构词法-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习(译林版)

2026-02-10
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高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 语法专版 【专题】构词法(前缀、后缀、合成及词性 转换等)》 高中语法专项突破 考频分析 初三译林版中,构词法是重点语法模块,考频占词法总量的15%左右,贯穿试卷多个核心题型:单 项选择(1-2题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、词汇运用(核心考察,直接影响词形转 换的准确性)。在语境理解类题目中,前缀、后缀的语义辨析及词性转换往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。前缀构词:否定前缀(un-、dis-、in-)、时间/方位前缀(pre-、post-、inter-)的含义及加前缀后的词 义变化 ·后缀构词:名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-er)、形容词后缀(-fl、-less、-ous)、副词后缀(-y)的构成 规则及词性辨别 ·合成构词:合成名词(classroom、newspa即er)、合成形容词(hard-working、world-famous)、合成动 词(download、overcome)的构成方式与语义理解 ·词性转换:常见动词与名词(act-action)、形容词与副词(quick-quickly)、名词与形容词(danger- dangerous)的相互转换规则及语境运用 知识点一:构词法(前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等) 1.前缀(加于词根前改变词义) 1.常见类型: 。否定前缀(un-/dis-/in-) ●表”前/后”(pre-/p0st-) 。表”共同”(c0-) 2.例句: 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 ·happy一unhappy(un-表否定,形容词) ●like-→dislike(dis-表否定,动词) 。possible一impossible(in-表否定,形容词) 2.后缀(加于词根后改变词性或词义) 1.名词后缀(-er/-tion/-ment): ●teach→teacher(教师) 。act→action(行动) ·develop→development(发展) 2.形容词后缀(-ful/-less/-ous): 。care→careful(小心的) ●hope→hopeless(无望的) 。danger→dangerous(危险的) 3.动词后缀(-en/-ize): ·wide→widen(拓宽) ●modern→modernize(使现代化) 3.合成词(由两个或以上单词组合而成) 1.合成名词: ·class+room→classroom(教室) ●book+store→bookstore(书店) 2.合成形容词: 。good+looking→good-looking(好看的) ●world+famous→world-famous(世界闻名的) 3.合成动词: ●over+come→overcome(克服) ●out+brek→outbreak(爆发) 4.词性转换(不改变词形或仅轻微变化,改变词性) 1.名词→动词: ●water(水,名词)→water(浇水,动词) 2 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 。hand(手,名词)→hand(传递,动词) 2.动词→名词: ●un(跑,动词)→un(跑步,名词) 。love(爱,动词)→love(爱情,名词) 3.形容词→副词: 。quick(快的)→quickly(快地) 。happy(开心的)一happily(开心地) 知识点二:构词法(前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换) 1.前缀(改变词义,不改变词性) 1.常见否定前缀: ·un-(不,相反):unhappy(不高兴的)、unlike(不像)、uncover(揭露) ●dis(不,否定):dislike(不喜欢)、disagree(不同意)、dishonest(不诚实的) ·im-(用于以mp/b开头的词,不):impossible(不可能的)、impolite(不礼貌的) 。in-(不,无):incorrect(不正确的)、inactive(不活跃的)、入invisible(看不见的) 2.其他常见前缀: 。re-(再,又,重新):rewrite(重写)、repeat(重复)、rebuild(重建) 。pre-(在…之前):preheat(预热)、prefix(前缀)、prehistory(史前) ·post.(在…之后):postwar(战后的)、postgraduate(研究生) ·mis-(错误地):misunderstand(误解)、mislead(误导)、misspell(拼错) 2.后缀(改变词性,部分改变词义) 1.名词后缀: ·-er/or(人,从事…职业的人):teacher(教师)、worker(工人)、actor(演员) 。-ist(从事…的人,信仰…的人):artist(艺术家)、scientist(科学家) ·-ment(行为,结果):development(发展)、agreement(同意)、movement(运动) ·tion/sion(行为,状态):education(教育)、invitation(邀请)、discussion(讨论) ·-ness(性质,状态):happiness(幸福)、kindness(善良)、darkness(黑暗) 2.形容词后缀: 。-ful(充满…的):careful(小心的)、helpful(有帮助的)、beautiful(美丽的) 3 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 。-less(无…的,不…的):careless(粗心的)、homeless(无家可归的)、useless(无用的) 。-y(多…的,有…的):rainy(下雨的)、suny(晴朗的)、cloudy(多云的入angy(生气的) 。-able/ible(可…的,能…的):comfortable(舒服的)、enjoyable(愉快的)、possible(可能 的) ·-ing(令人…的):interesting(有趣的)、exciting(令人兴奋的)、boring(无聊的) ·-ed(感到…的):interested(感兴趣的)、excited(兴奋的)、bored(感到无聊的) 3.副词后缀: 。-y(…地,形容词变副词):quickly(快速地)、slowly(慢慢地)、happily(高兴地) 。(注:部分形容词本身以-y结尾,如friendly”友好的”,lovely'可爱的”,并非副词) 3.合成词(由两个或多个单词合成的新词) 1.合成名词: ·名词+名词:classroom(教室)、schoolbag(书包)、newspaper(报纸) ·形容词+名词:blackboard(黑板)、greenhouse(温室)、highway(高速公路) 。动词+名词:breakfast(早餐)、pickpocket(扒手) 2.合成形容词: 。名词+形容词:world-famous(世界闻名的)、snow-white(雪白的) ●形容词+名词+ed:wam-hearted(热心的)、two-legged(两条腿的) 。副词+动词+ed:well-known(著名的)、newy-built(新建的) 3.合成动词: 。副词+动词:overcome(克服)、underline(在…下划线)、update(更新) ●名词+动词:sunbathe(日光浴)、babysit(照顾婴儿) 4.词性转换(常见词形变化规律) 1.名词→动词: ·名词+en:strength(力量)→strengthen(加强)、length(长度)一→lengthen(加长) 。名词+y:honor(荣誉)→honor(授予荣誉)、beauty(美丽)→beautify(美化) 2.动词→名词(见”后缀-名词后缀'部分,如teach-→teacher,develop→development) 3.形容词→副词(见”后缀-副词后缀”部分,如quick→quickly,happy→happily) 4.形容词名词: 。形容词+ness:happy-→happiness,sad→sadness 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 ·形容词+th:tue(真的)→tuth(真理)、wam(温暖的)→warmth(温暖) 5.动词→形容词: ●动词+ing:interest-→interesting,excite-→exciting ●动词+ed:interest-→interested,excite-→excited ·动词+able:drink-一drinkable(可饮用的),accept-→acceptable(可接受的) 知识点三:构词法 1.前缀 1.常见前缀拓展(中考必背): ·un-(表否定)一unhappy(不开心的)→例句:She feels unhappy today. ·re-(表重复)→rewrite(重写)→例句:I need to rewrite my composition. ·dis-(表否定)→disagree(不同意)一例句:They disagree with the plan 。im-(表否定,用于以b,p,m开头的词前)→impossible(不可能的)→例句:It's impossible to finish it in an hour. ·en-(表使成为)→enjoy(使享受)→例句:We enjoy the sunshine. 。pre-(表在前)→preview(预习)→例句:Please preview the new lesson. 。mis(表错误)→misunderstand(误解)→例句:Don't misunderstand me ·in-(表否定)→incorrect(不正确的)→例句:Your answer is incorrect. 。sub-(表在下)→subway(地铁)→例句:I take the subway to school. 。inter--(表之间)→international(国际的)一例句:This is an international school.. 2.后缀 1.名词后缀(中考核心): 。-er(表人或物)→teacher(教师)→例句:My mother is a teacher. ·-or(表人)→doctor(医生)→例句:He wants to be a doctor. 。-tion(表动作或状态)→information(信息)→例句:I need more information. 。-ment(表行为或结果)→development(发展)→例句:The development of technology is fast ·-ness(表性质或状态)→goodness(善良)→例句:Her goodness makes us like her:. 2.形容词后缀(中考常考): 。-ful(表充满)→helpful(有帮助的)→例句:He is a helpful boy. 。-less(表没有)→useless(无用的)→例句:This pen is useless. 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 ·-able(表能够)→comfortable(舒适的)→例句:This chair is comfortable ●-ous(表具有…性质)→dangerous(危险的)→例句:It's dangerous to cross the road. 。-y(表多…的)→cloudy(多云的)→例句:Today is cloudy. 3.合成词 1.常见合成词类型(中考基础): 。名词+名词→classroom(教室)一→例句:We study in the classroom. 。形容词+名词→blackboard(黑板)一→例句:The teacher writes on the blackboard. ·动词+名词→playground(操场)一例句:We play on the playground.. 。副词+动词→income(收入)→例句:His income is very high 。名词+动词一sunrise(日出)→例句:We watch the sunrise.. 。形容词+动词→highlight(强调)→例句:Please highlight the key points,. 。副词+名词→downtown(市中心)→例句:I go downtown every Sunday. ·动词+副词→breakthrough(突破)→例句:They made a breakthrough. 考法精析 考法一:构词法综合运用 核心:根据词根及构词规则(前缀、后缀、合成、词性转换),判断单词的词性变化或词义派生 真题1(语法填空): The little girl looked at the broken toy with_(hope)eyes. 答案:hopeless 解析:由broken toy'”(坏了的玩具)可知女孩眼神应表否定意义;根据知识点一后缀’-less”表” 无/没有',hope(希望)加后缀-less构成hopeless(无望的),修饰名词eyes。 真题2(单项填空): Tom wants to_(wide)his knowledge by reading more books. A.wide B.widely C.widen D.width 答案:C 解析:根据知识点一动词后缀-en”表”使”,形容词wide(宽的)加后缀-en构成动词widen(拓 宽);固定搭配want to do sth.(想要做某事)需用动词原形,故选C。 考法二:构词法与非谓语动词结合 6 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 核心:通过构词法判断词根及词性变化,结合非谓语动词的功能(如作定语、状语等)选择正确形式 真题1(语法填空): The girl was sitting there,_(hope)to get a chance to perform on the stage 答案:hoping 解析:hope为动词原形,通过后缀-ing构成现在分词,在句中作伴随状语,表示主动关系,与主 语the girl构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 真题2(单项选择): We need someone_(organize)the school party next week. A organize B to organize C organizing D organized 答案:B 解析:根据构词法,organize为动词原形,此处需要用不定式作后置定语修饰someone,.表目的'去 组织',符合”someone to do sth.”结构。 考法三:构词法、时态与语境综合运用 核心:结合构词法识别词义,根据时间标志词判断时态,运用语法知识完成语境填空 真题1(单项选择): The scientist is_a new machine to help people.He_it carefully in his lab yesterday. A.developing;tested B.develop;test C.development;testing D.develops,tests 答案:A 解析:第一空根据”is”和语境可知用现在进行时,需用动词-ing形式,develop的现在分词为 developing:第二空由时间标志词'yesterday'可知用一般过去时,test的过去式为tested。 真题2(语法填空): We should be_(care)when we cross the road.Look!The children_(cross)the street now with their teacher. 答案:careful;:are crossing 解析:第一空需用形容词作表语,care的形容词形式为careful:第二空由标志词Look”和'now”可 知用现在进行时,主语为复数,be动词用are,cross的现在分词为crossing。 解题小妙招 7 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 构词法妙招 词根词缀是基础,前缀改变词义向,后缀决定词性样: 名词后缀有”-nent-ion”,形容词常见-fl-less”; 动词后缀”-en-ize”,副词多是”形容词+y”: 合成词要拆开看,词性转换记心间。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓语有三形式,不定式、动名词、分词: 不定式表目的将来,todo结构要记牢: 动名词功能同名词,常作主语宾语用: 现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动: 作定语时看关系,主动用-ing被动-ed: 作状语时辨作用,目的结果用todo,伴随方式-ing跟。 综合应用妙招 构词法先辨词性,非谓语再看功能: 修饰动词用副词,动词之后动名词: 名词之前形容词,主动-ing被动-ed: 不定式作目的状,动名词来当主语: 时态标志定时间,被动别忘be加done: and连接并列项,形式一致要注意。 真题演练 演练一:单项选择试题(共10题) 1.The government is taking measures to_the problem of air pollution A.solution B.solve C.soluble D.solving 2.-English movies is a good way to improve listening skills. A.Watch B.Watching C.To watching D.Watched 3.My mother often tells me_too much time playing video games. A.not to spend B.to not spend C.don't spend D.not spend 4.The_child was crying because he couldn't find his parents. A.frighten B.frightened C.frightening D.frightens 5.He is looking forward to _his grandparents during the summer vacation. A.visit B.visiting C.to visit D.visited 6.This book is sothat I can't put it down. A.interest B.interested C.interesting D.interestingly 8 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 7.They_a new school in the village next year. A.build B.built C.will build D.are building 8.Please remember-the door when you leave the room. A.lock B.to lock C.locking D.locked 9.The _news made everyone in the class excited. A.surprise B.surprised C.surprising D.surprisingly 10.She usually to work by bike,but today she_a taxi because it's raining A.go;take B.goes,takes C.goes;is taking D.went;took 演练二:填空试题(共10题) 1.The little boy showed great_(brave)when he saved the drowning cat. 2.We need to (active)take part in after-school activities to develop our abilities. 3.(leamn)a foreign language well requires a lot of practice and patience 4.My father often tells me not_(waste)time on computer games 5.The(nation)flag of China is red with five yellow stars. 6.Listen!Someone_(sing)in the next room. 7.The story was so_(touch)that many people cried when they heard it. 8.She decided(study)abroad after finishing high school. 9.(read)books is one of the best ways to gain knowledge 10.They_(complete)the project by the end of last month. 演练三:语法填空试题(共10空) In order to improve our English,our teacher encourages us_(speak)English in class as much as possible. She always says that_(practice)is the key to_(learn)a language well.Last week,we_(ask)to write a short passage about our favorite hobby.Most students chose reading,because it can make us_(know) more about the world.My deskmate,Tom,is very-(create)and he wrote about painting.He spends two hours every day_(paint)pictures.His works are so_(impress)that they were shown in the school art exhibition last year.Our teacher often tells us that_(develop)a good habit is more important than just_ (get)good grades. 答案区 演练-:1.B2.B3.A4.B5.B6.C7.C8B9.C10.C 1.bravery 2.actively 3.Learning 4.to waste 5.national 6.is singing 7.touching 8.to study 9.Read- ing 10.had completed 1.to speak 2.practice 3.learning 4.were asked 5.know 6.creative 7.painting 8.impressive 9.de- 9 高中译林版语法复习 【专题专版】 构词法全解 veloping 10.getting 10

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构词法-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习(译林版)
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构词法-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习(译林版)
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构词法-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习(译林版)
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构词法-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习(译林版)
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