UNIT 12 SECTION Ⅵ WRITING WORKSHOP TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册五维课堂教师用书word（北师大版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语核心词汇与语法，系统梳理基础单词（如steam, kettle）、拓展词汇（如preserve→preservation的词性转换）、常用短语（如reflect on, experiment with）及重点句型（现在分词作状语、形式宾语it、名词短语作连词），构建从词汇积累到语法应用的学习支架。 资料特色在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，通过词根词缀法（如electric系列词）构建词汇网络，结合例句解析（如boil的多义用法及练习题）提升语境应用能力。课中辅助教师系统授课，课后通过分层练习（单词拼写、语法填空、阅读）帮助学生查漏补缺，培养自主学习能力。

SECTION Ⅵ　WRITING WORKSHOP TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS ●基础单词 1．　steam　 n．蒸汽动力 2．　kettle　 n．水壶，壶 3．　fibre　 n．纤维 4．　mass　 n．大量，大宗 adj.大量的 5．　sailor　 n．水手，海员 6．　accurate　 adj.正确的，准确的 ●拓展单词 1．　preserve　 vt.保存(食物)，腌制；维护，保护；n.腌菜，果酱→　preservation　 n．维护，保存 2．　electric　 adj.用电的，带电的，电动的→　electrical　 adj.电的，用电的，电气的→　electricity　 n．电，电能→　electronic　 adj.电子的 3．　boil　 vi.&vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸；(用开水)煮n.沸腾→　boiled　 adj.煮沸的，煮熟的→　boiling　 adj.沸腾的；炎热的 4．　improvement　 n．改善，改进；改进之处→　improve　 vt.&vi.改善；改进 5．　revolution　 n．彻底改革，革命→　revolute　 vt.改革，革命 6．　availability　 n．可能性→　available　 adj.可获得的；可找到的；有空的 7．　explode　 vi.&vt.(使)爆炸；急剧增长→　explosion　 n．爆炸；猛增→　explosive　 adj.易爆炸的；引起冲动的 n．炸药；爆炸物 8．　regulate　 vt.控制；管理→　regulation　 n．管理；章规；法规；规则 adj.规定的；必须穿戴的；必须使用的 9．　illustrate　 vt.说明；阐明，给(书籍、文章等)加插图→　illustration　 n．图表；插图；例释→　illustrator　 n．插图画家 10．　mechanical　 adj.机械的→　mechanically　 adv.机械地→　mechanic　 n．机械师；技工；力学；机械学 11．　specifically　 adv.特定地，专门地→　specifical　 adj.特殊的；明确的 1．　a 　larger amount of ...许多的；大量的 2．reflect 　on　仔细考虑 3．experiment　 with　 ...用……进行实验 4．be gifted　 in　在……有天赋 5．rely/depend　 on　依靠 6．be filled　 with　 充满…… 7．measure time　 in 　seconds 以秒为单位测量时间 1．One day when he was 12 years old, he was sitting in his family kitchen watching a kettle boiling water. 当12岁时，有一天，他坐在家里的厨房里，看着一壶开水。 现在分词短语作状语 2．Now it is a common object in most homes and people would find it difficult to imagine living without it. 现在它是大多数家庭的共同目标，人们很难想象没有它的生活。 动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 3．Next time you rely on any of these inventions, be grateful and think about the science and imagination that have gone into them and how much they have changed our everyday life. 下次当你依赖于这些发明时，要心存感激，想想它们所含有的科学和想象力，以及它们对我们的日常生活有多大的改变。 next time等名词短语作连词，引导状语从句。 1．boil v．(使)沸腾，煮沸；(用开水)煮；n.沸腾 (1)boil away 烧干 boil over 沸腾溢出；爆发 boil down to sth.归结为…… (2)on the boil 十分活跃 (3)boiling adj.沸腾的；极热的 boiling water 沸腾的水 (4)boiled adj.煮熟的 boiled water 开水 ◆[经典佳句] Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. 水在100摄氏度里时沸腾。 If we boil the water to a high temperature, it will become gas. 如果我们把水煮沸到一定高的温度，它就会变成气体。 All the water boiled away and the kettle was ruined. 壶里的水全部烧干了，壶也烧坏了。 The next minute, the porridge boiled over and put out the fire. 下一分钟，粥煮开溢了出来，把火扑灭了。 All he said boils down to this：live and learn. 他的讲话归纳起来就是一点：活到老学到老。 The restless students are on the boil again. 不安分的学生们又活跃了起来。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①The water is 　boiling　 (boil) hot.Pour it from one cup to another repeatedly to cool it. ②Heat the liquid in a large, wide container rather than a high narrow one, or it can boil 　over　. ③The whole question boils down 　to　 whether you want to go or not. ④They planned to keep the budget low by living on 　boiled　 (boil) noodles, with the occasional hamburger shop treat. ⑤He was driving so fast that the engine got very hot and the water boiled 　away　. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 选词填空：boil/boiling/boiled ⑥Here is some 　boiled　 water. Have a drink whenever you are thirsty. ⑦We usually make tea with 　boiling　 water. ⑧The information and advice 　boil　 down to bare essentials. 2．improvement n. 改善，改进；改进之处 (1)make an improvement 取得进步 further improvement 进步改善 (2)improve vi.&vt. 改进；改善；提高 improve sth.＝improve in sth.改善；提高 ◆[经典佳句] We expect to see further improvement over the coming year. 我们期望来年会有更进一步的改善。 Tom has made a vast improvement in his German. 汤姆的德语有了很大的进步。 The patient has improved slightly since the operation. 病人手术后已稍有好转。 We should snatch at every chance to improve our work. 我们应抓住每个机会来改进我们的工作。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①The system we introduced in 1980 has been 　a　 great improvement. ②To learn a language we must follow the principle of gradual 　improvement　 (improve)． ③The committee has recommended that the training program 　(should) be improved　 (improve)． ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ④There is still 　room for improvement　 (改进的余地) in your work. ⑤I began to come along well in English after I 　improved my study methods　 (改进了我的学习方法)． 3．amount n. 金额；数量 vi. 总计，等于 (1)in large/small amounts 大量地/少量地 a large/small amount of ... 大量/少量的…… the amount of＋不可数名词 ……的数量 a large amount of＋不可数名词＋单数谓语动词 large amounts of＋不可数名词＋复数谓语动词 (2)amount to 合计；总共达到 ◆[经典佳句] He withdraws money from the bank in large amounts. 他从银行里取出一大笔钱。 It's jaw­dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. 从卖相不好(但相当可以使用)而被商店抛弃掉的蔬菜到被丢弃到餐厅垃圾桶里的大量未食用的饭菜统统被扔掉，真令人惊讶。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①A large amount of medicine 　is/was　(be) indeed needed in the earthquake­hit area. ②Large amounts of money 　are/were　(be) spent on the celebration. 4．availability n. 可能性；有用；有效；有益 (1)the availability of ……的可能性；……可获得 (2)available adj.(东西)可获得的；(人)有空的 be available to sb.可供某人使用的 be available for 可用于……的；有时间…… be available to do sth.可以做某事 ◆[经典佳句] Before travelling we must ensure the availability of petrol and oil. 旅行前，我们必须确保能够买到汽油和机油。 Many lessons are now available online, from which students can choose for free. 现在许多课程在网上都能找到，学生可以免费选择。 The arts should be available to more people at prices they can afford. 艺术品应该以人们支付得起的价格提供给更多人。 Mr Li is on holiday and is not available for comment. 李先生休假了，不方便作出评论。 I'm afraid I'm not available to do the show on the 9th. 我恐怕无法参加9号的演出。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①The 　availability　 (available) of nursery school places varies widely across London. ②Her money is tied up in securities and is not available 　to　 her at present. ③Since 1978, the amount of money available 　to buy　 (buy) books has fallen by 17%. ④Neither Mr Rose nor Mr Woodhead was available 　for　 comment yesterday. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤We'll send you a copy as soon as it 　becomes available　 (有货)． ⑥Camping, biking, hiking and swimming 　are all available to　 (都可供……选择)the holidaymakers. ⑦The 　availability of material　 (材料的有效性) was not to be discussed. 5．mass n．大量，大宗；团，块，堆；群众；质量adj.大量的，大规模的 (1)a mass of/masses of 大量，许多 the mass of...……中的大多数 the masses 群众 (2)mass media 大众媒体 ◆[经典佳句] They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data. 他们开始积累大量的资料。 There were masses of people in the shops yesterday. 昨天商店里人如潮涌。 The reforms are unpopular with the mass of teachers and parents. 大多数教师和家长并不赞成这些改革。 His music is commercial.It is aimed at the masses. 他的音乐走商业化路线，针对的是一般大众。 These precise instruments have already gone into mass production. 这些精密仪器已经大规模投入生产。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①He was popular with the rich but failed to win the support of the 　masses　 (mass)． ②He spent his life trying to improve the living conditions of 　the　 masses. ③Masses of evidence 　shows　(show) that the major cause of the accident is his carelessness, and a mass of citizens 　are　(be) in favour of this idea. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 写出句中mass的词性及含义 ④The mass cold air is moving from Siberia towards Inner Mongolia.　形容词，大量的　 ⑤Astronomers know that Pluto and Triton have nearly the same size, mass, and density.　名词，质量　 ⑥You get to sample lots of baked things and take home masses of cookies besides.　名词，大量　 6．illustrate vt. 说明，阐明；给(书籍，文章等)加插图；表明，显示 (1)illustrated adj.有插图的 (2)illustration n．说明；例证；图解；插图 by way of illustration 举例说明 ◆[经典佳句] He has illustrated the book with black­and­white photographs. 他为那本书配了一些黑白照片插图。 His story about her illustrates her true generosity very clearly. 他写的有关她的故事非常清楚地展现了她真正的慷慨大方。 Let me, by way of illustration, quote from one of her poems. 作为说明，让我援引她的一首诗。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①His lecture 　was illustrated　 (illustrate) with photos taken during the expedition. ②The statistics are a clear 　illustration　 (illustrate) of the point I am trying to make. ③His beautifully 　illustrated　 (illustrate) book well attested his love of the university. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ④She went on to art school and is now 　illustrating books　 (在给书配插图)． ⑤Let me give another example to 　illustrate this difficult point　 (阐明这个难点)． ⑥　By way of illustration　(举例说明), I'll refer to the behaviour of rabbits. 7．preserve vt.保存(食物)，腌制；维护，保护 n．腌菜，果酱 ◆层级考查 (1)preserve... from (doing) sth. 保护……免受…… preserve ...against (doing) sth. 保护……免受…… preserve sth. for... 为……而预留某事物 be well preserved 被保存得很好 (2)well­preserved 保存完好的 (3)in the preserve 在保护区内 a nature preserve 自然保护区 ◆[经典佳句] I'm happy to see the Forbidden City is so well preserved. 我很高兴故宫还保存得这样好。 We may preserve the majority of the endangered species from extinction. 我们可以保护大多数濒临灭绝的物种免于灭绝。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①It is highly important to 　preserve the environment from being polluted　. 保护环境免遭污染至关重要。 ②His music deserved 　to be preserved　 in the family. 他的音乐应该在家庭中保存下来。 ③The society was set up to 　preserve endangered species from extinction　. 成立这个协会是为了保护濒危物种不致灭绝。 ④Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice 　for food preservation　 and catering. 在冰柜出现之前，人们就需要冰来保存食物和供应餐饮业。 ⑤The paintings were 　in an excellent state of preservation　. 这些绘画保存得非常好。 8．specifically adv.特定地，专门地 (1)specific adj.明确的，具体的；特定的，特有的 to be specific 说得明确些；具体地说 be specific to... 是……特有的 (2)specify v．具体说明；明确规定；详述 (3)specification n．规格；规范；说明书 ◆[经典佳句] Only if you have a specific aim in your life will you not get lost. 只有拥有一个明确的生活目标，你才不会迷失方向。 To be specific，I do system analysis and provide software support. 具体地说，我做系统分析以及提供软件方面的支持。 Massage may help to increase blood flow in specific pans of the body. 按摩有助于增加身体特定部位的血液流量。 The animal is specific to this area. 这种动物是这个地区特有的。 [易混辨析]　specific，special specific 着重指某事或某物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指特别考虑的事物 special 指某事或某物在质量、特性、用途等方面不同于一般的，常含有“更重要”或“更好”之意 The town relies on its specific landscape for developing the tourism industry. 这个城镇依靠它独特的风光发展旅游业。 Your birthday is a special day for you. 你的生日对你来说是一个特殊的日子。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 选词填空：specific，special ①You'd better end your resume with a cover letter that is 　specific　 to that particular job. ②—The film we saw last week is simply fantastic. —I beg to differ.I think it's just average，nothing 　special　. ③In this article，you need to back up (证实) general statements with 　specific　 examples. ④As an only child，she got 　special　 attention of her family. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤　To be specific　，the method isn't fit for this kind of problem. 具体地说，这个方法不适合(解决)这一类问题。 9．electric adj. 用电的，带电的，电动的 (1)electricity n．电，电能 produce electricity 发电 provide/supply electricity 供电 cut off the electricity 切断电源 be powered by electricity 以电力驱动 the electricity supply/demand 电力供应/需求 electricity consumption 用电量 (2)electrical adj. 电的；用电的，电气的 (3)electronic adj. 电子的，用电子操作的 ◆[经典佳句] To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 了解设备的耗电量。 Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. 照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 选词填空：electric，electrical，electricity ①The cooker isn't working because of an 　electrical　 fault. ②We use 　electric　 fires to heat our house. ③Appropriately，he got his PhD in 　electrical　 and computer engineering. ④I find the sewing machine is driven by an 　electric　 motor. ⑤An 　electrical　 engineer makes machines that use 　electricity　. 1．(教材P62)One day when he was 12 years old，he was sitting in his family kitchen watching a kettle boiling water. 在他十二岁的一天，他坐在家里的厨房里，看着一壶开水。 [句式结构]　watching是现在分词短语作状语，对前句进行补充说明。 ◆[规律总结] (1)现在分词(短语)作时间、原因、条件状语时，通常位于句首。 (2)现在分词(短语)作结果、方式、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。 (3)现在分词(短语)与其逻辑主语构成主谓关系。 (4)现在分词(短语)有自己的时态。一般式：doing；完成式：having done。 ◆[经典佳句] Working as a volunteer teacher in the west，the girl took up growing vegetables. 在西部地区当志愿老师时，这个女孩开始种起了菜。(时间状语) Seeing that his wife was going off to sleep，he switched off the TV. 看到他的妻子要离开去睡觉，他关掉了电视。(原因状语) She tried a new diet，reducing her weight. 她尝试了一种新的饮食，结果体重减轻了。(结果状语) We are filled with a sense of excitement，wondering what camping fun and adventure we will experience next. 我们心情兴奋，想知道我们要体验到什么样的乐趣及冒险。(方式或伴随状语) ◆[误区规避]——语法填空 　________　(finish) his homework，he felt relaxed. (可能失误)填Finishing。 (正确表达)填Having finished。 (错误分析)表示动作完成需使用having done。 [四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①　Seeing from the hill　，you will find the city extremely beautiful. 从山上看，你会发现这座城市极其漂亮。 ②　Not knowing how to work out　 the difficult physics problem，he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他向老师寻求帮助。 ③The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，　allowing more patients to be treated　. 医院最近获得了新医疗设备，从而使更多的病人得到治疗。 ④Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way 　using the sun and the stars　. 就像古代的水手一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。 ⑤　Understanding her good intentions　，I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation. 出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激地吃着她提供的所有食物。 2．(教材P67)Now it is a common object in most homes and people would find it difficult to imagine living without it. 现在它是大多数家庭中常见的物品，人们很难想象没有它的生活。 [句式结构]　“find＋形式宾语it＋形容词＋不定式”结构。 ◆[规律总结] (1)“find＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do sth.”为常用句型，it是形式宾语，形容词或名词作补语，不定式短语to do sth.是真正的宾语。 (2)其他常见搭配：make/feel/think＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do sth. ◆[经典佳句] Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils. 墨西哥人认为用器皿吃饭不合适。 I find it my duty to help you when you are in trouble. 我认为当你有麻烦时帮助你是我的责任。 I think it useful to learn a foreign language. 我认为学一门外语很有用。 [“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find 　 it 　 convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. [“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ②Machines 　make it possible　 that people do more work with less energy. 机器使人们有可能用较小的力气做较多的工作。 ③We 　feel it our duty　 to make our country a better place. 我们认为把我们的国家建设得更好是我们的职责。 3．(教材P67)Next time you rely on any of these inventions，be grateful and think about the science and imagination that have gone into them and how much they have changed our everyday life. 下次当你依赖于这些发明时，要心存感激，想想它们所含有的科学和想象力，以及它们对我们的日常生活有多大的改变。 [句式结构]　next time作连词，引导时间状语从句。 ◆[规律总结] 作连词引导时间状语从句的三类名词词组： (1)由time构成的名词短语： next time 下一次 every/each time 每次…… the first time 第一次…… the last time 最后一次…… (2)the＋瞬时名词：the moment，the instant，the minute，the second等，相当于as soon as，表示“一……就……”。 (3)the＋时间名词：morning，afternoon，evening，night，day，week等。 ◆[经典佳句] Each time these things happened, I was sick of the way most people hadn't bothered to help. 每次这类事情发生，对于大多数人不愿出手相助，我很不自在。 Remember to give the money to Mary the moment you see her. 记住，一见到玛丽就把钱给她。 The week I was in hospital，she attended me at the bedside day and night. 我住院的一周里，她一直在床边照看我。 [“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①　Each/Every time I called on him　(每次我去拜访他)，he was very busy. ②　The first time they visited the Science Museum　(他们第一次去参观科学博物馆)，they showed great interest in everything they saw. ③　The night I went to see her　(那天晚上我去看她)，she had left for Beijing. [四翼”考查]——创新性 同义句转换 ④You are welcome to come back whenever you want to. →　Any time　 you want to，you are welcome to come back. ⑤I knew father was coming as soon as I heard the voice. →　The moment/minute/instant/second　 I heard the voice，I knew father was coming. [基础性] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．Efforts to 　preserve　(维护) the peace have failed. 2．I stood in the kitchen, waiting for the water to 　boil　(沸腾)． 3．The incident 　illustrates　(表明) the need for better security measures. 4．I struggled through the 　mass　(一群) of people to the exit. 5．I think it may take some time before we can have an 　accurate　(准确的) assessment of the damage. 6．The last five years have seen a consistent 　improvement　(改善) in the country's economy. 7．A bomb 　exploded　(爆炸) in a nearby supermarket. The 　explosion　(爆炸) was very powerful, bringing over 20 deaths and many injuries. 8．All the 　electrical　(电气的) work in the company is done by my brother. Yesterday he was free because there was no 　electricity　(电)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．My brother graduated from Peking University majoring in 　electrical　 (electric) engineering. 2．He looked much worried 　the　 first time I saw him. 3．There is still room for 　improvement　(improve) in your work. 4．Tina made 　it　 clear that she would leave the company. 5．　Following　(follow) the old man，the young people started walking slowly. 6．Ancient Egyptians knew how 　to_preserve　(preserve) dead bodies from decay (腐烂)． 7．There is a need to check the 　accuracy　(accurate) of these figures. 8．I thought he was making fun of me，and ran faster than ever，　reaching　(reach) the schoolyard quite out of breath. [应用性] Ⅲ.完成句子 1．I think these interesting old customs 　should_be_well_preserved　. 我认为这些有趣的旧习俗应该好好地保存下去。 2．I 　reflected_on_this_proposal　 for some time. 这个建议我仔细反思了一段时间。 3．You can call me 　any_time_you_want_to　. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 4．He 　makes_it_a_rule_to_get_up　 at six every day. 他每天早晨六点起床，这已成为一种习惯。 5．Mary sat by the window of the classroom，　reading_a_book　. 玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁，正在读一本书。 6．A city is the product of the human hand and mind，　reflecting man's intelligence and creativity　. 城市是人的手和思想的产物，反映了人的智慧和创造力。 [综合性] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Stephen Hawking Warns Humans Must Leave Earth Soon Professor Stephen Hawking recently came out with a serious warning for people. While at the Starmus Festival, a festival in Trondheim, Norway, celebrating science and the arts, Hawking warned people that the human race is in serious danger. Hawking criticized President Donald Trump for denying climate change. Then the physicist warned the audience，“I am not denying the importance of fighting climate change and global warming, unlike Donald Trump, who may just have taken the most serious and wrong decision on climate change this world has seen.” Hawking proposed that the leading countries should send astronauts to the Moon before 2020 to restart a movement of more exploration in space. The BBC reported that Hawking suggested that we “build a lunar base in 30 years' time and send people to Mars by 2025”． According to the BBC, Professor Hawking said，“Spreading out into space will completely change the future of humanity.” He continued，“I hope it would unite competitive nations in a single goal to face the common challenge for us all.” The physicist shared more ideas to motivate the younger generation to continue exploring space. Hawking stated，“A new and ambitious space program would excite young people, and stimulate interest in other areas, such as astrophysics (天体物理学) and cosmology (宇宙学)．” Hawking also revealed his vision of other forms of energy that could move us to a new planet. He warned the audience，“The Earth is under threat from so many areas that it is difficult for me to be positive.” He continued，“Our natural resources are being 　drained　 at an alarming rate. We have given our planet the disastrous gifts of climate change, rising temperatures, reduction of the polar ice caps, deforestation (滥伐森林), and decimation (大批杀死) of animal species. We can be an ignorant and unthinking (考虑不周的) lot.” The professor warned the audience that doing nothing would lead nowhere. He said，“If we succeed we will send a probe (航天探测器) to Alpha Centauri within the lifetime of some of you alive today. It is clear that we are entering a new space age. We are standing at the threshold (开端) of a new era. Human colonization and moving to other planets is no longer science fiction，and it can be science fact.” Hawking advised the audience to move to other worlds because we are running out of space. [语篇解读]　文章引用了世界知名物理学家及天文学家霍金的观点，阐明了人类必须离开地球在太空中找一处新家的原因。 1．According to Hawking, what is the first step for humans to spread out into space? A．To send people to Mars. B．To build a lunar base. C．To send astronauts to the Moon. D．To change the future of humanity. 解析：C　[细节理解题。由文章第三段的第一句可知，人类要向太空扩展应在2020年之前把宇航员送到月球以重启太空探索，故选C。] 2．The underlined word “drained” in Paragraph 5 can be replaced by 　________　. A．speeded up　　　　 B．stored C．used up D．explored 解析：C　[词义猜测题。由该词前面的“natural resources”和后面的“at an alarming rate”可以推断出，drain在这里是“用完，耗尽”的意思，故选C。] 3．What is Hawking's attitude towards the Earth's future? A．Pessimistic. B．Confused. C．Positive. D．Indifferent. 解析：A　[观点态度题。由文章中反复出现的“warned”以及第五段的内容可以推断出，霍金对地球的未来持悲观的态度，这也是他提出人类要离开地球的原因，故选A。] 4．The reason why humans must leave the Earth soon is that 　________　. A．the Earth is under threat and the human race is in serious danger B．humans have found other forms of energy to move to a new planet C．a new and ambitious space program would excite young people D．astronauts have found a better world in space than the Earth 解析：A　[细节理解题。由第一段的第二句和第五段的第二句可知，人类必须离开地球的原因是：人类处于危险之中，地球受到威胁，故选A。] B Ever wonder how your brain works when making bigger decisions like buying a car or accepting a job offer? Researchers from the University of Dundee in Scotland conducted a study that clarifies why you may want to have a small bite before making that big decision. Benjamin Vincent from the University of Dundee's Psychology Department and his co­author Jordan Skrynka tested 50 people twice：once when they followed their normal eating patterns and once when they did not eat anything during the day.Using three different types of rewards (food, money, and song downloads), the team discovered when presented with the choice of receiving the reward now versus double the award at some point in the future, participants would usually volunteer to wait for 35 days to earn a larger 　bounty　， but when they were hungry, they said they would only wait three days. “We wanted to know whether being in a state of hunger had a specific effect on how you make decisions only relating to food or if it had broader effects, and this research suggests decision­making gets more present­focused when people are hungry，” Vincent said in a story about the study on the university's website.“You would predict that hunger would impact people's preferences relating to food, but it is not yet clear why people get more present­focused for completely unrelated rewards.Hunger is so common that it is important to understand the non­obvious ways in which our preferences and decisions may be affected by it，” he said. In an earlier study of the subject by a team at Cambridge University in England, the researchers noted that serotonin plays a major role in the decision­making process.“Since the raw material for making serotonin—an amino acid called tryptophan—only comes from diet, levels of the chemical decline between meals，” reports a piece in the Telegraph about the study.“This can lead to aggressiveness and impulsiveness，”said the team. [语篇解读]　 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，饥饿会影响人的决策，文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及研究的发现及其意义。 5．How did Benjamin Vincent and Jordan Skrynka carry out their research? A．By analysing reasons. B．By making comparisons. C．By giving examples. D．By filling questionnaires. 解析：B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...tested 50 people twice：once when they followed their normal eating patterns and once when they did not eat anything during the day.”可知，二人是通过比较进行研究的。] 6．The underlined word “bounty” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “　________　”． A．bonus 　　　　　　　 B．quantity C．income D．fortune 解析：A　[词义猜测题。根据前文中的the team discovered when presented with the choice of receiving the reward 可知，研究者让参与者选择接受奖励(reward)的时间，因此画线词的意思是“奖金(bonus)”。] 7．What conclusion can we draw from Vincent's study? A．It's common to make a wrong decision if you are hungry. B．Make sure you are not hungry before making a big decision. C．The hungrier you are, the quicker you will make a decision. D．Being hungry drives you to make a decision connected with food. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的Hunger is so common that it is important to understand the non­obvious ways in which our preferences and decisions may be affected by it可知，我们的决定可能会受到饥饿的影响。故选B项。] 8．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．What should be eaten to make a wise man. B．How we can get enough serotonin from our diet. C．What other factors will influence one's decision­ making. D．How a chemical functions in the course of making a decision. 解析：D　[主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“...the researchers noted that serotonin plays a major role in the decision­making process.”可知，最后一段主要叙述了在做决定的过程中一种化学物质是如何起作用的。] Ⅱ.阅读填句 A scientist is a person who explores and examines aspects of a certain field to better understand how they function.The process of exploration follows a strict set of rules known as the scientific method.　__1__　 The primary duty of a scientist in any field is to do research.　__2__　 A scientist who specializes in microbiology could study germs, while a scientist who studies the atmosphere could research the pattern of the wind. Apart from devoting himself to the research, a scientist can also work for employers.　__3__　 Besides, universities and some governmental organizations also require scientists to teach and research.Some scientists are able to get research funds independently or participate in a funded scientific project and spend their time working toward a clear goal. 　__4__　 This usually means getting a PhD in the chosen field.In many cases, it also means finding work opportunities during school.They can provide the person with practical experience.Many scientists regularly publish their findings or notes of their work. Some scientists, such as a doctor, might require official certificates (证书)．　__5__　 The requirements and duties of scientists are as broad and various as the area which they study. A．Being a scientist requires a very good education. B．In different fields, their research can be different. C．Others might only need membership in an association. D．A scientist may make use of the results of others' research. E．The purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality. F．There are large companies that hire scientists to help with their products. G．The method ensures that new discoveries are factual and not just theories. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学探索过程中需要遵循的一些规则。 1．G　[细节句。上文提到探索过程中需要遵循科学方法，G项“The method ensures that new discoveries are factual and not just theories.”中的“The method”和上文中的“method”相呼应，因此G项承接上文，符合语境。故选G。] 2．B　[过渡句。根据上文“The primary duty of a scientist in any field is to do research.”和下文“A scientist who specializes in microbiology could study germs，while a scientist who studies the atmosphere could research the pattern of the wind.”可知，在不同领域的科学家研究的东西不一样；B项“In different fields，their research can be different.”正好说明这一点，承上启下，符合语境。故选B。] 3．F　[细节句。上文提到科学家可以受雇于他人，F项“There are large companies that hire scientists to help with their products.”中的“hire scientists”和上文中的“work for employers”相呼应，因此F项承接上文，符合语境。故选F。] 4．A　[主旨句。空格处位于段首，故推测为本段的主旨句。下文“This usually means getting a PhD in the chosen field.In many cases，it also means finding work opportunities during school.”讲了科学家和教育之间的联系，A项“Being a scientist requires a very good education.”说明了科学家需要良好的教育，引领下文，符合语境。故选A。] 5．C　[细节句。上文提到一些科学家可能需要正式证书，C项“Others might only need membership in an association.”中的“Others”和上文中的“Some scientists”相呼应，“need”和“require”相呼应，“membership in an association” 和“official certificates”相呼应，因此C项承接上文，符合语境。故选C。] Ⅲ.语法填空 Technology is changing the face of the world, and now faces are changing technology too.Facial recognition technology,1.　____________　 its capacity to analyse a huge amount of data, has come into widespread use.It works by comparing the facial features of 2.　____________　 (give) images with what are in a database.It offers a quick and cool alternative to traditional passwords, and you cannot forget your own face! In theory，networks which use our own body as passwords should also be 3.　____________　 (safe) from hackers and better protect us from identity theft than 4.　____________　 that use traditional passwords, mainly because every individual is unique.The technology 5.　____________　 (be) especially useful in public places：banks, airports and railway stations, to name but a few. However, facial recognition technology has also started to pose some difficult questions. Experts have been giving 6.　____________　 (warn) about this technology, saying it may not be as good as we think.Facial expressions often vary, 7.　____________　makes facial recognition less effective.Moreover, there is growing concern 8.　____________　 we might fall victim to this technology, as there are cases in which hackers have broken into facial recognition systems by using people's social media photos 9.　____________　 (build) models of their faces. Scientists and engineers have been urged to improve existing technology and make it failsafe.Apparently, this will be 10.　____________　 tough task.Whatever happens, we need to make sure that facial recognition technology can be trusted—or we will have to face the consequences. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人脸识别技术的作用和存在的问题。 1．with　[考查介词。根据语境可知，空格处表示“因为，由于”，应用with与后面的“its capacity to analyse a huge amount of data”构成介词短语，在句中作原因状语。故填with。句意：人脸识别技术因为其分析大量数据的能力，已经得到了广泛的应用。] 2．given　[考查过去分词。分析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语动词works，所以空格处应用非谓语动词；images和所给提示词give之间是逻辑上的被动关系，所以空格处应用过去分词作定语。故填given。句意：它的工作原理是将特定图像的面部特征与数据库中的特征进行比较。] 3．safer　[考查形容词的比较级。根据语境和空格后的than可知，此处把使用传统密码的网络和使用我们自己的身体作为密码的网络进行对比，应用形容词的比较级。故填safer。句意：从理论上讲，与使用传统密码的网络相比，使用我们自己的身体作为密码的网络也应该更安全，不受黑客攻击，更好地保护我们免受身份盗窃，这主要是因为每个人都是独一无二的。] 4．those　[考查代词。分析句子成分可知，空格处指代上文提到的networks，为复数形式，指代复数应用those。故填those。句意同上题。] 5．is　[考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，且句子主语technology为不可数名词，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。句意：这项技术在公共场所尤其有用：银行、机场和火车站等等，不一而足。] 6．warnings　[考查名词及其单复数。分析句子成分可知，空格处应用名词，作“have been giving”的宾语，warn的名词形式warning为可数名词，专家们发出的警告不止一个，应用复数形式。故填warnings。句意：专家们一直在对这项技术发出警告，称它可能没有我们想象的那么好。] 7．which　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以应用关系代词which。故填which。句意：面部表情经常会发生变化，这使得面部识别效率降低。] 8．that　[考查同位语从句。分析句子成分可知，空格处引导同位语从句，解释说明concern的具体内容，从句中不缺成分且意义完整，所以应用that。故填that。句意：此外，人们越来越担心我们可能会成为这项技术的受害者，因为有黑客利用人们的社交媒体照片来构建人脸模型，从而侵入人脸识别系统的案例。] 9．to build　[考查动词不定式。use sth.to do sth.意为“使用某物做某事”，为固定用法。故填to build。句意同上题。] 10．a　[考查冠词。分析句子可知，空格后的task为可数名词，此处泛指一项艰巨的任务，应用不定冠词；且tough以辅音音素开头。故填a。句意：显然，这将是一项艰巨的任务。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $