时，务必回到文章中找到相关段落进行定位。特别是在不确定答案时，通过在原文中找到对应的句子或段落，确保答案与原文信息一致，避免主观臆断。 3.学会质疑: 在解题过程中，养成对每一个选项进行质疑的习惯。问自己:“这个选项与文章的哪部分对应?”只有当你能明确指出选项与文章的内容有关联时，才选择它。通过这种方式，可以有效减少主观臆断的可能性。 举一反三 1.（25-26高三上·陕西咸阳·期末）That art can lift spirit is well known, while that it calms the body is novel. However, there is growing evidence to support that opinion. Earlier this summer, a team of Cambridge psychologists asked participants to look at masterworks by 19th-century post-impressionists — Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, Manet and Gauguin — in the gallery. The results were clear: Appreciating artistic beauty helped them escape the “mental trappings of daily life”. This experiment followed a study published last year by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, to quantify the improvements of physical and mental health by taking part in creative activities, as well as the economic gain — estimated to be an average of £1,000 per person a year, as a result of improved work productivity and fewer trips to the hospital. And for the first time in its 202-year history, The Lancet recently ran a photo essay showing how going to art galleries could relieve stress and cut heart disease risk, as well as boost the immune system. 1．What message does the author want to convey in the second paragraph? A．Art plays a positive role in public health. B．Art can increase people’s average income. C．Galleries are required to reduce heart disease risk. D．Galleries should collect post-impressionists’ masterworks. 2.（25-26高三上·山东青岛·期末）Seven years ago, college senior Joey Romano broke his wrist skateboarding near the University of Texas at Austin. With poor insurance, he worried about the high cost of an ambulance, so he called an Uber instead. The driver, Beni Lukumu, helped him into the car and drove him to urgent care, which quickly sent him to the emergency room (ER). Learning Romano had no family nearby, Lukumu, who’d immigrated from the Congo at 25 and knew the pain of being far from loved ones, insisted on staying. Despite a busy day of rides, he signed Romano into the ER and sat with him from 2 to 8 p.m., missing hours of work. “He needed somebody to be by his side,” Lukumu later said. At the time, Romano was under treatment and recalled, “I remember feeling glad he was there. He has this warm presence, and strangely, it felt like we had known each other forever.” Unknown to Lukumu, Romano was in one of the darkest periods of his life. His brother Johnny had died of cancer in 2008, and Romano had a hard time with sorrow. “After losing my brother, I just became really lonely. I could barely take care of myself, let alone others. I shut down and closed myself off. I became really cold,” he said. Lukumu’s kindness became a turning point. When Romano’s grandmother arrived to take him home and offered a reward, Lukumu refused but joined them for dinner — a gesture that began a friendship lasting over seven years. “That one act of kindness helped me see the good in the world again,” Romano said, “Having him spend his entire day with me — a complete stranger, out of the goodness of his heart — helped me put things into perspective. Lukumu absolutely changed my life.” Today, Lukumu works in the insurance industry in Austin, while Romano is a renewable energy developer. They check in on each other a couple of times a year. It all started with a shared ride — an encounter they’re both still grateful for. 2．What message does the story convey? A．Love and kindness can restore faith in life. B．Good luck can change a hopeless situation. C．Long-distance friendship requires regular contact. D．Career success comes from unexpected encounters. 3.（25-26高三上·贵州铜仁·期末）Although scientists have been trying to make robots smaller for almost forty years, creating robots smaller than a millimeter has been difficult. At such a tiny scale, physics works differently, and it has been hard to include advanced computing and sensing systems without losing performance. As a result, most microrobots have not been able to think, sense, or make decisions on their own — abilities that are common in larger robots. Now, however, a robot about the size of a single-celled paramecium (草履虫) has been developed. It can sense, think, and act using its own built-in systems for computing, sensing, memory, movement, and communication. This tiny robot can detect its surroundings, make decisions based on digital instructions, and change its behavior — all within a space too small to see without a microscope. To build it, researchers used methods from semiconductor manufacturing, creating the robot’s body, moving parts, and electronic systems all at once in large numbers. By carefully designing the circuits and parts to work well at a very small scale, the team reduced the size of self-contained, programmable robots by 10,000 times. Putting the computing power directly on the robot also cuts cost and energy use to a minimum, which could help make such robots widely available in the future. A key advance was integrating circuits and tiny fabrication methods suited to self-operating microrobots. The electronic system runs on very little power — about 100 nanowatts — and is made using a 55-nanometer chip technology that operates efficiently at low voltage. This design prevents power loss and allows multiple circuits to fit inside a robot smaller than a millimeter. If developed further, these robots could be produced affordably, with an estimated cost of about one cent per robot when made in large quantities. Their ability to operate independently, combined with low cost and simple use, could make them valuable in many areas — from studying living organisms and tiny manufacturing to performing microsurgery and delivering medicine inside the body. 3．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Challenges for Tiny Robots. B．Semiconductors and Robot Making. C．A New Generation of Robots. D．A Breakthrough of Smart Microrobot. 易错04 过度引申：过度推断或延伸原文内容 易错典题 【例4】(2023新课标II卷阅读理解B篇第27题) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 选项 选项 答案注释 A Rescuing School Gardens拯救学校花园项目 干扰较大，rescue主观臆断 B Experiencing Country Life体验乡村生活 偏离文章主题，过度引申 C Growing Vegetable Lovers变成蔬菜爱好者 涵盖性强，紧扣本文主题 D Changing Local Landscape改变当地风景 偏离文章主题，过度引申 【错因分析】错误选项对原文内容进行了过度推断或延伸，超出了原文的范围和作者的意图。例如，原文只是描述了某种现象，选项却推测出该现象的长远影响或未来发展趋势。 【干货必记】标题概括题满分策略点拨 1.设题特点 记叙文标题概括题题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。 此类标题往往比较含蓄，有时候是文章反复出现的关键词，有时候是文章的线索词。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，特别关注说明文“倒三角形”结构，重视文章首段主题引领作用。 其次，如果首段较长的话，重视but, now, however往往是文章核心话题。 第三，除了“首段”还应注意每段“段首”可能是本段主题句，分要点。 第四，注意研读标题的话题与首段对照，排除法逐步缩小范围去伪存真。 举一反三 1.（25-26高三上·山西太原·期末）After decades of working as a food columnist, there were parts of me that were flabby, so it was with my brain. It would go blank mid-sentence when I tried to recall a fancy ingredient’s name. To challenge this old grey matter, I threw myself into a brand-new challenge: sinking a big sum of money and nearly a year into training for London’s Blue Badge, a tourist guide qualification recognized and respected internationally. However, it was not a decision I took lightly. My fellow trainees were wonderfully diverse, from across the globe and various walks of life, ranging from taxi drivers and university lecturers to managers and retired teachers. Our training was no walk in the park: 12 demanding exams, twice-weekly lectures, day trips to Canterbury, and the toughest training: guiding on a 60-seat bus in front of my colleagues, describing buildings without sounding like a satellite navigation system. At times my head was bursting with tiny details: from the number of steps to St. Paul’s dome (穹顶) to the origin of guards’ bearskins, even the name of Churchill’s dog! It was a steep and overwhelming learning curve. But eventually, I earned my Blue Badge. I’m not ashamed to say there were tears when the confirmation came through. Now, I still write and take international visitors around London. They arrive with enthusiasm, glass-half-full attitudes and seemingly no jet lag. Things I’ve taken for granted over 30 years, such as double-decker buses, pub signs and policemen on horses, are an endless source of delight for them and their questions are wonderfully varied. This journey has rekindled my passion for our capital. Above all, it has added a new string to my professional bow, even though I’m well into my sixties. 1．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Guide’s Tough Training Journey B．Never Too Late to Reshape Yourself C．The Global Value of a Blue Badge D．Seeing London Through Visitors’ Eyes 2.（2026·江苏镇江·一模）Plants can be grown in flexible ways. Besides planting seeds, a special method allows growing new plants from parts of other plants, like rose stems or potato tubers — these copies like the mother plant are called plant clones. The technique to make plant clones is known as micropropagation (微繁殖). It uses tiny pieces of plant tissue, called explants (外植体), from a “mother plant” and raises them in a clean lab with nutrient-rich media, under controlled light, temperature, and humidity. The key lies in the ability of a single cell to develop into a whole organism, and dedifferentiation (去分化), where mature cells return to a dividing state before forming new tissues and organs. Suppose you have a favorite garden plant with unique, attractive flowers but it produces no seeds. In nature, some plants depend on bees, insects, or birds to develop seeds — without these helpers, they may die seedless. To grow it, you can try micropropagation. Beyond resolving the seedless plant problem, it can also efficiently reproduce economically important species like bananas, saving time and cost. Moreover, it enables the production of virus-free plants and helps reproduce stress-tolerant varieties that otherwise struggle to produce seeds. You might be curious about the materials and experimental setup required for this modern technique. The process needs a mother plant, suitable explants, and a nutrient medium. After being cleaned, explants grow into complete plants in a room with a controlled environment. Later, they are hardened and relocated to greenhouses or fields. Additionally, simple micropropagation, such as using stem cuttings of roses, lets people grow plants at home without seeds, offering a convenient way to reproduce beloved plants. 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Micropropagation: Its Trouble and Cost. B．Explants: From Leaves to Plants. C．Plant Cloning: Its Benefits and Procedure. D．Nutrient Media: Energy for Plant Growth. 3.（25-26高三上·河北衡水·月考）When we’re confronting a confusing problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. We’re looking to the team to get the best ideas as quickly as possible. I love seeing it happen — except for one catch. Group brainstorming usually backfires. In brainstorming meetings, many good ideas are lost — and few are gained. Extensive evidence shows that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. Brainstorming groups fall so far short of their potential that we may get more and better ideas if we all work alone. As the humorist Dave Barry said, “If you had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved and never will achieve its full potential, that word would be: meetings.” But the problem isn’t meetings themselves; it’s how we run them. Think about the brainstorming sessions you’ve attended. You’ve probably seen people bite their tongues due to ego (自我价值感) threat (“I don’t want to look stupid.”) , noise (“We can’t all talk at once.”) , and conformity pressure (“Let’s all jump on the boss’s ship!”) . Goodbye, diversity of thought; hello, groupthink. These challenges are greater for people who lack power or status: the most junior person in the room or an introvert (内向的人) drowning in a sea of extroverts (外向的人) . To unearth the hidden potential in teams, instead of brainstorming, we are better off shifting to a process called “brainwriting”. The initial steps are solo. You start by asking everyone to generate ideas separately. Next, you pool them and share them anonymously among the group. To preserve independent judgment, each member evaluates them on their own. Only then does the team come together to select and refine the most promising options. When ideas are developed and assessed individually before being chosen collectively, possibilities that might otherwise go unnoticed can surface and be advanced. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to lean toward the biggest egos, the loudest voices, and the most powerful people. The brainwriting process makes sure that all ideas are brought to the table and that all voices are brought into the conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room; it’s to make the room smarter. 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．Brainwriting: Releasing Team Potential B．Ego Threat: A Barrier in Group Meetings C．The Downside of Traditional Brainstorming D．How Outgoing People Dominate Brainstorming 【01记叙文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·重庆·月考）Four days after Hurricane Ida made landfall, the New Orleans meteorologist (气象学家) Margaret Orr took a break after twelve hours on the air to reply to her fans on Twitter. Orr has been reporting the weather for forty-two years. Someone asked why the sun always shines before a storm. “To remind us that the sun will shine again,” she replied, adding a heart emoji. “The real reason? Because you’ve often got high pressure right over you, and it’s hot. The high moves off to the east and pushes the system our way.” Many of her workmates were sleeping at the station, but Orr preferred to go home, where she had running water but no electricity. She could handle not having an air-conditioner. Not having Internet, though, was a hardship. She said, “I couldn’t check my social media until I got to work, which was annoying.” In the days leading up to Ida, people contacted Orr through Twitter to get individualized, practical advice. Orr tried to respond to everyone. This dedication earned her, great respect from the residents. Orr has always been fascinated by weather. In 1965, when she was twelve years old, the wind from Hurricane Betsy blew the roof off her family’s house in New Orleans. She remembers going outside and standing in the eye of the storm. “I looked up and saw the sky and saw the stars,” she said. “Bad weather happens everywhere,” she said. “Every now and then, on Twitter, you’ll see people saying, why do you live there? Well, I live here because it’s my home. This is where I grew up. This is the place I love.” She went on, “After Hurricane Katrina, I thought, could I live anywhere else? And I decided, no, I couldn’t.” She added, “As my daughter said about New Orleans when she was a little girl, ‘I even love the dirt.’” 1．What kind of person is Orr according to paragraph 1? A．Hardworking and serious. B．Curious and committed. C．Professional and inspiring. D．Knowledgeable and brave. 2．Why was Orr respected by the residents? A．She overcame tough living conditions. B．She devoted herself to helping others. C．She had many contacts on the Internet. D．She returned home after the hurricane. 3．Why as Orr’s experience in 1965 mentioned? A．To indicate the absence of rescue efforts. B．To highlight the power of natural disasters. C．To stress the necessity of weather forecasting. D．To show weather conditions’ attraction to her. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Orr’s connection with home. B．Orr’s knowledge of weather. C．Orr’s optimism about life. D．Orr’s love for her daughter. 【02说明文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·陕西咸阳·期末）The invention of the stethoscope is widely credited to the 19th-century French doctor Rene Laënnec. Before the invention, doctors often placed their ear directly on a patient’s chest to listen for abnormalities in breathing and heart sounds. In 1816, a young lady suffering from heart disease went to see Laënnec. Placing his ear on her chest, however, was considered socially inappropriate. Inspired by children sending sounds through a long wooden stick outside his office, Laënnec instead rolled a sheet of paper to listen to her heart. He was surprised by the clear heart sounds he heard, and the first stethoscope was born. Over the next decades, researchers made some important improvements. Firstly, a thin film called a diaphragm was added to amplify the slight sound that might be very hard for ears to detect. The next major breakthrough occurred in the mid-1850s, when Arthur Leared and George Philip Cammann developed the so-called binaural stethoscope, which is remarkably similar to the stethoscopes doctors use today: It had separate earpieces connected by two flexible tubes to deliver sounds to both ears and reduce outside noise. However, listening with human ears has limitations. Abnormal sounds often emerge only at advanced stages, when treatment is less effective. Moreover, different diseases may produce similar sounds, making accurate diagnosis (诊断) extremely difficult. To address these challenges, researchers are now combining stethoscopes with artificial intelligence (AI). First, they record sounds from the stethoscope and then turn the sounds into electronic signals that can be stored and analyzed by AI models. The result seems to be promising. Some well-trained AI models can classify heart sounds correctly over 95% of the time and can even differentiate between types of heart disease with nearly 85% accuracy. Most importantly, a few of them are able to detect heart and lung problems at early stages. 1．Why did Rene Laënnec use a rolled sheet of paper to listen to his patient’s heart? A．To copy those children. B．To avoid embarrassment. C．To amuse the young lady. D．To test his new discovery. 2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “amplify” in paragraph 2? A．Strengthen. B．Reduce. C．Deliver. D．Hide. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Effects of timely treatment. B．Challenges of early diagnosis. C．Limitations of stethoscopes. D．Great potentials of AI models. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To demonstrate how AI models are trained. B．To explain what the binaural stethoscope is. C．To tell the stethoscopes’ major developments. D．To show the stethoscopes’ working principles. 【03说明文文章大意题】（2026·云南昭通·一模）When we talk about animal intelligence, mice are not always the first to come to mind. However, a new study, published in Current Biology, has revealed surprising results about the cognitive (认知的) abilities of these small animals, showing they may be more strategic than we think. Kishore Kuchibhotla, a neuroscientist (神经科学家) who has long worked with mice, noticed a strange phenomenon: mice often did poorly in tests even when they seemed to know how to do well. They put forward two possible explanations: the poor performance was either caused by stress or a purposeful behavior of exploring and testing their knowledge. To find out why, Kuchibhotla and his graduate student Zi Yizhu designed a simple experiment. In the experiment, mice were trained to respond to two different sounds. When they heard one sound, they needed to turn a wheel to the left; for the other sound, they had to turn it to the right. Correct responses were rewarded. The researchers observed that when hearing the same sound in constant trials, the mice would first turn left for a while, then switch to right. These seemingly “mistakes” were actually purposeful actions. To further confirm, the team removed the reward. When a mouse gave a correct response but got no reward, it immediately improved its performance in the next test. Kuchibhotla explained that this showed the mice had an internal understanding of the task: the lack of reward broke their expectations, making them use their existing knowledge to do better. The researchers concluded that the gap between the mice’s knowledge and their test performance came from exploration — a form of strategic thinking. Though it’s hard to say animals form formal hypotheses (假设), mice may use higher cognitive processes that involve conjecture about task rules, forming an opinion that is not based on definite knowledge. This kind of mental activity is similar to how nonverbal human babies learn, as both require the ability to process external information and form initial perception of the environment. This study deepens our understanding of animal cognition. Next, the team plans to identify the neural basis of such strategic thinking and compare it across species. 1．What can possibly explain the mice’s poor performance in tests in paragraph 2? A．Tiredness from stressful life. B．Fear or internal pressure. C．Lack of cognitive abilities. D．Stress or intentional exploration. 2．What would the mice do when the reward was removed? A．Repeat the same response. B．Make more purposeful mistakes. C．Perform better in the next trial. D．Fail to use their existing knowledge. 3．What does the underlined word “conjecture” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Explanation. B．Guess. C．Record. D．Memory. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．A new discovery about mice’s unexpected cognitive skills. B．A research to find the neural basis of animal intelligence. C．A discussion of strategic thinking in different animal species. D．A comparison between mice and human babies’ thinking ability. 【04议论文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·北京顺义·期末）Today’s best artificial intelligence (AI) models sail through the Turing test, a famous thought experiment that asks whether a computer can pass as a human by interacting through text. Some see an upgraded test as a necessary standard for progress towards artificial general intelligence (AGI) — an unclear term used by many technology firms to mean an AI system with the resourcefulness to match any human cognitive (认知的) ability. But at an academic event on 2 October, several researchers said that the Turing test should be abandoned altogether, and that developers should instead focus on evaluating AI safety and building specific capabilities that could be of benefit to the public. “The idea of AGI might not be the right goal, at least not now,” said Gary Marcus, a neuroscientist. This doubt is rooted in the fundamental limitations of current AI, which are often optimized versions of large language models (LLMs). In March, researchers tested four chatbots in a version of the Turing test, and found that the best models passed. Yet the fact that chatbots can imitate (模仿) speech credibly does not mean that they can understand, said several researchers at the event. Although LLM responses can be surprisingly human, “when you go outside the box of what you normally ask of these systems, they have a lot of trouble”, said Marcus. As examples, he cited the inability of some models to label the parts on an elephant correctly, or to draw clock hands in anywhere but the ten and two positions. For this reason, models could still fail the Turing test if they are challenged by a scientist who knows their weaknesses. Shannon Vallor, an AI ethicist (伦理学家), argued that the focus on AGI is a distraction that allows tech firms to ignore potential harms of the technology, such as de-skilling humans, producing false and negative imaginations and deepening existing prejudices in the data LLMs learn from. Rather than intelligence standards, models should compete on safety measures, “along with the test of how easy it is to abuse the tool and how likely the tool is to do something unexpected and undesirable in a real-world context”, she said. William Isaac, who researches AI use in public policy broadly agreed; the Turing test of the future should question whether an AI is safe, reliable and provides meaningful benefit. 1．What does the author intend to do by mentioning AGI in Paragraph 2? A．Clarify a concept. B．Highlight a problem. C．Make a prediction. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What can we learn about LLMs from this passage? A．They have human-like understanding. B．They succeed in upgraded Turing tests. C．They outperform humans in responsiveness. D．They need to be developed for the public good. 3．As for tech firms’ current practices, Shannon Vallor is ________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．cautious D．critical 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The functions of current AI. B．The proposal of a new AI test. C．A shift in the focus of AI research. D．A debate on the test performance of AI. 【05记叙文标题概括题】（25-26高三上·山西运城·期末）Going to Antarctica is a dream goal for many, but for Cory Lee, it is that and much more. At the age of two, Lee was found to have a type of muscle disease. He started using a wheelchair full-time when he was 4 years old. That didn’t stop Lee from visiting 37 countries, including Morocco, Australia, India, Costa Rica, Finland, and many more. As a wheelchair user, planning trips requires extensive research. Through his blog, Lee has shared tips on what to look for and where to go for the best experience. He typically begins researching a trip six to twelve months in advance. He searches for accessible transportation and attractions, and contacts hotels or rental homes ahead of time to request photos and make sure they are truly accessible-a practice he strongly recommends to others. In Morocco, Lee rode a camel using a specially designed seat. “It had a full backrest, almost like sitting in a chair,” he explained. His 2014 visit to Sydney was memorable. “It was the first time I’d traveled somewhere and felt completely independent,” he recalled. Lee credits his mother, Sandy Gilbreath, for inspiring his love of travel. “She always told me, ‘If you can’t stand up, stand out,’” Lee said. “That’s why I set big goals and keep going on with my dreams so actively. I hope to stand out as much as I can and inspire others.” To spread that message, Lee and his mother co-wrote a children’s book, Let’s Explore With Cor Cor, about a child exploring the world in a wheelchair. Now that he has visited all seven continents, Lee’s new life goal is to explore every US National Park. Other items on his bucket list include skiing, eating pizza in Italy, visiting the Great Wall of China, and attending the Paralympic Games. 1．Why does Lee contact hotels before his trips? A．To get the best room prices. B．To learn about nearby sights. C．To share his travel experiences. D．To check their wheelchair access. 2．What made Lee’s Sydney trip special? A．He wrote a book about it. B．He traveled without any help. C．He went there with his family. D．He tried local food for the first time. 3．What drives Lee to pursue big dreams? A．His mother’s encouraging words. B．His own extensive research. C．His plan to start a travel business. D．His desire to win travel competitions. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Typical Accessible Trip B．Travel Has No Boundaries C．Lee Owns Adventurous Plans D．An Excellent Travel Expert 【06说明文标题概括题】（2026·云南昆明·一模）In a bright cafe just off Leith Walk in Edinburgh, a group of young people gather around a table covered with fabric pieces, small decorations and crochet (钩针) tools. Each session brings a new theme: one week it’s crochet, the next jewellery-making, the week after that they learn latte-art. Coffees are enjoyed, biscuits are passed around and laughter fills the room. This is the Girls Craft Club, founded earlier this year by art history graduate Gabby after a medical finding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺陷多动障碍) left her feeling disconnected. “We were all going through life problems,” she says. “We decided to make something beautiful out of it. When you make your own bag or repair your clothes, you value them differently. And you value yourself differently, too.” What may seem like pure longing for the past is, in fact, part of a wider cultural shift. Across the UK, Generation Z is taking up hobbies once more associated with their grandparents or great grandparents: crochet and jewellery-making, pottery cafes and baking clubs that echo Come Dine With Me. These “slow” pastimes are taking off, not because they are an old trend being brought back, but because they offer something people feel is urgently missing: connection, purpose and relief from digital burnout. This return to offline hobbies is happening against a difficult national backdrop. Britain’s teenagers are among the unhappiest in Europe. In its Good Childhood report last year, the Children’s Society warned of a youth happiness decline, with just over 25% of 15-year-olds in the UK reporting low life satisfaction, compared with 7% in the Netherlands. For Gabby, these hobbies have become a lifeline. “As life speeds up, we need to actively decide to slow down,” she says. During crafting and conversation, Britain’s young people are building something important: connection. 1．Why did Gabby start the Girls Craft Club? A．To practise creative skills in groups. B．To hold weekly themed craft sessions. C．To develop self-worth through crafting. D．To seek medical treatment for an illness. 2．What makes “slow” hobbies popular in the UK? A．A longing for the past. B．A relief from digital stress. C．A pursuit of personal growth. D．A hope for cultural diversity. 3．How does the author use the Good Childhood report to support the text? A．By providing related statistics. B．By offering a simple solution. C．By expressing a personal view. D．By comparing some countries. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Crafts Rejuvenation: Hobbies Connect Gen Z B．Offline Hobbies: Gen Z Escape the Old Trends C．Youth Cultural Exchange: A National Concern D．Crafting Communities: The Value of Innovation 【07议论文标题概况题】（25-26高三上·广东广州·期中）While we race into a future where we outsource (外包) most of our problem-solving to artificial intelligence, the greatest threat is not super intelligent machinery. It’s mindlessly putting too much trust in Big Tech and not enough trust in the power of our own minds. A philosophy of artful thinking is a good way to avoid this. To think artfully means to solve problems using not just our brains, but also our hands, eyes, and ears, along with our emotions. This approach taps into the cognitive (认知的) resources that are spread throughout our bodies but often go unused. Changing how we think is hard work. And it starts with a mindfulness practice. Accessing artful intelligence requires being mindful of how we think with our body, how we use our limbs (四肢), organs, and emotions to make sense of the world. Be mindful of all the different messages your body is sending you as well as the different roles and functions your bodily actions can play. For example, gesturing (做手势) in conversations is not just communicative. These movements often help the speaker to smooth out their thought process and assist in getting the words out. Today, Big Tech is pushing a message of artificial-intelligence craziness and fear. What makes you stuck in it? It’s seeing the same things wherever you look. Big Tech gives you screens, hoping that your attention will always be attracted by their devices. If you want to find more freedom in this AI-filled world, improve your ability to mindfully shift your attention between different objects or levels of focus. Remember everything is born of a choice. Artful thinking demands effortful mindfulness to ensure that what we do, what we hope to achieve by using these technological tools, will not weaken our humanity. As Thich Nhat Hanh said, “Mindful living is an art, and each of us has to train to be an artist.” 1．According to the author, what is the primary threat posed by over-trusting Big Tech? A．It will cause people to rely entirely on screens for communication. B．It may lead to the rapid development of super intelligent machinery. C．It could weaken our ability to think and to use our minds independently. D．It prevents artificial intelligence from solving complex problems effectively. 2．What is supposed to be included in a mindfulness practice? A．Concentrating on making proper gestures. B．Being aware of our body’s role in thinking. C．Attaching importance to different body parts. D．Laying emphasis on nonverbal communication. 3．Why does the author mention gesturing during conversations? A．To argue that people should speak less and gesture more. B．To show that body language is more effective than speech. C．To illustrate how physical actions can support and clarify thinking. D．To emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication in AI development. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Dangers of Artificial Intelligence B．The Art of Mindful Thinking in the AI Age C．How to Improve Communication Through Gestures D．The Greatest Threat of Super Intelligent AI Machinery 21 / 25 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 易错20 阅读理解·主旨大意（4大易错点+易错闯关训练） 目 录 第一部分 易错点剖析 1 易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三 易错01 以偏概全：细节当主旨片面当全面 1 易错02 扩缩范围：选项范围过大或者过小 5 易错03 主观臆断：脱离原文臆断作者观点 11 易错04 过度引申：过度推断或延伸原文内容 16 第二部分 易错点闯关 21 闯关01 记叙文段落大意题 21 闯关02 说明文段落大意题 23 闯关03 说明文文章大意题 25 闯关04 议论文文章大意题 26 闯关05 记叙文标题概况题 29 闯关06 说明文标题概况题 31 闯关07 议论文标题概况题 33 易错01 以偏概全：细节当主旨片面当全面 易错典题 【例1】（2024·福建漳州10月·一模） Along with reviewing research on how to recover and rebound from a wide range of hardships, Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups who have overcome ordinary and extraordinary difficulties. We look at the steps people can take to help themselves through tough times. We explore the psychology of recovery and the challenges of regaining confidence and rediscovering joy. We cover ways to speak about pain and comfort friends who are suffering. 30．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The method they wrote the book. B．The content of their book. C．The reason for writing the book. D．The people the book concerns. 30．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Along with reviewing research on how to recover and rebound from a wide range of hardships, Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups who have overcome ordinary and extraordinary difficulties. We look at the steps people can take to help themselves through tough times. We explore the psychology of recovery and the challenges of regaining confidence and rediscovering joy. We cover ways to speak about pain and comfort friends who are suffering.”（除了回顾关于如何从各种各样的困难中恢复和反弹的研究，亚当和我还介绍了克服普通和特殊困难的个人和团体的故事。我们来看看人们可以采取哪些步骤来帮助自己度过难关。我们探索康复的心理学，以及重获信心和重新发现快乐的挑战。我们将介绍谈论痛苦和安慰正在受苦的朋友的方法）可知，最后一段主要介绍了他们书的内容。故选B。 【易错分析】部分考生受段中Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups和We look at the steps people can take的影响二误选D选项“这本书所关注的人”。通读全文我们可以发现这只是本段内容一小部分，属于以偏概全。应予以排除。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 定位主旨句：重点阅读首尾段及段落首尾句，把握文章核心。 概括比对：选项若仅对应某段内容或个别例子，则可能片面。 警惕绝对细节：包含具体数字、事例的选项，常是干扰项。 【干货必记】段落大意满分技能点拨 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。 2.思维导图 3.识别“以偏概全”特征 ◆细节当主旨 标志：选项内容原文中确实提到，但只是一个例子、一个数据或一个分论点。 口诀：只见树木，不见森林。 ◆片面当全面 标志：选项只概括了文章某一段落或部分内容，无法覆盖全文（尤其是首尾段）。 口诀：以段代篇，范围缩水。 ◆事实当观点 标志：选项陈述了一个文中提及的客观事实，但文章主旨是探讨该事实背后的原因、影响或意义。 口诀：就事论事，缺乏深度。 ◆破题三看 一看首尾段：主旨句绝大多数出现在这里；二看段落首句：快速串起文章脉络；三看选项关键词：遇到包含具体细节、绝对化表述（如only, best, all） 或明显只对应某一段内容的选项，高度警惕！ 举一反三 1. (2023全国乙卷阅读理解D篇第32题) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 1．主旨大意题。第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：What, the first paragraph, mainly about。第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。根据关键词定位到文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 2.（25-26高三上·河北·期末）Lari’s innovation extends beyond shelter. Driven by a growing passion for sustainability, Lari has created a program to teach poor people to construct buildings and make eco-friendly materials. Knowledge is shared through DIY videos on her YouTube channel and workshops held at training centers. Her designs particularly stress the importance of women’s needs, creating over 80,000 smokeless cookstoves that won a UN World habitat Prize and eco-toilets that provide cleanliness and dignity. These low-cost, zero-carbon structures demonstrate her commitment to architecture that protects both people and the planet. 2．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Lari’s never-ending creativity. B．The benefits of Lari’s inventions. C．The application of smokeless cookstoves. D．Lari’s focus on women’s rights. 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“Lari’s innovation extends beyond shelter. Driven by a growing passion for sustainability, Lari has created a program to teach poor people to construct buildings and make eco-friendly materials. (拉里的创新不仅仅体现在避难所的设计上。在对可持续发展的热情日益高涨的推动下，拉里制定了一个项目，教穷人建造房屋和制作环保材料。)”以及后文介绍的她的各类设计成果可知，第四段主要讲述拉里在建筑及相关领域从未停止的创新探索。故选A项。 3.（2026·山东济南·一模）Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.” 3．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The consequences of avoidance actions. B．The ways of forming thinking patterns. C．The reasons of ignoring opposing views. D．The health costs of our avoidance habits. 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.”(然而，回避是有长期代价的。跳过健康检查现在可能可以缓解焦虑，但以后可能会面临严重的健康问题。回避艰难的对话可能可以避免短期的冲突，但可能会使人们陷入不满意的关系中。研究人员警告说：“通过反复回避相反的观点，我们会养成回避的习惯，随着时间的推移，这些习惯会变成僵化的思维模式。”)”可知，本段主要讲述了信息回避带来的各种后果。故选A项。 易错02 扩缩范围：选项范围过大或者过小 易错典题 【例2】（25-26高三上·湖北武汉·期末） Our Earth is located on the inner edge of a spiral (螺旋的) arm within the Milky Way, but this is not our permanent address. When most dinosaurs went extinct, our solar system was in a completely different arm! Our galaxy (星系) is in a state of constant evolution. Thirteen billion years ago, the gas and dust particles (分子) that eventually became our Milky Way were moving quickly in every direction. Despite the wild motion of its parts, the galaxy as a whole was spinning about an axis (轴). While their individual motions were chaotic, the galaxy as a whole acquired all the particles and circled around a common axis. Meanwhile, frequent crashes slowed the particles, allowing gravity to pull them inward. So, why is the Milky Way flat? The answer lies in the conservation of angular momentum (动量). In dense (密度大的) objects like stars, internal pressure and gravity create a sphere. But in a low-density, high-momentum system like a young galaxy, the spinning motion dominates. To conserve momentum, particles could not fall directly inward but were forced to orbit, gradually collapsing into a single, spinning discover billions of years. The Milky Way’s spiral arms are not rigid structures, but dynamic squeezing waves. As these waves travel through the galaxy’s disc, they squeeze gas, starting the birth of bright young star groups that outline the arms. The galaxy’s spin then winds these waves into grand spirals. Our solar system, orbiting faster than the wave pattern, is currently diving deeper into our local arm — a journey through a single arm takes millions of years. Recent observations even suggest spiral galaxies can host two or more crossing waves travelling at different speeds. The result would be that spiral arms last for tens or hundreds of millions of years before breaking apart and re-forming. When the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, our galaxy’s spirals may have looked entirely different than today. And in about 5 billion years, the Milky Way will start to combine with the Andromeda galaxy and disturb the conservation of angular momentum, thus creating an egg shape and giving rise to a new time in our galaxy’s history. 31．What is the passage mainly about? A．The evolution of the Milky Way. B．The crash between galaxies. C．The formation of the solar system. D．The characteristics of spiral galaxies. 31．主旨大意题。 根据第一段的“Our galaxy (星系) is in a state of constant evolution.(我们的星系处于不断演化的状态)”以及下文对银河系形成、扁平形状原因、旋臂特点以及未来变化的描述可知，本文主要讲述了银河系的演化过程及其特点。故选A。 【错因分析】选项B仅是细节，范围太小；选项C太阳系和银河系是包含与被包含的关系，范围太小；选项D螺旋型星系特点太偏。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 1.扩大范围: 干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为广泛或夸大。这样的选项可能包含超出原文信息的推测或结论，导致考生误认为这是对文本的总结或解释。例如，原文信息为"Most people will experience at least one incorrect medical diagnosis(诊断) in their lifetime" (大部分人一生中至少会经历一次错误的医疗诊断)，干扰项“B项:Diagnostic errors happen to everyone in their lifetime”, 用everyone而扩大了范围。 2.缩小范围: 干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为狭窄。这种选项可能只强调原文中某个具体细节，而忽略了更广泛的背景或整体内容，使考生误以为这是重点内容。例如，原文为in the world,干扰项换为national。 【干货必记】主旨大意题满分技能点拨 1.命题特点 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.思维导图 3.答题策略 题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 举一反三 1.（25-26高二上·广东揭阳·期末）Dolphins and parrots are known to address each other by imitating the sounds they hear other members of their species make, but only humans are known to address each other using names they make up. However, this might not be the case. Wild elephants respond to individual names in the same way as humans, according to new research published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution. Intending to find out whether elephants might be using made-up names, too, Michael Pardo, a behavioral ecologist at Colorado State University, and his colleagues first identified 469 calls or “rumbles” made by wild African elephants living in Amboseli National Park and Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves in Kenya. Each of the vocalizations (发声) had a known caller and a known receiver, and an algorithm (算法) was used to predict which of these sounds were potential names and which elephant they were likely to describe. Next, the researchers played recordings of these “names” to different elephants and found that elephants responded more enthusiastically to their own name than they did to the names of others. When they heard their names, they approached the speaker more quickly and responded more vocally. The findings suggest that elephants have specific vocalizations or names for each other, and that they can recognize these names, even when they occur out of context. Name-calling was more common when animals were communicating over long distances, the authors found, and also when adults were talking to their babies. The young were less likely than adults to use names, suggesting that the ability to design and use names is a skill that takes years to learn. Elephants are intelligent creatures that live in complex social groups. They use sound, sight, scent and touch to communicate with each other, and their calls are known to communicate a rich stream of information, including details about age, sex, emotion and behavioral intention. The ability to design and link a sound with the identity of another animal suggests that elephants have a previously unappreciated depth of cognitive ability—they may be capable of abstract thought. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．Research showing elephants may have abstract thought ability. B．Research showing wild elephants can use and recognize made-up names. C．Research showing African elephants live in highly complex social groups. D．Research showing dolphins and parrots imitate species’ sounds to communicate. 1．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“However, this might not be the case. Wild elephants respond to individual names in the same way as humans, according to new research published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.( 然而，实际情况或许并非如此。根据发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上的最新研究，野生大象对个体名字的反应方式与人类相同。)”可知，全文围绕一项新研究展开，核心内容是：研究人员通过识别大象的叫声、播放录音实验，发现野生大象拥有特定的“名字”，能够识别并对自己的名字做出积极回应，且使用名字的能力随年龄增长而提升。由此可知，这篇文章主要讲的是研究表明野生大象能够使用并识别虚构的名字。故选B项。 2.（2026·河南郑州·一模）When you look at the colorful rows of fruits and vegetables in the grocery store, you might think you’re getting all the nutrients you need. But recent studies show that today’s crops have fewer nutrients than what our grandparents ate decades ago. This decline is alarming and could affect our health in the future. Over the past 70 years, many fruits, vegetables, and grains have lost significant amounts of protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. A review in the journal Foods in 2024 called this a major challenge for future generations. This is especially important as more people are encouraged to eat plant-based diets for health and environmental reasons. David Montgomery, a professor at the University of Washington, warns that this nutrient decline means our food is less effective at preventing chronic (慢性的) diseases. Even if you eat lots of fresh produce, what you’re eating today is less nutritious than what your grandparents ate, says Kristie Ebi, an expert in climate change and health. The problem lies in modern farming practices. Methods that increase crop harvest often harm soil health. Irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting prevent the natural interactions between plants and soil fungi (真菌), reducing nutrient absorption. Climate change and rising carbon dioxide levels also play a role in lowering nutrient content. A major study in 2004 found that 43 garden crops had less protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C compared to 50 years earlier. More recent studies show similar trends in Australian vegetables and wheat, with significant drops in iron and protein. This nutrient decline affects not just plant-based diets but also meat. Animals now eat less nutritious grasses and grains, making meat and dairy products less nutritious too. Scientists urge us not to worry too much but to pay attention to how our food is grown. Montgomery says understanding the impact of farming practices gives us a new reason. As the population grows, we need to protect and restore our farmland to ensure healthy food for everyone. 2．What is the text mainly about? A．The decrease of nutrients in crops. B．The consequence of plant-based diets. C．The worsening health conditions of humans. D．The big problems of modern farming practices. 2．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But recent studies show that today’s crops have fewer nutrients than what our grandparents ate decades ago. This decline is alarming and could affect our health in the future.(但最近的研究表明，如今的农作物所含的营养物质比我们祖父母几十年前吃的要少。这种下降令人担忧，并可能在未来影响我们的健康)”以及全文围绕农作物营养含量下降展开分析原因、影响和建议可知，本文主旨是农作物的营养成分减少这一现象。故选A。 3.（2025·四川眉山·一模）In a pioneering achievement, scientists have successfully transformed light into a “supersolid,” a state of matter that exhibits characteristics of both solids and liquids in the meantime. This remarkable discovery, published in the journal Science, paves the way for novel advancements in condensed-matter (凝聚态物) physics. A supersolid is a unique state of matter governed by the principles of quantum (量子) mechanics. In this state, particles form an organized, crystal structure like a solid, yet they can move freely and fluidly like a liquid without stickiness. The lack of stickiness means that supersolids can quickly pipe themselves out of any containers. Ordinary solids are typically static and do not move on their own. However, supersolids possess the ability to change direction and density based on particle interactions while still keeping an orderly network structure. The formation of supersolids requires extremely low temperatures, usually close to absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius). While supersolids have been previously created from atomic gases, the recent research employed a novel mechanism involving “polariton (极化子)” systems. Polaritons are multiple particles formed by the strong coupling of light and quasiparticles (准粒子) through electromagnetic interactions. These polaritons can concentrate into the lowest possible energy state, similar to certain atomic gases. Namely, light is combined with matter, and together, they can be condensed into a supersolid. The study of supersolids is crucial because it allows us to observe the effects of tiny interactions between particles without the interference of temperature. By examining the behavior and characteristics of supersolids, we gain insights into the fundamental ways in which atoms and particles are organized. This knowledge helps us understand the world at a basic level. With further research and development, supersolids hold great potential for various applications. They could be used in quantum computing, superconductors, frictionless oils, and potentially many other applications that we have yet to imagine. The creation of a supersolid from light represents a significant leap forward in this field. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The importance of further research into supersolids. B．The process of transforming light into a supersolid. C．The history and potential value of supersolid research. D．The features and potential applications of supersolids. 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In a pioneering achievement, scientists have successfully transformed light into a “supersolid,” a state of matter that exhibits characteristics of both solids and liquids in the meantime.(在一项开创性成就中，科学家成功将光转化为“超固体”——这是一种同时具备固体和液体双重特性的物态。)”、第二段中的“In this state, particles form an organized, crystal structure like a solid, yet they can move freely and fluidly like a liquid without stickiness.(在这种状态下，粒子像固体一样形成有序的晶体结构，但又能像液体一样自由流动，没有粘性。)”以及最后一段中的“With further research and development, supersolids hold great potential for various applications. They could be used in quantum computing, superconductors, frictionless oils, and potentially many other applications that we have yet to imagine.(随着进一步的研究和发展，超固体在各种应用中具有巨大潜力。它们可用于量子计算、超导体、无摩擦油，以及许多我们尚未想象到的潜在应用。)”可知，文章核心围绕超固体的核心特性和潜在应用价值展开，全面介绍了这一物质状态的关键信息。故选D项。 易错03 主观臆断：脱离原文臆断作者观点 易错典题 【例3】（2025·广东深圳·10月月考） This type of “umbrella science”, they warn, can miss important localized events. For instance, in describing rainwater’s flow from the forest treetops to the soils, the authors note that “if several branches efficiently capture and carry storm water to the stem, rainwater inputs to near-stem soils can be more than100 times greater.” Likewise, water vapor (水蒸气) clouds trapped beneath forest treetop covers may escape remote detection, yet be sensitive to scientists on the ground. At the broader scale, these oversights can affect Ground Earth systems models, which often underestimate forest treetop water storage. 31．What does the author think of the “umbrella science”? A．It is groundbreaking. B．Its scientific values are not noticed. C．It is insufficient to trace ecological events. D．It involves research methods across disciplines. 【答案】C 【详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This type of “umbrella science”, they warn, can miss important localized events.(他们警告说，这种“保护伞科学”可能会错过重要的局部事件)”以及“At the broader scale, these oversights can affect Ground Earth systems models, which often underestimate forest treetop water storage.(在更广泛的范围内，这些疏忽可能会影响地面系统模型，这些模型往往低估了森林树梢的储水量)”可知，作者认为“保护伞科学”在追踪生态事件上是不够的。故选C。 【错因分析】部分考生看到段落中can miss important localized events和underestimate表示负面含义就选择B项，实际本段并未否定其科学价值，只是说明其不足。 避错攻略 【方法总结】核心原则：所有主旨结论均来自原文，拒绝“常识延伸”“经验脑补”“逻辑过度推导”. 方法： 1.勾画出选项中的关键词，回到原文中寻找支撑它的多个信息点。如果只有一个细节或例子支持，而全文大部分内容在说别的，那这个选项就很可能是陷阱。 2.问自己：这篇文章是在“介绍一个现象/研究”，还是在 “论证一个观点/推销一个理念”？主旨题常常考的是写作目的。介绍现象是客观的，论证观点是主观的。如果全文都在描述、列举、说明，那么主旨通常是中立的。 【干货必记】避免主观臆断三大策略 在阅读理解或考试中，主旨大意题要求考生通过分析文章的结构、内容、关键词等，准确概括出文章的中心思想，而不能主观臆断。主观臆断往往会导致对文章主旨的误解或错误判断，因为这种判断没有基于文本的实际内容，而是基于考生个人的主观想法或先入为主的观念。 1.圈注关键: 在阅读文章时，使用笔在纸上或心中标记出关键信息，如作者的观点、主题句和支持论据等。这有助于在做题时快速回顾重要内容，确保答案是基于作者的实际陈述而不是自己的理解。 2.回文定位: 在回答问题时，务必回到文章中找到相关段落进行定位。特别是在不确定答案时，通过在原文中找到对应的句子或段落，确保答案与原文信息一致，避免主观臆断。 3.学会质疑: 在解题过程中，养成对每一个选项进行质疑的习惯。问自己:“这个选项与文章的哪部分对应?”只有当你能明确指出选项与文章的内容有关联时，才选择它。通过这种方式，可以有效减少主观臆断的可能性。 举一反三 1.（25-26高三上·陕西咸阳·期末）That art can lift spirit is well known, while that it calms the body is novel. However, there is growing evidence to support that opinion. Earlier this summer, a team of Cambridge psychologists asked participants to look at masterworks by 19th-century post-impressionists — Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, Manet and Gauguin — in the gallery. The results were clear: Appreciating artistic beauty helped them escape the “mental trappings of daily life”. This experiment followed a study published last year by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, to quantify the improvements of physical and mental health by taking part in creative activities, as well as the economic gain — estimated to be an average of £1,000 per person a year, as a result of improved work productivity and fewer trips to the hospital. And for the first time in its 202-year history, The Lancet recently ran a photo essay showing how going to art galleries could relieve stress and cut heart disease risk, as well as boost the immune system. 1．What message does the author want to convey in the second paragraph? A．Art plays a positive role in public health. B．Art can increase people’s average income. C．Galleries are required to reduce heart disease risk. D．Galleries should collect post-impressionists’ masterworks. 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Appreciating artistic beauty helped them escape the “mental trappings of daily life”. (欣赏艺术之美帮助他们摆脱了“日常生活的精神桎梏”。)”，以及“to quantify the improvements of physical and mental health by taking part in creative activities (量化参与创意活动对身心健康的改善作用)”和“how going to art galleries could relieve stress and cut heart disease risk, as well as boost the immune system (去美术馆如何能缓解压力、降低心脏病风险并增强免疫系统)”可知，该段通过多个研究和实验结果，表明欣赏艺术、参与创意活动能改善身心健康、缓解压力、降低患病风险，核心是想传达艺术对公共健康起到积极作用。故选A。 2.（25-26高三上·山东青岛·期末）Seven years ago, college senior Joey Romano broke his wrist skateboarding near the University of Texas at Austin. With poor insurance, he worried about the high cost of an ambulance, so he called an Uber instead. The driver, Beni Lukumu, helped him into the car and drove him to urgent care, which quickly sent him to the emergency room (ER). Learning Romano had no family nearby, Lukumu, who’d immigrated from the Congo at 25 and knew the pain of being far from loved ones, insisted on staying. Despite a busy day of rides, he signed Romano into the ER and sat with him from 2 to 8 p.m., missing hours of work. “He needed somebody to be by his side,” Lukumu later said. At the time, Romano was under treatment and recalled, “I remember feeling glad he was there. He has this warm presence, and strangely, it felt like we had known each other forever.” Unknown to Lukumu, Romano was in one of the darkest periods of his life. His brother Johnny had died of cancer in 2008, and Romano had a hard time with sorrow. “After losing my brother, I just became really lonely. I could barely take care of myself, let alone others. I shut down and closed myself off. I became really cold,” he said. Lukumu’s kindness became a turning point. When Romano’s grandmother arrived to take him home and offered a reward, Lukumu refused but joined them for dinner — a gesture that began a friendship lasting over seven years. “That one act of kindness helped me see the good in the world again,” Romano said, “Having him spend his entire day with me — a complete stranger, out of the goodness of his heart — helped me put things into perspective. Lukumu absolutely changed my life.” Today, Lukumu works in the insurance industry in Austin, while Romano is a renewable energy developer. They check in on each other a couple of times a year. It all started with a shared ride — an encounter they’re both still grateful for. 2．What message does the story convey? A．Love and kindness can restore faith in life. B．Good luck can change a hopeless situation. C．Long-distance friendship requires regular contact. D．Career success comes from unexpected encounters. 2．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中Romano所说的话“Having him spend his entire day with me — a complete stranger, out of the goodness of his heart — helped me put things into perspective. Lukumu absolutely changed my life. (有他整日与我相处——一个完全陌生的人，出于他的善心——这让我得以正确看待一切。Lukumu彻底改变了我的人生。)”可知，故事的核心是Lukumu对一个陌生人的无私陪伴，这一善举将正处于人生黑暗期、自我封闭的Romano拉了出来，让他重拾对世界和生活的信心。由此可知，爱与善意可以恢复对生活的信念。故选A项。 3.（25-26高三上·贵州铜仁·期末）Although scientists have been trying to make robots smaller for almost forty years, creating robots smaller than a millimeter has been difficult. At such a tiny scale, physics works differently, and it has been hard to include advanced computing and sensing systems without losing performance. As a result, most microrobots have not been able to think, sense, or make decisions on their own — abilities that are common in larger robots. Now, however, a robot about the size of a single-celled paramecium (草履虫) has been developed. It can sense, think, and act using its own built-in systems for computing, sensing, memory, movement, and communication. This tiny robot can detect its surroundings, make decisions based on digital instructions, and change its behavior — all within a space too small to see without a microscope. To build it, researchers used methods from semiconductor manufacturing, creating the robot’s body, moving parts, and electronic systems all at once in large numbers. By carefully designing the circuits and parts to work well at a very small scale, the team reduced the size of self-contained, programmable robots by 10,000 times. Putting the computing power directly on the robot also cuts cost and energy use to a minimum, which could help make such robots widely available in the future. A key advance was integrating circuits and tiny fabrication methods suited to self-operating microrobots. The electronic system runs on very little power — about 100 nanowatts — and is made using a 55-nanometer chip technology that operates efficiently at low voltage. This design prevents power loss and allows multiple circuits to fit inside a robot smaller than a millimeter. If developed further, these robots could be produced affordably, with an estimated cost of about one cent per robot when made in large quantities. Their ability to operate independently, combined with low cost and simple use, could make them valuable in many areas — from studying living organisms and tiny manufacturing to performing microsurgery and delivering medicine inside the body. 3．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Challenges for Tiny Robots. B．Semiconductors and Robot Making. C．A New Generation of Robots. D．A Breakthrough of Smart Microrobot. 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“Now, however, a robot about the size of a single-celled paramecium(草履虫)has been developed. It can sense, think, and act using its own built-in systems for computing, sensing, memory, movement, and communication.(然而现在，一款大小近似单细胞草履虫的机器人已研发成功。它能够借助自身内置的计算、传感、记忆、移动及通信系统，实现感知、思考和行动)”可知，文章主要讲述了微型机器人制造取得突破，研发出能独立感知、思考和行动的微型机器人，并介绍其特点和应用前景，D选项“智能微型机器人的突破”能准确概括文章内容。故选D项。 易错04 过度引申：过度推断或延伸原文内容 易错典题 【例4】(2023新课标II卷阅读理解B篇第27题) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 27.主旨大意题。本文介绍了学校花园项目“Urban Sprouts”发起的目的、学生最初对它的反应、项目活动内容以及它给学生的身心健康带来的良好影响。由此推知,C项“变成蔬菜的爱好者”可以概括“Urban Sprouts”项目的作用,适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。 选项 选项 答案注释 A Rescuing School Gardens拯救学校花园项目 干扰较大，rescue主观臆断 B Experiencing Country Life体验乡村生活 偏离文章主题，过度引申 C Growing Vegetable Lovers变成蔬菜爱好者 涵盖性强，紧扣本文主题 D Changing Local Landscape改变当地风景 偏离文章主题，过度引申 【错因分析】错误选项对原文内容进行了过度推断或延伸，超出了原文的范围和作者的意图。例如，原文只是描述了某种现象，选项却推测出该现象的长远影响或未来发展趋势。 【干货必记】标题概括题满分策略点拨 1.设题特点 记叙文标题概括题题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。 此类标题往往比较含蓄，有时候是文章反复出现的关键词，有时候是文章的线索词。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，特别关注说明文“倒三角形”结构，重视文章首段主题引领作用。 其次，如果首段较长的话，重视but, now, however往往是文章核心话题。 第三，除了“首段”还应注意每段“段首”可能是本段主题句，分要点。 第四，注意研读标题的话题与首段对照，排除法逐步缩小范围去伪存真。 举一反三 1.（25-26高三上·山西太原·期末）After decades of working as a food columnist, there were parts of me that were flabby, so it was with my brain. It would go blank mid-sentence when I tried to recall a fancy ingredient’s name. To challenge this old grey matter, I threw myself into a brand-new challenge: sinking a big sum of money and nearly a year into training for London’s Blue Badge, a tourist guide qualification recognized and respected internationally. However, it was not a decision I took lightly. My fellow trainees were wonderfully diverse, from across the globe and various walks of life, ranging from taxi drivers and university lecturers to managers and retired teachers. Our training was no walk in the park: 12 demanding exams, twice-weekly lectures, day trips to Canterbury, and the toughest training: guiding on a 60-seat bus in front of my colleagues, describing buildings without sounding like a satellite navigation system. At times my head was bursting with tiny details: from the number of steps to St. Paul’s dome (穹顶) to the origin of guards’ bearskins, even the name of Churchill’s dog! It was a steep and overwhelming learning curve. But eventually, I earned my Blue Badge. I’m not ashamed to say there were tears when the confirmation came through. Now, I still write and take international visitors around London. They arrive with enthusiasm, glass-half-full attitudes and seemingly no jet lag. Things I’ve taken for granted over 30 years, such as double-decker buses, pub signs and policemen on horses, are an endless source of delight for them and their questions are wonderfully varied. This journey has rekindled my passion for our capital. Above all, it has added a new string to my professional bow, even though I’m well into my sixties. 1．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Guide’s Tough Training Journey B．Never Too Late to Reshape Yourself C．The Global Value of a Blue Badge D．Seeing London Through Visitors’ Eyes 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“To challenge this old grey matter, I threw myself into a brand-new challenge: sinking a big sum of money and nearly a year into training for London’s Blue Badge, a tourist guide qualification recognized and respected internationally. (为了锻炼自己的老脑筋，我毅然迎接一项全新的挑战：投入一大笔资金，又耗时近一年接受培训，备考伦敦蓝牌导游资格证 —— 这是一项在全球范围内都受认可、受推崇的导游资质)”以及第四段中的“Above all, it has added a new string to my professional bow, even though I’m well into my sixties.(最重要的是，尽管我已经年过六旬，这段经历却为我的职业技能增添了新的一笔)”可知，文章核心讲述年过六旬的作者通过考取导游证完成自我重塑，印证了活到老、提升自己到老的道理，“重塑自我，永远为时不晚”最贴合主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 2.（2026·江苏镇江·一模）Plants can be grown in flexible ways. Besides planting seeds, a special method allows growing new plants from parts of other plants, like rose stems or potato tubers — these copies like the mother plant are called plant clones. The technique to make plant clones is known as micropropagation (微繁殖). It uses tiny pieces of plant tissue, called explants (外植体), from a “mother plant” and raises them in a clean lab with nutrient-rich media, under controlled light, temperature, and humidity. The key lies in the ability of a single cell to develop into a whole organism, and dedifferentiation (去分化), where mature cells return to a dividing state before forming new tissues and organs. Suppose you have a favorite garden plant with unique, attractive flowers but it produces no seeds. In nature, some plants depend on bees, insects, or birds to develop seeds — without these helpers, they may die seedless. To grow it, you can try micropropagation. Beyond resolving the seedless plant problem, it can also efficiently reproduce economically important species like bananas, saving time and cost. Moreover, it enables the production of virus-free plants and helps reproduce stress-tolerant varieties that otherwise struggle to produce seeds. You might be curious about the materials and experimental setup required for this modern technique. The process needs a mother plant, suitable explants, and a nutrient medium. After being cleaned, explants grow into complete plants in a room with a controlled environment. Later, they are hardened and relocated to greenhouses or fields. Additionally, simple micropropagation, such as using stem cuttings of roses, lets people grow plants at home without seeds, offering a convenient way to reproduce beloved plants. 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Micropropagation: Its Trouble and Cost. B．Explants: From Leaves to Plants. C．Plant Cloning: Its Benefits and Procedure. D．Nutrient Media: Energy for Plant Growth. 2．主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了植物克隆这种特殊的方法，第二段介绍了植物克隆的原理，第三段介绍了植物克隆的好处，第四段介绍了植物克隆的过程，由此可知，文章主要介绍了植物克隆的好处和程序，故选项C适合作为这篇文章的最佳标题。故选C。 3.（25-26高三上·河北衡水·月考）When we’re confronting a confusing problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. We’re looking to the team to get the best ideas as quickly as possible. I love seeing it happen — except for one catch. Group brainstorming usually backfires. In brainstorming meetings, many good ideas are lost — and few are gained. Extensive evidence shows that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. Brainstorming groups fall so far short of their potential that we may get more and better ideas if we all work alone. As the humorist Dave Barry said, “If you had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved and never will achieve its full potential, that word would be: meetings.” But the problem isn’t meetings themselves; it’s how we run them. Think about the brainstorming sessions you’ve attended. You’ve probably seen people bite their tongues due to ego (自我价值感) threat (“I don’t want to look stupid.”) , noise (“We can’t all talk at once.”) , and conformity pressure (“Let’s all jump on the boss’s ship!”) . Goodbye, diversity of thought; hello, groupthink. These challenges are greater for people who lack power or status: the most junior person in the room or an introvert (内向的人) drowning in a sea of extroverts (外向的人) . To unearth the hidden potential in teams, instead of brainstorming, we are better off shifting to a process called “brainwriting”. The initial steps are solo. You start by asking everyone to generate ideas separately. Next, you pool them and share them anonymously among the group. To preserve independent judgment, each member evaluates them on their own. Only then does the team come together to select and refine the most promising options. When ideas are developed and assessed individually before being chosen collectively, possibilities that might otherwise go unnoticed can surface and be advanced. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to lean toward the biggest egos, the loudest voices, and the most powerful people. The brainwriting process makes sure that all ideas are brought to the table and that all voices are brought into the conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room; it’s to make the room smarter. 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．Brainwriting: Releasing Team Potential B．Ego Threat: A Barrier in Group Meetings C．The Downside of Traditional Brainstorming D．How Outgoing People Dominate Brainstorming 3．主旨大意题。第1段引出传统头脑风暴的普遍应用及其隐藏的弊端；第2段指出传统头脑风暴效率低下的现状；第3段分析了导致其失效的根本原因；第4段提出“头脑书写”的替代方案并说明其优势；第5段进一步强调该方法能保障均衡参与的核心价值。由此可知，“Brainwriting: Releasing Team Potential (头脑书写：释放团队潜力)”能概括全文的核心观点和解决方案，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 【01记叙文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·重庆·月考）Four days after Hurricane Ida made landfall, the New Orleans meteorologist (气象学家) Margaret Orr took a break after twelve hours on the air to reply to her fans on Twitter. Orr has been reporting the weather for forty-two years. Someone asked why the sun always shines before a storm. “To remind us that the sun will shine again,” she replied, adding a heart emoji. “The real reason? Because you’ve often got high pressure right over you, and it’s hot. The high moves off to the east and pushes the system our way.” Many of her workmates were sleeping at the station, but Orr preferred to go home, where she had running water but no electricity. She could handle not having an air-conditioner. Not having Internet, though, was a hardship. She said, “I couldn’t check my social media until I got to work, which was annoying.” In the days leading up to Ida, people contacted Orr through Twitter to get individualized, practical advice. Orr tried to respond to everyone. This dedication earned her, great respect from the residents. Orr has always been fascinated by weather. In 1965, when she was twelve years old, the wind from Hurricane Betsy blew the roof off her family’s house in New Orleans. She remembers going outside and standing in the eye of the storm. “I looked up and saw the sky and saw the stars,” she said. “Bad weather happens everywhere,” she said. “Every now and then, on Twitter, you’ll see people saying, why do you live there? Well, I live here because it’s my home. This is where I grew up. This is the place I love.” She went on, “After Hurricane Katrina, I thought, could I live anywhere else? And I decided, no, I couldn’t.” She added, “As my daughter said about New Orleans when she was a little girl, ‘I even love the dirt.’” 1．What kind of person is Orr according to paragraph 1? A．Hardworking and serious. B．Curious and committed. C．Professional and inspiring. D．Knowledgeable and brave. 2．Why was Orr respected by the residents? A．She overcame tough living conditions. B．She devoted herself to helping others. C．She had many contacts on the Internet. D．She returned home after the hurricane. 3．Why as Orr’s experience in 1965 mentioned? A．To indicate the absence of rescue efforts. B．To highlight the power of natural disasters. C．To stress the necessity of weather forecasting. D．To show weather conditions’ attraction to her. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Orr’s connection with home. B．Orr’s knowledge of weather. C．Orr’s optimism about life. D．Orr’s love for her daughter. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍气象学家玛格丽特・奥尔坚守岗位、心系民众及热爱家乡的故事。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Orr has been reporting the weather for forty-two years. Someone asked why the sun always shines before a storm. “To remind us that the sun will shine again,” she replied, adding a heart emoji. “The real reason? Because you’ve often got high pressure right over you, and it’s hot. The high moves off to the east and pushes the system our way.” (奥尔已经播报了42年的天气。有人问为什么暴风雨前总是阳光明媚。“提醒我们阳光总会再次照耀，”她补充了一个爱心表情符号回答道。“真正的原因？因为你所处的位置通常会有高压笼罩，天气炎热。高压向东移动，将风暴系统推向我们这边。) ”可知，奥尔既给出了富有感染力的暖心回答，又解释了专业的气象原理，体现出她专业且鼓舞人心的特质。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the days leading up to Ida, people contacted Orr through Twitter to get individualized, practical advice. Orr tried to respond to everyone. This dedication earned her great respect from the residents. (在飓风艾达来临前的日子里，人们通过推特联系奥尔，寻求个性化的实用建议。奥尔努力回复每一个人。这份奉献精神为她赢得了居民们的高度尊重。) ”可知，奥尔因尽心尽力帮助他人而受到居民尊重。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Orr has always been fascinated by weather. In 1965, when she was twelve years old, the wind from Hurricane Betsy blew the roof off her family’s house in New Orleans .(奥尔一直对天气非常着迷。1965年，12岁的她遭遇了飓风贝琪，飓风掀翻了她家在新奥尔良的屋顶。) ”可知，提及这段经历是为了说明天气状况对她的吸引力。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的““Every now and then, on Twitter, you’ll see people saying, why do you live there? Well, I live here because it’s my home. This is where I grew up. This is the place I love.” “After Hurricane Katrina, I thought, could I live anywhere else? And I decided, no, I couldn’t.” (“时不时地，在推特上，你会看到人们说，你为什么住在那里？嗯，我住在这里是因为这是我的家。这是我长大的地方。这是我热爱的故土。”“卡特里娜飓风过后，我曾想，我还能住到别的地方去吗？然后我确定，不能。”)”可知，该段主要讲述奥尔与家乡之间深厚的羁绊。故选A项。 【02说明文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·陕西咸阳·期末）The invention of the stethoscope is widely credited to the 19th-century French doctor Rene Laënnec. Before the invention, doctors often placed their ear directly on a patient’s chest to listen for abnormalities in breathing and heart sounds. In 1816, a young lady suffering from heart disease went to see Laënnec. Placing his ear on her chest, however, was considered socially inappropriate. Inspired by children sending sounds through a long wooden stick outside his office, Laënnec instead rolled a sheet of paper to listen to her heart. He was surprised by the clear heart sounds he heard, and the first stethoscope was born. Over the next decades, researchers made some important improvements. Firstly, a thin film called a diaphragm was added to amplify the slight sound that might be very hard for ears to detect. The next major breakthrough occurred in the mid-1850s, when Arthur Leared and George Philip Cammann developed the so-called binaural stethoscope, which is remarkably similar to the stethoscopes doctors use today: It had separate earpieces connected by two flexible tubes to deliver sounds to both ears and reduce outside noise. However, listening with human ears has limitations. Abnormal sounds often emerge only at advanced stages, when treatment is less effective. Moreover, different diseases may produce similar sounds, making accurate diagnosis (诊断) extremely difficult. To address these challenges, researchers are now combining stethoscopes with artificial intelligence (AI). First, they record sounds from the stethoscope and then turn the sounds into electronic signals that can be stored and analyzed by AI models. The result seems to be promising. Some well-trained AI models can classify heart sounds correctly over 95% of the time and can even differentiate between types of heart disease with nearly 85% accuracy. Most importantly, a few of them are able to detect heart and lung problems at early stages. 1．Why did Rene Laënnec use a rolled sheet of paper to listen to his patient’s heart? A．To copy those children. B．To avoid embarrassment. C．To amuse the young lady. D．To test his new discovery. 2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “amplify” in paragraph 2? A．Strengthen. B．Reduce. C．Deliver. D．Hide. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Effects of timely treatment. B．Challenges of early diagnosis. C．Limitations of stethoscopes. D．Great potentials of AI models. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To demonstrate how AI models are trained. B．To explain what the binaural stethoscope is. C．To tell the stethoscopes’ major developments. D．To show the stethoscopes’ working principles. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了听诊器的发明、改进及其在AI时代的运用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In 1816, a young lady suffering from heart disease went to see Laënnec. Placing his ear on her chest, however, was considered socially inappropriate. Inspired by children sending sounds through a long wooden stick outside his office, Laënnec instead rolled a sheet of paper to listen to her heart.(1816 年，一位患有心脏病的年轻女士前来就诊。然而，将耳朵贴在她的胸部被认为是不合适的。Laënnec受到孩子们在办公室外用一根长木棍传递声音的启发，于是将一张纸卷成圆筒状来听她的心跳。)”可知，Rene Laënnec为了避免尴尬才用纸筒听患者心脏的。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Over the next decades, researchers made some important improvements. Firstly, a thin film called a diaphragm was added(在接下来的几十年里，研究人员对其进行了多项重要改进。首先，加装了一层名为振动膜的薄膜)”以及下文“the slight sound that might be very hard for ears to detect(耳朵很难察觉的微弱声音)”可推断，加薄膜是对听诊器的改进，用于放大、增强难以察觉的微弱声音，划线词amplify意为“放大、增强”，与Strengthen意思一致。故选A。 3．段落大意题。根据最后一段“The result seems to be promising. Some well-trained AI models can classify heart sounds correctly over 95% of the time and can even differentiate between types of heart disease with nearly 85% accuracy. Most importantly, a few of them are able to detect heart and lung problems at early stages.(研究成果前景可观：一些训练成熟的AI模型，心跳声分类准确率超95%，甚至能以近85%的准确率区分不同类型的心脏病。最重要的是，部分模型可在早期阶段检测出心肺疾病。)”可知，这一段主要是谈听诊器与AI模型结合的前景，介绍AI模型的高准确率、可区分心脏病类型、能早期检测心肺问题，体现AI模型的巨大潜力。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The invention of the stethoscope is widely credited to the 19th-century French doctor Rene Laënnec.(听诊器的发明通常归功于19世纪的法国医生Rene Laënnec。)”、第二段中“Over the next decades, researchers made some important improvements. (在接下来的几十年里，研究人员做出了一些重要的改进。)”、第四段中“To address these challenges, researchers are now combining stethoscopes with artificial intelligence (AI).(为了应对这些挑战，研究人员正在将听诊器与人工智能（AI）结合起来。)”并结合全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了听诊器的发明、改进及与AI的融合，按时间顺序说明听诊器的关键发展历程。故选C 。 【03说明文文章大意题】（2026·云南昭通·一模）When we talk about animal intelligence, mice are not always the first to come to mind. However, a new study, published in Current Biology, has revealed surprising results about the cognitive (认知的) abilities of these small animals, showing they may be more strategic than we think. Kishore Kuchibhotla, a neuroscientist (神经科学家) who has long worked with mice, noticed a strange phenomenon: mice often did poorly in tests even when they seemed to know how to do well. They put forward two possible explanations: the poor performance was either caused by stress or a purposeful behavior of exploring and testing their knowledge. To find out why, Kuchibhotla and his graduate student Zi Yizhu designed a simple experiment. In the experiment, mice were trained to respond to two different sounds. When they heard one sound, they needed to turn a wheel to the left; for the other sound, they had to turn it to the right. Correct responses were rewarded. The researchers observed that when hearing the same sound in constant trials, the mice would first turn left for a while, then switch to right. These seemingly “mistakes” were actually purposeful actions. To further confirm, the team removed the reward. When a mouse gave a correct response but got no reward, it immediately improved its performance in the next test. Kuchibhotla explained that this showed the mice had an internal understanding of the task: the lack of reward broke their expectations, making them use their existing knowledge to do better. The researchers concluded that the gap between the mice’s knowledge and their test performance came from exploration — a form of strategic thinking. Though it’s hard to say animals form formal hypotheses (假设), mice may use higher cognitive processes that involve conjecture about task rules, forming an opinion that is not based on definite knowledge. This kind of mental activity is similar to how nonverbal human babies learn, as both require the ability to process external information and form initial perception of the environment. This study deepens our understanding of animal cognition. Next, the team plans to identify the neural basis of such strategic thinking and compare it across species. 1．What can possibly explain the mice’s poor performance in tests in paragraph 2? A．Tiredness from stressful life. B．Fear or internal pressure. C．Lack of cognitive abilities. D．Stress or intentional exploration. 2．What would the mice do when the reward was removed? A．Repeat the same response. B．Make more purposeful mistakes. C．Perform better in the next trial. D．Fail to use their existing knowledge. 3．What does the underlined word “conjecture” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Explanation. B．Guess. C．Record. D．Memory. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．A new discovery about mice’s unexpected cognitive skills. B．A research to find the neural basis of animal intelligence. C．A discussion of strategic thinking in different animal species. D．A comparison between mice and human babies’ thinking ability. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了新研究发现老鼠具有意外认知能力及策略性思维。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They put forward two possible explanations: the poor performance was either caused by stress or a purposeful behavior of exploring and testing their knowledge.(他们提出了两种可能的解释：表现不佳要么是由压力引起的，要么是一种探索和测试知识的有目的的行为)”可知，压力或故意的探索可能解释老鼠在测试中表现不佳的原因。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When a mouse gave a correct response but got no reward, it immediately improved its performance in the next test.(当一只老鼠做出正确的反应但没有得到奖励时，它立即在下次测试中提高了自己的表现)”可知，当奖励被移除时，老鼠会在下一次试验中表现得更好。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Though it’s hard to say animals form formal hypotheses (假设), mice may use higher cognitive processes that involve conjecture about task rules, forming an opinion that is not based on definite knowledge.(虽然很难说动物会形成正式的假设，但老鼠可能会使用更高的认知过程，包括对任务规则的conjecture，形成一种不基于明确知识的观点)”可知，本句是在解释老鼠形成观点的过程，结合“not based on definite knowledge”可推测，老鼠的这种观点不是基于明确的知识，而是基于猜测。由此可知，划线词conjecture意为“猜测”，与Guess意思相近。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, a new study, published in Current Biology, has revealed surprising results about the cognitive (认知的) abilities of these small animals, showing they may be more strategic than we think.(然而，发表在《当代生物学》上的一项新研究揭示了这些小动物令人惊讶的认知能力，表明它们可能比我们想象的更有策略性)”及全文可知，本文主要介绍了关于老鼠具有意想不到的认知能力的新发现。故选A。 【04议论文段落大意题】（25-26高三上·北京顺义·期末）Today’s best artificial intelligence (AI) models sail through the Turing test, a famous thought experiment that asks whether a computer can pass as a human by interacting through text. Some see an upgraded test as a necessary standard for progress towards artificial general intelligence (AGI) — an unclear term used by many technology firms to mean an AI system with the resourcefulness to match any human cognitive (认知的) ability. But at an academic event on 2 October, several researchers said that the Turing test should be abandoned altogether, and that developers should instead focus on evaluating AI safety and building specific capabilities that could be of benefit to the public. “The idea of AGI might not be the right goal, at least not now,” said Gary Marcus, a neuroscientist. This doubt is rooted in the fundamental limitations of current AI, which are often optimized versions of large language models (LLMs). In March, researchers tested four chatbots in a version of the Turing test, and found that the best models passed. Yet the fact that chatbots can imitate (模仿) speech credibly does not mean that they can understand, said several researchers at the event. Although LLM responses can be surprisingly human, “when you go outside the box of what you normally ask of these systems, they have a lot of trouble”, said Marcus. As examples, he cited the inability of some models to label the parts on an elephant correctly, or to draw clock hands in anywhere but the ten and two positions. For this reason, models could still fail the Turing test if they are challenged by a scientist who knows their weaknesses. Shannon Vallor, an AI ethicist (伦理学家), argued that the focus on AGI is a distraction that allows tech firms to ignore potential harms of the technology, such as de-skilling humans, producing false and negative imaginations and deepening existing prejudices in the data LLMs learn from. Rather than intelligence standards, models should compete on safety measures, “along with the test of how easy it is to abuse the tool and how likely the tool is to do something unexpected and undesirable in a real-world context”, she said. William Isaac, who researches AI use in public policy broadly agreed; the Turing test of the future should question whether an AI is safe, reliable and provides meaningful benefit. 1．What does the author intend to do by mentioning AGI in Paragraph 2? A．Clarify a concept. B．Highlight a problem. C．Make a prediction. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What can we learn about LLMs from this passage? A．They have human-like understanding. B．They succeed in upgraded Turing tests. C．They outperform humans in responsiveness. D．They need to be developed for the public good. 3．As for tech firms’ current practices, Shannon Vallor is ________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．cautious D．critical 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The functions of current AI. B．The proposal of a new AI test. C．A shift in the focus of AI research. D．A debate on the test performance of AI. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨图灵测试的局限性，多位研究者认为应摒弃该测试，将AI研究重心转向安全性评估与公共有益能力的构建，而非追求通用人工智能。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Some see an upgraded test as a necessary standard for progress towards artificial general intelligence (AGI) — an unclear term used by many technology firms to mean an AI system with the resourcefulness to match any human cognitive ability. But at an academic event on 2 October, several researchers said that the Turing test should be abandoned altogether, and that developers should instead focus on evaluating AI safety and building specific capabilities that could be of benefit to the public. (一些人将升级版测试视为迈向通用人工智能的必要标准，通用人工智能是许多科技公司使用的一个模糊术语，指的是一种拥有与人类任何认知能力相匹敌的应变能力的人工智能系统。但在10月2日的一场学术活动中，几位研究人员表示，图灵测试应该被彻底摒弃，开发者反而应该专注于评估人工智能的安全性，并构建可能对公众有益的特定能力。)”可知，作者提及通用人工智能是为了引出研究者对图灵测试的质疑，凸显当下以通用人工智能为目标、依赖图灵测试的问题。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But at an academic event on 2 October, several researchers said that the Turing test should be abandoned altogether, and that developers should instead focus on evaluating AI safety and building specific capabilities that could be of benefit to the public. (但在10月2日的一场学术活动中，几位研究人员表示，图灵测试应该被彻底摒弃，开发者反而应该专注于评估人工智能的安全性，并构建可能对公众有益的特定能力。)”以及第三段中的“This doubt is rooted in the fundamental limitations of current AI, which are often optimized versions of large language models (LLMs). (这种质疑源于当前人工智能的根本性局限，而当前的人工智能往往是大型语言模型的优化版本。)”可知，大型语言模型作为当前AI的主要形式，需要朝着为公共利益服务的方向发展。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Shannon Vallor, an AI ethicist (伦理学家), argued that the focus on AGI is a distraction that allows tech firms to ignore potential harms of the technology, such as de-skilling humans, producing false and negative imaginations and deepening existing prejudices in the data LLMs learn from. (人工智能伦理学家香农·瓦洛尔认为，对通用人工智能的关注是一种干扰，这让科技公司忽视了该技术的潜在危害，比如导致人类技能退化、产生虚假和负面的想象，以及加深大型语言模型所学习数据中现存的偏见。)”可知，香农·瓦洛尔对科技公司当前聚焦通用人工智能、忽视技术潜在危害的做法持批判态度。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段指出当下优秀的AI模型能通过图灵测试，第二段引出研究者认为应摒弃图灵测试、转而关注AI安全性和公共有益能力，后续段落通过多位研究者的观点，分析当前AI的局限、科技公司做法的问题，并提出未来AI测试应聚焦安全性、可靠性和实际益处，核心围绕AI研究重心应从图灵测试、通用人工智能转向安全性与公共利益展开，即AI研究重心的转变。故选C项。 【05记叙文标题概括题】（25-26高三上·山西运城·期末）Going to Antarctica is a dream goal for many, but for Cory Lee, it is that and much more. At the age of two, Lee was found to have a type of muscle disease. He started using a wheelchair full-time when he was 4 years old. That didn’t stop Lee from visiting 37 countries, including Morocco, Australia, India, Costa Rica, Finland, and many more. As a wheelchair user, planning trips requires extensive research. Through his blog, Lee has shared tips on what to look for and where to go for the best experience. He typically begins researching a trip six to twelve months in advance. He searches for accessible transportation and attractions, and contacts hotels or rental homes ahead of time to request photos and make sure they are truly accessible-a practice he strongly recommends to others. In Morocco, Lee rode a camel using a specially designed seat. “It had a full backrest, almost like sitting in a chair,” he explained. His 2014 visit to Sydney was memorable. “It was the first time I’d traveled somewhere and felt completely independent,” he recalled. Lee credits his mother, Sandy Gilbreath, for inspiring his love of travel. “She always told me, ‘If you can’t stand up, stand out,’” Lee said. “That’s why I set big goals and keep going on with my dreams so actively. I hope to stand out as much as I can and inspire others.” To spread that message, Lee and his mother co-wrote a children’s book, Let’s Explore With Cor Cor, about a child exploring the world in a wheelchair. Now that he has visited all seven continents, Lee’s new life goal is to explore every US National Park. Other items on his bucket list include skiing, eating pizza in Italy, visiting the Great Wall of China, and attending the Paralympic Games. 1．Why does Lee contact hotels before his trips? A．To get the best room prices. B．To learn about nearby sights. C．To share his travel experiences. D．To check their wheelchair access. 2．What made Lee’s Sydney trip special? A．He wrote a book about it. B．He traveled without any help. C．He went there with his family. D．He tried local food for the first time. 3．What drives Lee to pursue big dreams? A．His mother’s encouraging words. B．His own extensive research. C．His plan to start a travel business. D．His desire to win travel competitions. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Typical Accessible Trip B．Travel Has No Boundaries C．Lee Owns Adventurous Plans D．An Excellent Travel Expert 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本篇是记叙文。本文主要讲述了Cory Lee因患有残疾不得不在轮椅上生活，但他勇于打破局限，积极生活，进行环球旅行的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“He searches for accessible transportation and attractions, and contacts hotels or rental homes ahead of time to request photos and make sure they are truly accessible-a practice he strongly recommends to others.(他会寻找便捷的交通方式和旅游景点，并提前与酒店或出租房屋的主人取得联系，要求他们提供照片，并确认这些地方确实便于通行——他强烈建议其他人也采用这种做法)”可知，Lee提前打电话给酒店是为了考察是否适合自己，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It was the first time I’d traveled somewhere and felt completely independent(这是我第一次独自去外地旅行，也第一次体会到彻头彻尾的独立感)”可知，Lee在悉尼的旅行没有获得别人的帮助，是自己独立完成的，因此很独特，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段““She always told me, ‘If you can’t stand up, stand out,’” Lee said. “That’s why I set big goals and keep going on with my dreams so actively. I hope to stand out as much as I can and inspire others.”(Lee说：“她总是跟我说，‘如果你站不起来，那就一定要让自己脱颖而出。’这就是为什么我设定远大的目标，并积极地追求自己的梦想。我希望自己能尽可能地脱颖而出，激励他人。”)”可知，是妈妈鼓舞人心的话让他大胆追逐梦想，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Now that he has visited all seven continents, Lee’s new life goal is to explore every US National Park. Other items on his bucket list include skiing, eating pizza in Italy, visiting the Great Wall of China, and attending the Paralympic Games.(既然他已经游历了七大洲，Lee的新人生目标便是探索美国的每一个国家公园。他的愿望清单上的其他事项还包括滑雪、在意大利品尝披萨、参观中国的长城以及参加残奥会)”以及文章主要讲述了Cory Lee虽然残疾却打破局限去旅行的故事，B选项“旅行没有界限”最符合文章标题。故选B。 【06说明文标题概括题】（2026·云南昆明·一模）In a bright cafe just off Leith Walk in Edinburgh, a group of young people gather around a table covered with fabric pieces, small decorations and crochet (钩针) tools. Each session brings a new theme: one week it’s crochet, the next jewellery-making, the week after that they learn latte-art. Coffees are enjoyed, biscuits are passed around and laughter fills the room. This is the Girls Craft Club, founded earlier this year by art history graduate Gabby after a medical finding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺陷多动障碍) left her feeling disconnected. “We were all going through life problems,” she says. “We decided to make something beautiful out of it. When you make your own bag or repair your clothes, you value them differently. And you value yourself differently, too.” What may seem like pure longing for the past is, in fact, part of a wider cultural shift. Across the UK, Generation Z is taking up hobbies once more associated with their grandparents or great grandparents: crochet and jewellery-making, pottery cafes and baking clubs that echo Come Dine With Me. These “slow” pastimes are taking off, not because they are an old trend being brought back, but because they offer something people feel is urgently missing: connection, purpose and relief from digital burnout. This return to offline hobbies is happening against a difficult national backdrop. Britain’s teenagers are among the unhappiest in Europe. In its Good Childhood report last year, the Children’s Society warned of a youth happiness decline, with just over 25% of 15-year-olds in the UK reporting low life satisfaction, compared with 7% in the Netherlands. For Gabby, these hobbies have become a lifeline. “As life speeds up, we need to actively decide to slow down,” she says. During crafting and conversation, Britain’s young people are building something important: connection. 1．Why did Gabby start the Girls Craft Club? A．To practise creative skills in groups. B．To hold weekly themed craft sessions. C．To develop self-worth through crafting. D．To seek medical treatment for an illness. 2．What makes “slow” hobbies popular in the UK? A．A longing for the past. B．A relief from digital stress. C．A pursuit of personal growth. D．A hope for cultural diversity. 3．How does the author use the Good Childhood report to support the text? A．By providing related statistics. B．By offering a simple solution. C．By expressing a personal view. D．By comparing some countries. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Crafts Rejuvenation: Hobbies Connect Gen Z B．Offline Hobbies: Gen Z Escape the Old Trends C．Youth Cultural Exchange: A National Concern D．Crafting Communities: The Value of Innovation 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国 Z 世代兴起钩针、烘焙等传统慢爱好，Gabby 为此创办手工俱乐部。这类活动能缓解数字倦怠、带来联结与价值感，也回应了英国青少年幸福感偏低的社会现状。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When you make your own bag or repair your clothes, you value them differently. And you value yourself differently, too.(当你自己动手制作包或者修补衣物时，你会对它们有着不同的重视程度。而你对自身的重视程度也会随之有所不同)”可知，加比创办了“女孩手工俱乐部”是为了通过手工制作来提升自我价值。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“These “slow” pastimes are taking off, not because they are an old trend being brought back, but because they offer something people feel is urgently missing: connection, purpose and relief from digital burnout.(这些“缓慢”的消遣活动正逐渐流行起来，这并非因为它们是某种古老潮流的回归，而是因为它们满足了人们内心深处迫切渴望的东西：人与人之间的联系、明确的目标以及对数字技术过度使用所带来的压力的缓解)”可知，在英国，“慢节奏”爱好如此受欢迎是因为这是一种缓解数字压力的方式。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This return to offline hobbies is happening against a difficult national backdrop. Britain’s teenagers are among the unhappiest in Europe. In its Good Childhood report last year, the Children’s Society warned of a youth happiness decline, with just over 25% of 15-year-olds in the UK reporting low life satisfaction, compared with 7% in the Netherlands.(这种回归线下活动的兴趣爱好现象是在一个严峻的国内背景下出现的。英国青少年是欧洲最不幸福的群体之一。在去年发布的《美好童年》报告中，儿童协会警告称青少年的幸福感正在下降，英国15岁青少年中仅有略超过25%的人表示生活满意度较低，而荷兰这一比例仅为7%)”可知，作者通过提供相关数据来支撑文章内容。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a bright cafe just off Leith Walk in Edinburgh, a group of young people gather around a table covered with fabric pieces, small decorations and crochet (钩针) tools. Each session brings a new theme: one week it’s crochet, the next jewellery-making, the week after that they learn latte-art. Coffees are enjoyed, biscuits are passed around and laughter fills the room.(在爱丁堡莱斯街旁的一家明亮的咖啡馆里，一群年轻人围坐在一张铺着布料碎片、小装饰品和钩针工具的桌子旁。每次活动都有不同的主题：一周是钩针编织，下一周是珠宝制作，再过一周则是学习拿铁艺术。大家一边享用咖啡，一边分享着饼干，房间里充满了欢声笑语)”结合文章主要说明了英国 Z 世代兴起钩针、烘焙等传统慢爱好，Gabby 为此创办手工俱乐部。这类活动能缓解数字倦怠、带来联结与价值感，也回应了英国青少年幸福感偏低的社会现状。可知，A选项“文艺复兴：爱好让 Z 世代重焕活力”最符合文章标题。故选A。 【07议论文标题概况题】（25-26高三上·广东广州·期中）While we race into a future where we outsource (外包) most of our problem-solving to artificial intelligence, the greatest threat is not super intelligent machinery. It’s mindlessly putting too much trust in Big Tech and not enough trust in the power of our own minds. A philosophy of artful thinking is a good way to avoid this. To think artfully means to solve problems using not just our brains, but also our hands, eyes, and ears, along with our emotions. This approach taps into the cognitive (认知的) resources that are spread throughout our bodies but often go unused. Changing how we think is hard work. And it starts with a mindfulness practice. Accessing artful intelligence requires being mindful of how we think with our body, how we use our limbs (四肢), organs, and emotions to make sense of the world. Be mindful of all the different messages your body is sending you as well as the different roles and functions your bodily actions can play. For example, gesturing (做手势) in conversations is not just communicative. These movements often help the speaker to smooth out their thought process and assist in getting the words out. Today, Big Tech is pushing a message of artificial-intelligence craziness and fear. What makes you stuck in it? It’s seeing the same things wherever you look. Big Tech gives you screens, hoping that your attention will always be attracted by their devices. If you want to find more freedom in this AI-filled world, improve your ability to mindfully shift your attention between different objects or levels of focus. Remember everything is born of a choice. Artful thinking demands effortful mindfulness to ensure that what we do, what we hope to achieve by using these technological tools, will not weaken our humanity. As Thich Nhat Hanh said, “Mindful living is an art, and each of us has to train to be an artist.” 1．According to the author, what is the primary threat posed by over-trusting Big Tech? A．It will cause people to rely entirely on screens for communication. B．It may lead to the rapid development of super intelligent machinery. C．It could weaken our ability to think and to use our minds independently. D．It prevents artificial intelligence from solving complex problems effectively. 2．What is supposed to be included in a mindfulness practice? A．Concentrating on making proper gestures. B．Being aware of our body’s role in thinking. C．Attaching importance to different body parts. D．Laying emphasis on nonverbal communication. 3．Why does the author mention gesturing during conversations? A．To argue that people should speak less and gesture more. B．To show that body language is more effective than speech. C．To illustrate how physical actions can support and clarify thinking. D．To emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication in AI development. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Dangers of Artificial Intelligence B．The Art of Mindful Thinking in the AI Age C．How to Improve Communication Through Gestures D．The Greatest Threat of Super Intelligent AI Machinery 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了在人工智能时代，过度依赖大型科技公司及其技术可能带来的问题，并强调了通过“巧妙思考”这一哲学来避免这些问题的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“While we race into a future where we outsource (外包) most of our problem-solving to artificial intelligence, the greatest threat is not super intelligent machinery. It’s mindlessly putting too much trust in Big Tech and not enough trust in the power of our own minds.(在我们奔向将大多数问题解决外包给人工智能的未来时，最大的威胁并非超级智能机器，而是盲目地过度信任大型科技公司，同时对自身心智力量信任不足)”可知，作者认为盲目过度信任大型科技公司意味着我们对自身心智力量信任不足，它带来的主要威胁在于会进一步削弱了我们独立思考和使用大脑的能力。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Changing how we think is hard work. And it starts with a mindfulness practice. Accessing artful intelligence requires being mindful of how we think with our body, how we use our limbs (四肢), organs, and emotions to make sense of the world.(改变我们的思维方式是一项艰巨的工作。它始于一种正念练习。获取巧妙思考的能力需要我们关注我们如何用身体思考，我们如何利用我们的四肢、器官和情感来理解这个世界)”可知，正念练习包括关注我们的身体在思考中的作用。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Be mindful of all the different messages your body is sending you as well as the different roles and functions your bodily actions can play. For example, gesturing (做手势) in conversations is not just communicative. These movements often help the speaker to smooth out their thought process and assist in getting the words out. (请留意身体向你传递的各种信息，以及身体动作所能扮演的不同角色和功能。例如，交谈时做手势不仅是为了沟通，这些动作往往能帮助说话者理顺思维过程，辅助语言表达)”可知，作者提到对话中的手势是为了说明身体动作如何支持和阐明思维。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“While we race into a future where we outsource (外包) most of our problem-solving to artificial intelligence, the greatest threat is not super intelligent machinery. It’s mindlessly putting too much trust in Big Tech and not enough trust in the power of our own minds.(在我们奔向将大多数问题解决外包给人工智能的未来时，最大的威胁并非超级智能机器，而是盲目地过度信任大型科技公司，同时对自身心智力量信任不足)”和第二段中“A philosophy of artful thinking is a good way to avoid this.(巧妙思考的哲学是避免这种情况的好方法)”可知，文章主要讨论了在人工智能时代，过度依赖大型科技公司及其技术可能带来的问题，并强调了通过“巧妙思考”这一哲学来避免这些问题的重要性，B项“人工智能时代的巧妙思考艺术”适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 17 / 35 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $