句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（人教版）

高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 语法精讲 【专题】句子基本类型与成分讲解 人教版高中语法全解 考频分析 人教版高中句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是重点语法模块，考频占句法总量的25%左右，贯 穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择3-4题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空3-4题、书面表达核心考察，直 接影响句子结构完整性与逻辑准确性。在语境理解类题目中，句子成分的划分及基本句型的判断往 往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句（肯定/否定）、疑问句（一般/特殊/选择/反意）、祈使句、感叹句的构成与语 气辨析 ·句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语（直接/间接）、表语、定语、状语、补语的识别与功能分析，及复杂 句式中成分的划分 知识点一：句子基本类型及构成成分 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点，句末用句号） 。肯定句：主语+谓语+其他成分→例句：She studies English every morning.(她每天早上学英 语) 。否定句：主语+助动词+not+谓语+其他成分→例句：He doesn't like playing football..(他不喜 欢踢足球) 2.疑问句（提出疑问，句末用问号） 。一般疑问句：助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分→例句：Do you often go to the park?(你经常去 公园吗) ·特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序→例句：Where did she go yesterday?(她昨天去哪 里了) 3.祈使句（表达命令、请求或建议，主语常省略） 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 。肯定祈使句：动词原形+其他成分→例句：Open the window,please.(请打开窗户) ●否定祈使句：Don't+动词原形+其他成分→例句：Don't be late for class.(上课不要迟到) 4.感叹句（表达强烈情感，句末用感叹号） 。What引导：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语→例句：What a beautiful flower it is! （多美的一朵花啊) ·How引导：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语→例句：How fast he runs!(他跑得真快啊) 知识点二：句子成分与基本句型 1.主语（动作的发出者或描述对象） ·定义：句子中表示“谁”或“什么”的部分，是谓语动作的执行者或被描述的主体 ·常见形式：名词(The cat)、代词(He/She/They)、动名词(Swimming)、不定式(To learn English) ·例句： 1.The dog is running.(名词The dog作主语) 2.She likes music.(代词She作主语) 3.Swimming is good exercise.(动名词Swimming作主语) 2.谓语（表示动作或状态） 。定义：说明主语的动作、状态或特征，通常由动词或动词短语充当 ·分类：实义动词（有具体动作）、系动词（连接主语和表语，如be/is/am/are/was/were) 。例句： 1.They study hard.（实义动词study作谓语) 2.The flowers are beautiful.(系动词are作谓语，连接主语和表语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者） ·定义：表示谓语动作的对象，通常位于及物动词或介词之后 ·常见形式：名词(a book)、代词(it/hem)、不定式(todo)、从句(what he said) 。例句： l.I bought a new per.(名词短语a new pen作宾语) 2.She helps me.(代词me作宾语) 3.He wants to go.(不定式togo作宾语) 2 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 4.表语（说明主语的性质、状态、身份） ·定义：位于系动词之后，补充说明主语的特征、状态或身份 ·常见形式：形容词(happy)、名词(teacher)、介词短语(in the room)、副词(here) ·例句： l.My mother is a doctor.(名词a doctor作表语) 2.The weather is sunny..(形容词sunny作表语) 3.They are in the classroom.(介词短语in the classroom作表语) 5.基本句型 1.主谓(S+V):主语+不及物动词 ·例句：Birds fly.(Birds主语，fly不及物动词作谓语) 2.主谓宾(S+V+O):主语+及物动词+宾语 ·例句：We love our country.(We主语，love及物动词，our country宾语) 3.主系表(S+LinkV+P):主语+系动词+表语 ·例句：He is a student.(He主语，is系动词，a student表语) 4.主谓双宾(S+V+IO+D0):主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） ●例句：My father bought me a bike.(My father主语，bought及物动词，me间接宾语，a bike直接 宾语) 5.主谓宾宾补（S+V+O+C):主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ·例句：We call her Lucy.(We主语，call及物动词，her宾语，Lucy宾补) 知识点三：句子基本类型与成分 1.主谓宾结构 。基础句型拓展（中考必背）： 1.主语+及物动词+宾语→例句：She likes English.(她喜欢英语。) 2.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句：My mother gave me a gif进.（妈妈给了我一份 礼物。) 3.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语→例句：We call her Lucy.(我们叫她露西。) 。常见及物动词搭配： 3 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 1.love+宾语→例句：I love reading books.(我喜欢读书。) 2.teach+双宾语→例句：He teaches us math..(他教我们数学。) 3.find+宾语+宾补→例句：She finds English easy.(她发现英语很简单。) 2.主系表结构 ·基础句型拓展（中考必背）： 1.主语+be动词+表语→例句：They are students.(他们是学生。) 2.主语+感官系动词+表语→例句：The food tastes delicious.(食物尝起来很美味。) 3.主语+状态系动词+表语→例句：He seems happy today.(他今天似乎很高兴。) ·常见系动词分类： 1.be动词：am/is/are/was/were→例句：She is a teacher.(她是一名老师。) 2.感官动词：look/sound/taste/smel/feel→例句：The music sounds beautiful.（音乐听起来很美。) 3.变化动词：become/get/tum/grow→例句：Leaves turn yellow in autumn.(树叶在秋天变黄。) 3.主谓结构 。基础句型拓展（中考必背)： 1.主语+不及物动词→例句：Birds fly.（鸟会飞。) 2.主语+不及物动词+状语→例句：He runs fast..（他跑得快。) 3.主语+不及物动词+介词短语→例句：They live in Beijing.(他们住在北京。) ·常见不及物动词： 1.un→例句：She runs every morning.(她每天早上跑步。) 2.arrive→例句：We arrive at school at7:30.(我们7：30到达学校。) 3.happen→例句：An accident happened yesterday..(昨天发生了一场事故。) 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词作状语辨析 核心：根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系及句子语境，判断使用不定式、现在分词还是过去分词 作状语 真题1（语法填空）： -(learn)more about Chinese culture,he decided to take a course in Chinese history. 答案：To learn 4 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 解析：句意为“为了更多地了解中国文化，他决定选一门中国历史课”，表示目的，用动词不定式 作目的状语，句首首字母大写。 真题2（单项选择)： -by the beautiful scenery,the tourists stopped to take photos. A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To attract D.Attract 答案：B 解析：“the tourists”与“attract”之间是被动关系，意为“被美丽的风景吸引”，用过去分词作原因 状语，故选B。 考法二：非谓语动词与定语从句融合 核心：结合非谓语动词（不定式、分词）作定语与定语从句的转换，判断两种结构在语境中的正确使用 真题1（语法填空）： The girl-(sit)by the window is my best friend.She always helps me with my English. 答案：sitting 解析：此处需用非谓语动词作定语修饰girl,sit与girl为主动关系，用现在分词sitting;若转换为 定语从句则为”The girl who is sitting by the window..” 真题2（单项选择）： Do you know the boy_a red T-shirt?He is looking for his lost book. A.wears B.wearing C.to wear D.worn 答案：B 解析：句中已有谓语动词know,需用非谓语动词作定语，wear与boy是主动关系，用现在分词 wearing:相当于定语从句'the boy who is wearing ared T-shirt',A项为谓语动词形式会导致句子双 谓语，C项不定式表将来，D项过去分词表被动，均不符合语境。 考法三：句子类型、成分与主谓一致综合辨析 核心：结合句子类型判断结构特点，分析成分划分及主谓一致规则的综合应用 真题1（单项选择）： -exciting news it is!All of us are happy about it. A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 答案：A 解析：此句为感叹句，中心词“news”是不可数名词，符合What引导感叹句结构“What+形容词 +不可数名词+主语+谓语”，无需冠词a/an。 真题2（语法填空）： My family_(watch)TV together every evening.They all like this program. 5 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 答案：watch 解析：主语“family”在此处表示家庭成员，强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式：由时间标志“every evening”可知用一般现在时，故填watch。 解题小妙招 非谓语动词作状语妙招 目的状语用不定式，句首句中皆可行： 作状语看主被动，主动用现分，被动用过分： 分词作状表状态，时间原因伴随情。 非谓语作定语妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动现分被动过： 不定式作定表将来，位置多在名词后： 现分过分置名后，相当于定语从句。 综合应用妙招 非谓定从先判断，关系主动用现分，被动关系用过分： 强调句式It is/was,被强调部分放中间，that/who跟后面： 多重复合看结构，先析主干再添枝，层层剥离见本质。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.the early bus,he got up at 5:30 a.m. A.Catch B.To catch C.Catching D.Caught 2.The novelby Lu Xun is still popular among young readers. A.writing B.wrote C.written D.to write 3.I found a wallet_on the street and handed it to the police. A.lie B.lying C.to lie D.lain 4.-carefully,the notes will help you review the lesson better A.Read B.Reading C.To read D.Readed 5.Not only my parents but also my sisterinterested in painting. A.is B.are C.was D.were 6.It was in this room we held our first meeting last year. A.which B.where C.that D.when 6 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 7.If I you,I would apologize to her immediately. A.am B.was C.were D.be 8.The teacher suggested that wemore attention to grammar rules. A.pay B.paid C.paying D.to pay 9.he was tired,he continued working on the project. A.Because B.Although C.If D.When 10.Have you seen the film-tells the story of a brave firefighter? A.who B.what C.which D.where 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.She decided(study)abroad next year to improve her language skills. 2.The children are looking forward to(visit)the science museum. 3.The meeting-(hold)yesterday was about environmental protection. 4.(not make)the same mistake again,he took detailed notes. 5.My brother has a habit of(listen)to music while doing homework. 6.I have a lot of homework-(finish)before the weekend. 7.The girl_(cry)over there must have lost her way. 8.It is important for us-(learn)to solve problems independently. 9.The book(publish)next month will be his third novel. 10.-(inspire)by her story,many young people started volunteering. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) A group of students from our school recently participated in a community service project.They decided -(help)elderly people living alone in the neighborhood.On Saturday morning,they gathered at the com- munity center,(carry)gifts and homemade cards.One student,(name)Li Ming,said he felt happy to spend time with the elderly. An 85-year-old lady(live)alone shared stories about her youth,(make)everyone laugh.The students also helped with housework,such as(clean)windows and tidying rooms.When asked about the experi- ence,a volunteer said,"(see)the smiles on their faces made all our efforts worthwhile." This project not only brought joy to the elderly but also taught the students the value of(care)for others. It is activities like this help build a warmer society.The students plan(organize)similar events in the future. 7 高中人教版 【语法专版】 句法全解 答案区 演练-：1B2.C3B4.A5.A6.C7.C8.A9B10.C 1.to study 2.visiting 3.held 4.Not to make 5.listening 6.to finish 7.crying 8.to learn 9.to be published 10.Inspired 1.to help 2.carrying 3.named 4.living 5.making 6.cleaning 7.Seeing 8.caring 9.that 10.to organize