内容正文:
第二编 句法
第十七章 复合句(下):定语从句
第二节 定语从句专项练习
答案与解析
一、基础巩固题答案
一、基础巩固题
(一)用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1. which/that 2. who/whom 3. where 4. why 5. which/that 6. who 7. when 8. whose
【解析】
1. 先行词“the machine”(机器)是物,定语从句中缺少主语,需用指物的关系代词“which”或“that”,在从句中作主语。
2. 先行词“the technician”(技术员)是人,定语从句中缺少宾语(“met”的宾语),需用指人的关系代词“who”(可作主语/宾语)或“whom”(仅作宾语),此处二者均可。
3. 先行词“the factory”(工厂)是地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语(“manufactured”的地点),需用关系副词“where”,相当于“in which”。
4. 先行词“the reason”(原因)是抽象概念,定语从句中缺少原因状语,需用关系副词“why”,相当于“for which”。
5. 先行词“the safety procedures”(安全规程)是物,定语从句中缺少主语,需用指物的关系代词“which”或“that”,在从句中作主语。
6. 此处是非限制性定语从句(先行词“Mr. Wang”后有逗号隔开),先行词是人,从句中缺少主语,需用指人的关系代词“who”(非限制性定语从句中不能用“that”)。
7. 先行词“the day”(日子)是时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语(“started”的时间),需用关系副词“when”,相当于“on which”。
8. 先行词“the company”(公司)与从句中“products”是所属关系(公司的产品),需用关系代词“whose”,表“……的”,在从句中作定语。
(二)选择最佳答案
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C
【解析】
1. 先行词“the tools”(工具)是物,定语从句中缺少宾语(“use”的宾语):A“who”(指人)、C“whom”(指人,作宾语)、D“where”(表地点)均不符合;B“which”(指物,作宾语)符合,故选B。
2. 先行词“the worker”(工人)与人从句中“performance”(表现)是所属关系(工人的表现):B“which”(指物)、C“who”(指人,作主语/宾语)、D“whom”(指人,作宾语)均不符合;A“whose”(表所属,作定语)符合,故选A。
3. 先行词“the most efficient method”(最高效的方法)是物,且含最高级“most efficient”,定语从句中缺少宾语:A“which”(指物,但最高级后常用“that”)、B“who”(指人)、D“whom”(指人)均不符合;C“that”(指物,可用于最高级后)符合,故选C。
4. 此处是非限制性定语从句(先行词“our new factory”后有逗号隔开),先行词是物:A“that”(非限制性定语从句中不能用)、B“who”(指人)、D“where”(表地点,从句中“was completed”不缺地点状语)均不符合;C“which”(指物,可用于非限制性定语从句)符合,故选C。
5. 先行词“the day”(日子)是时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语(“was installed”的时间):B“which”(指物)、C“that”(指物/人,不表时间)、D“whose”(表所属)均不符合;A“when”(表时间,作状语)符合,故选A。
6. 先行词“the technician”(技术员)是人,定语从句中缺少主语:A“which”(指物)、B“whom”(指人,作宾语)、C“whose”(表所属)均不符合;D“who”(指人,作主语)符合,故选D。
7. 先行词“the room”(房间)是地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语(“are held”的地点):A“when”(表时间)、C“why”(表原因)、D“which”(指物,从句中不缺主语/宾语)均不符合;B“where”(表地点,作状语)符合,故选B。
8. 先行词“All”(所有事物)是不定代词,定语从句中缺少宾语:A“which”(不定代词后常用“that”)、B“what”(不能引导定语从句)、D“who”(指人)均不符合;C“that”(可用于不定代词后,指物)符合,故选C。
(三)判断下列句子是否正确,错误的请改正
1. (×)改正:The machine that we bought last year is still working well.
2. (√)
3. (×)改正:This is the factory which/that we visited last week.(或This is the factory we visited last week.)
4. (×)改正:Our company, which was founded in 2005, has grown rapidly.
5. (×)改正:The reason why he was late is that his car broke down.(或He was late because his car broke down.)
【解析】
1. 定语从句中“that”已指代先行词“the machine”(作“bought”的宾语),原句中“it”多余(重复指代先行词),需删除“it”,故句子错误。
2. 先行词“the worker”是人,定语从句中“met”缺少宾语,用“who”(可作宾语)或“whom”均可,句子结构正确,故句子正确。
3. 先行词“the factory”是地点,但定语从句中“visited”是及物动词,缺少宾语(而非地点状语),需用指物的关系代词“which/that”(作“visited”的宾语,可省略),不能用“where”(表地点状语),故句子错误。
4. 此处是非限制性定语从句(先行词“our company”后有逗号隔开),“that”不能用于非限制性定语从句,需改为指物的“which”,故句子错误。
5. “the reason why...”结构中,表语从句需用“that”引导(“reason”与“because”语义重复,均表原因),不能用“because”,故句子错误。
二、能力提升题
(一)将下列句子合并为含有定语从句的复合句
1. The equipment which we bought last month is very efficient.
2. The technician who has many years of experience will train us.
3. We visited a factory where many new products are developed.
4. The meeting which was held yesterday was very important.
5. The worker whose idea was praised by the manager invented a new tool.
【解析】
1. 先行词是“the equipment”(物),用“which”引导定语从句,“which”在从句中作“bought”的宾语,连接“我们上个月买的设备”与“很高效”,符合“which”指物且作宾语的用法。
2. 先行词是“the technician”(人),用“who”引导定语从句,“who”在从句中作主语,连接“有多年经验的技术员”与“将培训我们”,符合“who”指人且作主语的用法。
3. 先行词是“a factory”(地点),用“where”引导定语从句,“where”在从句中作地点状语(相当于“in which”),连接“我们参观的工厂”与“研发新产品的地方”,符合“where”表地点的用法。
4. 先行词是“the meeting”(物),用“which”引导定语从句,“which”在从句中作“was held”的主语,连接“昨天召开的会议”与“很重要”,符合“which”指物且作主语的用法。
5. 先行词是“the worker”(人),用“whose”引导定语从句,“whose”在从句中作“idea”的定语(表所属),连接“想法被经理表扬的工人”与“发明了新工具”,符合“whose”表所属的用法。
(二)完成下列句子
1. which/that we discussed
2. which/that produces this product
3. when we launched the new product
4. the equipment which/that is used for this project(或equipment used for this project)
5. whom you mentioned yesterday
【解析】
1. 句子需补充“我们讨论过的”定语从句,先行词“the new system”是物,从句中“discussed”缺少宾语,用“which/that”引导,故填“which/that we discussed”。
2. 句子需补充“生产这种产品的”定语从句,先行词“our company”是物,从句中“produces”缺少主语,用“which/that”引导,故填“which/that produces this product”。
3. 句子需补充“我们推出新产品的”定语从句,先行词“the day”是时间,从句中“launched”缺少时间状语,用“when”引导,故填“when we launched the new product”。
4. 句子需补充“用于这个项目的”定语从句,先行词“all the equipment”是物,从句中“is used”缺少主语,用“which/that”引导;也可省略关系代词(因“which/that”作主语时不能省略,此处需完整结构,故填“the equipment which/that is used for this project”,或简化为“equipment used for this project”(过去分词作定语)。
5. 句子需补充“你昨天提到的”定语从句,先行词“the technician”是人,从句中“mentioned”缺少宾语,用“whom”引导(作宾语,指人),故填“whom you mentioned yesterday”。
(三)句子翻译(根据括号中的提示翻译句子)
1. This is the equipment which we bought last month.
2. The engineer who is responsible for this project is very experienced.
3. The warehouse where we store raw materials is located in the east of the factory.
4. The suggestion that/which he put forward was adopted by the manager.
5. Our company, which was founded in 1998, has a good reputation in the industry.
6. This is the most efficient method that I have ever used.
7. The dormitory where the employees live is very close to the factory.
8. The technician whom you mentioned yesterday will come to train us tomorrow.
【解析】
1. 用“which”引导定语从句:先行词“设备”译为“the equipment”(物),“which”在从句中作“bought”的宾语,“上个月购买的”译为“which we bought last month”,符合“which”指物作宾语的用法。
2. 用“who”引导定语从句:先行词“工程师”译为“the engineer”(人),“who”在从句中作主语,“负责这个项目的”译为“who is responsible for this project”,符合“who”指人作主语的用法。
3. 用“where”引导定语从句:先行词“仓库”译为“the warehouse”(地点),“where”在从句中作地点状语(相当于“in which”),“存储原材料的”译为“where we store raw materials”,符合“where”表地点的用法。
4. 用“that/which”引导定语从句:先行词“建议”译为“the suggestion”(物),“that/which”在从句中作“put forward”的宾语,“他提出的”译为“that/which he put forward”,二者均可指物作宾语。
5. 用非限制性定语从句:先行词“我们公司”译为“our company”(物),非限制性定语从句用“which”引导(不能用“that”),“成立于1998年的”译为“which was founded in 1998”,逗号隔开主句与从句,符合非限制性定语从句用法。
6. 用“that”引导定语从句:先行词“方法”译为“the method”,含最高级“most efficient”,需用“that”引导(最高级后常用“that”),“我用过的”译为“that I have ever used”,符合“that”用于最高级后的规则。
7. 用“where”引导定语从句:先行词“宿舍”译为“the dormitory”(地点),“where”在从句中作地点状语,“员工们居住的”译为“where the employees live”,符合“where”表地点的用法。
8. 用“whom”引导定语从句:先行词“技术员”译为“the technician”(人),从句中“mentioned”缺少宾语,用“whom”引导(作宾语,指人),“你昨天提到的”译为“whom you mentioned yesterday”,符合“whom”指人作宾语的用法。
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第二编 句法
第十七章 复合句(下):定语从句
第一节 定语从句精讲
一、定语从句概述
定语从句(Attributive Clause)是在复合句中作定语的从句,用于修饰主句中的名词或代词(称为先行词),说明先行词的性质、特征、状态或所属等。
在职业场景中,定语从句能帮助我们精确描述设备、工具、流程、人员等,使专业表达更加准确和简洁。例如,在设备说明书中可以明确指出"the machine that we installed last month"(我们上个月安装的那台机器)。
基本结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句
例句: The technician who repaired the machine is from Beijing.(修理这台机器的技术员来自北京。)
关系词的作用:
连接主句和定语从句
指代先行词
在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分(主语、宾语、定语等)
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
常用的关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose。它们在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语。
关系代词
指代对象
在从句中充当的成分
职业场景例句
that
人或物
主语、宾语
The safety procedures that are listed in the manual must be followed.(手册中列出的安全规程必须遵守。)
The engineer that designed this system will give us training.(设计这个系统的工程师将给我们培训。)
which
物
主语、宾语
The machine which is used for packaging needs maintenance.(用于包装的那台机器需要维修。)
We have replaced the old software which caused many problems.(我们更换了那套带来很多问题的旧软件。)
who
人
主语
The operator who is responsible for this equipment should check it daily.(负责这台设备的操作员应该每天检查它。)
whom
人
宾语
The technician whom you met yesterday will repair the machine.(你昨天见到的那位技术员将修理这台机器。)
在口语中常用who代替whom,或省略关系代词
whose
人或物
定语(表示所属关系)
The worker whose performance was excellent received an award.(那位表现出色的工人获得了奖励。)
The company whose products we use has a good reputation.(我们使用其产品的那家公司信誉很好。)
关系代词的省略:
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,可以省略:
The tools (that/which) we use daily need to be cleaned.(我们日常使用的工具需要清洁。)
The supervisor (whom/who) you talked to is very experienced.(你交谈过的那位主管很有经验。)
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词有:when, where, why。它们在从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。
关系副词
指代对象
在从句中充当的成分
职业场景例句
when
时间名词
时间状语
The day when we started production was a great milestone.(我们开始生产的那天是一个重要的里程碑。)
We remember the moment when the new system was launched.(我们记得新系统启动的那一刻。)
where
地点名词
地点状语
The workshop where we assemble the products is very clean.(我们组装产品的车间非常干净。)
Please find the room where the equipment is stored.(请找到存放设备的房间。)
why
reason等表示原因的名词
原因状语
The reason why we changed the procedure is to improve efficiency.(我们改变流程的原因是为了提高效率。)
Do you know the reason why the machine stopped working?(你知道机器停止工作的原因吗?)
关系副词与"介词+关系代词"的转换:
This is the factory where we work. = This is the factory in which we work.(这是我们工作的工厂。)
I remember the day when we met. = I remember the day on which we met.(我记得我们见面的那天。)
The reason why he came late is clear. = The reason for which he came late is clear.(他迟到的原因很清楚。)
(三)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
根据与先行词关系的紧密程度,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
类型
特点
标点符号
关系词使用
职业场景例句
限制性定语从句
与先行词关系密切,不可省略,省略后会影响主句意思的完整性
不用逗号与主句隔开
可使用that,作宾语时可省略
The workers who wear red helmets are responsible for safety inspection.(戴红色安全帽的工人负责安全检查。)
非限制性定语从句
对先行词进行补充说明,可省略,省略后不影响主句意思的完整性
用逗号与主句隔开
不可使用that,关系词不可省略
Our company, which was founded in 1995, has a good reputation in the industry.(我们公司成立于1995年,在行业内享有良好声誉。)
注意事项:
非限制性定语从句还可修饰整个主句,此时关系代词用which:
The production line was improved, which increased our efficiency by 30%.(生产线得到了改进,这使我们的效率提高了30%。)
在非限制性定语从句中,指人的关系代词用who/whom,指物的用which,不能用that:
Mr. Li, who is our technical advisor, will give a lecture tomorrow.(李先生是我们的技术顾问,他明天将做讲座。)
二、使用定语从句的注意事项
关系代词的数和人称
关系代词的数和人称要与先行词保持一致:
The machine that is used for cutting needs repair.(用于切割的那台机器需要修理。)
The machines that are used for cutting need repair.(用于切割的那些机器需要修理。)
避免双重指代
关系代词已经指代了先行词,从句中不能再出现指代先行词的人称代词:
错误:The equipment which we bought it last year is very efficient.
正确:The equipment which we bought last year is very efficient.(我们去年买的设备效率很高。)
只能用that的情况
先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something, anything等):
We should check everything that might cause problems.(我们应该检查所有可能引起问题的东西。)
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰:
This is the most efficient method that we have tried.(这是我们尝试过的最高效的方法。)
先行词被all, any, every, no, only, very等词修饰:
The only tool that can be used here is this one.(唯一能在这里使用的工具是这个。)
先行词既指人又指物:
We talked about the workers and factories that we had visited.(我们谈论了我们参观过的工人和工厂。)
只能用which的情况
引导非限制性定语从句:
Our new product, which was launched last month, has sold very well.(我们上个月推出的新产品销量很好。)
关系代词前有介词:
The container in which we store the materials is over there.(我们存放材料的容器在那边。)
三、职业场景中的定语从句应用
在职业场景中,定语从句常用于精确描述设备、工具、人员、流程等,使专业沟通更加准确:
场景
例句
定语从句分析
应用目的
设备说明书
The button that is marked with a red cross is for emergency stop.(标有红色十字的按钮是紧急停止按钮。)
that引导的限制性定语从句,修饰button,作主语
精确指明哪个按钮是紧急停止按钮
工作安排
The technician who will repair the machine will arrive at 10 o'clock.(将要修理机器的技术员将于10点到达。)
who引导的限制性定语从句,修饰technician,作主语
明确说明是哪位技术员
产品介绍
Our new software, which can improve work efficiency by 50%, will be released next month.(我们的新软件能提高50%的工作效率,将于下月发布。)
which引导的非限制性定语从句,补充说明software
补充说明产品的主要优势
安全须知
The area where dangerous chemicals are stored is restricted to authorized personnel only.(存放危险化学品的区域仅限授权人员进入。)
where引导的限制性定语从句,修饰area,作地点状语
明确指出哪个区域有特殊限制
四、课标要求
了解定语从句的定义和基本特征;掌握关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)的用法;理解限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别及用法;能正确使用定语从句描述职业场景中的设备、工具、人员和流程;能读懂包含定语从句的职业相关英文材料,并能根据职业需求撰写包含定语从句的句子和段落。
第二节 定语从句专项练习
一、基础巩固题
(一)用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1.The machine ______ broke down yesterday is being repaired now.
2.The technician ______ we met this morning will train us.
3.This is the factory ______ our products are manufactured.
4.The reason ______ the production was delayed is clear now.
5.The safety procedures ______ are listed in the manual must be followed.
6.Mr. Wang, ______ has many years of experience, will be our new manager.
7.The day ______ we started the new project was a memorable one.
8.The company ______ products we use has a good reputation.
(二)选择最佳答案
( )1.The tools ______ we use in the workshop are regularly inspected.
A. who B. which C. whom D. where
( )2.The worker ______ performance was excellent received an award.
A. whose B. which C. who D. whom
( )3.This is the most efficient method ______ we have tried so far.
A. which B. who C. that D. whom
( )4.Our new factory, ______ was completed last month, will start production next week.
A. that B. who C. which D. where
( )5.The day ______ the new system was installed was a busy one.
A. when B. which C. that D. whose
( )6.Do you know the technician ______ is responsible for this equipment?
A. which B. whom C. whose D. who
( )7.The room ______ the meetings are held is on the third floor.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
( )8.All ______ we need is more time to complete the task.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
(三)判断下列句子是否正确,错误的请改正
1.The machine that we bought it last year is still working well.
2.The worker who we met yesterday is very experienced.
3.This is the factory where we visited last week.
4.Our company, that was founded in 2005, has grown rapidly.
The reason why he was late is because his car broke down.
二、能力提升题
(一)将下列句子合并为含有定语从句的复合句
1.The equipment is very efficient. We bought it last month.(用which连接) _________________________________________________
2.The technician will train us. He has many years of experience.(用who连接) _________________________________________________
3.We visited a factory. Many new products are developed there.(用where连接) _________________________________________________
4.The meeting was very important. It was held yesterday.(用which连接) _________________________________________________
5.The worker invented a new tool. His idea was praised by the manager.(用whose连接)
_________________________________________________
(二)完成下列句子
1.The new system ________________________ will be installed next week.(我们讨论过的新系统将于下周安装)
2.Our company ________________________ has a history of over 20 years.(生产这种产品的我们公司有20多年历史)
3.The day ________________________ is considered a turning point in our company.(我们推出新产品的那天被视为公司的转折点)
4.All ________________________ must be checked before operation.(所有用于这个项目的设备在操作前必须检查)
5.The technician ________________________ is coming to repair the machine tomorrow.(你昨天提到的那位技术员明天来修理机器)
(三)句子翻译(根据括号中的提示翻译句子)
1.这是我们上个月购买的设备。(用which引导)
2.负责这个项目的工程师很有经验。(用who引导)
3.我们存储原材料的仓库位于工厂的东边。(用where引导)
4.他提出的建议被经理采纳了。(用that/which引导)
5.我们公司成立于1998年,在行业内享有良好声誉。(用非限制性定语从句)
6.这是我用过的最有效的方法。(用that引导)
7.员工们居住的宿舍离工厂很近。(用where引导)
8.你昨天提到的那位技术员明天会来给我们培训。(用whom引导)
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