2025-2026学年人教版七年级英语下册同步语法讲解（名词）

该初中英语讲义通过分类框架与对比表格系统构建名词知识体系，梳理了名词分类、可数名词复数规则、不可数名词量化、所有格及作定语五大核心模块，用表格清晰呈现复数变化规则（如规则变化与不规则变化对比），突出高频考点如“辅音字母+y变i+es”“man/woman复合词前后皆变”等重难点的内在联系。 讲义亮点在于“语法讲解+分层精炼”的一体化设计，30道中考题型专项练习涵盖单选（如不可数名词量化“two pieces of paper”）、适当形式填空（如“child→children”）及改错（如“sheeps→sheep”），通过典型错题强化规则辨析，培养语言运用能力与思维严谨性。分层设计让基础学生掌握规则，进阶学生突破难点，为教师提供精准教学支持，助力学生系统提升名词应用能力。

名 词 (语法讲解+分层精炼） 目 录 一、语法讲解 1 （一）名词的分类 1 （二）可数名词的复数形式变化规则 1 （三）不可数名词的量化表达 3 （四）名词所有格 3 （五）名词作定语 3 二、中考题型专项练习 (30题) 3 （一）单项选择 (共15题) 3 （二）用所给名词的适当形式填空 (共10题) 5 （三）句子改错 (每题有一处错误，请找出并改正) (共5题) 5 一、语法讲解 （一）名词的分类 专有名词：表示特定的人、地方、机构等，首字母必须大写 如：China（中国）, Tom（汤姆）, the Great Wall（长城） 普通名词： 可数名词：有单复数形式 如：book（书）→ books, child（孩子）→ children 不可数名词：没有复数形式，不能直接与a/an或数词连用 如：water（水）, milk（牛奶）, information（信息）, advice（建议） （二）可数名词的复数形式变化规则 变化类型 规则说明 例词 (单数 → 复数) 学习与考试要点补充 规则变化 绝大多数名词，直接加 -s book → books, desk → desks, apple → apples 最基础、最普遍的规则 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的名词，加 -es bus → buses, box → boxes, dish → dishes, watch → watches 常考。记住这四种常见结尾 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i，再加 -es city → cities, baby → babies, story → stories 关键点：必须是辅音字母+y。如果是元音字母+y（如day, boy），直接加-s 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的名词，多数变 f/fe 为 v，再加 -es leaf → leaves, knife → knives, wife → wives 重点记忆少数直接加-s的常见词：roofs, chiefs, beliefs 以 -o 结尾的名词，一部分加 -es tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes, hero → heroes 重点记忆常考的直接加-s的词：photos, pianos, kilos, radios, zoos。口诀：“有生命（如土豆番茄）常加-es，无生命（如照片钢琴）直接加-s” 不规则变化 (必须熟记) 改变内部元音 man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice 这是绝对高频考点，必须背熟。注意 woman 的复数发音 特殊变化 child → children 单独记忆 单复数同形（不变） sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese 作主语时，根据语境判断谓语动词单复数（如：One sheep is... / Two sheep are...）。fish 表示不同种类时可用 fishes 复合名词 将核心名词变为复数 pencil box → pencil boxes, apple tree → apple trees 通常只变最后一个主体名词 由 man/woman 构成的复合词，前后皆变 woman teacher → women teachers 强调性别，两者都变 （三）不可数名词的量化表达 不可数名词不能直接计数，但可以通过加量词短语来量化 结构：a ... of + 不可数名词 常用量词： a piece of (一张/片/条...): a piece of paper/ news/ advice a cup/glass/bottle of (一杯/瓶...): a cup of tea, two bottles of milk a bag/box of (一袋/盒...): a bag of rice （四）名词所有格 表示所属关系，意为“…的” 's 所有格： 用于有生命的名词后 如：Tom's book, children's toys 以s结尾的复数名词只加 ' 如：the teachers' office 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等 如：today's newspaper, ten minutes' walk of 所有格： 主要用于无生命的名词 如：the door of the room, the name of the movie 双重所有格：a friend of my father's (我父亲的一位朋友)，表示“其中之一” （五）名词作定语 名词可以直接修饰另一个名词，说明其类别、材料、用途等 作定语的名词通常用单数 如：a shoe shop (鞋店), a coffee cup (咖啡杯), two five-year-old boys (两个五岁的男孩) 二、中考题型专项练习 (30题) （一）单项选择 (共15题) 1. — Would you like some ________? — Yes, a little, please. A. apple B. banana C. orange D. milk 2. There are many ________ in the field. A. sheep B. horse C. chicken D. cow 3. — How far is it from your home to school? — It's about twenty ________ walk. A. minute's B. minutes' C. minute D. minutes 4. Could you pass me ________? I want to write something down. A. two piece of paper B. two pieces of paper C. two pieces of papers D. two piece of papers 5. September 10th is ________ Day. A. Teacher B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 6. I'm hungry. Please give me ________. A. two bread B. two pieces of bread C. two piece of breads D. two breads 7. Look! There are some ________ on the floor. A. child B. water C. boxes D. girl 8. This is ________ room. It's tidy and clean. A. Lily's and Lucy's B. Lily and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy 9. We need to buy some ________ for the party. A. tomato and potato B. tomatoes and potatoes C. tomatos and potatos D. tomatoes and potatos 10. I'd like to have a ________ vacation. A. two-week B. two week's C. two-weeks D. two weeks 11. — How many ________ can you see in the picture? — Only one. A. dog B. people C. child D. sheep 12. — What would you like to drink, sir? — Two ________, please. A. cup of tea B. cups of tea C. cups of teas D. cup of teas 13. ________ mothers couldn't go to the meeting because they were too busy. A. Tim's and Jim's B. Tim and Jim's C. Tim's and Jim D. Tim and Jim 14. — Excuse me, is there a ________ near here? — Yes, it's next to the bank. A. shoe's shop B. shoes shop C. shoe shop D. shoes' shop 15. I have two ________ and three ________ in my pencil box. A. knifes; erasers B. knives; eraser C. knives; erasers D. knife; eraser （二）用所给名词的适当形式填空 (共10题) 1. How many ________ (child) are there in the park? 2. I need two ________ (potato) to cook the soup. 3. There are a lot of ________ (sheep) on the hill. 4. Could you give me some ________ (advice) on how to learn English? 5. June 1st is ________ (Children) Day. 6. This is ________ (Jane and Maria) room. They share it. 7. It's about ten ________ (minute) walk from here to the station. 8. We should eat more ________ (vegetable) to keep healthy. 9. Look at those ________ (man). They are playing basketball. 10. I'd like three ________ (cup) of ________ (coffee). （三）句子改错 (每题有一处错误，请找出并改正) (共5题) 1. There are many sheeps on the farm. 2.He gave me two pieces of advices. 3.This is Tom and Jerry's bedroom. Tom's bed is near the window. 4.We will have a 3 days holiday next week. 5.I want to buy a shoes for my son. 答案与解析 一、单项选择 1. D a little 修饰不可数名词，milk（牛奶）不可数 2. A many 后接复数名词，sheep 单复数同形 3. B 表示“二十分钟的步行”，复数名词的所有格，以s结尾的复数名词只加 ' 4. B paper（纸）不可数，需用量词 piece，复数体现在 pieces 上 5. B “教师节”是所有教师的节日，用复数名词的所有格 Teachers' Day 6. B bread（面包）不可数，需用量词 piece，复数体现在 pieces 上 7. C There are 后接复数名词，boxes 是 box 的复数 8. B 表示两人共有的房间，所有格加在最后一个人名后 9. B tomato 和 potato 的复数形式均为加 -es 10. A 名词作定语时，用单数形式，且通常用连字符连接，构成复合形容词 two-week 11. D How many 后接复数名词，sheep 单复数同形，且与 Only one 呼应 12. B tea（茶）不可数，需用量词 cup，复数体现在 cups 上 13. A 表示各自的母亲，所有格分别加在每个人名后 14. C 名词作定语修饰 shop，用单数形式 shoe 15. C knife 的复数为 knives；eraser 的复数为 erasers 二、用所给名词的适当形式填空 1. children child 的不规则复数形式 2. potatoes 以 o 结尾的常见名词，复数加 -es 3. sheep 单复数同形 4. advice advice（建议）是不可数名词，没有复数形式 5. Children's “儿童节”是所有儿童的节日，child 的复数所有格为 children's 6. Jane and Maria's 表示两人共有的房间，所有格加在最后一个人名后 7. minutes' 表示“十分钟的步行”，复数名词所有格 8. vegetables vegetable 作为“蔬菜种类”时可数，此处用复数表示“多种蔬菜” 9. men man 的不规则复数形式 10. cups; coffee cup 可数，用复数；coffee（咖啡）作为饮料不可数 三、句子改错 1. sheeps → sheep sheep 单复数同形 2. advices → advice advice 是不可数名词 3. Tom and Jerry's → Tom's and Jerry's 从后句“Tom的床”可知，这是两人各自的卧室，所有格应分别加在每个人名后 4. 3 days → 3-day 表示“三天的假期”，应用带连字符的复合形容词 3-day，名词用单数 5. a shoes → a pair of shoes shoe（鞋子）通常以复数形式出现，表示“一双鞋”用 a pair of shoes 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 名 词 (语法讲解+分层精炼） 目 录 一、语法讲解 1 （一）名词的分类 1 （二）可数名词的复数形式变化规则 1 （三）不可数名词的量化表达 3 （四）名词所有格 3 （五）名词作定语 3 二、中考题型专项练习 (30题) 3 （一）单项选择 (共15题) 3 （二）用所给名词的适当形式填空 (共10题) 4 （三）句子改错 (每题有一处错误，请找出并改正) (共5题) 5 一、语法讲解 （一）名词的分类 专有名词：表示特定的人、地方、机构等，首字母必须大写 如：China（中国）, Tom（汤姆）, the Great Wall（长城） 普通名词： 可数名词：有单复数形式 如：book（书）→ books, child（孩子）→ children 不可数名词：没有复数形式，不能直接与a/an或数词连用 如：water（水）, milk（牛奶）, information（信息）, advice（建议） （二）可数名词的复数形式变化规则 变化类型 规则说明 例词 (单数 → 复数) 学习与考试要点补充 规则变化 绝大多数名词，直接加 -s book → books, desk → desks, apple → apples 最基础、最普遍的规则 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的名词，加 -es bus → buses, box → boxes, dish → dishes, watch → watches 常考。记住这四种常见结尾 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i，再加 -es city → cities, baby → babies, story → stories 关键点：必须是辅音字母+y。如果是元音字母+y（如day, boy），直接加-s 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的名词，多数变 f/fe 为 v，再加 -es leaf → leaves, knife → knives, wife → wives 重点记忆少数直接加-s的常见词：roofs, chiefs, beliefs 以 -o 结尾的名词，一部分加 -es tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes, hero → heroes 重点记忆常考的直接加-s的词：photos, pianos, kilos, radios, zoos。口诀：“有生命（如土豆番茄）常加-es，无生命（如照片钢琴）直接加-s” 不规则变化 (必须熟记) 改变内部元音 man → men, woman → women, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice 这是绝对高频考点，必须背熟。注意 woman 的复数发音 特殊变化 child → children 单独记忆 单复数同形（不变） sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese 作主语时，根据语境判断谓语动词单复数（如：One sheep is... / Two sheep are...）。fish 表示不同种类时可用 fishes 复合名词 将核心名词变为复数 pencil box → pencil boxes, apple tree → apple trees 通常只变最后一个主体名词 由 man/woman 构成的复合词，前后皆变 woman teacher → women teachers 强调性别，两者都变 （三）不可数名词的量化表达 不可数名词不能直接计数，但可以通过加量词短语来量化 结构：a ... of + 不可数名词 常用量词： a piece of (一张/片/条...): a piece of paper/ news/ advice a cup/glass/bottle of (一杯/瓶...): a cup of tea, two bottles of milk a bag/box of (一袋/盒...): a bag of rice （四）名词所有格 表示所属关系，意为“…的” 's 所有格： 用于有生命的名词后 如：Tom's book, children's toys 以s结尾的复数名词只加 ' 如：the teachers' office 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等 如：today's newspaper, ten minutes' walk of 所有格： 主要用于无生命的名词 如：the door of the room, the name of the movie 双重所有格：a friend of my father's (我父亲的一位朋友)，表示“其中之一” （五）名词作定语 名词可以直接修饰另一个名词，说明其类别、材料、用途等 作定语的名词通常用单数 如：a shoe shop (鞋店), a coffee cup (咖啡杯), two five-year-old boys (两个五岁的男孩) 二、中考题型专项练习 (30题) （一）单项选择 (共15题) 1. — Would you like some ________? — Yes, a little, please. A. apple B. banana C. orange D. milk 2. There are many ________ in the field. A. sheep B. horse C. chicken D. cow 3. — How far is it from your home to school? — It's about twenty ________ walk. A. minute's B. minutes' C. minute D. minutes 4. Could you pass me ________? I want to write something down. A. two piece of paper B. two pieces of paper C. two pieces of papers D. two piece of papers 5. September 10th is ________ Day. A. Teacher B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 6. I'm hungry. Please give me ________. A. two bread B. two pieces of bread C. two piece of breads D. two breads 7. Look! There are some ________ on the floor. A. child B. water C. boxes D. girl 8. This is ________ room. It's tidy and clean. A. Lily's and Lucy's B. Lily and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy 9. We need to buy some ________ for the party. A. tomato and potato B. tomatoes and potatoes C. tomatos and potatos D. tomatoes and potatos 10. I'd like to have a ________ vacation. A. two-week B. two week's C. two-weeks D. two weeks 11. — How many ________ can you see in the picture? — Only one. A. dog B. people C. child D. sheep 12. — What would you like to drink, sir? — Two ________, please. A. cup of tea B. cups of tea C. cups of teas D. cup of teas 13. ________ mothers couldn't go to the meeting because they were too busy. A. Tim's and Jim's B. Tim and Jim's C. Tim's and Jim D. Tim and Jim 14. — Excuse me, is there a ________ near here? — Yes, it's next to the bank. A. shoe's shop B. shoes shop C. shoe shop D. shoes' shop 15. I have two ________ and three ________ in my pencil box. A. knifes; erasers B. knives; eraser C. knives; erasers D. knife; eraser （二）用所给名词的适当形式填空 (共10题) 1. How many ________ (child) are there in the park? 2. I need two ________ (potato) to cook the soup. 3. There are a lot of ________ (sheep) on the hill. 4. Could you give me some ________ (advice) on how to learn English? 5. June 1st is ________ (Children) Day. 6. This is ________ (Jane and Maria) room. They share it. 7. It's about ten ________ (minute) walk from here to the station. 8. We should eat more ________ (vegetable) to keep healthy. 9. Look at those ________ (man). They are playing basketball. 10. I'd like three ________ (cup) of ________ (coffee). （三）句子改错 (每题有一处错误，请找出并改正) (共5题) 1. There are many sheeps on the farm. 2.He gave me two pieces of advices. 3.This is Tom and Jerry's bedroom. Tom's bed is near the window. 4.We will have a 3 days holiday next week. 5.I want to buy a shoes for my son. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $