7种句型结构及语法成分-2025-2026学年高中英语语法复习（译林版）

高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 语法专项 【专题】7种句型结构及语法成分 高中英语核心语法 考频分析 译林版语法复习中，7种句型结构及语法成分是重点语法模块，考频占句法总量的25%左右，贯穿 试卷核心题型：单项选择3-4题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空3-4题、书面表达核心考察，直接影 响句子结构完整性与表达准确性。在语境理解类题目中，句型结构的辨析及语法成分的划分往往是 解题关键。 考查内容 ·基本句型识别：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主系表(S+V+P)、主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)、主 谓宾宾补(S+V+O+C)、here be句型的构成特点与辨别 ·语法成分分析：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的句法功能及在不同句型中的位置 ·句型转换与应用：简单句、并列句、复合句（含宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句）中7种基本句型 的灵活运用及改写 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 1.主谓结构（主语+谓语） 。语法成分：主语（动作发出者）+谓语（不及物动词，无宾语） 。例句： 1.The sun rises.(主语：The sun;谓语：rises) 2.They laughed loudly.(主语：They:谓语：laughed) 2.主谓宾结构（主语+谓语+宾语) ·语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语（动作承受者） ·例句： 1.She reads books.(主语：She;谓语：reads;宾语：books) 2.We visited Beijing.(主语：We;谓语：visited;宾语：Beijing) 1 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 3.主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语) ·语法成分：主语+系动词（无实义）+表语（说明主语特征/状态） 。例句： l.He is a student..(主语：He;系动词：is:表语：a student) 2.The flowers look beautiful..(主语：The flowers:系动词：look;表语：beautiful) 4.主谓双宾结构（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语) 。语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+间接宾语（人)+直接宾语（物） 。例句： l.My mother gave me a gift.(主语：My mother;谓语：gave;间接宾语：me:直接宾语：agift) 2.He taught us English.(主语：He:谓语：taught:间接宾语：us:直接宾语：English) 5.主谓宾补结构（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) ·语法成分：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语+宾补（补充说明宾语状态动作） ·例句： l.We made him happy..(主语：We;谓语：made;宾语：him;宾补：happy) 2.I saw her dancing.(主语：I;谓语：saw;宾语：her;宾补：dancing) 6.there be句型(there+be+主语+地点/时间状语) ·语法成分：there(形式主语)+be动词（谓语）+真正主语（名词）+状语 。例句： 1.There is a park near my home..(主语：a park;谓语：is;状语：near my home) 2.There are five books on the desk.(主语：five books;谓语：are;状语：on the desk) 7.祈使句结构（谓语动词原形开头，省略主语you) ·语法成分：谓语（动词原形）+其他成分（宾语/状语等） ·例句： 1.Open the door.（谓语：Open;宾语：the door) 2.Be quiet!(系动词原形：Be:表语：quiet) 知识点二：核心句型结构及语法成分 1.主谓宾结构（主语+谓语+宾语) 。语法成分：主语：动作的发出者（名词/代词/动名词等）；谓语：实义动词（及物动词）；宾语： 动作的承受者（名词/代词/从句等) ·例句： 2 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 1.She(主语)likes(谓语)nusic(宾语).（她喜欢音乐） 2.We(主语)finished(谓语)the project(宾语)yesterday.(我们昨天完成了项目) 2.主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语) 。语法成分：主语：描述对象（名词/代词等）：系动词：连接主语和表语(be动词/感官动词/变化 类动词等)：表语：说明主语的性质状态/身份（形容词/名词/介词短语等） ·例句： l.The flowers(主语)are(系动词beautiful(表语).（这些花很漂亮） 2.He(主语)became(系动词)a teacher(表语)in2018.(他2018年成为了一名教师) 3.主谓结构（主语+谓语） ·语法成分：主语：动作的发出者；谓语：不及物动词（自身意思完整，无需宾语） ·例句： 1.Birds(主语)sing(谓语)in the morning.(鸟儿在早上唱歌) 2.They(主语)arrived(谓语)at7o'clock.（他们七点到达了) 4.主谓双宾结构（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语) ·语法成分：间接宾语：表示动作的对象（人）：直接宾语：表示动作的内容（物）：谓语：及物 动词（如give,tell,teach等） 。例句： 1.My mother(主语)bought(谓语)me(间接宾语)a book(直接宾语).（妈妈给我买了一本书） 2.He(主语)told(谓语)us(间接宾语)a story(直接宾语).（他给我们讲了一个故事） 5.主谓宾补结构（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) 。语法成分：宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作/状态/身份（形容词/名词/动词不定式分词等)：谓 语：及物动词（如make,keep,find等) ·例句： 1.We(主语)keep(谓语)the room(宾语)clean(宾语补足语).（我们保持房间干净） 2.I(主语)saw(谓语)him(宾语)playing football(宾语补足语).（我看见他正在踢足球） 6.There be句型（表示“某地存在某物/某人”） ·结构：There+be动词(is/are/was/were)+主语+地点状语(be动词的单复数由主语决定) 。例句： 1.There is(be动词)a park(主语)near my home(地点状语).（我家附近有一个公园） 2.There were(be动词)many students(主语)in the classroom(地点状语)yesterday.(昨天教室里 有很多学生) 7.祈使句（表示命令、请求、建议等） 。结构：肯定式：动词原形开头（省略主语you):否定式：Don't+动词原形 3 高中译林版 【语法复习】句型结构全解 。例句： 1.Open(动词原形)the window,please.(请打开窗户) 2.Don't(否定词)talk(动词原形)in class..(不要在课堂上说话) 知识点三：句子成分 1.主语 ·定义：句子中表示动作的执行者或被描述的主体。 。常考类型及例句（中考必背）： 1.名词作主语→例句：The book is on the desk. 2.代词作主语→例句：She likes playing tennis. 3.动名词作主语→例句：Swimming is good exercise. 4.不定式作主语→例句：To learn English well is important 5.主语从句作主语→例句：What he said is true 2.谓语 ·定义：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当。 ·分类及例句（中考核心）： 1.简单谓语（单个动词）→例句：He runs fast. 2.复合谓语（情态动词+动词原形）→例句：We can speak English. 3.复合谓语（助动词+动词分词）→例句：They have finished their work 4.系表结构（系动词+表语）→例句：The flowers smell sweet 3.宾语 ·定义：表示动作的对象或承受者，通常位于及物动词或介词后。 ·类型及例句（中考常考）： 1.名词作宾语→例句：She bought a book yesterday. 2.代词作宾语→例句：I love them very much. 3.数词作宾语→例句：He needs three. 4.不定式作宾语→例句：We want to go home. 5.动名词作宾语→例句：They enjoy listening to music. 6.宾语从句作宾语→例句：I know that he is honest. 4.定语 ·定义：修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、数量等。 。形式及例句（中考必背）： l.形容词作定语→例句：She has a red apple, 4 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 2.名词作定语→例句：There is a book shop near the school. 3.代词作定语→例句：This is my pen. 4.数词作定语→例句：I have two sisters.. 5.介词短语作定语一例句：The girl in red is my friend. 6.不定式作定语→例句：I have something to eat. 5.状语 ·定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果等。 。分类及例句（中考易错）： 1.时间状语→例句：We will meet at3o'clock. 2.地点状语→例句：They are playing in the park. 3.方式状语一例句：She sings beautifully.. 4.原因状语→例句：He was late because he missed the bus. 5.目的状语→例句：I study hard to get good grades.. 6.结果状语→例句：He ran so fast that he fell down 6.表语 ·定义：位于系动词后，说明主语的身份、性质、状态等。 。构成及例句（中考核心）： l.形容词作表语→例句：The weather is fine.. 2.名词作表语→例句：My father is a doctor.. 3.代词作表语→例句：The book is mine. 4.数词作表语→例句：I am twenty years old. 5.介词短语作表语→例句：He is from China 6.不定式作表语→例句：Her dream is to be a teacher. 7.宾语补足语 ·定义：补充说明宾语的动作或状态，通常位于宾语后。 。类型及例句（中考常考）： l.形容词作宾补→例句：We keep the room clean. 2.名词作宾补一例句：They made him monitor. 3.不定式作宾补（省to)→例句：Let me help you. 4.现在分词作宾补→例句：I saw her dancing. 5.过去分词作宾补→例句：He had his hair cut.. 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词作状语辨析 5 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系（主动/被动）及动作发生的时间（伴随/完成）， 选择正确形式（现在分词/过去分词/不定式） 真题1（语法填空）： -(see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks even more beautiful. 答案：Seen 解析：句中“see”与逻辑主语“the city”是被动关系（城市被看见），用过去分词作条件状语，表 被动完成。 真题2（完形填空）： He hurried to the station,only(find that the train had left. A.finding B.to find C.found D.find 答案：B 解析：“oly+不定式”作结果状语，表意外结果，符合语境“匆忙赶到却发现火车已开走”，用to find 考法二：非谓语动词与简单句结构融合 核心：分析简单句成分（如宾语、宾补、定语等），结合非谓语动词功能（不定式、动名词、分词） 选择正确形式 真题1（语法填空）： He wants_(join)the music club because he likes singing. 答案：tojoin 解析：句为主谓宾结构，谓语动词want后需接不定式作宾语，构成”want to do sthi”固定搭配，故填 to join。 真题2（单项选择）： We noticed a girl_(dance)under the tree when we walked past. A.dance B.dancing C.danced D.to dance 答案：B 解析：句为主谓宾补结构，宾语a girl与dance为主动关系且动作正在进行，现在分词dancing作宾 补表主动进行，符合”notice sb doing sth”结构。 考法三：复合句中的基本句型转化与语法成分分析 核心：识别复合句中的主句与从句类型，分析从句的语法成分并结合基本句型结构判断句子正误或 补全成分 真题1（单项选择)： The girlis standing under the tree told me that she_a story to her little brother yesterday. A.who;reads B.whom;read C.who;read D.which;reads 答案：C 解析：第一空考查定语从句，先行词'the girl”指人且在从句中作主语，用关系代词who:第二空考 查宾语从句时态，主句'told”为过去时，从句用过去相关时态，read的过去式为read,故选C。 真题2（语法填空）： 6 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 The parkwe visited last week(build)in 1990.Now it(keep)clean by workers every day. 答案：which/that;was built,.is kept 解析：第一空为定语从句，先行词'the park'”指物且在从句中作宾语，用which/hat;第二空主语the park”是动作build的承受者，结合时间”in1990用一般过去时被动语态”was built”:第三空主语it 与”keep”为被动关系，由'every day”可知用一般现在时被动语态”is kept''。 解题小妙招 非谓语作状辨主被，时间关系看语境： 主动进行用现分，被动完成选过分： 意外结果跟不定式，only to do要记清。 非谓语与句融合时，成分功能是核心： want hope后接不定式，宾补主动现分跟： notice see接doing,动作进行表主动。 定从状从引导词，修饰对象先分清： 名词之后是定从，where when表地点时间： 句子之前是状从，f表假设要记心。 定从非谓可转换，主动进行用现分： 将来动作不定式，名词之后作定语： 复合句中定从看，主谓完整where来引。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题 1.The novel_by Mo Yan has been translated into 30 languages. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 2.He pretendedwhen his mother came in,but the open book on his desk gave him away. A.sleeping B.to sleep C.to be sleeping D.slept 3.The teacher asked the students_too much noise during the exam. A.not make B.not to make C.don't make D.not making 4.This is the factory my father worked for 20 years before retiring. A.where B.which C.that D.when 5.-the early bus,he got up at 5 a.m.and hurried to the station. A.Catch B.Catching C.To catch D.Caught > 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 6.I still remember the day we first visited the Science Museum together. A.which B.when C.where D.that 7.The girl in the library now is my best friend.She loves reading very much A.who reads B.reading C.read D.to read 8.If it tomorrow,we will have to cancel the outdoor activity. A.rains B.will rain C.rained D.is raining 9.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately afterdown on the bed. A.lie B.lying C.lay D.laid 10.My parents always encourage memy dreams,even when things get difficult. A.pursue B.pursuing C.to pursue D.pursued 演练二：填空试题 1.She decided(study)abroad after finishing high school. 2.The book(publish)last year has become a bestseller. 3.(not talk)loudly in the library,please.Everyone is trying to concentrate. 4.I will call you as soon as I(arrive)at the airport. 5.The children(play)in the park are my neighbors'kids. 6.He has a lot of homework(complete)before dinner. 7.(see)from the sky,the city looks like a colorful carpet. 8.Remember(lock)the door when you leave the house. 9.The man you met at the party yesterday is a famous scientist. 10.She was cooking_her husband was watching TV. 演练三：语法填空试题 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Learning a second language is a challenging but rewarding journey.Many students find it difficult 1-(memorize)new words and grammar rules.However,with the right methods,anyone can improve their language skills. One effective way is 2(practice)daily.For example,listening to English songs or watching movies can help you get used to the pronunciation and rhythm.Reading books or articles 3-(write)in simple English is also helpful.When you come across new words,try 4-(guess)their meanings from the context before looking them up in a dictionary. 8 高中译林版 【语法复习】 句型结构全解 Another tip is to join a language club,where you can meet people 5share the same interest.Speaking with native speakers not only improves your fluency but also builds your confidence.Don't be afraid of 6_(make)mistakes-they are part of the learning process. Setting goals is important too.Start with small ones,such as learning 10 new words a day or having a 5-minute conversation in English.As you achieve these goals,you will feel more motivated 7(continue) learning. Finally,remember that consistency is key.Even short practice sessions every day are better than long hours 8(study)once a week.Keep 9(try),and you will soon notice progress. So,whether you are learning for school,work,or travel,10(master)a second language is within your reach.Just believe in yourself and keep going! 答案区 演练-：1.C2.C3B4.A5.C6B7.B8.A9B10.C 演练二：l.to study2 published3.Don't talk4.aive5 playing6.to complete7.Seen8.to lock 9.whom/who/that 10.while 1.to memorize 2.to practice 3.written 4.to guess/guessing 5.who/that 6.making 7.to continue 8.studying 9.trying 10.mastering 9