2026届高三英语二轮复习非谓语动词之不定式 导学案

非谓语动词 不定式 1. 不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：   主动式 被动式 一般式 完成式 进行式 / 完成进行式 / 1).不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 2).不定式的完成式   不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。 3).不定式的进行式  不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。 4).不定式的完成进行式  如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。 They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 5).动词不定式的否定形式是由_______或_______加不定式构成。 6).疑问词+动词不定式： 不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。 On hearing the news, __________________________________ (他不知道是该哭还是该笑). ______________________________ (何时召开会议) has not been decided yet. The most important problem is ___________________________________(如何使他开心).   注意：介词后一般不直接接不定式(但是but和except除外)，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。 Mary gave some advice on ___________________________(如何学好英语). I have no idea of _____________________________ (为什么做这件事). He did nothing but ________________________________(在街上闲逛). I have no choice ______________________(除了等). 7).不定式的被动式： 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。 It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. They seemed to be satisfied with the result. He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 2.不定式的语法作用 1).不定式作________： To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 在很多情况下，人们通常用______作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后. It’s good manners _____________________________ (排队等候). _____________________________ (令我们很生气) to hear him speak to his mother like that. 2).不定式作________：  The most important thing is to put theory into practice. The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 3).不定式作________：  He wanted to know the truth. I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真正宾语放在补足语之后。 Do you think it better to translate it in this way? I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. We made ____________________________________________ (六点钟起床作为一项规定). 4).不定式作________： 不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。 I would like you to help me with my English exercises. I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 注意：a. 动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。 b. 在使役动词make, let, have (get / leave)之后； c. 在感官动词hear, see, watch, notice, feel, observe等之后； d. think, consider, believe, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略； e. 在be said, be reported, be thought, be considered 等之后； 5).不定式作________： He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.        Our wish to have a holiday is quite understandable.   His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious. We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well. 不定式在句中作定语通常放在所修饰的词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语： ①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。    ②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness等。 ③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker. ④不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的________关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需_________________。 There is nothing ____________________ (可担心的). There are many interesting books _____________________(可供选择), but I don’t know which to borrow.   6)  不定式作________： 表示行为的_________、_________、_________、条件等。 ① 不定式作_________状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to (注意位置)结构。 We came here to learn English. He got up early to catch the first bus. ___________________________________________ (为了保护幼苗不受日晒), Mother put them in the shade. He got up very early this morning _______________________________________(为了不再次迟到). ②不定式作________状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。 The question is too difficult for me to answer.   He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio?  He woke up _________________________________________(结果发现自己躺在医院里). 注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但是： She is only too glad to stay at home.   He is too anxious to know the examination results. 另外还有ready, eager, willing, happy ③不定式作________状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。 They are surprised to learn of his death. We are proud to be young people of new China. 3.不定式的复合结构    1)不定式复合结构的构成______/ ______ +名词（代词）短语+不定式。 It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. It’s wrong for / of people to eat monkeys. 2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用 (在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。) ①作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。 It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. ②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。 That’s for you to decide. For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before. I have some books for you to read. 注：1.不定式不带to的规则： 在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，此外： 1 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。 Go tell her.  Come have a glass of beer. 2 在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。 Why _____________________________(花这么多钱)? Why______________________________(不戴朵花儿呢)? Why _________________________________(和他争吵呢)? Why__________________________________(不让他尝试一下呢)？ 3 在had better, had best, would rather, would rather…than,等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。 You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. I would rather work than stay idle. Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 4 在介词but, except之前如有___________的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to. Last evening I did nothing __________________________ (除了修自行车). Now there was nothing he could do except _______________________(承认去网吧). 比较：I’m afraid we have no choice _______________________________(除了乘出租车). They desired nothing but ________________ (成功). He is interested in nothing but ____________________(打牌). ⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。 I really don’t know what to say and do. Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 注意：如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。 I came not to scold you but to praise you. The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. To say something is easier than to do it. 2.动词不定式的省略问题： 上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to: She must go but you don’t have to. ---Did you go to see the Great Wall? ---I wanted to, but I was too busy. Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. ---Will you lend me a hand? ---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. ---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? ---I’ll be glad to. 但是：如果不定式中动词是系动词be或助动词have时，一般不省略。 ---Are you a college student? ---No, but I’m going to be. ---Has he turned up yet? ---No, but he was to have. 3.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：  1 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? He is the right person to deal with the matter. 2 不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，即：不定式的___________和___________同时出现,不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。 Do you have anything to say on this question? He is a pleasant person to work with. ---Do you have any clothes _____________________(wash)? ---No, thank you all the same. 3 主语+系动词+形容词+to do，不定式和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时(此时，在形容词之后可以加上_______ _______)，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。 The fish is delicious to eat. The question _____________________________ (很难回答). The chair is comfortable to sit on. The person is ____________________________________ (容易相处). 4 在There be结构中 There is nothing to worry about. There is a lot of work to do. There is a child to look after. / There is a child to be looked after. 4.能接不定式的常见动词： 能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, fail, plan, refuse, ask, continue，manage, try, offer, start, begin, forget, remember, regret, promise, mean, pretend, intend, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, expect, afford等。 能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, get, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。 5.高中阶段常见的不定式短语： 高中阶段有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。 Exercises: 1. It is important __________ (protect) our environment for future generations. 2. It is necessary for us __________ (master) at least one practical skill. 3. It seems impossible __________ (solve) this problem without a computer. 4. We agreed __________ (meet) at the school gate at 8 o'clock. 5. The next train __________ (arrive) is from Beijing. 6. He promised __________ (help) me with my English grammar. 7. Do you intend __________ (apply) for that scholarship? 8. It took me two hours __________ (finish) my homework yesterday. 9. He pretended __________ (not know) anything about the accident. 10. I hope __________ (admit)to my dream university. 11. My dream is __________ (become) a professional translator. 12. The purpose of this meeting is __________ (discuss) the new policy. 13. There is nothing __________ (worry) about; everything will be fine. 14. His only wish was __________ (see) his grandchildren again. 15. __________ (improve) your writing, you should read more English books. 16. The most important thing now is __________ (find) a solution quickly. 17. What surprised me most was __________ (hear) him speak fluent French. 18. I have a lot of homework __________ (do) this weekend. 19. We need someone __________ (help) us move to the new house. 20. They managed __________ (escape) from the burning building. 21. He has a strong desire __________ (succeed) in his career. 22. I have no choice but __________ (accept) their offer. 23. We consider it our duty __________ (help) those in need. 24. She was given a chance __________ (explain) her behavior. 25. __________ (tell) you the truth, I don't like this plan at all. 26. She refused __________ (answer) any questions from reporters. 27. I am glad __________ (hear) that you have recovered from your illness. 28. __________ (catch) the early bus, we got up at 5 o'clock. 29. She is always the first one __________ (arrive) and the last to leave. 30. The box is too heavy __________ (carry) by one person. 31. He hurried to the station, only __________ (find) the train had left. 32. The teacher asked us __________ (hand) in our papers before Friday. 33. She decided __________ (study) medicine when she grew up. 34. I noticed him __________ (enter) the office with a strange look. 35. I can't afford __________ (buy) such an expensive car. 36. She was heard __________ (sing) an English song in the next room the other day. 37. She was too excited __________ (sleep) last night. 38. The doctor advised my father __________ (give) up smoking. 39. He worked hard __________ (pass) the entrance examination. 40. I want this letter __________ (type) immediately. 参考答案 非谓语动词 不定式 2. 不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：   主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing / 1).不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 2).不定式的完成式   不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。 3).不定式的进行式  不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。 4).不定式的完成进行式  如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。 They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 5).动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。 6).疑问词+动词不定式： 不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。 On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to cry or to laugh. (他不知道是该哭还是该笑). When to hold the meeting (何时召开会议) has not been decided yet. The most important problem is how to make him happy. (如何使他开心).   注意：介词后一般不直接接不定式(但是but和except除外)，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。 Mary gave some advice on how to learn English well.(如何学好英语). I have no idea of why to do it. (为什么做这件事). He did nothing but wander about in the street.(在街上闲逛). I have no choice but to wait.(除了等). 7).不定式的被动式： 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。 It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. They seemed to be satisfied with the result. He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 2.不定式的语法作用 1).不定式作主语： To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后. It’s good manners to wait in line. (排队等候). It made us annoyed (令我们很生气) to hear him speak to his mother like that. 2).不定式作表语：  The most important thing is to put theory into practice. The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 3).不定式作宾语：  He wanted to know the truth. I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真正宾语放在补足语之后。 Do you think it better to translate it in this way? I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. We made it a rule to get up at six. (六点钟起床作为一项规定). 4).不定式作宾补： 不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。 I would like you to help me with my English exercises. I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 注意：a. 动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。 b. 在使役动词make, let, have (get / leave)之后； c. 在感官动词hear, see, watch, notice, feel, observe等之后； d. think, consider, believe, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略； e. 在be said, be reported, be thought, be considered 等之后； 5).不定式作定语： He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.        Our wish to have a holiday is quite understandable.   His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious. We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well. 不定式在句中作定语通常放在所修饰的词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语： ①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。    ②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness等。 ③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker. ④不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需借助介词。 There is nothing to worry about. (可担心的). There are many interesting books to choose from(可供选择), but I don’t know which to borrow.   6)  不定式作状语： 表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 ① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to (注意位置)结构。 We came here to learn English. He got up early to catch the first bus. To protect the young plants from the sun (为了保护幼苗不受日晒), Mother put them in the shade. He got up very early this morning in order not to be late again.(为了不再次迟到). ②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。 The question is too difficult for me to answer.   He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio?  He woke up only to find himself lying in hospital.(结果发现自己躺在医院里). 注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但是： She is only too glad to stay at home.   He is too anxious to know the examination results. 另外还有ready, eager, willing, happy ③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。 They are surprised to learn of his death. We are proud to be young people of new China. 3.不定式的复合结构    1)不定式复合结构的构成for / of +名词（代词）短语+不定式。 It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. It’s wrong for / of people to eat monkeys. 2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用 (在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。) ①作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。 It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. ②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。 That’s for you to decide. For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before. I have some books for you to read. 注：1.不定式不带to的规则： 在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，此外： 5 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。 Go tell her.  Come have a glass of beer. 6 在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。 Why spend so much money (花这么多钱)? Why not wear a flower (不戴朵花儿呢)? Why quarrel with him (和他争吵呢)? Why not let him have a try (不让他尝试一下呢)？ 7 在had better, had best, would rather, would rather…than,等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。 You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. I would rather work than stay idle. Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 8 在介词but, except之前如有实义动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to. Last evening I did nothing but repair my bike (除了修自行车). Now there was nothing he could do except admit that he had gone to Internet cafe (承认去网吧). 比较：I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi (除了乘出租车). They desired nothing but to succeed (成功). He is interested in nothing but playing cards (打牌). ⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。 I really don’t know what to say and do. Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 注意：如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。 I came not to scold you but to praise you. The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. To say something is easier than to do it. 2.动词不定式的省略问题： 上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to: She must go but you don’t have to. ---Did you go to see the Great Wall? ---I wanted to, but I was too busy. Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. ---Will you lend me a hand? ---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. ---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? ---I’ll be glad to. 但是：如果不定式中动词是系动词be或助动词have时，一般不省略。 ---Are you a college student? ---No, but I’m going to be. ---Has he turned up yet? ---No, but he was to have. 3.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：  5 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? He is the right person to deal with the matter. 6 不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，即：不定式的动作执行者 和动作承受者同时出现,不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。 Do you have anything to say on this question? He is a pleasant person to work with. ---Do you have any clothes to be washed (wash)? ---No, thank you all the same. 7 主语+系动词+形容词+to do，不定式和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时(此时，在形容词之后可以加上for sb)，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。 The fish is delicious to eat. The question is difficult to answer (很难回答). The chair is comfortable to sit on. The person is easy to get along with (容易相处). 8 在There be结构中 There is nothing to worry about. There is a lot of work to do. There is a child to look after. / There is a child to be looked after. 4.能接不定式的常见动词： 能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, fail, plan, refuse, ask, continue，manage, try, offer, start, begin, forget, remember, regret, promise, mean, pretend, intend, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, expect, afford等。 能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, get, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。 5.高中阶段常见的不定式短语： 高中阶段有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。 Exercises: 1. to protect 2. to master 3. to solve 4. to meet 5. to arrive 6. to help 7. to apply 8. to finish 9. not to know 10. to be admitted 11. to become 12. to discuss 13. to worry 14. to see 15. To improve 16. to find 17. to hear 18. to do 19. to help 20. to escape 21. to succeed 22. to accept 23. to help 24. to explain 25. To tell 26. to answer 27. to hear 28. To catch 29. to arrive 30. to carry 31. to find 32. to hand 33. to study 34. enter 35. to buy 36. to sing 37. to sleep 38. to give 39. to pass 40. to be typed 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $