构词法合成和派生-2025-2026学年九年级英语下册语法知识点全解（外研版）

初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 寒假专版 【专题】构词法：合成和派生 语法专项突破 考频分析 初三外研版中，构词法合成和派生是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷核心题 型：单项选择1-2题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达辅助考察，直接影响词汇拓展能 力与表达丰富性。在语境理解类题目中，合成词的构成规则、派生词的词缀辨析往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。合成词构成：复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词的常见组合方式及语义理解 ·派生词辨析：前缀（如否定前缀un-、e等）和后缀（如名词后缀-er、形容词后缀-ful等）的添加规 则，以及对词根意义的改变和词性转换 知识点一：构词法：合成和派生 1.合成（由两个或多个独立词结合构成新词） 。常见类型：名词+名词(bookstore书店)、形容词+名词(blackboard黑板)、动词+副词(breakfast 早餐，引申义”打破禁食”) 。例句： 1.The bookstore sells many new books.(名词+名词构成合成名词) 2.She wrote on the blackboard with chalk.（形容词+名词构成合成名词) 2.派生（通过添加前缀或后缀构成新词，改变词性或意义） ·前缀（改变意义，不改变词性）：un-(unhappy不开心)re-(rewrite重写)一例句：He was unhappy with the result. 。后缀（改变词性或意义）：-er(teacher教师，名词后缀)、ful(careful小心的，形容词后缀)→例 句：My mother is a careful cook. 1 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 知识点二：构词法：合成和派生 1.合成法（由两个或多个单词组合成新单词） 1.合成名词（名词+名词/形容词+名词/动词+名词等） 例词： classroom(class+room,教室)、newspaper(news+paper,报纸) blackboard(black+board,黑板)、highway(high+way,高速公路) playground(play+ground,操场)、sunlight(sun+light,阳光) 2.合成形容词（形容词+名词+ed山名词+现在分词/副词+现在分词等） 例词： kind-hearted(kind+hearted,好心的)、three-legged(three+legged,三条腿的) English-speaking(English+speaking,说英语的)、flower-loving(flower+-loving,爱花的) hard-working(hard+working,勤奋的)、well-known(wel+known,著名的) 3.合成动词（副词+动词/名词+动词等） 例词： overcome(over+come,克服)、underline(under+-line,在·下面划线) sunbathe(sun+bath,日光浴)、daydream(day+dream,做白日梦) 2.派生法（通过添加前缀或后缀构成新单词） 1.前缀（改变词义，不改变词性） 常用前缀及例词： un-(不，无)：unhappy(不开心的，happy-unhappy入、unfair(不公平的，fair→unfair) dis-(否定，相反)：dislike(不喜欢，like→dislike)、disagree（不同意，agree→disagree) re-（重新，再)：reuse（再使用，use→reuse)、rewrite(重写，write-→rewrite) im-(不，无，用于以bp/m开头的单词)：impossible(不可能的，possible-→impossible)、impolite (不礼貌的，polite→impolite) 2.后缀（改变词性，有时改变词义） 常用后缀及例词： -eror(名词后缀，表人或物)：teacher(教师，teach→teacher)、worker(工人，work-worker)、visitor (参观者，visit-→visitor)、inventor(发明家，invent-→inventor) -tion/sion(名词后缀，表动作或状态)：information（信息，inform→information)、education(教育， educate-→education)、discussion(讨论，discuss-→discussion)、decision(决定，decide-→decision) -ful(形容词后缀，充满…的)：careful(仔细的，care→careful)、helpful(有帮助的，help一→helpful) -less(形容词后缀，无…的)：careless(粗心的，care→careless),homeless(无家可归的，home→homeless) -ly(副词后缀，…地)：quickly(快速地，quick-→quickly)、happily(开心地，happy-→happily) -able(形容词后缀，可…的)：comfortable(舒适的，comfort→comfortable)、enjoyable(令人愉快 的，enjoy-→enjoyable) 2 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 知识点三：派生法 1.前缀(Prefixes) ·常见前缀及意义（中考必背）： (1)un-(不，否定)→例词：unhappy(不开心的)→例句：She felt unhappy because she failed the exam. (2)dis-(不，相反)→例词：dislike(不喜欢)→例句：He dislikes eating spicy food. (3)re-(再，又)→例词：rewrite(重写)→例句：The teacher asked him to rewrite the composition. 口im-(不，否定，用于以m/bp开头的词)→例词：impossible(不可能的)→例句：It's impossible to finish the work in an hour. 口im-(不，否定)→例词：incorrect(不正确的)→例句：Your answer is incorrect. 口en-(使处于…状态)→例词：enlarge（扩大)→例句：We need to enlarge the photo. 口mis-(错误地)→例词：misunderstand(误解)一例句：Don't misunderstand what I said. 口pre(在…之前)→例词：preview(预习)→例句：You should preview the lesson before class. 2.后缀（Suffixes) 。名词后缀（中考常考）： (I)-er（人，物)→例词：teacher(教师)一→例句：My mother is a good teacher. (2)-or（人)→例词：actor(演员)→例句：He wants to be an actor in the future.. (3)-tion(动作，状态)→例词：information(信息)→例句：We can get much information from the Internet ☐-ment(结果，手段)→例词：development(发展)→例句：The development of technology changes our life. 口-ness(性质，状态)→例词：kindness(善良)一例句：Her kindness makes her popular. 。形容词后缀（中考核心)： (I)-ful(充满…的)一→例词：careful（小心的)一→例句：Be careful when you cross the road. (2)-less(无…的)→例词：careless(粗心的)→例句：He made a mistake because he was careless. (3)-able(可…的)→例词：comfortable(舒适的)一例句：This sofa is very comfortable, ☐-ous(具有…性质的)→例词：dangerous(危险的)→例句：It's dangerous to play in the street: 口-y（多…的，有…的)→例词：cloudy（多云的)→例句：It will be cloudy tomorrow.. 3.词性转换（中考高频考点) 。动词→名词： (I)work→vorker(工人)一→例句：His father is a worker in a factory. (②)teach→teacher(教师)一例句：She wants to be a teacher when she grows up (3)invent-→invention(发明)→例句：The invention of the computer is very important. 。形容词副词： (I)quick→quickly(快速地)→例句：He runs quickly to catch the bus. 3 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 (2)happy-一→happily(快乐地)一例句：They played happily in the park. (3)careful-→carefully(仔细地)→例句：She does her homework carefully. 。名词→形容词： (1)danger-→dangerous（危险的)→例句：The tiger is a dangerous animal, (2)help-→helpful(有帮助的)→例句：This book is helpful for your study. (3)su1 ccess-→successful（成功的)→例句：He is a successful businessman. 考法精析 考法一：合成词构成类型判断 核心：根据合成词的构成方式（如名词+名词、形容词+名词等），识别具体合成类型并理解词义 真题1（语法填空）： The(class+room)is on the second floor.We have English class there every day. 答案：classroom 解析：由”class(班级)+room(房间)”构成合成名词classroom,意为'教室”，符合句意”教室在 二楼”。 真题2（完形填空）： My mother is a_(hard+working)woman.She always gets up early to cook for us. A.hardworking B.hard-work C.working-hard D.work-hard 答案：A 解析：hard(副词，努力地)+working(现在分词)”构成复合形容词hard-working,意为”勤奋 的”，符合句意”我妈妈是个勤奋的女人”。 考法二：构词法综合辨析 核心：根据单词构成方式（合成或派生），分析词义、词性及用法，完成词汇应用类题目 真题1（语法填空）： The little girl is very(help).She always helps her mother with housework. 答案：helpful 解析：由词根help(动词/名词，帮助)加形容词后缀ful(充满…的)构成派生形容词helpful,意 为”有帮助的”，在句中作表语。 真题2（完形填空）： We need to protect the_(environment)resources for our future generations. A.environment B.environmental C.environmentally D.environments 答案：B 解析：此处需用形容词修饰名词resources,environment(名词，环境)加形容词后缀-al构成envi- ronmental(环境的)，符合语法要求。 考法三：构词法综合辨析与运用 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 核心：结合合成法（复合词类型判断）和派生法（前缀/后缀辨析），识别单词构成方式并判断词性 或词义 真题1（单项选择）： Which of the following words is formed by the method of"noun verb"? A.blackboard B.unhappy C.sunbathe D.hard-working 答案：C 解析：A选项blackboard是形容词+名词构成的合成名词；B选项unhappy是加前缀un-构成的派 生词：C选项sunbathe是名词+动词构成的合成动词；D选项hard-working是副词+现在分词构成 的合成形容词。 真题2（语法填空）： This is a(care)made model plane.My brother spent three days making it. 答案：carefully 解析：根据句意，这是一个精心制作的飞机模型'，需用副词修饰过去分词made;care的派生副词 形式为carefully(加后缀-ly)。 解题小妙招 构词法解题妙招 合成词类看搭配，名名形名常出现：复合形容连字符，合成名词无间隔。 派生法要辨词性，后缀决定词属性：名词后缀-ment-al,形容词有-ful-al: 副词多是-y加，动词原形变名词。 综合应用先分析，空格前后定词性：合成派生看结构，词根词缀记心间。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.My brother is astudent.He studies for hours every day. A.hardworking B.hard-work C.working-hard D.work-hard 2.It's to finish all the homework in 30 minutes A.possible B.impossible C.politely D.impolite 3.The(sun+rise)is beautiful near the beach A.sun-rise B.sunrise C.sun rise D.sunrising 4.She speaks Englishbecause she practices every day A.fluent B.fluently C.fluently D.fluency 5.We should(retuse)plastic bags to protect the environment. A.reuse B.use C.unuse D.disuse 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 6.The(class+room)is on the third floor of our school. A.class-room B.classroom C.class room D.roomclass 7.This story is very.All children like it. A.interest B.interesting C.interested D.interests 8.Don't_(mis+understand)me.I just want to help you. A.misunderstand B.understand C.misunderstanding D.understood 9.The old man lives in a(wood+house)in the mountain. A.wood-house B.woodhouse C.wooden house D.wood house 10.My mother is a_(care+ful)cook.She never burns the food. A.careful B.careless C.carefully D.care 演练二：填空（共10题） 1.The(black+board)is dirty.Please clean it. 2.He was_(un+happy)because he lost his new pen. 3.We need to (re+write)the essay to make it better. 4.My father is a (teach+er)in a middle school. 5.The(develop+ment)of technology has changed our life 6.This is a_(five+year+old)boy who can play the piano. 7.She is a(well+known)singer in our country. 8.Don't be _(care+less).You may make mistakes. 9.The(sun+set)looks beautiful over the sea. 10.It's(impossible)to fly like a bird without a plane. 演练三：语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 My name is Lucy.I live in a small_(town+house)with my family.Every morning,I eat_(break+fast) at 7:00 and then go to school.My favorite subject is English because my English teacher,Ms.Lee,is very (help+ful).She always makes her lessons_(interest+ing). Last week,we had a class trip to a(science+museum).I saw many_(amaze+ing)things there,like a _(ten+meter+tall)dinosaur model.On the way back,our bus broke down,but Ms.Lee kept us calm.She told us a(fun+ny)story,and we all laughed(happy+ly). Now,I'm_(study)for the final exam.I hope to get good grades because I don't want to(dis+appoint) 6 初三下册外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 my parents.They always support me,and their love gives me_(strong+th).I believe I can do well! 答案区 演练-：1.A2B3B4.B5.A6B7B8.A9.C10.A 演练二：1.blackboard2.unhappy3.rewrite4.teacher5.development 6.five-year-old 7.well-known 8.careless 9.sunset 10.impossible 演练三：townhouse,.breakfast,,helpful,.interesting,.science museum, amazing,ten-meter-tall,funny,happily,studying,disappoint,strength 7