基础动词用法 情态动词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（北师大版）

高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 语法专版 【专题】情态动词系统讲解 基础动词用法 考频分析 北师大版高中英语中，情态动词是基础动词用法中的重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右， 贯穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择3-4题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空2-2题、书面表达核心考察， 直接影响句子语气表达与情境适配性。在语境理解类题日中，情态动词的推测用法、情态意义及语 气强弱往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ●基本词义辨析：ca/could、may/might、must/have to、should/ought to、.will/would等情态动词表能力、 许可、推测、义务、意愿等基本含义的区分 。推测用法层级：不同情态动词(must/can't/may/might/could)在肯定、否定、疑问语境中表推测的语 气强弱及适用场景 。特殊结构与语气：情态动词+have done表对过去情况的推测或虚拟（如should have done),情态动 词用于虚拟语气（如if I were you,I would.)及情景交际中的委婉表达 知识点一：情态动词的分类及基础用法 1.表能力（客观能力过去能力） 。常见情态动词：can(现在/将来能力)、could(过去能力/委婉请求) ·例句：(I)She can speak three languages fluently.(现在能力)(2)I could swim across the river when I was10.(过去能力) 2.表许可（请求许可/给予许可） ·常见情态动词：may(正式许可)、can(非正式许可)、might(委婉请求) ·例句：(I)May I use your dictionary?(请求正式许可)(2)You can leave early today.(给予非正式许可) 3.表推测（肯定推测/可能性推测） 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 。常见情态动词：must(肯定推测，90%以上概率)、may/might(可能推测，50%-70%概率)、can't (否定推测，0%概率) ·例句：(I)He must be at home now.(肯定推测)(2)This book may be useful for your study.(可能性推 测) 4.表义务/建议（必须/应该/禁止) ·常见情态动词：must（主观必须)、have to(客观必须)、should(建议/责任)、ought to(道义责任) ·例句：(l)You must wear a seatbelt while driving.(主观必须)(2)We should help people in need.(建 议)(3)You don't have to come tomorrow.(客观不必) 知识点二：情态动词基本用法与常见搭配 1.can/could(能力、许可、推测) 。基本含义与用法：ca:表示现在的能力(“能，会”)、许可(“可以”，口语中较随意)、否定推测 (“不可能”，用于否定句/疑问句) could:表示过去的能力、委婉请求或推测（可能性比can低）、许可（过去时） 。结构与例句： 1.能力：(I)She can speak three languages.(现在能力，can+动词原形speak)(2)I could swim when I was five.(过去能力，could+动词原形swim) 2.许可：(I)Can I borrow your pen?(口语请求许可，can+动词原形borrow)(2)You could leave early yesterday.(过去许可，could+动词原形leave) 3.推测：(1)The answer can't be right.（否定推测，can't+动词原形be)(2)This could be his book. (可能性推测，could+-动词原形be) 2.may/might(许可、推测、请求) ·基本含义与用法：my:表示正式许可(“可以”)、肯定推测(“可能”，用于肯定句)、礼貌请求 (“可以吗”) might:表示推测（可能性比may低）、过去的许可、委婉建议 ·结构与例句： 1.许可：(I)You may come in now.(正式许可，may+动词原形come)(2)He might leave the room yesterday.(过去许可，might+-动词原形leave) 2.推测：(I)It may rain tomorrow.(可能推测，may+动词原形rain)(2)She might be at home.(较 低可能性推测，might+动词原形be) 3.请求：(I)May I use your phone?(礼貌请求，May+主语+动词原形use) 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 3.must/have to(必须、肯定推测) 。基本含义与用法：must:表示主观义务(“必须”，强调说话人要求)、肯定推测(“一定”，用于肯 定句) have to::表示客观需要(“不得不”，强调外界要求)，有人称/时态变化(has to/had to/will have to) 。结构与例句： 1.义务/需要：(1)You must finish your homework first.(主观必须，must+动词原形finish)(2)She has to get up early for school.(客观需要，has to+动词原形get)(3)They had to stay at home yesterday.(过去客观需要，had to+动词原形stay) 2.推测：(I)He must be in the classroom.(肯定推测，must+动词原形be)(2)This must be the right way.(must+动词原形be) 4.should/ought to（建议、责任、推测) 。基本含义与用法：should:表示建议(“应该”)、责任义务(“应当”)、推测(“按理说”) ought to:含义与should基本相同，结构为“ought to+动词原形” ·结构与例句： 1.建议/责任：(I)You should study harder..(建议，should+动词原形study)(2)We ought to help each other.（责任，ought to+动词原形help) 2.推测：(I)He should arrive by now.(推测，should+动词原形arrive)(2)The book ought to be interesting.(ought to+动词原形be) 5.wil/would（意愿、习惯、请求) 。基本含义与用法：wl:表示主观意愿(“愿意”)、客观趋势(“会”)、习惯性动作(“总是”)、第二 人称疑问句表请求 would:表示过去意愿、委婉请求（比will更礼貌)、过去习惯性动作 。结构与例句： 1.意愿/趋势：(I)I will help you..(主观意愿，wi+动词原形help)(2)The sun will rise in the east. (客观趋势，will+动词原形rise) 2.习惯：(I)He will often read in the morning.(现在习惯，will+动词原形read)(2)She would go for a walk after dinner.(过去习惯，would+动词原形go) 3.请求：(I)Will you pass the salt'?(请求，Wi+主语+动词原形pass)(2)Would you please open the window?(委婉请求，Would you please+动词原形open) 6.need/dare(需要、敢于) 。基本含义与用法（情态动词用法，用于否定句/凝问句）：nee:表示“需要”，否定式为needn't(“不 必”) dare:表示“敢于”，否定式为daren't(“不敢”) 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 。结构与例句： 1.need:(I)You needn't come early.(不必，needn't+动词原形come)(2)Need I finish it today?(需 要吗，Need+主语+动词原形finish) 2.dare:(I)She daren't speak in public.(不敢，daren't+动词原形speak)(2)Dare he jump into the river?(敢吗，Dare+主语+动词原形jump) 知识点三：情态动词 1.基础含义与用法（中考必背） 1.can(能/会/何以)→例句：I can speak English and Chinese 2.may(可以/何能)一例句：May I borrow your pen'? 3.must(必须/一定)→例句：You must finish your homework first. 4.should(应该)→例句：We should help each other.. 5.will(将要/愿意)→例句：I will visit my uncle next week. 6.would(将要/愿意，wil的过去式)→例句：She said she would come back soon. 7.need(需要，用于否定/疑问句)→例句：You needn't wait for me. 8.have to(不得不，强调客观)→例句：have to get up early for school. 2.否定形式与用法（中考易错) 1.can't（不能/不可能)→例句：He can't swim across the river. 2.nustn't(禁止)→例句：You mustn't park here. 3.shouldn't(不应该)→例句：You shouldn't eat too much candy. 4.needn't(不必)→例句：Need I go now?No,you needn't, 5.won't(不会/不愿意)→例句：She won't tell me the secret.. 3.情态动词表推测（中考核心） 1.must（肯定推测，用于肯定句)→例句：This must be Tom's book. 2.may/might(可能推测，may可能性更大)→例句：He may come tomorrow../She might be at home.. 3.can't(否定推测，用于否定句)→例句：It can't be a dog.It's too small. 4.could(过去的可能/委婉推测)→例句：He could speak English when he was five. 考法精析 考法一：情态动词表推测的时态差异 4 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 核心：根据语境判断推测的时间（现在/过去），选择正确的情态动词+动词形式结构 真题1（语法填空）： The door is locked.They_(go)out for dinner.(可能性推测) 答案：may have gone 解析：由“门是锁着的”可知是对过去动作的可能性推测，结构为“may/might+have+过去分词”， 此处用may have gone表“可能已经出去”。 真题2（单项选择)： She looks worried.She know the bad news. A.must B.must have C.can D.can have 答案：A 解析：由“looksworried”可知是对现在状态的肯定推测，结构为“must+be/动词原形”，此处“know” 为动词原形，用must表“一定知道”。 考法二：情态动词表推测与时态呼应 核心：根据上下文时间语境（现在/过去），选择正确的情态动词推测结构(must/may/might/.cam't+ be/have done) 真题1（语法填空）： The door is locked.He(go)out for shopping. 答案：must have gone 解析：由'door is locked',可知是对过去动作的肯定推测，结构为must+have+过去分词，go的过去 分词为gone。 真题2（单项选择）： She looks worried.Shebe waiting for an important call now. A.must B.must have C.may have D.can 答案：A 解析：由'now”可知是对现在状态的推测，结构为must+be+doing,符合语境”一定正在等电话”。 考法三：情态动词的综合运用与语境辨析 核心：结合时态呼应判断情态动词含义，区分同一情态动词在不同语境中的多义性及委婉表达差异 真题1（单项选择)： -I borrow your dictionary?I need to look up a word. -Sure,here you are. A.Must B.Should C.May D.Will 答案：C 解析：根据语境“请求借字典”，需用表许可的情态动词。My用于正式礼貌请求许可，符合语境： Must表必须，Should表建议，Will表意愿，均不符合请求许可的语境。 真题2（语法填空）： You_(not worry)about me yesterday.I was safe at home all day. 答案：needn't have worried 5 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 解析：由时间标志词“yesterday”可知为过去语境，“不必担心”用needn't+have done结构表过去 本不必做某事：needn't have worried符合“过去不必担心”的语境含义。 解题小妙招 情态动词推测妙招 推测时间先判断，现在过去是关键： 现在推测原形跟，must may might能行； 过去推测有特点，have done跟后边： 肯定must很确定，可能may might用常见： 否定can't表不可能，上下文里找依据： should have表本应，虚拟语气要牢记。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.You_smoke in the library-it's against the rules. A.mustn't B.needn't C.wouldn't D.mightn't 2.The ground is wet.It rained heavily last night. A.must have B.may have C.can have D.should have 3.She looks happy,shehave passed the exam. A.must B.must have C.can D.can have 4.You-told me you were coming-I would have prepared dinner. A.must B.should C.might D.could 5.Whyyou interrupt me while I was talking? A.must B.can C.may D.will 6.He be at home now-his car is still in the driveway. A.must B.must have C.may have D.can 7.Youhave bought so much bread;we still have plenty left. A.mustn't B.needn't C.shouldn't D.can't 8.If I had known you were coming,I have baked a cake. A.will B.would C.must D.may 9.Shespeak French fluently when she was five. A.can B.could C.may D.must 6 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 10.We_as well take the bus;the taxi is too expensive. A.must B.should C.may D.would 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The light is off,sohe_(go)to bed already.(肯定推测+过去动作) 2.You_(not wait)for me yesterday,.I told you I would be late..(本不必做但做了) 3.She looks tired,she_(work)all night..(可能性推测+过去动作) 4.Students_(ot cheat)in exams.(禁止) 5.You一(tel)him the truth-一now he's angry with us..（本应该做但未做) 6.It_(rain)tomorrow,the weather forecast says there'sa60%chance.(可能性推测+将来) 7.They_(finish)the project by now-一it was due last week.(肯定推测+现在完成时) 8.Why_you always_(interupt)me when I'm speaking?(偏偏、偏要) 9.We_(take)a taxi,the bus is not coming.(不妨做某事) l0.He_(be)a doctor,but he chose to be a teacher instead..(本可以做但未做) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的情态动词或其正确形式。 Last month,I forgot my best friend Lily's birthday.When I finally remembered,I felt terribleI 1.(remember)it earlier.Lily said she wasn't angry,but I knew I 2.(apologize)properly. Yesterday,I met Lily at the mall.She was carrying a heavy bag,so I offered to help."You 3.-(not carry) this alone,"I said.She smiled and said,"Thank you!I 4.-(ask)for help before,but I didn't want to bother anyone.” Later,we talked about her birthday."I 5.(go)to the party you planned,but I was sick that day,"she explained.I felt relieved-so she 6.-(not be)upset because of me after all! On my way home,I thought about our conversation.If I 7.(check)my calendar,I wouldn't have forgotten her birthday.Now,I 8.(be)more careful.Lily is such a good friend;I9.(take)better care of our friendship. Next week,I 10.-(invite)her to dinner to make up for it.She loves Italian food,so that 11.-(be)a great idea! 7 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 答案区 演练-：1.A2.A3.B4.B5.A6.A7B8B9B10.C 演练二：1.must have gone2.needn't have waited3.may have worked/might have worked4.mustn't cheat 5.should have told 6.may rain/might rain 7.must have finished 8.must;interrupt 9.may as well take 10.could have been 1.should have remembered 2.must apologize/had to apologize 3.needn't have carried 4.could have asked 5.might have gone/may have gone 6.can't have been 7.had checked 8.must be 9.should take/ought to take 10.will invite 11.must be/may be P