基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（人教版）

高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解 人教版高中语法全解 考频分析 人教版高中基础词法中，冠词与数词是基础语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多 种基础题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空1-2题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达辅助考察，影响名词 搭配的规范性与表达准确性。在语境应用类题目中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的固定搭配往往是解题 关键。 考查内容 ·冠词分类应用：定冠词the、不定冠词a/an、零冠词的辨析与功能 ·数词分类应用：基数词、序数词的基本结构与语境匹配，分数、倍数的表达 。冠词与数词的综合运用：冠词与名词单复数的搭配，数词在时间、日期、年龄中的应用 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指，用于单数可数名词前) 。用法区别：a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，n用于元音音素开头的单词前 。例句：(I)I have a book.(辅音音素开头)(2)She is an honest girl..(元音音素开头) 2.定冠词(the,表特指或双方已知的人物) 。常见用法：上文提到过的事物、独一无二的事物、形容词最高级前 。例句：(I)The book on the desk is mine.(上文提到过的书)(2)The sun rises in the east..(独一无二 的事物) 3.零冠词（即不用冠词的情况） ·常见场景：复数可数名词表泛指、不可数名词表泛指、学科/语言三餐前 。例句：(I)Dogs are loyal animals.(复数名词表泛指)(2)I like math.(学科前) 4.数词（表示数量或顺序) 1 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 。基数词（表数量）：one,two,three..一例句：There are three apples on the table ●序数词（表顺序）：first,second,third.→例句：He got the first prize in the competition. 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指，“一个") 1.用法区别 ·a用于辅音音素开头的单词前（如a book,a university) 。an用于元音音素开头的单词前（如an apple,an hour) 2.基本用法 ·首次提到某人/某物(There is a cat in the garden.) 。表示“一类人/物”(A doctor helps sick people.) 。用于可数名词单数前表数量“一”(I need an egg for the cake.) 3.常见固定搭配 ·have a rest(休息) 。take a walk(散步) 。in a hurry（匆忙) 2.定冠词(the,表特指，“这个/那个/这些/那些”) 1.基本用法 ·特指上文提到过的人/物(I bought a pen.The pen is red.) 。用在独一无二的事物前(the sun,the moon,.the Great Wall) ●用在序数词/形容词最高级前(the first lesson,the tallest boy) 2.零冠词情况 。复数名词表泛指(Dogs are loyal animals.) ·三餐/球类运动前(have breakfast,.play basketball) ·学科/语言名称前(1 earn English,study math) 3.基数词（表数量，“几”） 1.基本构成 .1-12:one,two...twelve 2 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 。13-l9:-teen结尾(thirteen.nineteen) 。20-90:-ty结尾(twenty..ninety） ●整百：数字+hundred(two hundred) 2.用法示例 ●表数量(There are thirty students in the class.) 。表年龄(She is twelve years old.) 。表编号(Lesson Five=the fifth lesson) 4.序数词（表顺序，“第几”） 1.基本构成 。1-3特殊：first,,second,third 。4-19:基数词+th(fourth.nineteenth) 。20以上：变y为i+eth(twentieth,fortieth) 2.用法示例 。表顺序(He got the first prize in the race.) ●日期表达（June 1st=the first of June) 。序数词前常加the(the second floor) 知识点三：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 1.泛指某类人/事物中的一个→例句：I have a book.(我有一本书。) 2.用于首次提到的可数名词单数前一例句：There is an apple on the table.(桌上有一个苹果。) 3.表示“一”的概念（相当于one)→例句：He needs a pen and two pencils..(他需要一支钢笔和 两支铅笔。) 4.用于某些固定搭配中→例句：have a rest(休息一下)：take a walk(散步) 5.用于抽象名词具体化前→例句：It's a pleasure to meet you.(很高兴认识你。) 6.用于专有名词前表示“某一个”→例句：Ar.Smith is waiting for you.(一位史密斯先生在 等你。) 7.用于“a+most+形容词”结构表示“非常”→例句：It was a most interesting story.（那是一 个非常有趣的故事。) 3 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 8.用于“a+序数词”表示“又一，再一”→例句：He bought a second car.(他又买了一辆车。) 9.用于“what a+形容词+可数名词单数”感叹句→例句：What a beautiful day!(多么美好的 天啊) 10.用于某些学科名称前→例句：He is good at a math.(错误，应为He is good at math.此处仅为 示例格式，正确用法为学科前零冠词) 特殊用法辨析（中考易错)： 1.a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前一→例句：an hour(一小时)：a university(一所大学) 2.表示“每一”相当于per→例句：three times a week（一周三次)；ten yuan akilo(十元一公斤) 2.定冠词(the) 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： l.特指某（些）人或某（些）事物例句：The book on the desk is mine.(桌上的那本书是我的。) 2.指双方都知道的人或事物→例句：Open the window,please.(请打开窗户。) 3.指上文提到过的人或事物→例句：I have a cat.The cat is black.(我有一只猫。这只猫是黑色 的。) 4.用在世界上独一无二的事物前→例句：the sun(太阳)：the moon(月亮)；the earth(地球) 5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前→例句：He is the first to come..(他是第一个来的。)：This is the best book I've ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。) 6.用在乐器名称前→例句：play the piano(弹钢琴)：play the violin(拉小提琴) 7.用在姓氏复数前表示一家人→例句：the Greens（格林一家) 8.用在某些形容词前表示一类人→例句：the old(老人)：the young(年轻人)：the poor(穷人) 9.用在江河湖海、山脉群岛等专有名词前一例句：the Yangtze River（长江)：the Himalayas(喜 马拉雅山脉) l0.用在某些习惯用语中→例句：in the morning(在早上)：on the left(在左边) 固定搭配积累（中考常考）： 1.all the time(一直)→例句：He is talking all the time.(他一直在说话。) 2.in the end(最后)→例句：In the end,we finished the work.(最后，我们完成了工作。) 3.by the way(顺便说一下)→例句：By the way,where are you going??(顺便问一下，你要去哪 里？) 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 3.数词 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 1.基数词表示数量→例句：There are thirty students in our class.(我们班有三十个学生。) 2.序数词表示顺序→例句：He lives on the fifth floor.(他住在五楼。) 3.分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时分母加s一例句：one third(三分之 一)：two fifths(五分之二) 4.倍数表达：倍数+as+形容词原级+as→例句：This room is twice as big as that one.(这个房 间是那个房间的两倍大。) 5.年代表达：in the+年份复数→例句：in the1990s（在二十世纪九十年代) 6.年龄表达：基数词+years old→例句：She is twelve years old..（她十二岁了。) 7.时刻表达：基数词+o'clock(整点)：分钟+past/to+小时→例句：It's seven o'clock.(七点 了。)：a quarter past eight(八点十五分)：ten to nine(八点五十) 8.编号表达：the+序数词+名词/名词+基数词→例句：the first lesson(第一课)：Lesson One (第一课) 9.确数与概数：hundred,.thousand,million前有具体数字时用单数，无具体数字时加s并与of连 用一例句：two hundred people(两百人)：hundreds of people(成百上千的人) l0.加减乘除表达：plus/add(加)，minus(减)，times/multiply(乘)，divide(除)→例句：Three plus two is five.(三加二等于五。)：Ten minus three is seven.(十减三等于七。) 特殊用法辨析（中考易错）： l.基数词表示顺序时，名词在前，数词在后，首字母大写→例句：Class Three(三班)：Grade Siⅸ（六年级） 2.“几十”的复数形式表示“几十年代”或“几十岁”→例句：in one's thirties(在某人三十多 岁时)：in the eighties(在八十年代) 考法精析 考法一：关系代词与关系副词的辨析 核心：根据先行词类型及从句成分（缺主语/宾语还是状语），选择正确的关系词 真题1（语法填空）： The city_we visited last year has changed a lot. 答案：which/that 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 解析：先行词“the city”指物，从句中“visited”后缺宾语，应用关系代词which或that,且宾语可省略 真题2（单项选择)： This is the villagemy grandparents lived for thirty years. A.who B.which C.where D.whose 答案：C 解析：先行词“the village”表地点，从句中“lived”后缺地点状语，应用关系副词where 考法二：情态动词与虚拟语气在定语从句中的综合运用 核心：结合定语从句的关系词选择，判断情态动词表推测或虚拟语气中时态的正确使用 真题1（语法填空）： The girl_(might leave)the classroom just now is my deskmate,who always follows the rules. 答案：might have left 解析：由时间标志词“just now”可知动作发生在过去，结合定语从句“who always follows the rules'” 对先行词“the girl”的限定，此处表对过去情况的推测，might have done结构符合语境，表“可能 已经离开”。 真题2（单项填空）： The suggestion_we(should)hold a party next week was put forward by Lily,_we trust very much. A.which:whom B.that;who C.why,which D.where;that 答案：B 解析：第一空为同位语从句，解释说明suggestion的内容，用that引导且that不可省略；第二空为 非限制性定语从句，先行词Lily指人，在从句中作宾语，用who或whom,此处用who符合语法规 则。 考法三：冠词、数词与定语从句的综合运用 核心：结合语境正确使用冠词、数词，同时掌握定语从句中关系代词/副词的选择 真题1（单项选择)： The girl bought_useful book yesterday.book is about history of China and includes stories_ happened in the 19th century. A.a The the which B.an A/that C.aA the who D.an The/which 6 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 答案：A 解析：第一空“useful”以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a表泛指：第二空特指上文提到的书，用定冠 词the:第三空“history of China”为特指，用定冠词the;第四空引导定语从句修饰先行词stories (指物)，在从句中作主语，用关系代词which/that,选项中A符合。 真题2（语法填空)： I have two brothers.The_(two)one is a doctor_works in a hospital-is in the-(five)street. 答案：second who/that which/that fifth 解析：第一空表示顺序用序数词second:第二空引导定语从句修饰先行词doctor(指人)，在从句 中作主语，用who/hat:第三空引导定语从句修饰先行词hospital(指物)，在从句中作主语，用 which/that: 第四空表示“第五大街”用序数词ffh。 解题小妙招 定语从句解题妙招 关系代词与副词，先看先行词类型： 物用which或that,人用who、whom、whose: 从句缺主宾，代词来帮忙： 若缺状语表地点，where来登场： 时间状语when用，原因状语why强。 情态动词与虚拟，时态推测要注意： 过去推测用完成，might have加done: suggestion后接同位语，hat引导不分离： 非限制性定语从句，指代人用who或whom。 冠词用法要分明，特指双方都熟悉，he来表； 泛指一类人或物，a/an莫忘记： most表非常非最高，a most很合理： 情态动词表推测，might可能性最低，may次之must极： 结合语境细判断，语法填空不费力。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.We visited the museum-has a collection of ancient coins last weekend. A.who B.where C.which D.what 2.This is the only bookcan help you solve the problem. A.who B.that C.which D.what 7 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 3.You_smoke in the library-it's against the rules. A.mustn't B.needn't C.might not D.couldn't 4.The girl is talking to our teacher might be the winner of the competition. A.whom B.which C.who D.whose 5.If I you,Iaccept the job offer immediately. A.am;will B.were;would C.was;should D.be;could 6.Hehave finished the task,but he was too lazy. A.must B.should C.might D.can 7.This is the villagemy father grew up. A.when B.where C.which D.why 8.-Is this the restaurant_you mentioned yesterday? -Yes,and the food-they serve here is delicious. A.which:that B.where;which C.that:where D.which:where 9.She-speak French fluently,but now she has forgotten most of it. A.can B.could C.may D.might 10.The suggestion_we should hold a sports meeting next month was supported by everyone. A.which B.when C.that D.where 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The boy_(wear)a blue jacket is my brother. 2.You_(not park)your car here-it's a no-parking zone. 3.This is the first time I(visit)the Great Wall. 4.If she(study)harder,she would have passed the exam. 5.The book cover is red was written by my favorite author. 6.He(must finish)his homework already,for he is playing outside now. 7.I still remember the day we first met in the park. 8.She suggested that we-(start)the project early 9.The man_we talked to just now is the headmaster. 10.You_(may leave)the room if you have finished your work. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） I live in a small town-(1)is surrounded by mountains.Last year,I met a girl-(2)father is a famous doctor.She told me that her father(3)(save)many lives during the epidemic.One day,she invited me to visit her father's hospital,_(4)I saw many patients_(5)were recovering. 8 高中人教版高中语法全解 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 Her father,(6)is kind and patient,told us that doctors_(7)always be responsible for their patients.He also suggested that we-(8)(learn)basic medical knowledge.-(9)(listen)to his words,I realized that being a doctor is_(10)noble job 答案区 演练-：1.C2.B3.A4.C5B6B7.B8.A9.B10.C 演练二： 1.who/that is wearing 2.mustn't park 3.have visited 4.had studied 5.whose 6.must have finished 7.when 8.(should)start 9.whom/who/that 10.may leave 演练三： 1.which/that 2.whose 3.had saved 4.where 5.who/that 6.who 7.must 8.(should)learn 9.Listening 10.a