内容正文:
动词
These words tell us what people or things do. What are they called in English?
verb(动词)
第一节 动词和动词短语
01
动词的定义
A verb is a word that shows an action, state or occurrence.(动词是表示动作、状态或发生的词)
动 词 的 分 类
实义动词
及物动词(vt.): 后直接接宾语。例: I love music.
不及物动词(wi.): 不能直接接宾语,需加介词。例:I go to school.
系动词
状 态 系 动 词 :be(am/is/are/was/were) 。 例 :He is a student.
持 续 系 动 词 :keep,stay 。 例 :The weather keeps warm in spring.
感官系动词:look,smell,taste,feel。例 :The flower looks beautiful.
变化系动词:become,turn,grow 。 例 :The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
表象系动词:seem,appear 。 例 :He seems happy.
助动词
be: 用于进行时态(am/is/are+doing;was/were+doing) 。 例 :He is reading a book.
do: 用于构成否定句、疑问句(do/does/did+动词原形)。例:Do you like apples?
have: 用于完成时态(have/has+done;had+done) 。 例 :I have seen the movie.
wil/shall: 用于一般将来时(will/shall+ 动词原形)。例:I will go to Beijing tomorrow.
情态动词
情态动词的表推测用法:can,can't,could,may,might,must
情态动词的基本用法(含否定):can,can't,could,couldn't,may,may not,might,might not,must,mustn't
情态 动词 基本 用 法
表 能 力 hcan/could:能够(否定“不能”),例:I can swim./He could run fast before.
表义务 /必须 must: 必须(否定“禁止”),例:Youmust study hard./You mustn't smoke here.
have to:必须(有时态变化),例:Ihave to work./He had to leave yesterday.
表请求 /允许 can/could: 口语请求,例:Can Iuse your pen?/Could you help me?
may/might: 正式请求,例:May Ienter?/Might I have a try?
must: 否定回答用needn't, 例: —Must I go now?—No,you needn't.
情态动词 (无人称/数的变化 ,后接动词原形 )
表建议/劝告 should: 意为“应该”(否定“不应该”),例:You should exercise./You shouldn't talk back to your mother.
had better:意为“最好”,否定加not, 例 :You had better not play before finishing your homework.
表意愿 /意图 will/would: 意愿/过去习惯,例:I will help./He would play basketball.
shall:第一人称询问,例:Shall we go?
表需要 /必要性 作情态动词时用于否定句、疑问句,表示“没必要;需要……吗”。
如 :You needn't come early.(否定); Need Ifinish the work today?(疑问句)
need还可作实义动词,后跟动词不定式,例:I need to ask you some questions.
情态动词表推测用法
must: 肯定推测,例:You must be hungry.
can/can't/could: 否定/疑问推测,例:Can it be true?/He can't be at home.
may/might: 可能性推测,例: It may rain tonight./She might come tomorrow.
动 词 + 副 词
get up,get off,turn down,put away,eat up,put on,take off
注 意:
①是宾语名词:可放动词与副词中间/后,例: take offthejacket=take thejacket off
是宾语代词:仅放动词与副词中间,例: take it off
动词+介词
look at,look after,listen to,wait for,look like
动词+名词+介词
take care of,take partin,make friends with,pay attention to
动词+副词+介词
catch up with,get on with,look forward to,keepup with
动 词 短 语
choose spend turn out build must throw away should believe in
1.It's necessary for us to learn to time and make good use of every minute.
2.There can be some trouble at the beginning,but things well in the end.
3.You have to wear a uniform because it school spirit.
4.As the saying goes,"Nothing is impossible if we ourselves!”
5.There are some after-school clubs in our school.You can any one you like.
6.Don't _rubbish everywhere.It's everyone's duty to protect the environment.
7.You be very tired after finishing all those hard tasks.Take a good rest and make yourself comfortable.
8.You___________
not talk back to your parents because they really care about you.
练习
spend
turn out
builds
believe in
choose
throw away
must
should
9.When using a washing machine,you'd better _ (分开)white clothes from colored ones.
10.Since Mia joined the art club,her skills in painting ( 改 进 )a lot.
11.In the past,many rivers were ( 污 染 )seriously,but now they are cleaned up.
12.Our school is ready to ____(筹募)money for the children in the poor mountain areas.
13.Our team worked together and ( 成 功 )in finishing the project on time.
根据括号内所给汉语注释写出单词的正确形式(每空一词)。
第二节 动词的时态
02
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基本形式 变化规则 示例
动词原形 词典中一般给出的形式 do,learn,run,play
第三人称
单数形式 一般在动词后直接加-s run→runs,think→thinks
以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾的动词后加-es teach→teaches,wash→washes,
go→goes,pass→passes,mix→mixes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变成i,再加-es study→studies,carry→carries
不规则变化 be→is,have→has
动词的
-ing形式 一般在动词后直接加-ing read→reading,cook→cooking
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing live→living,write→writing
以重读闭音节结尾的动词,且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写该辅音字母后加-ing sit→sitting,begin→beginning
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要先变ie为y,再加-ing die→dying,lie—lying,tie→tying
动 词 的 基 本 形 式
过去式和
过去分词
(规则变化) 一般在动词后直接加-ed work→worked,play→played
以字母e结尾的动词,直接加-d invite→invited,promise→promised
以重读闭音节结尾的动词,且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写该辅音字母后加-ed stop→stopped,plan→planned
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-ed carry→carried,study→studied
一般现在时
结构
谓语是be动词:主语+am/is/are+ 其他.
谓语是实义动词:主语+动词原形/动词第三人称单数+其他.
表示事实、现状、性质或现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作。
例 :Lily usually cooks for her parents.
动 词 的 六 大 时 态
用法
表示客观真理、客观存在或科学事实。例: The moon goes around the earth.
在由if,unless,as soon as,when,once,until等引导的条件状语从句 或时间状语从句中,从句使用一般现在时,主句使用一般将来时。
例 :I'll go with you if Iam free tomorrow.
表示按计划或安排好的将要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来, 但仅限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive 等动词。
例 :The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
标志词
频度副词(词组)often,seldom,always,usually,sometimes,once a week, twice a month等
every 系列:every day,every week,every month,every year
其他词组:on Sundays,at/on weekends等
结构 主语+was/were 或动词过去式.
用法
表示过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态,或过去经常发生的动作。 例 :He failed the English test last week.
在since引导的时间状语从句中,主句使用现在完成时,从句使用一般过去时。
例 :He has made great progress since he changed his learning method.
有些句子中没有明确表示过去时间的状语,但实际是过去发生的动作或存在的状态,应用一般过去时。
例 :Weshould forget the sad things that happened to us.
一般过去时
标志词
yesterday 类 :yesterday,the day before yesterday
ago类:three weeks ago,two months ago等
last 类 :last week,last Sunday,last night等
其他:just now等
主语+will+ 动词原形. ;主语+be going to+动词原形.
表 示 将 来 某 个 时 间 发 生 的 动 作 或 存 在 的 状 态 。 例 :I willgo to the museum tomorrow.
be going to+动词原形,表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的、很可能 发生的事,或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。
例:Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.
表示某种必然的趋势。例: Fish will die without water.
时间、条件等状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。 例 :The old man willbe happy if his grandchildren visit him.
tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week,next year,in three days,in 2028, this weekend,this afternoon等
结构
用法
标志词
一般将来时
现在进行时
结构 主语+am/is/are+ 动词的现在分词.
用法 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。例: Iam doing my homework now.
表示一段时间内一直在做的事或现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
例 : I am writing a novel these days.
表示计划或安排好将来要做的事,此类动词有come,go,leave,fly,start, arrive 等。
例 :My fatheris leaving for Guiyang on business next week.
标志词 now,at the moment,look,listen,these days,at present,when,while引导的 表示现在时间的状语从句等
过去进行时
结构 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词.
用法 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。
例 :H e was doing his homework when his friend called him.
表示一个动作发生时另一个动作也正在进行,常与when,while,as引导的时 间状语从句连用。
例:While Jim was reading a book,his brother George was watching TV.
标志词 then,at this timeyesterday,at that time,at ten yesterday,when/while引导的 表示过去时间的状语从句等
现在完成时
结构 主语+have/has+ 动词的过去分词.
用法 表示过去发生的动作或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
例 :I have finished doing my homework already.
表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态,也许还要持续下去,常和 for,since 连用,表示持续的动作或状态,谓语动词多为延续性动词。 例:I have studied English for ten years.
标志词 yet,already,so far,in the past three years,for+时 间 段 ,since+ 时间点/从句等
【拓展】1 .常用现在完成时的固定句型
①This/It is/was+the+形容词最高级+n.+that... 结构,若用 is,that 从句中要用现在完成时;若用 was,that 从句中要用过去完成时。如:This is the most interesting film that I have seen.
②It is/has been+时间段+since … 。 如 :It is/has been 5 years since we last met.
③ 一段时间+现在完成时+since 引导的时间状语从句。如:Two years have passed since I came here.
open→be open close→be closed become→be begin/start→be on marry→be married
borrow→→keep leave—be away(from) go to→be in buy→have die→be dead
join→be in finish→be over come back→be back wake up→be awake fall asleep→be asleep
2.常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化
1.So far,China's forests (increase)by over 70,000,000 hectares(公顷) .One tree after another, these people built a green Great Wall.
2.We (discuss)our school trip excitedly when Mr Yang came into the classroom.
3.A true friend always (support)you whenever you are in trouble.
4.My parents often (encourage)me to take up some hobbies in my spare time when I was young.
5.We all hope you (lose)heart and will try your best to prepare for the next exam.
6.The children (make)a snowman now.They are having a great time.
练习
beside often attention feel instead of
“If you don't feel loved,go mountain climbing.Then you 1. tired and you won't think about it.”
Recently,a sign at Yuelu Mountain in Changsha has gotten much 2. and become a must-visit.It can be found on a small path 3. the west gate of the mountain.Actually,it was put up by mountain climbing lovers 4. the workers there.
Shu Pei,a university teacher,said,“Many people don't exercise as 5. _as they should and they are in poor health,so the sign is a way to joke about mountain climbing.”
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