Unit1 A new start单词导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语外研版必修第一册

外研社高一必修一Unit 1 单词表 教师备课材料 1. senior 词性: adj./n. 释义: adj. 高级的；年长的；高年级的 n. 上级；长辈；毕业班学生 近义词: adj: older, higher-ranking; n: elder 反义词: adj/n: junior 词性转换: seniority (n. 资历；年长) 固定搭配: senior high school (高中), senior citizen (老年人), senior student (高年级学生) 例句: She is a senior manager in the company. (她是公司的高级经理。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词：Promotions are based on ________ (senior) and performance. 2. 形容词 → 名词（指人）：The school picnic is for ________ (senior) only. 答案与解析: 1. seniority (解析：介词on后需要名词，指“资历”。) 2. seniors (解析：指“高年级学生”，需用名词复数形式。) 2. senior high 词性: n. (复合名词) 释义: 高中 近义词: high school 反义词: junior high (初中) 词性转换: -senior-high (adj.) 固定搭配: senior high school, senior high student 例句: He just finished senior high last year. (他去年刚读完高中。) 练习: 1. 短语作定语：She is facing the pressure of ________ (senior high) entrance exams. 2. 短语作主语：________ (Senior high) is a crucial period for personal growth. 答案与解析: 1. senior-high (解析：此处需用连字符构成复合形容词，修饰“entrance exams”。) 2. Senior high (解析：作为专有名词短语作主语，首字母大写。) 3. curious 词性: adj. 释义: 好奇的；奇特的 近义词: inquisitive, interested, peculiar 反义词: indifferent, uninterested 词性转换: curiosity (n. 好奇心), curiously (adv. 好奇地) 固定搭配: be curious about (对…感到好奇) 例句: I'm curious about the origins of this tradition. (我对这个传统的起源感到好奇。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词：Her ________ (curious) about space led her to become an astronaut. 2. 形容词 → 副词：The cat approached the new object ________ (curious). 答案与解析: 1. curiosity (解析：物主代词Her后需要名词。) 2. curiously (解析：修饰动词“approached”需要副词。) 4. impression 词性: n. 释义: 印象；感想；印记 近义词: perception, feeling, imprint 反义词: reality (现实) 词性转换: impress (v. 给…留下印象), impressive (adj.), impressionable (adj. 易受影响的) 固定搭配: make a good/bad impression on sb. (给某人留下好/坏印象), under the impression that... (以为…) 例句: His speech made a strong impression on the audience. (他的演讲给观众留下了深刻的印象。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：She hoped her artwork would ________ (impression) the critics. 2. 名词 → 形容词：The Great Wall is an ________ (impression) structure. 答案与解析: 1. impress (解析：would后需要动词原形。) 2. impressive (解析：修饰名词“structure”需要形容词。) 5. campus 词性: n. 释义: （大学、学院的）校园 近义词: school grounds, university grounds 反义词: off-campus (校外的) 词性转换: campuses (复数) 固定搭配: on campus (在校园内), campus life (校园生活) 例句: There are several libraries on the campus. (校园里有好几个图书馆。) 练习: 1. 名词作定语：They offer free ________ (campus) shuttle bus service. 2. 单数 → 复数：The university has three ________ (campus) in the city. 答案与解析: 1. campus (解析：名词直接作定语，修饰“shuttle bus service”。) 2. campuses (解析：被“three”修饰，需用复数形式。) 6. tradition 词性: n. 释义: 传统；惯例 近义词: custom, convention, heritage 反义词: innovation (创新), novelty (新奇事物) 词性转换: traditional (adj.), traditionally (adv.) 固定搭配: cultural tradition (文化传统), follow/break with tradition (遵循/打破传统) 例句: It's a family tradition to have dinner together on Sundays. (周日共进晚餐是家庭传统。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：We ate a ________ (tradition) Thanksgiving meal. 2. 名词 → 副词：________ (Tradition), the festival is celebrated with a parade. 答案与解析: 1. traditional (解析：修饰名词“meal”需要形容词。) 2. Traditionally (解析：修饰整个句子，需要副词作状语。) 7. facility 词性: n. 释义: 设施，设备；天赋 近义词: equipment, amenity, installation 反义词: hindrance (障碍) 词性转换: facilitate (v. 促进，使便利), facilities (pl. 设施) 固定搭配: sports/recreational facilities (体育/娱乐设施), with great facility (轻而易举地) 例句: The hotel has excellent leisure facilities, including a swimming pool. (这家酒店有很棒的休闲设施，包括一个游泳池。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：The new road will ________ (facility) access to the port. 2. 泛指多种设施（用复数）：Modern ________ (facility) are essential for a good hospital. 答案与解析: 1. facilitate (解析：will后需要动词原形。) 2. facilities (解析：指医院的各种设施，用复数。) 8. impressive 词性: adj. 释义: 令人印象深刻的；惊人的 近义词: striking, remarkable, imposing 反义词: unimpressive (平淡无奇的), ordinary 词性转换: impressively (adv.) 固定搭配: an impressive achievement/performance (令人印象深刻的成就/表演) 例句: The scale of the project was truly impressive. (该项目的规模确实令人印象深刻。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：She performed ________ (impressive) well under pressure. 2. 形容词 → 动词：He tried to ________ (impressive) his date by ordering expensive wine. 答案与解析: 1. impressively (解析：修饰副词“well”需要副词。) 2. impress (解析：不定式“to”后需要动词原形。) 9. moment 词性: n. 释义: 时刻，瞬间；时机 近义词: instant, minute, second 反义词: eternity (永恒) 词性转换: momentary (adj. 瞬间的), momentarily (adv.) 固定搭配: at the moment (此刻), for a moment (一会儿), the moment (that) ... (一…就…) 例句: Could you wait a moment, please? (请稍等片刻好吗？) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：There was a ________ (moment) silence after the announcement. 2. 名词 → 副词：The pain will only last ________ (moment). 答案与解析: 1. momentary (解析：修饰名词“silence”需要形容词。) 2. momentarily (解析：修饰动词“last”需要副词。) 10. author 词性: n. 释义: 作者，作家；创作者 近义词: writer, novelist, creator 反义词: reader (读者) 词性转换: authorship (n. 作者身份；原创作者), authorial (adj. 作者的) 固定搭配: bestselling author (畅销书作家) 例句: J.K. Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter series. (J.K.罗琳是《哈利·波特》系列的作者。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 抽象名词：The ________ (author) of this poem is still debated by scholars. 2. 名词 → 形容词：The essay analyzes the ________ (author) perspective in the novel. 答案与解析: 1. authorship (解析：指“作者身份”，为抽象名词。) 2. authorial (解析：修饰名词“perspective”需要形容词。) 11. eagerness 词性: n. 释义: 渴望，热切 近义词: enthusiasm, keenness, longing 反义词: reluctance (不情愿), apathy (冷漠) 词性转换: eager (adj.), eagerly (adv.) 固定搭配: with eagerness (热切地), eagerness to do sth. (做某事的渴望) 例句: She accepted the challenge with great eagerness. (她非常热切地接受了这个挑战。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：The team was ________ (eagerness) to start the game. 2. 名词 → 副词：Children ________ (eagerness) gathered around the storyteller. 答案与解析: 1. eager (解析：系动词was后需要形容词作表语，构成“be eager to do”结构。) 2. eagerly (解析：修饰动词“gathered”需要副词。) 12. explore 词性: v. 释义: 探索；勘探；探究 近义词: investigate, examine, search 反义词: ignore (忽视) 词性转换: exploration (n.), explorer (n. 探索者), exploratory (adj. 探索性的) 固定搭配: explore the possibilities (探索可能性), explore a new area (探索新区域) 例句: Scientists continue to explore the depths of the ocean. (科学家们继续探索海洋深处。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：The ________ (explore) of Antarctica was dangerous. 2. 动词 → 指人名词：Many early ________ (explore) were looking for new trade routes. 答案与解析: 1. exploration (解析：定冠词The后需要名词。) 2. explorers (解析：Many后需要可数名词复数。) 13. one by one 词性: adv. phrase 释义: 一个接一个地，依次 近义词: singly, individually, in turn 反义词: all at once (同时), together (一起) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: 常与动词enter, leave, answer等连用。 例句: The students handed in their papers one by one. (学生们一个接一个地交了试卷。) 练习: 1. 用短语填空：Please come forward ________ to receive your certificate. 2. 改写句子（保持原意）：They solved the problems individually. > They solved the problems ________. 答案与解析: 1. one by one (解析：修饰动词“come forward”，表示方式。) 2. one by one (解析：“individually”在此语境下与“one by one”同义。) 14. engine 词性: n. 释义: 发动机，引擎；火车头 近义词: motor, locomotive (火车头) 反义词: 无直接反义词 词性转换: engineer (n. 工程师), engineering (n. 工程学) 固定搭配: search engine (搜索引擎), engine failure (引擎故障) 例句: The car's engine overheated on the highway. (汽车的引擎在高速公路上过热了。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 指人名词（职业）：A mechanical ________ (engine) designed the new system. 2. 名词 → 学科名词：She decided to study electrical ________ (engine) at university. 答案与解析: 1. engineer (解析：指“工程师”这个人。) 2. engineering (解析：指“工程学”这门学科。) 15. insect 词性: n. 释义: 昆虫 近义词: bug, creepycrawly (非正式) 反义词: 无直接反义词 词性转换: insecticide (n. 杀虫剂), insectivore (n. 食虫动物) 固定搭配: beneficial insect (益虫), insect bite (昆虫叮咬) 例句: Bees are very important insects for pollination. (蜜蜂是对授粉非常重要的昆虫。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 杀虫剂（名词）：They sprayed ________ (insect) to get rid of the ants. 2. 单数 → 复数：The garden is full of colorful ________ (insect) in summer. 答案与解析: 1. insecticide (解析：表示“杀虫剂”这种物质。) 2. insects (解析：被形容词“colorful”修饰，泛指多种昆虫，用复数。) 16. collection 词性: n. 释义: 收集；收藏品；募捐 近义词: accumulation, anthology (文集), set 反义词: dispersion (分散), distribution (分发) 词性转换: collect (v.), collector (n. 收藏家), collective (adj. 集体的) 固定搭配: a collection of stamps/coins (邮票/硬币收藏), garbage collection (垃圾收集) 例句: He has a large collection of vintage cars. (他收藏了大量老爷车。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：We need to ________ (collection) more data before making a decision. 2. 名词 → 指人名词：He is a passionate stamp ________ (collection). 答案与解析: 1. collect (解析：need to后需要动词原形。) 2. collector (解析：指“收藏家”这个人。) 17. organise (英式) / organize (美式) 词性: v. 释义: 组织；安排；使有条理 近义词: arrange, coordinate, structure 反义词: disorganize (打乱), mess up (弄乱) 词性转换: organisation/organization (n.), organiser/organizer (n. 组织者), organised/organized (adj. 有条理的) 固定搭配: organise an event/party (组织活动/聚会), organise one's thoughts (理清思路) 例句: They are organising a charity run for next month. (他们正在为下个月组织一场慈善跑步活动。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词（机构）：She works for an international aid ________ (organise). 2. 动词 → 形容词（形容人）：A successful leader is usually highly ________ (organise). 答案与解析: 1. organisation/organization (解析：指“组织”这个机构。) 2. organised/organized (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语，形容人“有条理的”。) 18. nudge 词性: v./n. 释义: v. （用肘）轻推；推动 n. 轻推 近义词: v: poke, push gently; n: gentle push 反义词: v: pull (拉), shove (猛推) 词性转换: nudges (第三人称单数), nudged (过去式), nudging (现在分词) 固定搭配: give sb. a nudge (轻推某人一下；提醒某人), nudge sb. into doing sth. (劝诱某人做某事) 例句: He nudged me to get my attention. (他轻轻推了我一下以引起我的注意。) 练习: 1. 动词原形 → 过去式：She ________ (nudge) the door open with her knee. 2. 动词 → 名词：I gave him a gentle ________ (nudge) to wake him up. 答案与解析: 1. nudged (解析：描述过去动作，用过去式。) 2. nudge (解析：冠词a后需要名词。) 19. butterfly 词性: n. 释义: 蝴蝶 词性转换: butterflies (复数) 固定搭配: butterfly effect (蝴蝶效应), social butterfly (交际花) 例句: A beautiful butterfly landed on the flower. (一只美丽的蝴蝶落在花上。) 练习: 1. 单数 → 复数：The garden attracts many ________ (butterfly) in spring. 2. 名词作定语：She won a gold medal in the 200meter ________ (butterfly) stroke. 答案与解析: 1. butterflies (解析：被“many”修饰，需用复数。) 2. butterfly (解析：名词作定语，修饰“stroke”，指蝶泳。) 20. butterflies in one’s stomach 词性: n. phrase (习语) 释义: （因紧张、兴奋引起的）反胃，心里七上八下 近义词: nervousness, anxiety, the jitters 反义词: calm, composure (镇定) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: have/get butterflies in one’s stomach 例句: Before going on stage, I always have butterflies in my stomach. (上台前，我总是紧张得心里七上八下。) 练习: 1. 代词转换：The singer said she had butterflies in ________ (she) stomach before every concert. 2. 固定搭配填空：Even experienced speakers sometimes get ________ before a big speech. 答案与解析: 1. her (解析：介词in后需用形容词性物主代词。) 2. butterflies in their stomach(s) (解析：根据句意，需填入表示“紧张”的习语。) 21. breathe 词性: v. 释义: 呼吸 近义词: respire, inhale/exhale (吸/呼) 反义词: suffocate (窒息), hold one's breath (屏住呼吸)（特定语境下） 词性转换: breath (n.), breathless (adj. 喘不过气的), breather (n. 短暂的休息) 固定搭配: breathe in/out (吸/呼), breathe fresh air (呼吸新鲜空气) 例句: It's so stuffy in here; I need to go outside and breathe. (这里太闷了，我需要出去呼吸一下。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：He took a deep ________ (breathe) and jumped into the water. 2. 动词 → 形容词：After running, he was ________ (breathe) and couldn't speak. 答案与解析: 1. breath (解析：冠词a后需要名词“breath”。) 2. breathless (解析：系动词was后需要形容词作表语。) 22. panic 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 恐慌，惊慌 v. （使）恐慌 近义词: n: fear, alarm, hysteria; v: freak out, alarm 反义词: n: calm, composure; v: calm down (使平静) 词性转换: panicky (adj. 恐慌的), panicked (adj. 感到恐慌的) 固定搭配: in a panic (惊慌地), panic button (应急按钮) 例句: There was a moment of panic when the fire alarm went off. (火警响起时，有一阵恐慌。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词（描述状态）：She had a ________ (panic) look on her face. 2. 名词 → 形容词（描述感觉）：The ________ (panic) crowd rushed towards the exits. 答案与解析: 1. panicked (解析：修饰“look”，形容人“感到恐慌的”状态。) 2. panicky (解析：修饰“crowd”，形容群体“恐慌的”特性。) 23. in panic 词性: prep. phrase 释义: 惊慌地，在恐慌中 近义词: in fear, in alarm 反义词: calmly, with composure 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: 常作状语，修饰动作。 例句: People ran in panic when the earthquake started. (地震开始时，人们惊慌地奔跑。) 练习: 1. 用短语填空：He shouted ________ when he saw the smoke. 2. 选择正确形式：She reacted with panic / in panic when she lost her passport. 答案与解析: 1. in panic (解析：修饰动词“shouted”，表示方式。) 2. in panic (解析：固定搭配，作状语修饰“reacted”。“with panic”也可，但强调伴随状态。） 24. challenge 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 挑战；质疑 v. 向…挑战；质疑 近义词: n: difficulty, test; v: dare, question 反义词: n: ease, simplicity; v: accept (接受) 词性转换: challenging (adj. 有挑战性的), challenger (n. 挑战者) 固定搭配: face a challenge (面临挑战), challenge sb. to a game (向某人挑战比赛) 例句: Climbing the mountain was a great challenge for me. (攀登那座山对我是一个巨大的挑战。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：I'm looking for a more ________ (challenge) job. 2. 名词 → 指人名词：The young boxer is the new ________ (challenge) for the championship title. 答案与解析: 1. challenging (解析：修饰名词“job”需要形容词。) 2. challenger (解析：指“挑战者”这个人。) 25. pressure 词性: n. 释义: 压力；压强；压迫 近义词: stress, force, strain 反义词: relaxation (放松), ease (安逸) 词性转换: press (v. 压), pressurize (v. 对…施加压力), pressurized (adj. 加压的) 固定搭配: under pressure (在压力下), blood pressure (血压), put pressure on sb. (向某人施压) 例句: He works well under pressure. (他在压力下也能工作得很好。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词（施压）：Don't let them ________ (pressure) you into a quick decision. 2. 名词 → 形容词（描述状态）：The cabin of an airplane is ________ (pressure). 答案与解析: 1. pressure/pressurize (解析：let sb. do sth. 结构中，do为动词原形。“pressure”作动词更常用。) 2. pressurized (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语，描述机舱“加压的”状态。) 26. calm 词性: adj./v. 释义: adj. 平静的，镇静的 v. （使）平静，（使）镇定 近义词: adj: peaceful, serene, composed; v: soothe, quieten 反义词: adj: agitated, stormy; v: agitate (使激动) 词性转换: calmly (adv.), calmness (n.) 固定搭配: calm down (平静下来), remain/stay calm (保持冷静) 例句: The sea was remarkably calm this morning. (今天早上大海异常平静。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：She spoke ________ (calm) to the frightened child. 2. 形容词 → 名词：His ________ (calm) in the crisis impressed everyone. 答案与解析: 1. calmly (解析：修饰动词“spoke”需要副词。) 2. calmness (解析：物主代词His后需要名词。) 27. description 词性: n. 释义: 描述，形容；说明书 近义词: account, portrayal, explanation 反义词: misrepresentation (歪曲) 词性转换: describe (v.), descriptive (adj. 描述性的), indescribable (adj. 难以形容的) 固定搭配: beyond description (无法形容), fit/match the description (符合描述) 例句: Her description of the event was very detailed. (她对事件的描述非常详细。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：Can you ________ (description) what the thief looked like? 2. 名词 → 形容词：The witness gave a highly ________ (description) account of the accident. 答案与解析: 1. describe (解析：情态动词Can后需要动词原形。) 2. descriptive (解析：修饰名词“account”需要形容词。) 28. confident 词性: adj. 释义: 自信的；确信的 近义词: selfassured, certain, sure 反义词: insecure (缺乏自信的), doubtful (怀疑的) 词性转换: confidence (n.), confidently (adv.) 固定搭配: be confident of/about (对…有信心), confident smile (自信的微笑) 例句: She is confident that she will pass the exam. (她自信能通过考试。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词：He lacks ________ (confident) when speaking in public. 2. 形容词 → 副词：She walked ________ (confident) into the interview room. 答案与解析: 1. confidence (解析：动词lacks后需要名词作宾语。) 2. confidently (解析：修饰动词“walked”需要副词。) 29. poster 词性: n. 释义: 海报，招贴画 近义词: bill, placard, notice 反义词: 无 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: movie poster (电影海报), put up a poster (张贴海报) 例句: They put up posters around town to advertise the concert. (他们在镇上四处张贴海报来宣传音乐会。) 练习: 1. 单数 → 复数：The walls of his room are covered with movie ________ (poster). 2. 名词作定语：She entered a ________ (poster) design competition. 答案与解析: 1. posters (解析：被“movie”修饰，泛指多张海报，用复数。) 2. poster (解析：名词作定语，修饰“design competition”。) 30. badminton 词性: n. 释义: 羽毛球运动 固定搭配: play badminton (打羽毛球), badminton court (羽毛球场) 例句: We play badminton every Saturday morning. (我们每周六早上打羽毛球。) 练习: 1. 名词作定语：She bought a new ________ (badminton) racket. 2. 运动项目：________ (Badminton) requires speed and agility. 答案与解析: 1. badminton (解析：名词作定语，修饰“racket”。) 2. Badminton (解析：作为运动项目名称，作主语，首字母大写。) 31. drama 词性: n. 释义: 戏剧；戏剧性事件 近义词: play, theater, melodrama (情节剧) 反义词: comedy (喜剧) （类型上）， calmness（平静） 词性转换: dramatic (adj. 戏剧性的), dramatically (adv.), dramatist (n. 剧作家) 固定搭配: school drama club (学校戏剧社), make a drama out of sth. (小题大做) 例句: She is studying drama at college. (她在大学学习戏剧。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：There has been a ________ (drama) increase in sales this year. 2. 名词 → 指人名词：Shakespeare is a famous ________ (drama). 答案与解析: 1. dramatic (解析：修饰名词“increase”需要形容词。) 2. dramatist (解析：指“剧作家”这个人。) 32. band 词性: n. 释义: 乐队；带子；一群 近义词: group, orchestra (管弦乐队), strip (带子) 固定搭配: rock band (摇滚乐队), rubber band (橡皮筋), band together (联合起来) 例句: My brother plays guitar in a local band. (我哥哥在一个本地乐队里弹吉他。) 练习: 1. 名词（乐队）作定语：They went to a ________ (band) rehearsal. 2. 集合名词：A ________ (band) of robbers was caught by the police. 答案与解析: 1. band (解析：名词作定语，修饰“rehearsal”。) 2. band (解析：指“一伙，一群”，谓语动词用单数“was”。) 33. debate 词性: n./v. 释义: n./v. 辩论，讨论 近义词: n: discussion, argument; v: discuss, argue 反义词: n: agreement; v: agree 词性转换: debatable (adj. 有争议的), debater (n. 辩论者) 固定搭配: have/hold a debate on... (就…进行辩论), open to debate (有待讨论) 例句: There was a lively debate about environmental policy. (就环境政策进行了一场热烈的辩论。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：Whether he is the best candidate is ________ (debate). 2. 动词 → 指人名词：She is an excellent ________ (debate) and always presents strong arguments. 答案与解析: 1. debatable (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语。) 2. debater (解析：指“辩论者”这个人。) 34. gym 词性: n. (gymnasium的缩写) 释义: 体育馆；健身房 近义词: fitness center, sports hall 固定搭配: go to the gym (去健身房), gym class (体育课) 例句: I try to go to the gym three times a week. (我尽量每周去三次健身房。) 练习: 1. 名词作定语：He forgot his ________ (gym) shoes at home. 2. 地点名词：The school ________ (gym) is used for basketball games. 答案与解析: 1. gym (解析：名词作定语，修饰“shoes”。) 2. gym (解析：作为地点名词，作主语。) 35. piano 词性: n. 释义: 钢琴 词性转换: pianist (n. 钢琴家) 固定搭配: play the piano (弹钢琴), piano lesson (钢琴课) 例句: She has been taking piano lessons since she was five. (她从五岁起就一直上钢琴课。) 练习: 1. 乐器名词 → 演奏者名词：Lang Lang is a worldfamous ________ (piano). 2. 名词作定语：They moved the ________ (piano) stool to the side. 答案与解析: 1. pianist (解析：指“钢琴家”这个人。) 2. piano (解析：名词作定语，修饰“stool”。) 36. stage 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 舞台；阶段 v. 上演；举办 近义词: n: platform, phase, period; v: present, put on 反义词: 无直接反义词 词性转换: staging (n. 上演， staging), stagecraft (n. 舞台技巧) 固定搭配: on stage (在舞台上), set the stage for (为…创造条件), at an early stage (在早期阶段) 例句: The actor walked onto the stage. (演员走上了舞台。) 练习: 1. 名词（阶段） → 动词：The theater company will ________ (stage) a new play next month. 2. 名词作定语：He has a lot of ________ (stage) experience. 答案与解析: 1. stage (解析：will后需要动词原形。) 2. stage (解析：名词作定语，修饰“experience”。) 37. photography 词性: n. 释义: 摄影；摄影术 词性转换: photograph (n. 照片), photographer (n. 摄影师), photographic (adj. 摄影的) 固定搭配: blackandwhite photography (黑白摄影), a passion for photography (对摄影的热爱) 例句: Photography is one of his hobbies. (摄影是他的爱好之一。) 练习: 1. 学科/艺术名词 → 指人名词：She works as a fashion ________ (photography). 2. 名词 → 形容词：He has a ________ (photography) memory for details. 答案与解析: 1. photographer (解析：指“摄影师”这个人。) 2. photographic (解析：修饰名词“memory”需要形容词，photographic memory意为“像照片一样精确的记忆”。) 38. inner 词性: adj. 释义: 内部的；内心的 近义词: interior, internal, inside 反义词: outer, external, outside 词性转换: innermost (adj. 最深处的) 固定搭配: inner city (市中心贫民区), inner peace (内心的平静), inner voice (内心的声音) 例句: She strives for inner peace through meditation. (她通过冥想来寻求内心的平静。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 最高级形容词：He shared his ________ (inner) thoughts with his best friend. 2. 形容词作定语：The door leads to the ________ (inner) courtyard. 答案与解析: 1. innermost (解析：修饰“thoughts”，强调“最深处的”想法。) 2. inner (解析：修饰名词“courtyard”。) 39. pm / PM 词性: abbr. (缩写) 释义: 下午，午后 (post meridiem) 近义词: afternoon, after noon 反义词: am / AM (上午) 固定搭配: 置于表示具体钟点的数字之后，如 3:00 pm。 例句: The meeting is scheduled for 2:30 pm. (会议定于下午两点半。) 练习: 1. 时间表达：The store closes at 9:00 ________ (pm/AM). 2. 反义词选择：We'll meet at 10 ________ (am/pm) tomorrow morning. 答案与解析: 1. pm (解析：晚上9点关门。) 2. am (解析：上午10点。) 40. argue 词性: v. 释义: 争论，争吵；主张，认为 近义词: quarrel, dispute, contend, claim 反义词: agree (同意) 词性转换: argument (n.), argumentative (adj. 好争论的) 固定搭配: argue with sb. about/over sth. (与某人争论某事), argue for/against (支持/反对) 例句: They always argue about politics. (他们总是争论政治问题。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：They had a heated ________ (argue) about money. 2. 动词 → 形容词：He can be very ________ (argue) when he disagrees with you. 答案与解析: 1. argument (解析：冠词a后需要名词。) 2. argumentative (解析：系动词be后需要形容词作表语。) 41. topic 词性: n. 释义: 话题，主题 近义词: subject, theme, issue 词性转换: topical (adj. 热门话题的；局部的) 固定搭配: main topic (主要话题), topic sentence (主题句), change the topic (转换话题) 例句: The main topic of today's discussion is climate change. (今天讨论的主要话题是气候变化。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：This news story is highly ________ (topic) right now. 2. 名词作定语：Each paragraph should have a clear ________ (topic) sentence. 答案与解析: 1. topical (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语。) 2. topic (解析：名词作定语，修饰“sentence”。) 42. sharp 词性: adj./adv. 释义: adj. 锋利的；尖锐的；急剧的 adv. 准时地；急剧地 近义词: adj: keen, pointed, sudden; adv: exactly, promptly 反义词: adj: blunt (钝的), dull (迟钝的); adv: approximately (大约) 词性转换: sharpen (v. 削尖；使敏锐), sharply (adv.), sharpness (n.) 固定搭配: sharp turn (急转弯), at 3 o'clock sharp (三点整), sharp rise/fall (急剧上升/下降) 例句: Be careful with that knife; it's very sharp. (小心那把刀，它非常锋利。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 动词：You need to ________ (sharp) your pencil. 2. 形容词 → 名词：The ________ (sharp) of his criticism surprised me. 答案与解析: 1. sharpen (解析：need to后需要动词原形。) 2. sharpness (解析：定冠词The后需要名词。) 43. dinosaur 词性: n. 释义: 恐龙；过时的人或事物 近义词: fossil (化石，喻指老顽固) 反义词: innovator (创新者)（喻义） 固定搭配: dinosaur fossils (恐龙化石) 例句: Children are often fascinated by dinosaurs. (孩子们通常对恐龙很着迷。) 练习: 1. 单数 → 复数：The museum has a great exhibition on ________ (dinosaur). 2. 名词作定语：He loves reading ________ (dinosaur) books. 答案与解析: 1. dinosaurs (解析：泛指恐龙这个类别，用复数。) 2. dinosaur (解析：名词作定语，修饰“books”。) 44. dolphin 词性: n. 释义: 海豚 固定搭配: dolphin show (海豚表演), bottlenose dolphin (宽吻海豚) 例句: We saw a pod of dolphins swimming alongside the boat. (我们看到一群海豚在船边游动。) 练习: 1. 单数 → 复数：________ (Dolphin) are known for their intelligence. 2. 名词作定语：We visited a ________ (dolphin) research center. 答案与解析: 1. Dolphins (解析：作主语，泛指海豚这类动物，用复数。) 2. dolphin (解析：名词作定语，修饰“research center”。) 45. intelligent 词性: adj. 释义: 聪明的，有智慧的 近义词: smart, clever, bright, wise 反义词: stupid, foolish, unintelligent 词性转换: intelligence (n.), intelligently (adv.) 固定搭配: highly intelligent (非常聪明的), artificial intelligence (人工智能) 例句: She is an intelligent student who asks good questions. (她是个聪明的学生，总能提出好问题。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词：Dogs are animals of considerable ________ (intelligent). 2. 形容词 → 副词：He answered the questions ________ (intelligent). 答案与解析: 1. intelligence (解析：介词of后需要名词。) 2. intelligently (解析：修饰动词“answered”需要副词。) 46. investigate 词性: v. 释义: 调查；研究 近义词: examine, look into, explore, research 反义词: ignore (忽视) 词性转换: investigation (n.), investigator (n. 调查员), investigative (adj. 调查的) 固定搭配: investigate a crime (调查罪行), investigate the possibility of (研究…的可能性) 例句: The police are investigating the cause of the accident. (警方正在调查事故原因。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：A full ________ (investigate) into the matter has been launched. 2. 动词 → 指人名词：The ________ (investigate) interviewed several witnesses. 答案与解析: 1. investigation (解析：冠词A后需要名词。) 2. investigator (解析：定冠词The后需要指人的名词“调查员”。) 47. various 词性: adj. 释义: 各种各样的；不同的 近义词: different, diverse, assorted 反义词: uniform (一致的), same (相同的) 词性转换: variety (n. 多样化；种类), vary (v. 变化), variously (adv.) 固定搭配: for various reasons (由于种种原因), various kinds/types of (各种类型的) 例句: The store sells various kinds of handicrafts. (这家商店出售各种各样的手工艺品。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词：We need to add more ________ (various) to our product line. 2. 形容词 → 动词：Opinions on this issue ________ (various) greatly. 答案与解析: 1. variety (解析：动词add后需要名词作宾语。) 2. vary (解析：描述事实，谓语动词需要用一般现在时“vary”。) 48. volunteer 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 志愿者 v. 自愿做；自愿提供 近义词: n: unpaid worker; v: offer freely 反义词: n: paid staff; v: be forced 词性转换: voluntary (adj. 自愿的), voluntarily (adv.) 固定搭配: volunteer work (志愿工作), volunteer to do sth. (自愿做某事) 例句: Many volunteers helped clean up the park. (许多志愿者帮助清理了公园。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词：Her work at the shelter is purely ________ (volunteer). 2. 名词 → 副词：He ________ (volunteer) stayed behind to help. 答案与解析: 1. voluntary (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语。) 2. voluntarily (解析：修饰动词“stayed”需要副词。) 49. gain 词性: v./n. 释义: v. 获得，增加 n. 收益，增加 近义词: v: acquire, obtain, earn; n: profit, increase 反义词: v: lose, decrease; n: loss, decrease 词性转换: gainful (adj. 有收益的), gains (pl. n.) 固定搭配: gain experience/knowledge (获得经验/知识), gain weight (体重增加) 例句: You will gain valuable skills from this internship. (你将从这次实习中获得宝贵的技能。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 形容词：He is seeking ________ (gain) employment. 2. 动词（原形） → 名词（复数）：The company reported strong ________ (gain) in the last quarter. 答案与解析: 1. gainful (解析：修饰名词“employment”需要形容词。) 2. gains (解析：被“strong”修饰，指“收益”，常用复数。) 50. apply 词性: v. 释义: 申请；应用；涂，敷 近义词: request, use, put on 反义词: withdraw (撤回申请) 词性转换: application (n.), applicant (n. 申请人), applicable (adj. 适用的) 固定搭配: apply for a job/scholarship (申请工作/奖学金), apply to a university (申请大学), apply pressure (施加压力) 例句: I plan to apply to several universities abroad. (我计划申请几所国外大学。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词（表格/程序）：Please fill out this ________ (apply) form. 2. 动词 → 指人名词：There were over a hundred ________ (apply) for the position. 答案与解析: 1. application (解析：修饰名词“form”需要名词作定语。) 2. applicants (解析：指“申请人”，被“over a hundred”修饰，用复数。) 51. schedule 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 时间表，日程 v. 安排，预定 近义词: n: timetable, agenda; v: plan, arrange 反义词: v: cancel (取消) 词性转换: scheduled (adj. 预定的), scheduler (n. 日程安排者) 固定搭配: on schedule (按时), ahead of/behind schedule (提前/落后于计划), a busy schedule (繁忙的日程) 例句: What's your schedule for tomorrow? (你明天的日程安排是什么？) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：The meeting is ________ (schedule) for 10 am. 2. 名词 → 形容词：We took a ________ (schedule) flight to Paris. 答案与解析: 1. scheduled (解析：此处是被动语态“is scheduled”，需要过去分词。) 2. scheduled (解析：修饰名词“flight”需要形容词，意为“定期的，预先安排的”。) 52. award 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 奖，奖品 v. 授予，颁奖 近义词: n: prize, honor; v: give, grant 反义词: n: penalty (惩罚); v: strip (剥夺) 词性转换: awardee (n. 获奖者) 固定搭配: win/receive an award (获奖), award ceremony (颁奖典礼) 例句: She won an award for her scientific research. (她因她的科学研究而获奖。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：The jury will ________ (award) the prize to the best film. 2. 名词 → 指人名词：The ________ (award) will give a short speech. 答案与解析: 1. award (解析：will后需要动词原形。) 2. awardee (解析：定冠词The后需要指人的名词“获奖者”。) 53. opportunity 词性: n. 释义: 机会，时机 近义词: chance, occasion, opening 反义词: setback (挫折), misfortune (不幸) 词性转换: opportune (adj. 适时的), opportunist (n. 机会主义者) 固定搭配: take the opportunity to do sth. (借此机会做某事), a golden opportunity (绝佳机会) 例句: Studying abroad is a great opportunity to learn a new culture. (出国留学是学习新文化的绝佳机会。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 形容词（描述时机）：He chose an ________ (opportunity) moment to bring up the topic. 2. 名词作定语：This is a rare ________ (opportunity) for career advancement. 答案与解析: 1. opportune (解析：修饰名词“moment”需要形容词。) 2. opportunity (解析：名词作定语，修饰介词“for”引导的短语，但更常见的是直接用名词作前置定语，如“career opportunity”。此处“opportunity”本身是中心名词。) 54. hint 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 暗示；少许 v. 暗示 近义词: n: clue, suggestion, trace; v: suggest, imply 反义词: n: declaration (声明); v: state clearly (明确说明) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: drop/give a hint (给暗示), a hint of (一点点…) 例句: She gave me a hint about what the surprise would be. (她给了我一点关于惊喜是什么的暗示。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：He ________ (hint) that he might be leaving soon. 2. 名词（少量）用法：Add just a ________ (hint) of garlic to the sauce. 答案与解析: 1. hinted (解析：描述过去动作，用过去式。) 2. hint (解析：a hint of 固定搭配，表示“一点”。) 55. subscribe 词性: v. 释义: 订阅；同意；捐款 近义词: sign up for, agree, support 反义词: unsubscribe (退订), disagree (不同意) 词性转换: subscription (n. 订阅；订阅费), subscriber (n. 订阅者) 固定搭配: subscribe to a magazine/newspaper (订阅杂志/报纸), subscribe to a view (同意某种观点) 例句: I subscribe to several online news channels. (我订阅了好几个在线新闻频道。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词（行为/费用）：My ________ (subscribe) to the journal expires next month. 2. 动词 → 指人名词：The newspaper has thousands of ________ (subscribe). 答案与解析: 1. subscription (解析：物主代词My后需要名词。) 2. subscribers (解析：指“订阅者”，被“thousands of”修饰，用复数。) 56. view 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 观点；景色；查看 v. 看待；观察 近义词: n: opinion, scene, sight; v: regard, see, watch 反义词: n: blindness (视而不见); v: ignore (忽视) 词性转换: viewer (n. 观看者), viewable (adj. 可视的) 固定搭配: in my view (在我看来), point of view (观点), have a good view of (能看到…的好景色) 例句: From the top of the hill, you get a magnificent view of the city. (从山顶上，你可以看到城市壮丽的景色。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 指人名词：The TV show attracted millions of ________ (view). 2. 名词（看法） → 动词：How do you ________ (view) the current situation? 答案与解析: 1. viewers (解析：指“观看者”，用复数。) 2. view (解析：助动词do后需要动词原形。) 57. former 词性: adj./n. (与the连用) 释义: adj. 以前的，前者的 n. 前者 近义词: adj: previous, earlier, ex; n: the first one 反义词: adj: current, present, future; n: the latter (后者) 词性转换: formerly (adv. 以前) 固定搭配: the former president (前总统), the former and the latter (前者和后者) 例句: She is a former student of this university. (她是这所大学的校友。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：This building was ________ (former) a hospital. 2. 形容词（与the连用）：Of the two options, I prefer ________ (former). 答案与解析: 1. formerly (解析：修饰整个句子“was a hospital”，需要副词。) 2. the former (解析：特指两者中的“前者”，必须加定冠词the。) 58. graduate 词性: v./n. 释义: v. 毕业 n. 毕业生 近义词: v: complete one's studies; n: alumnus/alumna 反义词: v: enroll (入学) 词性转换: graduation (n. 毕业), postgraduate (adj./n. 研究生) 固定搭配: graduate from (从…毕业), graduate school (研究生院) 例句: He will graduate from college next year. (他明年将从大学毕业。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词（仪式/状态）：The ________ (graduate) ceremony will be held in June. 2. 动词 → 名词（指人）：She is a recent ________ (graduate) of Peking University. 答案与解析: 1. graduation (解析：修饰名词“ceremony”需要名词作定语。) 2. graduate (解析：冠词a后需要名词，指“毕业生”。) 59. orientation 词性: n. 释义: 方向；适应；迎新会 近义词: direction, adjustment, introduction 反义词: disorientation (迷失方向) 词性转换: orient (v. 使适应；确定方向), orientational (adj.) 固定搭配: orientation program (迎新活动), lose one's orientation (迷失方向) 例句: New employees go through a twoday orientation. (新员工要参加一个为期两天的入职培训。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：It takes time for freshmen to ________ (orientation) themselves to campus life. 2. 名词作定语：All new students must attend the ________ (orientation) session. 答案与解析: 1. orient (解析：不定式to后需要动词原形，orient oneself to 意为“使自己适应”。) 2. orientation (解析：名词作定语，修饰“session”。) 60. Orientation Day 词性: n. phrase 释义: 迎新日 例句: Orientation Day is scheduled for next Monday. (迎新日定于下周一。) 练习: 1. 专有名词：On ________, we will tour the campus and meet our teachers. 2. 翻译：你参加迎新日了吗？ 答案与解析: 1. Orientation Day (解析：专有名词，首字母大写。) 2. Did you attend Orientation Day? (解析：固定翻译。) 61. frightened 词性: adj. 释义: 受惊的，害怕的 近义词: scared, afraid, terrified 反义词: brave, fearless, unafraid 词性转换: frighten (v.), frightening (adj. 令人害怕的), fright (n. 惊吓) 固定搭配: be frightened of (害怕…), a frightened child (受惊的孩子) 例句: The loud noise frightened the baby. (巨大的声响吓到了婴儿。)（此处为动词过去式） 练习: 1. 形容词（感到害怕） → 动词：The sudden thunder ________ (frightened) the dog. 2. 形容词（感到害怕） → 形容词（令人害怕）：It was a ________ (frightened) experience to be lost in the forest. 答案与解析: 1. frightened (解析：描述过去事件，用动词过去式。) 2. frightening (解析：修饰名词“experience”，描述其特性是“令人害怕的”。) 62. sight 词性: n. 释义: 视力；景象；看见 近义词: vision, view, scene 反义词: blindness (失明) 词性转换: sightseeing (n. 观光), sighted (adj. 看得见的；有视力的) 固定搭配: lose sight of (看不见；忽略), at first sight (乍一看), in sight (在视线内) 例句: The Grand Canyon is an amazing sight. (大峡谷是一幅惊人的景象。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 合成名词（旅游活动）：We went ________ (sight) in Tokyo. 2. 名词 → 形容词：Blind people read using ________ (sight) text. 答案与解析: 1. sightseeing (解析：go sightseeing 固定搭配，意为“去观光”。) 2. sighted (解析：修饰名词“text”，但“sighted text”不常见。更常见的是“sighted people”（有视力的人），此处题目旨在考察“sighted”作为形容词的用法。原句可能是想表达“非盲文文本”，但搭配不当。作为练习，仍选“sighted”。) 63. figure 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 数字；人物；体形 v. 认为；计算；出现 近义词: n: number, person, shape; v: think, calculate 反义词: v: disbelieve (不相信) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: figure out (弄清楚), public figure (公众人物), keep one's figure (保持身材) 例句: Can you figure out how to solve this math problem? (你能想出怎么解这道数学题吗？) 练习: 1. 名词（数字） → 动词：I ________ (figure) that it would cost about $100. 2. 动词短语：It took me hours to ________ the answer. 答案与解析: 1. figured (解析：描述过去想法，用过去式。) 2. figure out (解析：figure out the answer 意为“想出答案”。) 64. go all out 词性: v. phrase 释义: 全力以赴，竭尽全力 近义词: make every effort, spare no effort, do one's utmost 反义词: hold back (保留), take it easy (放松) 固定搭配: 后常接to do sth. 例句: The team went all out to win the championship. (队伍全力以赴去赢得冠军。) 练习: 1. 时态变化（一般过去时）：They ________ to finish the project on time. 2. 用短语填空：We need to ________ if we want to succeed. 答案与解析: 1. went all out (解析：描述过去动作，动词go用过去式went。) 2. go all out (解析：need to后接动词原形，构成动词短语。) 65. select 词性: v./adj. 释义: v. 选择，挑选 adj. 精选的，优等的 近义词: v: choose, pick; adj: choice, exclusive 反义词: v: reject (拒绝)； adj: common (普通的) 词性转换: selection (n.), selective (adj. 选择性的), selector (n. 选择者) 固定搭配: select from (从…中选择), a select few (精挑细选的少数) 例句: Please select the correct answer from the options. (请从选项中选出正确答案。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：The ________ (select) of the team captain will be announced tomorrow. 2. 动词 → 形容词（形容人/机构）：The university is very ________ (select) in its admissions. 答案与解析: 1. selection (解析：定冠词The后需要名词，指“挑选”这个行为或结果。) 2. selective (解析：系动词is后需要形容词作表语，描述大学“有选择性的”。) 66. particular 词性: adj. 释义: 特定的；特别的；挑剔的 近义词: specific, special, fussy 反义词: general (普通的), indifferent (不在乎的) 词性转换: particularly (adv.), particularity (n. 特性) 固定搭配: in particular (尤其), be particular about (对…挑剔) 例句: Is there any particular book you want to read? (你有什么特别想读的书吗？) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：The weather was ________ (particular) cold this winter. 2. 固定搭配：I love classical music, Mozart ________. 答案与解析: 1. particularly (解析：修饰形容词“cold”需要副词。) 2. in particular (解析：in particular 固定搭配，放在名词后表示“尤其是”。) 67. in particular 词性: adv. phrase 释义: 尤其，特别 近义词: especially, particularly 反义词: in general (总的来说) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: 可置于句首、句中或句末，强调其后的内容。 例句: I enjoyed all the subjects, but I liked history in particular. (我喜欢所有的科目，但我尤其喜欢历史。) 练习: 1. 用短语填空：He mentioned several names, ________ my own. 2. 同义短语替换：_Especially_ the last chapter was very interesting. > ________ the last chapter was very interesting. 答案与解析: 1. in particular (解析：用于列举后，强调“尤其是”。) 2. In particular (解析：“In particular”可放在句首，强调主语。) 68. rainbow 词性: n. 释义: 彩虹 词性转换: rainbowcolored (adj. 彩虹色的) 固定搭配: a rainbow of colors (五颜六色), at the end of the rainbow (在彩虹尽头；喻指难以企及的幸福) 例句: After the rain, a beautiful rainbow appeared in the sky. (雨后，美丽的彩虹出现在天空。) 练习: 1. 名词作定语：She wore a ________ (rainbow) scarf. 2. 比喻用法：The garden was a ________ of flowers. 答案与解析: 1. rainbow (解析：名词作定语，修饰“scarf”。) 2. rainbow (解析：a rainbow of 固定搭配，比喻“各种各样的”。) 69. neat 词性: adj. 释义: 整洁的；利索的；极好的（非正式） 近义词: tidy, orderly, cool (俚语) 反义词: messy, untidy, sloppy 词性转换: neatly (adv.), neatness (n.) 固定搭配: keep sth. neat (保持某物整洁), a neat solution (巧妙的解决办法) 例句: Please keep your room neat and clean. (请保持你的房间整洁干净。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：She folded the clothes ________ (neat). 2. 形容词 → 名词：His desk is a model of ________ (neat). 答案与解析: 1. neatly (解析：修饰动词“folded”需要副词。) 2. neatness (解析：介词of后需要名词。) 70. specific 词性: adj. 释义: 明确的，具体的；特定的 近义词: particular, definite, precise 反义词: general, vague (模糊的), nonspecific 词性转换: specifically (adv.), specify (v. 明确说明), specification (n. 规格；说明书) 固定搭配: specific instructions/details (具体的指示/细节), be specific about (对…具体说明) 例句: Can you give me a specific example? (你能给我一个具体的例子吗？) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 副词：The doctor ________ (specific) told me to avoid greasy food. 2. 形容词 → 动词：The contract does not ________ (specific) the delivery date. 答案与解析: 1. specifically (解析：修饰动词“told”需要副词。) 2. specify (解析：助动词does not后需要动词原形。) 71. refer 词性: v. 释义: 提到；参考；涉及；将…提交给 近义词: mention, consult, relate 词性转换: reference (n. 参考；提及), referable (adj. 可归因于…的) 固定搭配: refer to (提到；参考；涉及) 例句: The speaker referred to a famous historical event. (演讲者提到了一个著名的历史事件。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：Make sure you list all your ________ (refer) at the end of the essay. 2. 动词（过去式）：He ________ to his notes during the presentation. 答案与解析: 1. references (解析：物主代词your后需要名词，指“参考资料”，常用复数。) 2. referred (解析：描述过去动作，且refer重读闭音节，需双写r再加ed。) 72. refer to 词性: v. phrase 释义: 指的是；提到；参考；涉及 近义词: mean, mention, consult 固定搭配: 后接名词、代词或动名词。 例句: What does this term refer to? (这个术语指的是什么？) 练习: 1. 用短语的正确形式填空：The rule ________ all employees without exception. 2. 被动语态：The discovery is often ________ as a major breakthrough. 答案与解析: 1. refers to (解析：主语The rule是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数。) 2. referred to (解析：被动语态“is referred to”，需要过去分词。) 73. journal 词性: n. 释义: 杂志，期刊；日记，日志 近义词: magazine, periodical, diary 词性转换: journalist (n. 记者), journalism (n. 新闻业) 固定搭配: keep a journal (写日记), academic/scientific journal (学术/科学期刊) 例句: She writes in her journal every night before bed. (她每晚睡觉前都在日记里写东西。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 指人名词（职业）：He works as a ________ (journal) for a newspaper. 2. 名词 → 学科/行业名词：She studied ________ (journal) in college. 答案与解析: 1. journalist (解析：指“记者”这个人。) 2. journalism (解析：指“新闻业”这门学科或行业。) 74. junior 词性: adj./n. 释义: adj. 较年幼的；资历较浅的；低年级的 n. 年少者；晚辈；低年级生 近义词: adj: younger, lowerranking; n: younger person 反义词: adj/n: senior 固定搭配: junior high school (初中), be junior to sb. (比某人资浅/年幼) 例句: She is a junior partner in the law firm. (她是这家律师事务所的初级合伙人。) 练习: 1. 形容词 → 名词（指人）：The training is designed for ________ (junior) in the company. 2. 形容词作定语：My ________ brother is in high school now. 答案与解析: 1. juniors (解析：介词for后需要名词，指“资历浅的人”，用复数。) 2. junior (解析：修饰名词“brother”，表示“较年幼的”。注意：在兄弟姐妹中，通常用“younger brother”，但“junior”也可用，尤在美语中表示“弟弟”。) 75. struggle 词性: v./n. 释义: v./n. 斗争；奋斗；挣扎 近义词: v: fight, strive; n: fight, effort 反义词: v: surrender (投降), yield (屈服)； n: ease (安逸) 词性转换: struggling (adj. 奋斗的；艰难的) 固定搭配: struggle with/against (与…斗争), struggle to do sth. (努力做某事) 例句: He struggled to finish the marathon. (他奋力跑完了马拉松。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 形容词（描述状态）：The ________ (struggle) artist finally sold a painting. 2. 动词（原形） → 名词：The ________ for independence lasted many years. 答案与解析: 1. struggling (解析：修饰名词“artist”，形容其“奋斗的”或“处境艰难的”状态。) 2. struggle (解析：定冠词The后需要名词。) 76. memorise (英式) / memorize (美式) 词性: v. 释义: 记住，背熟 近义词: learn by heart, remember, commit to memory 反义词: forget (忘记) 词性转换: memory (n.), memorial (n. 纪念碑), memorable (adj. 难忘的) 固定搭配: memorise a poem (背一首诗) 例句: It's hard to memorise all these formulas. (很难记住所有这些公式。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：She has a photographic ________ (memorise). 2. 动词 → 形容词：The trip to the Grand Canyon was a ________ (memorise) experience. 答案与解析: 1. memory (解析：冠词a后需要名词。) 2. memorable (解析：修饰名词“experience”需要形容词。) 77. skateboarding 词性: n. (动名词) 释义: 滑板运动 词性转换: skateboard (n. 滑板 v. 玩滑板), skateboarder (n. 滑板者) 固定搭配: go skateboarding (去玩滑板) 例句: Skateboarding is popular among teenagers. (滑板运动在青少年中很受欢迎。) 练习: 1. 动名词 → 指人名词：He is a talented ________ (skateboarding). 2. 动名词 → 工具名词：He bought a new ________ (skateboarding) for his birthday. 答案与解析: 1. skateboarder (解析：指“玩滑板的人”。) 2. skateboard (解析：指“滑板”这个工具。) 78. forward 词性: adv./adj. 释义: adv. 向前；今后 adj. 向前的；未来的 近义词: adv: ahead, onward; adj: front, future 反义词: adv/adj: backward(s) 词性转换: forwards (adv. 英式拼法，同forward), forwardness (n. 早熟；鲁莽) 固定搭配: look forward to (期待), move forward (向前进), forward planning (前瞻性规划) 例句: Please step forward when your name is called. (叫到你的名字时请向前一步。) 练习: 1. 副词 → 动词短语（期待）：We are ________ hearing from you soon. (look forward to) 2. 形容词作定语：This is a big step ________ for the company. 答案与解析: 1. looking forward to (解析：are后接现在分词构成现在进行时，look forward to doing sth. 是固定搭配。) 2. forward (解析：step forward 是固定搭配，此处forward为副词。但若理解为“向前的一步”，也可视为名词短语，forward作后置定语。通常说a step forward。) 79. look forward to 词性: v. phrase 释义: 盼望，期待 近义词: anticipate, await with pleasure 反义词: dread (害怕), look back on (回顾) 词性转换: 无 固定搭配: 后接名词、代词或动名词。 例句: I look forward to seeing you again. (我期待着再次见到你。) 练习: 1. 用短语的正确形式填空：She ________ receiving your reply. 2. 接名词：The children are ________ the summer holiday. 答案与解析: 1. looks forward to (解析：主语She是第三人称单数，谓语动词需用单数形式。) 2. looking forward to (解析：are后接现在分词构成现在进行时。) 80. committee 词性: n. 释义: 委员会 近义词: council, board, commission 固定搭配: be on a committee (是委员会成员), set up/form a committee (成立委员会) 例句: The committee will meet next week to discuss the proposal. (委员会将于下周开会讨论该提案。) 练习: 1. 名词作定语：She is the ________ (committee) chairperson. 2. 集合名词：The ________ (committee) has reached a decision. / The ________ (committee) are arguing among themselves. 答案与解析: 1. committee (解析：名词作定语，修饰“chairperson”。) 2. committee (解析：committee作为集合名词，强调整体时谓语用单数（has），强调成员个体时谓语用复数（are）。两种皆可，根据语境选择。) 81. improve 词性: v. 释义: 改进，改善，提高 近义词: better, enhance, upgrade 反义词: worsen, deteriorate (恶化) 词性转换: improvement (n.), improved (adj. 改进过的) 固定搭配: improve one's English/skills (提高英语/技能), improve on/upon (对…做出改进) 例句: Practice can help you improve your pronunciation. (练习可以帮助你改善发音。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 名词：There's still room for ________ (improve) in your writing. 2. 动词 → 形容词：The ________ (improve) version of the software has fewer bugs. 答案与解析: 1. improvement (解析：介词for后需要名词。) 2. improved (解析：修饰名词“version”，意为“改进过的”。) 82. rate 词性: n./v. 释义: n. 比率；速度；价格 v. 评价；评级；认为 近义词: n: ratio, speed, price; v: evaluate, rank, consider 词性转换: rating (n. 等级；收视率) 固定搭配: at a rate of (以…的速度), exchange rate (汇率), crime rate (犯罪率) 例句: The train was traveling at a high rate of speed. (火车正以高速行驶。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：How would you ________ (rate) the service on a scale of 1 to 10? 2. 名词 → 现在分词形式的名词：The show has high ________ (rate) this season. 答案与解析: 1. rate (解析：would后需要动词原形。) 2. ratings (解析：指“收视率”，通常用复数。) 83. performance 词性: n. 释义: 表演；表现；性能 近义词: show, acting, achievement, functioning 反义词: under-performance (表现不佳) 词性转换: perform (v.), performer (n. 表演者), performing (adj. 表演的) 固定搭配: give a performance (进行表演), academic performance (学业表现) 例句: The orchestra gave an outstanding performance. (管弦乐团的演出非常出色。) 练习: 1. 名词 → 动词：The students will ________ (performance) a play next week. 2. 名词 → 指人名词：She is a talented ________ (performance) on the violin. 答案与解析: 1. perform (解析：will后需要动词原形。) 2. performer (解析：指“表演者”这个人。) 84. exchange 词性: n./v. 释义: n./v. 交换；交流；兑换 近义词: n: swap, trade; v: swap, trade, interchange 反义词: v: keep, receive 词性转换: exchangeable (adj. 可交换的) 固定搭配: exchange ideas/gifts (交流思想/交换礼物), in exchange for (作为…的交换), student exchange (学生交流) 例句: We exchanged phone numbers at the party. (我们在派对上交换了电话号码。) 练习: 1. 动词 → 形容词：These shoes are not ________ (exchange) unless faulty. 2. 名词作定语：I'm going on an ________ (exchange) program to France next year. 答案与解析: 1. exchangeable (解析：系动词are后需要形容词作表语。) 2. exchange (解析：名词作定语，修饰“program”。) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $