专题16 说明文议论文完形 - 信息链与逻辑关系梳理（培优讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

专题16 议论文说明文完形 —— 信息链与逻辑关系梳理 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】上下文语义连贯与信息链构建 【考点02】逻辑关系识别与运用 【考点03】词汇辨析与语境运用 【考点04】观点态度与情感色彩把握 【考点05】篇章结构与主旨大意理解 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】利用词汇复现解题 【题型02】利用逻辑关系解题 【题型03】利用观点态度解题 【题型04】利用篇章结构解题 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：议论文与说明文完形填空占高考完形填空题型的65%以上，重点考查学生对篇章信息链的构建能力和逻辑关系的识别能力。此类文体具有信息密度高、概念抽象、逻辑严谨的特点，要求学生能够精准把握上下文语义连贯、逻辑衔接及作者观点态度。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查信息链构建能力：识别上下文线索，建立语义联系 逻辑关系分析能力：判断句间、段间逻辑（如因果、转折、让步） 词汇语境运用能力：根据上下文选择恰当词汇 观点态度把握能力：理解作者或文中人物的情感倾向 篇章结构分析能力：把握文章整体框架与段落功能 。 培优瓶颈： 碎片化理解文本，忽视信息链的连贯性 对隐性逻辑关系（如隐含因果、对比）敏感度不足 过度依赖词汇本义，忽略语境中的引申义 对复杂句式（如长难句、倒装句）的分析能力薄弱 缺乏对篇章结构的宏观把握，难以定位解题线索 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 1. 话题贴近现实：科技发展、环境保护、社会现象、文化交流等主题占比上升； 2. 逻辑关系复杂化：隐性逻辑（如隐含对比、间接因果）题目增加； 3. 词汇考查深度化：熟词生义、固定搭配、语境词义辨析成为重点； 4. 篇章结构多样化：出现“问题-分析-解决”“观点对比”等复合结构。 策略： 1. 逻辑强化训练：系统梳理常见逻辑关系标志词（如however, therefore, in contrast），建立逻辑关系词库； 2. 信息链追踪训练：通过“句间关系图”“段落主旨提炼”等方法，强化上下文联系意识； 3. 词汇语境积累：整理高频完形词汇的多义项及搭配，结合语境记忆 4. 篇章结构分析：针对不同文体（现象解释型、问题解决型等） 5. 进行结构拆解训练 限时真题演练：每周完成2-3篇真题，分析错题原因并归类总结。 文体特征与命题本质 议论文：围绕论点展开，通过论据（事实、数据、说理）进行论证，结构严谨，逻辑性强。填空实质是“逻辑填空”和“语义衔接填空”。 说明文：旨在解释说明事物、现象或过程，强调客观性、条理性和准确性。填空实质是“信息精确衔接填空”和“术语定义填空”。 共同挑战：信息密度高、概念抽象、逻辑关系隐蔽。 说明文完形填空的特点 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为： 1. 开头点题 在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。 2.结构清晰 说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。 3.难度较大 说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。 4.遣词用字简练 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。 5.条理清晰 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。 议论文完形填空的特点 文体特征 议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种： 模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。 模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。 模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。 议论文有自己的语言个性，它不同于记叙文的生动形象，也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述，因此，它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时，它的语言也很准确，合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用，诸如since（既然），now that（既然），therefore（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），so（所以），It follows that…（因而…），If…，we may conclude that …（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……），Should it be the case （如果是这样的话……），Idon’t want to…,but…（我并不想……），It is true that…,but…（诚然……但是……）,Even if …（即使……）等有辩论和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构，以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外，作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。 ◇考点 01 上下文语义连贯与信息链构建 信息链是指文章中通过词汇、逻辑和语义连接形成的意义链条，是理解篇章的核心。完形填空实质是“信息链补全”的过程，需通过上下文线索（如词汇复现、同义替换、逻辑暗示）还原完整语义。 核心技巧： 词汇复现定位：关注上下文出现的原词、同义/近义词、反义词等复现信息。如2025年全国一卷完形中，"sustainability"与"environmental protection"构成同义复现。 代词指代还原：明确it, they, this等代词指代对象，避免语义混淆。 语境词义推断：通过定义、举例、对比等语境线索推断生词含义。如通过"such as recycling, energy saving"推断"eco-friendly"意为“环保的”。 常见误区：仅关注空格前后局部信息，忽略跨段落的信息呼应。如某题需结合首段主题句与末段总结句才能确定答案。 ◇考点 02 逻辑关系识别与运用 议论文和说明文依赖严谨的逻辑关系连接信息，常见逻辑关系包括：转折、因果、递进、让步、对比、例证等。逻辑关系词是解题的重要线索。 逻辑类型 常见标志词 解题要点 转折关系 however, but, yet, instead, on the contrary 前后语义相反，注意否定词（如hardly, rarely）的干扰 因果关系 because, so, therefore, thus, as a result, due to 理清原因与结果的对应，注意隐性因果（如“条件-结果”） 递进关系 besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition 语义程度加深或范围扩大，后句比前句更进一层 对比关系 while, whereas, by contrast, on the other hand 突出事物差异，注意比较对象的一致性 ◇考点 03 词汇辨析与语境运用 完形填空对词汇的考查已从“识词”转向“用词”，要求根据语境选择最恰当的词汇，涉及词义辨析、熟词生义等。 高频考查类型： 词义辨析：如"passion（热情）、determination（决心）、inspiration（灵感）等； 熟词生义：如"course"除“课程”外，可表示“航向”“进程”；"address"除“地址”外，可表示“解决”。 ◇考点 04 观点态度与情感色彩把握 1. 形容词转化为名词后缀 2. 常考的不可数名词 3. 名词单复数的形式比较复杂，注意掌握好以下的情况 议论文中作者的观点态度（支持/反对、肯定/否定、乐观/悲观等）和说明文的客观中立性是解题的重要依据。需通过形容词、副词、转折词等判断情感倾向。 情感线索词： 褒义：positive, beneficial, effective, remarkable, fortunately 贬义：negative, harmful, ineffective, problematic, unfortunately 中性：objective, neutral, comprehensive, generally ◇考点 05 篇章结构与主旨大意理解 把握文章整体结构（如总分、分总、对比、因果）和主旨大意，有助于定位解题线索。常见结构类型包括： 文体类型 常见结构 主旨定位 现象解释型说明文 现象描述→原因分析→影响/意义 首段或末段的总结句 问题解决型议论文 提出问题→分析问题→解决方案 解决方案部分（通常在末段） 观点对比型议论文 引出话题→观点A+论据→观点B+论据→结论 结论段的作者观点 解题技巧：通过“篇章结构图”梳理段落关系，标记各段主题句（通常为首句或末句），明确主旨句位置。 ◇题型 01 利用词汇复现解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about ___21___ someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen. However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably ___22___ at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies ___23___ . For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ___24___ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our ___25___ research results in child developmental psychology ___26___ that idea. 21. A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing 22. A. clever B. bad C. scared D. quick 23. A. exposed B. examined C. untouched D. imbalanced 24. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted 25. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired 26. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested 典例2【2016年上海卷】In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike 52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise 54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above 55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging 56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply 57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression 58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male 59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing 60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating 61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared 62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally 63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure 64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene 65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届河北省名校联合体高三上学期一模】Imagine this heartwarming scene. A person going through a 1 time in an underserved community can visit a friendship bench. Here, older strangers, 2 their life experience, wisdom and empathy, will act as a listening ear, engaging in gentle 3 when needed. This is the 4 talk therapy (治疗) idea of global mental health researcher, Professor Dixon Chibanda. The Friendship Bench Zimbabwe was founded by Chibanda in 2006. At that time, mental health received 5 0.42 percent of the total healthcare budget. The project was based on years of   6 on how to deliver mental health effectively. The friendship bench 7 a wooden park bench being put in a public space, and the 8 of kind help from so-called “grandmothers” and “grandfathers” to anyone passing. The friendship bench provides safe places in the communities for people to chat together, as talk therapy can help people experiencing 9 like anxiety and depression. The model has spread to 10 countries like Malawi, the US, Jordan, and Qatar and it has helped over half a million in the past three years. The friendship bench is the brainchild of Chibanda. He is on a mission to 11 that support from older   12 , who are rooted in their communities, can 13 the mental health treatment access gap. Seeing huge numbers of people living with feelings of depression, exhaustion, loneliness, and anxiety, Chibanda says he was 14 to develop the model after he grasped that the answers to the global mental health 15 do not lie in more diagnoses of disorders and medications. 1．A．quiet B．hard C．busy D．flexible 2．A．hiding B．enriching C．volunteering D．describing 3．A．debates B．practices C．lectures D．conversations 4．A．accessible B．expensive C．academic D．demanding 5．A．wholly B．merely C．clearly D．accurately 6．A．influence B．emphasis C．reflection D．research 7．A．separates B．occupies C．involves D．connects 8．A．offer B．promise C．decision D．chance 9．A．feelings B．alternatives C．risks D．conditions 10．A．neighbouring B．diverse C．wealthy D．developing 11．A．deny B．admit C．prove D．explain 12．A．locals B．friends C．passers-by D．lookers-on 13．A．leave B．bridge C．discover D．widen 14．A．reminded B．forced C．requested D．encouraged 15．A．education B．aid C．crisis D．failure ◇题型 02 利用逻辑关系解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】 For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ___24___ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our ___25___ research results in child developmental psychology ___26___ that idea. We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each ___27___ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ___28___ . We then asked the child if she could ___29___ or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same ___30___ happened when the adult covered her own mouth: ___31___ children said that they couldn’t ___32___ to her. 24. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted 25. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired 26. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested 27. A. parent B. child C. researcher D. doctor 28. A. feet B. nose C. hands D. ears 29. A. see B. help C. reach D. fool 30. A. event B. thing C. action D. accident 31. A. Yet B. Now C. Soon D. Once 32. A. speak B. listen C. turn D. wave 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月片段】 . ___29___ in the workplace, trust is important for strong ___30___ . It is something that every manager should work hard to ___31___ among their team. If people don’t trust you, they’re unlikely to ___32___ your directions and willingly become a loyal (忠诚) team member. A ___33___ of trust can make people work against you rather than for you. At the very least, it means that people are not going to be ___34___ you their best. Good ___35___, like good parenting, is a long-term commitment. 29. A. However B. Therefore C. Similarly D. Fortunately 30. A. affection B. determination C. friendship D. leadership 31. A. assess B. organize C. develop D. understand 32. A. repeat B. follow C. change D. forget 33. A. gesture B. measure C. bond D. lack 34. A. telling B. giving C. selling D. sending 35. A. management B. personality C. communication D. education 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期】Large Language Models (LLMs), a trendy way of building artificial intelligence, have an inherent security problem: they cannot separate code from data. As a result, they are at risk of a type of attack called a prompt injection, in which they are 1 into following commands they should not. Sometimes the result is merely embarrassing. On other occasions, it is far more damaging. The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”) . If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow. And 2 this is not just a matter for AI engineers. Ordinary users, too, need to learn how to use AI 3 , because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally. Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of 4 . AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers. The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations. The result was a series of centuries-spanning masterpieces. AI-security providers do not think like this. Conventional coding is a deterministic practice. Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they 6 . AI engineers, taught in this way of thinking from their school-days, often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts. These do, indeed, reduce risk. The 7 frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests. However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether. Unlike most software, LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses. A deterministic approach to safety is thus 9 . A better way forward is to copy engineers in the physical world and learn to work with, rather than against, 10 systems that can never be guaranteed to function as they should. That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates. 12 in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query. And mechanical engineering emphasises 13 safely. If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom. In the physical world, bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be 15 equipped. 1．A．talked B．tricked C．pressured D．persuaded 2．A．embracing B．celebrating C．avoiding D．criticizing 3．A．safely B．efficiently C．creatively D．professionally 4．A．attack B．code C．defence D．treatment 5．A．misconduct B．caution C．negligence D．incompetence 6．A．hang around B．break out C．go away D．get along 7．A．oldest B．largest C．simplest D．cleverest 8．A．random B．diligent C．deliberate D．harsh 9．A．reliable B．inadequate C．appropriate D．sufficient 10．A．advanced B．outdated C．changeable D．centralized 11．A．tolerance B．avoidance C．management D．reduction 12．A．Learning B．Coding C．Fighting D．Overbuilding 13．A．building B．hiding C．operating D．failing 14．A．within B．beyond C．outside D．above 15．A．consistently B．similarly C．differently D．independently ◇题型 03 利用观点态度解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】 A number of ___33___ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects ___34___ the questions and knew ___35___ what was asked of them. Their ___36___ to the questions reflected their true ___37___ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply ___38___ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our ___39___ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method ___40___ when others use it. 33. A. instructions B. descriptions C. experiments D. assumptions 34. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored 35. A. partly B. honestly C. vaguely D. exactly 36. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity 37. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose 38. A. hold back B. relate to C. insist on D. make up 39. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings 40. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月】Small children are easy to throw up in the air and catch-and they ___16___ it. “Again, Daddy, again!” Jacky shouts as I throw him skywards and catch him on the way back down again. He throws his arms and legs out ___17___ he were flying, his eyes wide with ___18___. His trust in me is ___19___ which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense of ___20___ . 16. A. deserve B. miss C. love D. know 17. A. as if B. in case C. even though D. so that 18. A. fear B. excitement C. doubt D. astonishment 19. A. reasonable B. limited C. absolute D. important 20. A. relief B. satisfaction C. achievement D. responsibility 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【辽宁省五校联盟2025-2026学年高三上学期期末】 The Ivory Towers of Ice-cream What is the most popular food in the world? Ice-cream, of course. How to sell more ice-creams? Carpigiani, an Italian firm that makes ice- cream 1 , has a better business plan. It is going into 2 . Its home market has consumed as many ice- creams as possible. Italy already boasts 37, 000 makers making gelatos — handmade Italian ice- creams. Since there are only so many scoops of ice-creams one nation can eat, 3 are now 80% of Carpigiani’s business. Unfortunately, most foreigners have no idea how to 4 a gelato. So Carpigiani has 5 Gelato University to teach them. In well-lit classrooms and shiny kitchens in Anzola dell’ Emilia, near Bologna, where Carpigiani has its factory, 6 from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Japan, Britain and Turkey are 7 the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them. Lawrence Fama, a retired chemical engineer, hopes to start an 8 shop in his home city of San Francisco. Corrado Barberis, an Italian economist, aims to take the real 9 to Lille in northern France. Most teaching is done 10 : Gelato University mainly holds 11 in countries such as America, Australia and China. Andrea Cocchi, Carpigiani’s managing director, sees the best growth 12 in Asia and South America. A week’s course in Anzola dell’ Emilia costs students €900. There is a sweetener, however: a €900 voucher (代币券) for Carpigiani machines. Gelato University is not just making the world a cooler place, it is also a 13 tool, and a rather cost-effective one. The fees 14 the running costs, and more than 15% of students end up buying equipment. In the past three years student numbers have more than tripled, to about 6, 700. Over the same period, Carpigiani’s sales have risen from €93 million to €113 million (roughly 8, 000 machines) . Sometimes the soft sell 15 . 1．A．machines B．cakes C．desserts D．packages 2．A．collection B．surveying C．education D．advertising 3．A．charities B．exports C．imports D．donations 4．A．make B．steam C．suck D．choose 5．A．taken up B．broken up C．turned up D．set up 6．A．teachers B．consultants C．students D．coaches 7．A．learning B．evaluating C．assessing D．presenting 8．A．equipment B．ice-cream C．engine D．instrument 9．A．fashion B．income C．purchase D．deal 10．A．backstage B．abroad C．nationwide D．online 11．A．profits B．shares C．courses D．debts 12．A．standards B．possibilities C．motivations D．patents 13．A．reforming B．researching C．balancing D．marketing 14．A．use B．miss C．cover D．adjust 15．A．works B．downsizes C．follows D．fails ◇题型 04 利用篇章结构解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷】A number of ___33___ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects ___34___ the questions and knew ___35___ what was asked of them. Their ___36___ to the questions reflected their true ___37___ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply ___38___ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our ___39___ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method ___40___ when others use it. 33. A. instructions B. descriptions C. experiments D. assumptions 34. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored 35. A. partly B. honestly C. vaguely D. exactly 36. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity 37. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose 38. A. hold back B. relate to C. insist on D. make up 39. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings 40. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月片段】I hope Jacky will always trust me fully, but I know that, as he gets ___21___ , it will need more effort and sound judgment____22____ . Trust is such an important part of a ___23___ relationship that it’s something that can’t ___24___ to lose. Every time I ___25___ Jacky to something new, he’ll do it only because he trusts me and feels ___26___ in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt .___27___ , teaching Jacky to swim means he has to ___28___ that, when he’s swimming in the big pool, I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down. 21. A. older B. busier C. quieter D. healthier 22. A. on my behalf B. on my part C. in my honor D. in my name 23. A. long-distance B. high-risk C. parent-child D. teacher-student 24. A. afford B. choose C. wait D. expect 25. A. attach B. compare C. adjust D. introduce 26. A. safe B. happy C. proud D. grateful 27. A. Above all B. In addition C. At first D. For example 28. A. admit B. believe C. suggest D. imagine 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【江苏省盐城市七校联盟第三次联考2025-2026学年高三上学期1月考】 My dad is one of the best storytellers I know. When the family 31 for my mother’s funeral in 1992, he regaled (款待) his children with 32 . I gave him a computer with word processing software and 33 convinced him to write his autobiography (自传). The family now has a story-filled book, which is meaningful because his children and grandchildren have 34 chances to get together. Stories help us 35 to each other and to the world around us. Storytelling can also drive away the feeling of depression as we 36 . In fact, there are 37 of writing our stories down. It can recall times, and create a written history. Many researches have 38 that those who have written down some of their life stories can preserve their 39 . What does it 40 to become a storyteller? Very few 41 are needed — a pen and some paper, or, if you prefer, a computer, are the only necessary things for 42 our stories. The next 43 is sharing them — if you have a(n) 44 to get together with your families, tell them your stories. The potential topics are 45 , ranging from a favorite place or event to your family’s background. 31．A．struggled B．lived C．searched D．gathered 32．A．presents B．books C．stories D．jokes 33．A．eventually B．completely C．obviously D．properly 34．A．fair B．limited C．ideal D．possible 35．A．connect B．compare C．insist D．devote 36．A．look B．age C．wander D．move 37．A．doubts B．views C．opinions D．benefits 38．A．heard B．agreed C．proven D．imagined 39．A．memories B．experiences C．joys D．feelings 40．A．say B．take C．offer D．have 41．A．projects B．methods C．plans D．tools 42．A．spreading B．telling C．recording D．watching 43．A．step B．lesson C．subject D．skill 44．A．opportunity B．wish C．intention D．task 45．A．simple B．endless C．attractive D．meaningful 变式2【2026届河北省沧州市十二校联考一模】Music is part of every culture on the Earth, which can be pleasant, sad, romantic, sleepy, healing — all kinds of things. But what is it? Some people call it an art that sounds 46 time. Our ears receive it as loud or 47 , high or low, rapid and short, or slow and fast. The sounds need to continue for a time in some sort of pattern to become 48 . Music, like 49 , is a human form of communication. As with language, there are many different kinds. In North America, people listen to jazz, rock, classical, folk, country, and many other kinds of music. Each kind of music has its own rules and " 50 " to us in its own way. No one knows for sure when music 51 . Perhaps while working, people sang to make it go faster. People who were 52 movements — picking crops or rowing boats, for example — could sing in time 53 for the work. Navajo Indians, for example, had corn-grinding songs. Over time, people 54 musical instruments. They might have started by clapping their hands and stamping their 55 . Sticks and objects that rattled (碰响) could have 56 the human body as early 57 . Both instruments and music became more complex (复杂) with time. Today, music in many cultures consists of art music and music of the people. Art music, which we call classical music, is more 58 than the music of the people — 59 music and popular music. Art music is generally harder to write and perform. Musicians who perform it need a lot of 60 . Popular and folk styles typically are easier to create, perform, and understand. 46．A．in B．over C．against D．across 47．A．small B．noisy C．soft D．distant 48．A．music B．tune C．symphony D．masterpiece 49．A．breath B．jazz C．chorus D．language 50．A．weeps B．turns C．speaks D．whispers 51．A．recorded B．began C．composed D．transformed 52．A．possessing B．accompanying C．combining D．repeating 53．A．gifted B．particular C．suitable D．dramatic 54．A．defended B．developed C．deserved D．guaranteed 55．A．feet B．faces C．volumes D．rhythms 56．A．overcome B．swept C．replaced D．steamed 57．A．images B．adaptation C．music D．instruments 58．A．essential B．impressive C．unusual D．complicated 59．A．folk B．rural C．jazz D．grand 60．A．training B．encouragement C．reputation D．expectation 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题16 议论文说明文完形 —— 信息链与逻辑关系梳理 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】上下文语义连贯与信息链构建 【考点02】逻辑关系识别与运用 【考点03】词汇辨析与语境运用 【考点04】观点态度与情感色彩把握 【考点05】篇章结构与主旨大意理解 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】利用词汇复现解题 【题型02】利用逻辑关系解题 【题型03】利用观点态度解题 【题型04】利用篇章结构解题 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：议论文与说明文完形填空占高考完形填空题型的65%以上，重点考查学生对篇章信息链的构建能力和逻辑关系的识别能力。此类文体具有信息密度高、概念抽象、逻辑严谨的特点，要求学生能够精准把握上下文语义连贯、逻辑衔接及作者观点态度。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查信息链构建能力：识别上下文线索，建立语义联系 逻辑关系分析能力：判断句间、段间逻辑（如因果、转折、让步） 词汇语境运用能力：根据上下文选择恰当词汇 观点态度把握能力：理解作者或文中人物的情感倾向 篇章结构分析能力：把握文章整体框架与段落功能 。 培优瓶颈： 碎片化理解文本，忽视信息链的连贯性 对隐性逻辑关系（如隐含因果、对比）敏感度不足 过度依赖词汇本义，忽略语境中的引申义 对复杂句式（如长难句、倒装句）的分析能力薄弱 缺乏对篇章结构的宏观把握，难以定位解题线索 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 1. 话题贴近现实：科技发展、环境保护、社会现象、文化交流等主题占比上升； 2. 逻辑关系复杂化：隐性逻辑（如隐含对比、间接因果）题目增加； 3. 词汇考查深度化：熟词生义、固定搭配、语境词义辨析成为重点； 4. 篇章结构多样化：出现“问题-分析-解决”“观点对比”等复合结构。 策略： 1. 逻辑强化训练：系统梳理常见逻辑关系标志词（如however, therefore, in contrast），建立逻辑关系词库； 2. 信息链追踪训练：通过“句间关系图”“段落主旨提炼”等方法，强化上下文联系意识； 3. 词汇语境积累：整理高频完形词汇的多义项及搭配，结合语境记忆 4. 篇章结构分析：针对不同文体（现象解释型、问题解决型等） 5. 进行结构拆解训练 限时真题演练：每周完成2-3篇真题，分析错题原因并归类总结。 文体特征与命题本质 议论文：围绕论点展开，通过论据（事实、数据、说理）进行论证，结构严谨，逻辑性强。填空实质是“逻辑填空”和“语义衔接填空”。 说明文：旨在解释说明事物、现象或过程，强调客观性、条理性和准确性。填空实质是“信息精确衔接填空”和“术语定义填空”。 共同挑战：信息密度高、概念抽象、逻辑关系隐蔽。 说明文完形填空的特点 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为： 1. 开头点题 在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。 2.结构清晰 说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。 3.难度较大 说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。 4.遣词用字简练 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。 5.条理清晰 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。 议论文完形填空的特点 文体特征 议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种： 模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。 模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。 模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。 议论文有自己的语言个性，它不同于记叙文的生动形象，也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述，因此，它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时，它的语言也很准确，合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用，诸如since（既然），now that（既然），therefore（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），so（所以），It follows that…（因而…），If…，we may conclude that …（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……），Should it be the case （如果是这样的话……），Idon’t want to…,but…（我并不想……），It is true that…,but…（诚然……但是……）,Even if …（即使……）等有辩论和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构，以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外，作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。 ◇考点 01 上下文语义连贯与信息链构建 信息链是指文章中通过词汇、逻辑和语义连接形成的意义链条，是理解篇章的核心。完形填空实质是“信息链补全”的过程，需通过上下文线索（如词汇复现、同义替换、逻辑暗示）还原完整语义。 核心技巧： 词汇复现定位：关注上下文出现的原词、同义/近义词、反义词等复现信息。如2025年全国一卷完形中，"sustainability"与"environmental protection"构成同义复现。 代词指代还原：明确it, they, this等代词指代对象，避免语义混淆。 语境词义推断：通过定义、举例、对比等语境线索推断生词含义。如通过"such as recycling, energy saving"推断"eco-friendly"意为“环保的”。 常见误区：仅关注空格前后局部信息，忽略跨段落的信息呼应。如某题需结合首段主题句与末段总结句才能确定答案。 ◇考点 02 逻辑关系识别与运用 议论文和说明文依赖严谨的逻辑关系连接信息，常见逻辑关系包括：转折、因果、递进、让步、对比、例证等。逻辑关系词是解题的重要线索。 逻辑类型 常见标志词 解题要点 转折关系 however, but, yet, instead, on the contrary 前后语义相反，注意否定词（如hardly, rarely）的干扰 因果关系 because, so, therefore, thus, as a result, due to 理清原因与结果的对应，注意隐性因果（如“条件-结果”） 递进关系 besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition 语义程度加深或范围扩大，后句比前句更进一层 对比关系 while, whereas, by contrast, on the other hand 突出事物差异，注意比较对象的一致性 ◇考点 03 词汇辨析与语境运用 完形填空对词汇的考查已从“识词”转向“用词”，要求根据语境选择最恰当的词汇，涉及词义辨析、熟词生义等。 高频考查类型： 词义辨析：如"passion（热情）、determination（决心）、inspiration（灵感）等； 熟词生义：如"course"除“课程”外，可表示“航向”“进程”；"address"除“地址”外，可表示“解决”。 ◇考点 04 观点态度与情感色彩把握 1. 形容词转化为名词后缀 2. 常考的不可数名词 3. 名词单复数的形式比较复杂，注意掌握好以下的情况 议论文中作者的观点态度（支持/反对、肯定/否定、乐观/悲观等）和说明文的客观中立性是解题的重要依据。需通过形容词、副词、转折词等判断情感倾向。 情感线索词： 褒义：positive, beneficial, effective, remarkable, fortunately 贬义：negative, harmful, ineffective, problematic, unfortunately 中性：objective, neutral, comprehensive, generally ◇考点 05 篇章结构与主旨大意理解 把握文章整体结构（如总分、分总、对比、因果）和主旨大意，有助于定位解题线索。常见结构类型包括： 文体类型 常见结构 主旨定位 现象解释型说明文 现象描述→原因分析→影响/意义 首段或末段的总结句 问题解决型议论文 提出问题→分析问题→解决方案 解决方案部分（通常在末段） 观点对比型议论文 引出话题→观点A+论据→观点B+论据→结论 结论段的作者观点 解题技巧：通过“篇章结构图”梳理段落关系，标记各段主题句（通常为首句或末句），明确主旨句位置。 ◇题型 01 利用词汇复现解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about ___21___ someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen. However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably ___22___ at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies ___23___ . For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ___24___ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our ___25___ research results in child developmental psychology ___26___ that idea. 21. A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing 22. A. clever B. bad C. scared D. quick 23. A. exposed B. examined C. untouched D. imbalanced 24. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted 25. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired 26. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested 【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. C 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对他们来说，避开别人的目光，让自己无法被别人看到，这是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。A. following跟随；B. taking取走；C. escaping避开；D. directing指导。根据上文“Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek.”可知，儿童喜欢玩捉迷藏，避开别人的目光。故选C项。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们都看到学龄前儿童非常不善于隐藏。A. clever聪明的；B. bad不擅长的；C. scared害怕的；D. quick快的。根据下文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies”可知，儿童不擅长隐藏，be bad at sth.表示“不擅长某事”。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们通常只用手遮住眼睛，其余的身体暴露在外。A. exposed无遮蔽的；B. examined已检查过的；C. untouched未受影响的；D. imbalanced失衡的。根据上文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies”可知，儿童只是用手遮住了眼睛，身体的其余部分无遮蔽，是暴露在外的。故选A项。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为儿童是无可救药的“自我中心”生物的证据。A. supported支持；B. guaranteed保证；C. imagined想象；D. interpreted解释。根据下文“as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” creatures.”可知，此处表示这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为证据，证明儿童是以自我为中心的。故选D项。 思路点拨：空格后“as evidence”是重要提示，构成“be interpreted as...”固定搭配，意为“被解释为...的证据”，与上文的描述形成解释性复现。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A. disappointing令人失望的；B. mixed混合的；C. surprising令人惊讶的；D. desired渴望的。根据下文“research results in child developmental psychology _6_ that idea.”可知，研究结果与之前的观点相矛盾，所以研究结果是令人惊讶的。故选C项。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A. explained解释；B. confirmed证实；C. contradicted相矛盾；D. tested测试。根据下文“Our 19 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method _ 20 _ when others use it.”可知，研究结果与之前的观点是相矛盾的。故选C项。 典例2【2016年上海卷】In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike 52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise 54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above 55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging 56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply 57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression 58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male 59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing 60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating 61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared 62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally 63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure 64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene 65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness 【答案】51. D   52. A   53. B   54. D   55. C   56. B   57. A   58. D   59. A   60. C  61. B   62. B   63. D   64. A   65. C    【解析】试题分析：本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。 51.D 考查动词辨析。根据后半句＂....will do anything to avoid it＂可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。 52.A 考查名词辨析。to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。此处是说，无论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。 53.B由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督可知此处是举例说明。故B项正确。 思路点拨：前文提出“许多管理者仍赞同X理论”，后文“他们认为员工需要被持续监督”是对X理论观点的举例说明。 54.D 考查副词辨析。根据后句可知，此处是说，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项＂above上面的＂正确。 55.C 考查动词辨析。根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。 56.B 考查动词短语辨析。refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。 57.A 考查名词辨析。agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商基础之上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。 58.D 考查形容词辨析。根据前半句＂....women will become more effective managers than men....＂可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。 59.A 考查动词辨析。根据前句＂... encourage employees to use their own initiative... ＂（鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。 60.C 考查动词辨析。根据＂the trend towards downsizing＂（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词＂reduce减少＂符合语境。 61.B 考查形容词短语。be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与……相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B项正确。 思路点拨：此句位于文章结尾，介绍了一种新型的“远程/虚拟管理”模式。在这种新的管理范式（篇章结构）​ 下，评估标准从“投入时间”转变为“产出成果”，因此评估的是员工的“工作表现（performance）”。 62.B 考查副词辨析。economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句＂Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control＂可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。 63.D 考查动词辨析。deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。 64.A virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句＂where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses＂可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A项正确。 65.C 考查名词辨析。opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中＂ in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届河北省名校联合体高三上学期一模】Imagine this heartwarming scene. A person going through a 1 time in an underserved community can visit a friendship bench. Here, older strangers, 2 their life experience, wisdom and empathy, will act as a listening ear, engaging in gentle 3 when needed. This is the 4 talk therapy (治疗) idea of global mental health researcher, Professor Dixon Chibanda. The Friendship Bench Zimbabwe was founded by Chibanda in 2006. At that time, mental health received 5 0.42 percent of the total healthcare budget. The project was based on years of   6 on how to deliver mental health effectively. The friendship bench 7 a wooden park bench being put in a public space, and the 8 of kind help from so-called “grandmothers” and “grandfathers” to anyone passing. The friendship bench provides safe places in the communities for people to chat together, as talk therapy can help people experiencing 9 like anxiety and depression. The model has spread to 10 countries like Malawi, the US, Jordan, and Qatar and it has helped over half a million in the past three years. The friendship bench is the brainchild of Chibanda. He is on a mission to 11 that support from older   12 , who are rooted in their communities, can 13 the mental health treatment access gap. Seeing huge numbers of people living with feelings of depression, exhaustion, loneliness, and anxiety, Chibanda says he was 14 to develop the model after he grasped that the answers to the global mental health 15 do not lie in more diagnoses of disorders and medications. 1．A．quiet B．hard C．busy D．flexible 2．A．hiding B．enriching C．volunteering D．describing 3．A．debates B．practices C．lectures D．conversations 4．A．accessible B．expensive C．academic D．demanding 5．A．wholly B．merely C．clearly D．accurately 6．A．influence B．emphasis C．reflection D．research 7．A．separates B．occupies C．involves D．connects 8．A．offer B．promise C．decision D．chance 9．A．feelings B．alternatives C．risks D．conditions 10．A．neighbouring B．diverse C．wealthy D．developing 11．A．deny B．admit C．prove D．explain 12．A．locals B．friends C．passers-by D．lookers-on 13．A．leave B．bridge C．discover D．widen 14．A．reminded B．forced C．requested D．encouraged 15．A．education B．aid C．crisis D．failure 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．C 12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球心理健康研究员Dixon Chibanda教授提出的“友谊长椅”谈话治疗理念，以及这一理念在津巴布韦的实施和全球推广情况。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个在服务不足社区中正经历着艰难时刻的人，可以拜访一张“友谊长椅”。A. quiet安静的；B. hard艰难的；C. busy忙碌的；D. flexible灵活的。根据后文“The friendship bench provides safe places in the communities for people to chat together, as talk therapy can help people experiencing ____ like anxiety and depression”可知，“友谊长椅”上的谈话疗法旨在帮助处于焦虑和抑郁状态的人，这暗示他们正处于“艰难的”时期。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这里，年长的陌生人自愿贡献出他们的人生经验、智慧和同理心，充当倾听者，并在需要时进行温和的交谈。A. hiding隐藏；B. enriching丰富；C. volunteering自愿做，自愿贡献；D. describing描述。根据后文“act as a listening ear”以及整个项目的志愿性质，这些长者是主动“自愿贡献”自己的时间和经验。故选C项。 思路点拨：根据后文“like anxiety and depression”的提示，此处指正经历“艰难的”时期，属于同义/上下义复现。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这里，年长的陌生人自愿贡献出他们的人生经验、智慧和同理心，充当倾听者，并在需要时进行温和的交谈。A. debates辩论；B. practices实践；C. lectures讲座；D. conversations交谈。根据前文“act as a listening ear”可知，这是一种倾听和聊天的互动形式，最适合的用词是“交谈”。故选D项。 思路点拨：根据上文“act as a listening ear”的提示，此处指进行温和的“交谈”，属于同义复现。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是全球心理健康研究员Dixon Chibanda教授的易获得的谈话疗法理念。A. accessible易获得的；B. expensive昂贵的；C. academic学术的；D. demanding要求高的。根据文章开头描述的使用公园长椅和社区长者的方式，以及后文“The friendship bench provides safe places in the communities for people to chat together”可知，这种疗法设计简单、成本低、地点便利，因此核心特点是“易获得的”。故选A项。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：那时，心理健康仅仅获得了医疗保健总预算的0.42%。A. wholly完全地；B. merely仅仅；C. clearly清楚地；D. accurately准确地。根据前文“At that time, mental health received”和后文数值“0.42 percent”可知，这是一个极低的比例，用“仅仅”强调其预算支持严重不足，为下文解释为何需要开发“友谊长椅”这种低成本模式做铺垫。故选B项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：该项目基于多年关于如何有效提供心理健康的研究。A. influence影响；B. emphasis强调；C. reflection反思；D. research研究。根据后文对项目具体运作模式的详细描述，以及“The friendship bench ____ a wooden park bench being put in a public space, and the ____ of kind help from so-called “grandmothers” and “grandfathers” to anyone passing.”等内容，可推断这是一个经过精心设计和验证的项目，其基础是系统的“研究”。故选D项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：友谊长椅涉及将一张木制公园长椅放置在公共空间，以及所谓“爷爷奶奶”们向任何路过的人提供善意的帮助。A. separates分开；B. occupies占据；C. involves包含，涉及；D. connects连接。根据后文“a wooden park bench being put in a public space, and the ____ of kind help”可知，本句是在具体说明项目“包含”哪些核心要素。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：友谊长椅涉及将一张木制公园长椅放置在公共空间，以及所谓“爷爷奶奶”们向任何路过的人提供善意的帮助。A. offer提供；B. promise承诺；C. decision决定；D. chance机会。根据前文“Here, older strangers, ____ their life experience, wisdom and empathy”和“kind help from so-called “grandmothers” and “grandfathers””可知，善意的长者们是在主动“提供”帮助。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：友谊长椅在社区中为人们提供了安全的一起聊天的地方，因为谈话疗法可以帮助正经历像焦虑和抑郁这类状况的人们。A. feelings感觉；B. alternatives替代方案；C. risks风险；D. conditions疾病，状况。根据后文“anxiety and depression”在心理健康语境中的专业表述，以及后文“do not lie in more diagnoses of disorders”中的“disorders”一词，它们被视为需要诊断和干预的“状况”或“病症”。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：该模式已传播到像马拉维、美国、约旦、卡塔尔等多样的国家。A. neighbouring邻近的；B. diverse多样的；C. wealthy富裕的；D. developing发展中的。根据列举的国家“Malawi, the US, Jordan, and Qatar”，它们来自非洲、美洲和亚洲，经济发展水平差异很大，因此用“多样的”来形容其传播范围广最为准确。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的使命证明，来自扎根于社区的当地年长者的支持能够弥合心理健康治疗的可及性鸿沟。A. deny否认；B. admit承认；C. prove证明；D. explain解释。根据前文“The friendship bench is the brainchild of Chibanda”和后文“can ____ the mental health treatment access gap”可知，他是在通过这个项目实践并“证明”一种新模式的可行性。故选C项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的使命证明，来自扎根于社区的当地年长者的支持能够弥合心理健康治疗的可及性鸿沟。A. locals当地人；B. friends朋友；C. passers-by路人；D. lookers-on旁观者。根据定语从句“who are rooted in their communities”，明确指出这些长者的特点是“扎根于社区”，因此他们的身份是“当地人”。故选A项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的使命证明，来自扎根于社区的当地年长者的支持能够弥合心理健康治疗的可及性鸿沟。A. leave离开；B. bridge弥合(差距)；C. discover发现；D. widen加宽。根据前文“mental health received ____ 0.42 percent of the total healthcare budget”所揭示的资源不足问题，以及“The friendship bench provides safe places”所提供的解决方案，此处的目标应是“弥合”可及性差距。“bridge the gap”是固定搭配。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：看到大量的人生活在抑郁、疲惫、孤独和焦虑的情绪中，Chibanda说，在他意识到解决全球心理健康危机的答案不在于更多的疾病诊断和药物治疗后，他受到了鼓舞去开发这个模式。A. reminded提醒；B. forced强迫；C. requested请求；D. encouraged鼓舞。根据前文“Seeing huge numbers of people living with feelings of depression, exhaustion, loneliness, and anxiety”描述了他看到的问题严重性，以及后文“after he grasped that the answers to the global mental health ____ do not lie in more diagnoses of disorders and medications.”表明他有了新的认识，这共同构成了他采取行动的积极内在动力，因此是“受到鼓舞”。故选D项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：看到大量的人生活在抑郁、疲惫、孤独和焦虑的情绪中，Chibanda说，在他意识到解决全球心理健康危机的答案不在于更多的疾病诊断和药物治疗后，他受到了鼓舞去开发这个模式。A. education教育；B. aid援助；C. crisis危机；D. failure失败。根据前文“huge numbers of people living with feelings of depression, exhaustion, loneliness, and anxiety”所描述的普遍性、严重性问题，以及文章开头提到的预算极低(0.42%)的背景，这共同构成了一个需要系统性应对的“危机”局面。故选C项。 ◇题型 02 利用逻辑关系解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】 For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ___24___ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our ___25___ research results in child developmental psychology ___26___ that idea. We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each ___27___ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ___28___ . We then asked the child if she could ___29___ or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same ___30___ happened when the adult covered her own mouth: ___31___ children said that they couldn’t ___32___ to her. 24. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted 25. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired 26. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested 27. A. parent B. child C. researcher D. doctor 28. A. feet B. nose C. hands D. ears 29. A. see B. help C. reach D. fool 30. A. event B. thing C. action D. accident 31. A. Yet B. Now C. Soon D. Once 32. A. speak B. listen C. turn D. wave 【答案 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. A 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为儿童是无可救药的“自我中心”生物的证据。A. supported支持；B. guaranteed保证；C. imagined想象；D. interpreted解释。根据下文“as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” creatures.”可知，此处表示这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为证据，证明儿童是以自我为中心的。故选D项。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A. disappointing令人失望的；B. mixed混合的；C. surprising令人惊讶的；D. desired渴望的。根据下文“research results in child developmental psychology _6_ that idea.”可知，研究结果与之前的观点相矛盾，所以研究结果是令人惊讶的。故选C项。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊讶的研究结果与这一观点相矛盾。A. explained解释；B. confirmed证实；C. contradicted相矛盾；D. tested测试。根据下文“Our 19 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method _ 20 _ when others use it.”可知，研究结果与之前的观点是相矛盾的。故选C项。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每个儿童都和一个成年人坐在一起，成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A. parent父母亲；B. child儿童；C. researcher研究员；D. doctor医生。根据上文“We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知，儿童参加实验，此处表示每个儿童和一个成年人坐在一起。故选B项。 【28题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每个儿童都和一个成年人坐在一起，成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A. feet脚；B. nose鼻子；C. hands手；D. ears耳朵。根据下文“or hear the adult”可知，实验中，儿童被询问是否能听到成年人的声音，所以此处表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。故选D项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后我们问儿童是否能看到或听到成年人的声音。A. see看见；B. help帮助；C. reach到达；D. fool欺骗。根据上文“an adult who covered her own eyes”可知，成年人遮住了自己的眼睛，所以此处儿童被询问是否能看见成年人。故选A项。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时，同样的事情发生了：此刻孩子们说他们不能和她说话。A. event大事；B. thing事情；C. action行动；D. accident事故。根据下文“children said that they couldn’t _12_ to her.”可知，此处表示同样的事情发生了，孩子们表示不能和捂住嘴的成年人说话了。故选B项。 【31题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时，同样的事情发生了：此刻孩子们说他们不能和她说话。A. Yet然而；B. Now此刻；C. Soon很快；D. Once一次。根据语境，此处表示当成年人捂住自己的嘴时，这时孩子们说不能和成年人说话了。故选B项。 思路点拨：上文说成年人遮住眼睛，孩子应能看见她。但孩子的回答却是“不能”。前后语义存在明显转折关系。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当成年人捂住她自己的嘴时，同样的事情发生了：此刻孩子们说他们不能和她说话。A. speak说；B. listen听；C. turn转；D. wave挥手。根据上文“when the adult covered her own mouth”可知，此处孩子们表示他们不能和成年人说话了。故选A项。 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月片段】 . ___29___ in the workplace, trust is important for strong ___30___ . It is something that every manager should work hard to ___31___ among their team. If people don’t trust you, they’re unlikely to ___32___ your directions and willingly become a loyal (忠诚) team member. A ___33___ of trust can make people work against you rather than for you. At the very least, it means that people are not going to be ___34___ you their best. Good ___35___, like good parenting, is a long-term commitment. 29. A. However B. Therefore C. Similarly D. Fortunately 30. A. affection B. determination C. friendship D. leadership 31. A. assess B. organize C. develop D. understand 32. A. repeat B. follow C. change D. forget 33. A. gesture B. measure C. bond D. lack 34. A. telling B. giving C. selling D. sending 35. A. management B. personality C. communication D. education 【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。短文论述了信任的重要性。 29.C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，在工作场所，信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. Similarly相似地；D. Fortunately幸运地。作者从父子之间的信任转移到职场，所以同样，在工作场所，信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选C项。 思路点拨：前文详述了亲子关系中信任的重要性，此处转向职场，说明信任同样重要。上下文是从一个场景到另一个同类场景的类比关系。 30.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，在工作场所，信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。A. affection感情；B. determination决定；C. friendship友谊；D. leadership领导力。根据下文“It is something that every manager”可知，信任对于强大的领导力也很重要。故选D项。 31.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是每个管理者都应该努力在团队中培养的品质。A. assess评估；B. organize组织；C. develop发展，培养；D. understand理解。根据常识可知，信任需要培养。故选C项。 32.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果人们不信任你，他们就不太可能听从你的指示，并不愿意成为忠诚的团队成员。A. repeat重复；B. follow跟随；C. change改变； D. forget忘记。根据上文“If people don’t trust you”可知，人们不信任你，他们就不太可能听从你的指示。故选B项。 33.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：缺乏信任会让人们与你作对，而不是帮助你。A. gesture姿势；B. measure测量；C. bond纽带；D. lack缺少。根据下文“make people work against you rather than for you”可知，缺乏信任会让人们与你作对。故选D项。 34.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：至少，这意味着人们不会给你最好的回应。A. telling告诉；B. giving给；C. selling卖；D. sending发送。其他人不信任你，所以不会给你最好的回应。故选B项。 35.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：好的管理，就像好的育儿一样，是一种长期的承诺。A. management管理；B. personality个性；C. communication交流；D. education教育。根据上文“in the workplace”以及“manager”客户，作者在说管理。故选A项。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期】Large Language Models (LLMs), a trendy way of building artificial intelligence, have an inherent security problem: they cannot separate code from data. As a result, they are at risk of a type of attack called a prompt injection, in which they are 1 into following commands they should not. Sometimes the result is merely embarrassing. On other occasions, it is far more damaging. The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”) . If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow. And 2 this is not just a matter for AI engineers. Ordinary users, too, need to learn how to use AI 3 , because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally. Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of 4 . AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers. The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations. The result was a series of centuries-spanning masterpieces. AI-security providers do not think like this. Conventional coding is a deterministic practice. Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they 6 . AI engineers, taught in this way of thinking from their school-days, often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts. These do, indeed, reduce risk. The 7 frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests. However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether. Unlike most software, LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses. A deterministic approach to safety is thus 9 . A better way forward is to copy engineers in the physical world and learn to work with, rather than against, 10 systems that can never be guaranteed to function as they should. That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates. 12 in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query. And mechanical engineering emphasises 13 safely. If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom. In the physical world, bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be 15 equipped. 1．A．talked B．tricked C．pressured D．persuaded 2．A．embracing B．celebrating C．avoiding D．criticizing 3．A．safely B．efficiently C．creatively D．professionally 4．A．attack B．code C．defence D．treatment 5．A．misconduct B．caution C．negligence D．incompetence 6．A．hang around B．break out C．go away D．get along 7．A．oldest B．largest C．simplest D．cleverest 8．A．random B．diligent C．deliberate D．harsh 9．A．reliable B．inadequate C．appropriate D．sufficient 10．A．advanced B．outdated C．changeable D．centralized 11．A．tolerance B．avoidance C．management D．reduction 12．A．Learning B．Coding C．Fighting D．Overbuilding 13．A．building B．hiding C．operating D．failing 14．A．within B．beyond C．outside D．above 15．A．consistently B．similarly C．differently D．independently 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了大语言模型的安全问题及应对策略。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为结果，它们面临一种名为提示词注入的攻击风险，在这种攻击中，它们被哄骗去做一些它们本不应该做的命令。A. talked谈论；B. tricked哄骗；C. pressured施压；D. persuaded说服。根据下文“into following commands they should not”可知，大语言模型是被恶意诱导执行指令，trick符合语境。故选B。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：而避免这种情况并非仅仅是人工智能工程师的事。A. embracing拥抱；B. celebrating庆祝；C. avoiding避免；D. criticizing批评。根据上文“The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow.”可知，上文提到大语言模型的的弊端会带来麻烦，此处承接上文，指规避这个风险的责任不局限于工程师，故选C。 思路点拨：上文阐述了“致命三连”的巨大风险，本句指出这不仅仅是AI工程师的事，语义上存在递进关系，强调问题的普遍性。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人工智能。A. safely安全地；B. efficiently高效地；C. creatively有创造性地；D. professionally专业地。根据上文“The worst effects of this flaw is the “lethal trifecta” (“致命三连”). If a company gives an LLM access to untrusted data, the ability to read valuable secrets and the ability to communicate with the outside world at the same time, then trouble is sure to follow.”、“because installing the wrong combination of apps can generate the trifecta accidentally.”可知，大语言模型的的弊端会意外产生“致命三连”问题，可知这里强调普通用户也需要学习如何安全地使用人工智能，故选A。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不过，更完善的人工智能工程设计才是第一道防线。A. attack攻击；B. code代码；C. defence防御；D. treatment治疗。根据上文“Better AI engineering is, though, the first line of”和下文“AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”可知，前文说大语言模型有安全问题和面临攻击，这里说的是要采取措施进行防御，更好的人工智能工程设计是第一道防线，人工智能工程师们需要开始学着像机械工程师那样思考，构建好第一道防线。the first line of defence是固定搭配，意为“第一道防线”，符合前文讨论AI安全防护的语境，故选C。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，工程师们本着谨慎的原则行事，过度建造以在作品中融入冗余设计。A. misconduct不当行为；B. caution谨慎；C. negligence疏忽；D. incompetence无能。根据上文“The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using”、下文“overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations”可知，因为不确定材料特性，所以工程师们谨慎行事，过度建造，overbuilding体现谨慎，本空用caution，符合题意。故选B。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：传统编码是一种确定性的工作模式：安全漏洞被视作亟待修复的错误，且一旦修复完毕，这些漏洞便会彻底消除。A. hang around闲逛；B. break out爆发；C. go away离开，消失；D. get along相处。根据上文“Security vulnerabilities are seen as errors to be fixed, and when fixed, they”、下文“often act as if problems can be solved just with more training data and better system prompts”、“However, they cannot eliminate risk altogether.”可知，人工智能工程师常常认为，只要投入更多训练数据、设计更完善的系统提示词，就能解决所有问题，修复安全漏洞后，漏洞就会消失，但它们终究无法将风险彻底根除。go away符合语境，故选C。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最聪明的前沿模型在发现和拒绝恶意请求方面做得更好。A. oldest最老的；B. largest最大的；C. simplest最简单的；D. cleverest最聪明的。根据下文“frontier models are better at spotting and refusing malicious (恶意的) requests.”可知，能更好发现和拒绝恶意请求的模型应该是更聪明的，故选D。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的输出是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的。A. random随机的；B. diligent勤奋的；C. deliberate故意的；D. harsh严厉的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic”和下文“selection from likely responses”可知，大语言模型具有概率性，这意味着其输出不是完全确定的，而是基于概率随机选择的结果，random符合这一特性。故选A。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，用确定性的方法来保障安全是不足够的。A. reliable可靠的；B. inadequate不够的；C. appropriate合适的；D. sufficient足够的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses.”可知，上文指出大语言模型是概率性的，它们的输出是由从可能的回应中随机选择驱动的，而确定性方法与这种特性不匹配，因此无法充分保障安全，inadequate符合语境，故选B。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更好的出路是效仿实体领域的工程师，学会去适应那些永远无法保证按预期运行的可变系统，而非与之对抗。A. advanced先进的；B. outdated过时的；C. changeable可变的；D. centralized集中的。根据上文“LLMs are probabilistic. Their output is driven by 8 selection from likely responses.”可知，大语言模型具有概率性、输出随机” 的特点，可知这类系统的运行结果是不稳定、易变的，changeable符合语境。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着通过引入安全边际、风险容忍度和错误率来更从容地应对不可预测性。A. tolerance容忍度；B. avoidance避免；C. management管理；D. reduction减少。根据上文“That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk”和下文“and error rates”可知，本空与safety margins“(安全边际)”、error rates“(误差率)” 并列，均为应对不确定性的参数，用risk tolerance“风险容忍度”，为固定搭配。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在人工智能时代过度建设可能意味着使用比手头任务所需更强大的模型，以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险。A. Learning学习；B. Coding编码；C. Fighting战斗；D. Overbuilding过度建设。根据上文“ AI engineers need to start thinking like mechanical engineers.”、“The great works of Victorian England were built by engineers who could not be sure of the properties of the materials they were using. Therefore, engineers erred on the side of 5 , overbuilding to incorporate redundancy (冗余) into their creations.”和下文“in the AI age might, for instance, mean using a more powerful model than is needed for the task at hand, to reduce the risk that it will be tricked into doing something inappropriate. It might mean limiting the number of queries LLMs can take, according to the risk of damage from a malicious query”可知，上文提到现实世界工程师过度建设，这里说在人工智能时代类似做法，过度建设符合语境，使用比手头任务所需更强大的模型，以降低它被哄骗做不适当事情的风险和根据恶意查询可能造成的损害风险，限制大型语言模型可接收的查询数量，都是过度建设的表现。故选D。 思路点拨：此处是对前文“过度建设以融入冗余”这一工程学原则在AI领域的类比应用，说明在AI时代也需要“过度建设”。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：机械工程强调安全失效。A. building建造；B. hiding隐藏；C. operating操作；D. failing失败。根据下文“If an AI system must have access to secrets, then avoid handing it the keys to the kingdom.”可知，下文说如果人工智能系统必须接触机密，避免给它过多权限，说明机械工程强调安全失效，fail safely“安全失效”，故选D。 14．考查介词词义辨析。句意：重要的是，这些限重处于计算得出的桥梁实际承重能力范围之内。A. within在……之内；B. beyond超过；C. outside在外面；D. above在上面。根据上文“bridges have weight limits”和下文“the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear.”可知，桥梁的限重标准会设定在实际承重能力范围内，以此预留安全空间，within符合逻辑。故选A。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能系统的虚拟世界也应当得到类似的配置。A. consistently一致地；B. similarly类似地；C. differently不同地；D. independently独立地。根据上文“That means becoming happier dealing with unpredictability by introducing safety margins, risk 11 and error rates.”、“bridges have weight limits — even if they are not always stated clearly to drivers. And, importantly, these are well 14 the actual tolerances that calculations suggest a bridge will bear. The time has now come for the virtual world of AI systems to be”可知，为了应对AI的隐患，人们要主动接纳不确定性，通过设定安全边际、实施风险管理和明确误差率的方式来应对风险，桥梁限重的安全设计类比AI系统的防护，此处表示AI系统也应采用和实体工程类似的安全配置思路，similarly符合类比关系。故选B。 ◇题型 03 利用观点态度解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷片段】 A number of ___33___ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects ___34___ the questions and knew ___35___ what was asked of them. Their ___36___ to the questions reflected their true ___37___ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply ___38___ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our ___39___ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method ___40___ when others use it. 33. A. instructions B. descriptions C. experiments D. assumptions 34. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored 35. A. partly B. honestly C. vaguely D. exactly 36. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity 37. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose 38. A. hold back B. relate to C. insist on D. make up 39. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings 40. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective 【答案】 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. D 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多实验排除了孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。A. instructions命令；B. descriptions说明；C. experiments实验；D. assumptions假设。根据语境，此处表示上文中的许多实验排除了孩子们会误解问题这一情况。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：结果很清楚：我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题，并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么。A. comprehended理解；B. predicted预测；C. explored探索；D. ignored忽略。根据下文“the questions and knew _15_ what was asked of them”可知，儿童理解了问题，并能确切地知道自己被问了什么。故选A项。 【35题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：结果很清楚：我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题，并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么。A. partly部分地；B. honestly诚实地；C. vaguely含糊地；D. exactly确切地。根据下文“what was asked of them. Their 16 to the questions reflected their true _17_ ”可知，孩子们确切地知道自己被问了什么，他们的答案反映了他们真实的看法。故选D项。 【36题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法：“只有你也能看到我，我才能看到你。”A. responses回答；B. approaches方法；C. contribution贡献；D. sensitivity敏感性。根据下文“to the questions”可知，此处表示孩子们对于问题的回答。故选A项。 【37题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法：“只有你也能看到我，我才能看到你。”A. ability能力；B. belief看法；C. identity身份；D. purpose目的。根据下文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知，此处表示孩子们真正的看法。故选B项。 思路点拨：本题通过孩子们的回答直接揭示了他们内心的真实“看法（belief）”。 【38题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们只是坚持相互承认和尊重。A. hold back阻止；B. relate to有关联；C. insist on坚持；D. make up弥补。根据上文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知，孩子们的看法体现了他们坚持相互的承认和尊重。故选C项。 【39题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究结果表明，当孩子在头上盖一条毯子“隐藏”时，这并不是自我中心主义的结果。A. limitations限制；B. requirements必要条件；C. theories理论；D. findings调查发现。根据上文“We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知，此处表示实验的研究结果表明孩子的“隐藏”并不是自我中心主义的结果。故选D项。 【40题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，当其他人使用这种方法时，孩子们认为它是有效的。A. tentative实验性的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. creative创造性的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“They simply 18 mutual recognition and regard.”可知，孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重，所以当其他人使用这种方法时，孩子会认为它是有效的。故选D项。 思路点拨：第39题是研究结论（findings），表明了作者的最终观点。 第40题的研究结论指出，孩子们认为这种方法在他人使用时是“有效的（effective）”，体现了基于研究结果的态度判断。 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月】Small children are easy to throw up in the air and catch-and they ___16___ it. “Again, Daddy, again!” Jacky shouts as I throw him skywards and catch him on the way back down again. He throws his arms and legs out ___17___ he were flying, his eyes wide with ___18___. His trust in me is ___19___ which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense of ___20___ . 16. A. deserve B. miss C. love D. know 17. A. as if B. in case C. even though D. so that 18. A. fear B. excitement C. doubt D. astonishment 19. A. reasonable B. limited C. absolute D. important 20. A. relief B. satisfaction C. achievement D. responsibility 16.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：孩子很喜欢被抛到空中并被抓住——而且他们喜欢这样做。A. deserve值得；B. miss错过；C. love爱；D. know知道。根据下文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知，孩子很喜欢被抛到空中并被抓住。故选C项。 17.A【解析】考查连词短语词义辨析。句意：他伸出胳膊和腿，好像在飞，他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。A. as if 好像；B. in case以防；C. even though即使；D. so that以便。根据“he were flying”可知，本句为虚拟语气，好像在飞。故选A项。 18.B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他伸出胳膊和腿，好像在飞，他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。A. fear害怕；B. excitement兴奋；C. doubt怀疑；D. astonishment惊讶。根据上文“He throws his arms and legs out 　　　2　　 he were flying,”可知，他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。故选B项。 19.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他对我的信任是绝对的，这是一种很好的感觉，但同时也给了我巨大的责任感。A. reasonable合理的；B. limited有限的；C. absolute完全的，绝对的；D. important重要的。根据上文“Again, Daddy, again!”可知，孩子要求一次次被仍向空中，由此可知，他对父亲是完全信任的。故选C项。 思路点拨：根据上文孩子兴奋地喊“Again, Daddy, again!”可推断，孩子对父亲的信任是完全的、绝对的。这是通过人物行为推断其态度。 20.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对我的信任是绝对的，这是一种很好的感觉，但同时也给了我巨大的责任感。A. relief宽慰；B. satisfaction满意；C. achievement成就；D. responsibility责任。结合语境，此处指孩子对父亲的信任也成为了父亲的责任，即他有让孩子信任自己的责任。故选D项。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【辽宁省五校联盟2025-2026学年高三上学期期末】 The Ivory Towers of Ice-cream What is the most popular food in the world? Ice-cream, of course. How to sell more ice-creams? Carpigiani, an Italian firm that makes ice- cream 1 , has a better business plan. It is going into 2 . Its home market has consumed as many ice- creams as possible. Italy already boasts 37, 000 makers making gelatos — handmade Italian ice- creams. Since there are only so many scoops of ice-creams one nation can eat, 3 are now 80% of Carpigiani’s business. Unfortunately, most foreigners have no idea how to 4 a gelato. So Carpigiani has 5 Gelato University to teach them. In well-lit classrooms and shiny kitchens in Anzola dell’ Emilia, near Bologna, where Carpigiani has its factory, 6 from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Japan, Britain and Turkey are 7 the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them. Lawrence Fama, a retired chemical engineer, hopes to start an 8 shop in his home city of San Francisco. Corrado Barberis, an Italian economist, aims to take the real 9 to Lille in northern France. Most teaching is done 10 : Gelato University mainly holds 11 in countries such as America, Australia and China. Andrea Cocchi, Carpigiani’s managing director, sees the best growth 12 in Asia and South America. A week’s course in Anzola dell’ Emilia costs students €900. There is a sweetener, however: a €900 voucher (代币券) for Carpigiani machines. Gelato University is not just making the world a cooler place, it is also a 13 tool, and a rather cost-effective one. The fees 14 the running costs, and more than 15% of students end up buying equipment. In the past three years student numbers have more than tripled, to about 6, 700. Over the same period, Carpigiani’s sales have risen from €93 million to €113 million (roughly 8, 000 machines) . Sometimes the soft sell 15 . 1．A．machines B．cakes C．desserts D．packages 2．A．collection B．surveying C．education D．advertising 3．A．charities B．exports C．imports D．donations 4．A．make B．steam C．suck D．choose 5．A．taken up B．broken up C．turned up D．set up 6．A．teachers B．consultants C．students D．coaches 7．A．learning B．evaluating C．assessing D．presenting 8．A．equipment B．ice-cream C．engine D．instrument 9．A．fashion B．income C．purchase D．deal 10．A．backstage B．abroad C．nationwide D．online 11．A．profits B．shares C．courses D．debts 12．A．standards B．possibilities C．motivations D．patents 13．A．reforming B．researching C．balancing D．marketing 14．A．use B．miss C．cover D．adjust 15．A．works B．downsizes C．follows D．fails 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍意大利冰淇淋机制造商Carpigiani的商业策略。因本土市场饱和，该公司开办Gelato大学，在国内外授课，向各国学员传授制作冰淇淋的秘诀，还带来了销售增长。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如何卖出更多的冰淇淋？生产冰淇淋机的意大利公司Carpigiani有一个更好的商业计划。A. machines机器；B. cakes蛋糕；C. desserts甜点；D. packages包裹。根据后文“a €900 voucher (代币券) for Carpigiani machines”可知，Carpigiani公司生产的是冰淇淋机。故选A项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它将进入教育领域。A. collection收集；B. surveying调查；C. education教育；D. advertising广告。根据后文“Gelato University to teach them”可知，Carpigiani公司要进入教育领域，开设大学教人们制作冰淇淋。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于一个国家能吃的冰淇淋球数量有限，出口现在占Carpigiani业务的80%。A. charities慈善机构；B. exports出口；C. imports进口；D. donations捐赠。根据后文“most foreigners”可知，冰淇淋要卖到国外，所以出口占业务的很大比例。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，大多数外国人不知道如何制作意大利冰淇淋。A. make制作；B. steam蒸；C. suck吸；D. choose选择。根据后文“Gelato University to teach them”可知，要教外国人制作冰淇淋，说明他们不知道如何制作。故选A项。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以Carpigiani成立了Gelato大学来教他们。A. taken up占据；B. broken up破碎；C. turned up出现；D. set up建立。根据后文“Gelato University”可知，Carpigiani公司建立了Gelato大学。故选D项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在Carpigiani工厂所在地安佐拉德尔埃米利亚的明亮教室和闪亮的厨房里，来自俄罗斯、比利时、哥伦比亚、日本、英国和土耳其的学生正在学习选择完美配料和冷冻的秘密。A. teachers老师；B. consultants顾问；C. students学生；D. coaches教练。根据后文“from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Japan, Britain and Turkey”以及“Most teaching”可知，来自不同国家的人是来学习的，所以是学生。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在Carpigiani工厂所在地安佐拉德尔埃米利亚的明亮教室和闪亮的厨房里，来自俄罗斯、比利时、哥伦比亚、日本、英国和土耳其的学生正在学习选择完美配料和冷冻的秘密。A. learning学习；B. evaluating评估；C. assessing评定；D. presenting呈现。根据后文“the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them”可知，学生们在学习制作冰淇淋的秘密。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：退休的化学工程师Lawrence Fama希望在他的家乡旧金山开一家冰淇淋店。A. equipment设备；B. ice-cream冰淇淋；C. engine发动机；D. instrument乐器。根据前文“selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them”可知，学生们学习的是制作冰淇淋，所以Lawrence Fama想开一家冰淇淋店。故选B项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：意大利经济学家Corrado Barberis的目标是将正宗的意式冰淇淋带到法国北部的里尔。A. fashion时尚；B. income收入；C. purchase购买；D. deal交易。根据前文“Lawrence Fama, a retired chemical engineer, hopes to start an  ___8___  shop in his home city of San Francisco.”可知，退休的化学工程师Lawrence Fama希望在他的家乡旧金山开一家冰淇淋店；Corrado Barberis也想做冰淇淋生意，所以是将真正的交易带到法国北部的里尔，二者构成并列都是举例说明Gelato大学的学生们。故选D项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：大部分教学是在国外进行的：Gelato大学主要在美国、澳大利亚和中国等国家开设课程。A. backstage后台；B. abroad在国外；C. nationwide全国性地；D. online在线地。根据后文“in countries such as America, Australia and China”可知，教学是在国外进行的。故选B项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大部分教学是在国外进行的：Gelato大学主要在美国、澳大利亚和中国等国家开设课程。A. profits利润；B. shares股份；C. courses课程；D. debts债务。根据前文“Most teaching”以及后文“in countries such as America, Australia and China”可知，Gelato大学在国外开设课程进行教学。故选C项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Carpigiani公司的总经理Andrea Cocchi认为，亚洲和南美洲的增长可能性最大。A. standards标准；B. possibilities可能性；C. motivations动机；D. patents专利。根据后文“in Asia and South America”以及“student numbers have more than tripled, to about 6, 700”可知，学生数量大幅增加，说明亚洲和南美洲的增长可能性最大。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Gelato大学不仅让世界变得更凉爽，它也是一种营销工具，而且是一种相当经济实惠的工具。A. reforming改革；B. researching研究；C. balancing平衡；D. marketing营销。根据后文“more than 15% of students end up buying equipment”可知，很多学生最终购买了设备，说明Gelato大学起到了营销的作用。故选D项。 思路点拨：根据后文“more than 15% of students end up buying equipment”可知，Gelato大学实际上是一个有效的营销工具，这是对其功能的客观评价。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学费足以支付运营成本，超过15%的学生最终购买了设备。A. use使用；B. miss错过；C. cover覆盖，足以支付；D. adjust调整。根据后文“more than 15% of students end up buying equipment”可知，很多学生购买了设备，说明学费足以支付运营成本。故选C项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有时候这种软推销很有效。A. works起作用；B. downsizes缩小规模；C. follows跟随；D. fails失败。根据前文“more than 15% of students end up buying equipment”以及“Carpigiani’s sales have risen from €93 million to €113 million”可知，很多学生购买了设备，公司的销售额也上升了，说明这种软推销很有效。故选A项。 ◇题型 04 利用篇章结构解题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷】A number of ___33___ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects ___34___ the questions and knew ___35___ what was asked of them. Their ___36___ to the questions reflected their true ___37___ that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply ___38___ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our ___39___ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method ___40___ when others use it. 33. A. instructions B. descriptions C. experiments D. assumptions 34. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored 35. A. partly B. honestly C. vaguely D. exactly 36. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity 37. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose 38. A. hold back B. relate to C. insist on D. make up 39. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings 40. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective 【答案】33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. D 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多实验排除了孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。A. instructions命令；B. descriptions说明；C. experiments实验；D. assumptions假设。根据语境，此处表示上文中的许多实验排除了孩子们会误解问题这一情况。故选C项。 思路点拨：本文是典型的实验研究类说明文，结构为“提出旧观点 → 描述实验过程 → 呈现实验结果 → 得出新结论”。空格处指代的是为排除其他可能性而进行的多次“实验”，体现了对文章整体实验结构的理解。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：结果很清楚：我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题，并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么。A. comprehended理解；B. predicted预测；C. explored探索；D. ignored忽略。根据下文“the questions and knew _15_ what was asked of them”可知，儿童理解了问题，并能确切地知道自己被问了什么。故选A项。 【35题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：结果很清楚：我们的年轻受试者理解了这些问题，并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么。A. partly部分地；B. honestly诚实地；C. vaguely含糊地；D. exactly确切地。根据下文“what was asked of them. Their 16 to the questions reflected their true _17_ ”可知，孩子们确切地知道自己被问了什么，他们的答案反映了他们真实的看法。故选D项。 【36题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法：“只有你也能看到我，我才能看到你。”A. responses回答；B. approaches方法；C. contribution贡献；D. sensitivity敏感性。根据下文“to the questions”可知，此处表示孩子们对于问题的回答。故选A项。 【37题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真正的看法：“只有你也能看到我，我才能看到你。”A. ability能力；B. belief看法；C. identity身份；D. purpose目的。根据下文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知，此处表示孩子们真正的看法。故选B项。 【38题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们只是坚持相互承认和尊重。A. hold back阻止；B. relate to有关联；C. insist on坚持；D. make up弥补。根据上文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知，孩子们的看法体现了他们坚持相互的承认和尊重。故选C项。 【39题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究结果表明，当孩子在头上盖一条毯子“隐藏”时，这并不是自我中心主义的结果。A. limitations限制；B. requirements必要条件；C. theories理论；D. findings调查发现。根据上文“We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知，此处表示实验的研究结果表明孩子的“隐藏”并不是自我中心主义的结果。故选D项。 【40题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，当其他人使用这种方法时，孩子们认为它是有效的。A. tentative实验性的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. creative创造性的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“They simply 18 mutual recognition and regard.”可知，孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重，所以当其他人使用这种方法时，孩子会认为它是有效的。故选D项。 典例2【2022年浙江卷6月片段】I hope Jacky will always trust me fully, but I know that, as he gets ___21___ , it will need more effort and sound judgment____22____ . Trust is such an important part of a ___23___ relationship that it’s something that can’t ___24___ to lose. Every time I ___25___ Jacky to something new, he’ll do it only because he trusts me and feels ___26___ in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt .___27___ , teaching Jacky to swim means he has to ___28___ that, when he’s swimming in the big pool, I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down. 21. A. older B. busier C. quieter D. healthier 22. A. on my behalf B. on my part C. in my honor D. in my name 23. A. long-distance B. high-risk C. parent-child D. teacher-student 24. A. afford B. choose C. wait D. expect 25. A. attach B. compare C. adjust D. introduce 26. A. safe B. happy C. proud D. grateful 27. A. Above all B. In addition C. At first D. For example 28. A. admit B. believe C. suggest D. imagine 21.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我希望杰基能永远完全信任我，但我知道，随着他长大，这需要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. older年龄较大的；B. busier较为忙的；C. quieter较安静的；D. healthier较健康的。根据下文“it will need more effort and sound judgment ____7____”可知，随着他长大，这需要作者付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。故选A项。 22.B【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：我希望杰基能永远完全信任我，但我知道，随着他长大，这需要我付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。A. on my behalf代表我；B. on my part就我来说；C. in my honor以我的名誉；D. in my name以我的名义。本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系，所以需要“我”付出更多努力和做出正确的判断。故选B项。 23.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分，它是一种不能失去的东西。A. long-distance长途的；B. high-risk高风险的；C. parent-child父母子女的；D. teacher-student师生的。本段在探讨作者与儿子之间的关系，所以是一中亲子关系。故选C项。 24.A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：信任是亲子关系中非常重要的一部分，它是一种不能失去的东西。A. afford支付得起；B. choose选择；C. wait等待；D. expect期望。根据上文“Trust is such an important part of a ____8____ relationship”可知，它是一种不能失去的东西。afford to do sth“能够做某事”。故选A项。 25.D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：每次我给杰克介绍新东西，他都会去做，只是因为他相信我，觉得安全，因为他知道自己不会受伤。 A. attach贴上；B. compare对比；C. adjust调整； D. introduce介绍。根据下文“to something new”可知，作者介绍给儿子新的东西。故选D项。 26.A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每次我给杰克介绍新东西，他都会去做，只是因为他相信我，觉得安全，因为他知道自己不会受伤。A. safe安全的；B. happy快乐的；C. proud自豪的； D. grateful感激的。根据上文“he trusts me”可知，只是因为他相信作者，觉得安全。故选A项。 27.D【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：例如，教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时，如果他溺水，我能去救他。A. Above all首先重要的是；B. In addition除此之外；C. At first首先；D. For example例如。根据下文“teaching Jacky to swim means he has to ____13____ ”可知，作者在举例子。故选D项。 思路点拨：前文总述“每次介绍新东西，孩子都因信任而尝试”，后文用“教游泳”作为具体例证来进一步说明。这是典型的“总起→举例”的议论文论证结构。 28.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时，如果他溺水，我能去救他。A. admit承认；B. believe相信；C. suggest建议；D. imagine想象。根据上文“because he trusts me”可知，教杰克游泳意味着他必须相信当他在大泳池里游泳时，如果他溺水，作者能去救他。这是父子信任的一个很好的例子。故选B项。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1 【江苏省盐城市七校联盟第三次联考2025-2026学年高三上学期1月考】 My dad is one of the best storytellers I know. When the family 31 for my mother’s funeral in 1992, he regaled (款待) his children with 32 . I gave him a computer with word processing software and 33 convinced him to write his autobiography (自传). The family now has a story-filled book, which is meaningful because his children and grandchildren have 34 chances to get together. Stories help us 35 to each other and to the world around us. Storytelling can also drive away the feeling of depression as we 36 . In fact, there are 37 of writing our stories down. It can recall times, and create a written history. Many researches have 38 that those who have written down some of their life stories can preserve their 39 . What does it 40 to become a storyteller? Very few 41 are needed — a pen and some paper, or, if you prefer, a computer, are the only necessary things for 42 our stories. The next 43 is sharing them — if you have a(n) 44 to get together with your families, tell them your stories. The potential topics are 45 , ranging from a favorite place or event to your family’s background. 31．A．struggled B．lived C．searched D．gathered 32．A．presents B．books C．stories D．jokes 33．A．eventually B．completely C．obviously D．properly 34．A．fair B．limited C．ideal D．possible 35．A．connect B．compare C．insist D．devote 36．A．look B．age C．wander D．move 37．A．doubts B．views C．opinions D．benefits 38．A．heard B．agreed C．proven D．imagined 39．A．memories B．experiences C．joys D．feelings 40．A．say B．take C．offer D．have 41．A．projects B．methods C．plans D．tools 42．A．spreading B．telling C．recording D．watching 43．A．step B．lesson C．subject D．skill 44．A．opportunity B．wish C．intention D．task 45．A．simple B．endless C．attractive D．meaningful 【答案】 31．D 32．C 33．A 34．B 35．A 36．B 37．D 38．C 39．A 40．B 41．D 42．C 43．A 44．A 45．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了父亲擅长讲故事，作者劝其写自传，进而阐述讲故事和记录故事的意义与方法。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：1992年全家为母亲的葬礼团聚时，他用故事招待孩子们。A. struggled挣扎；B. lived居住；C. searched寻找；D. gathered聚集。根据下文“for my mother’s funeral”可知，家人应是团聚送别母亲。故选D。 32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：1992年全家为母亲的葬礼团聚时，他用故事招待孩子们。A. presents礼物；B. books书籍；C. stories故事；D. jokes笑话。根据上文“My dad is one of the best storytellers”可知，此处父亲给孩子们讲故事。故选C。 33．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我给了他一台带文字处理软件的电脑，最终说服他写自传。A. eventually最终；B. completely完全地；C. obviously明显地；D. properly恰当地。根据下文“convinced him to write his autobiography (自传)”可知，此处强调最终达成目的。故选A。 34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在全家有了一本满是故事的书，这很有意义，因为他的子孙相聚的机会有限。A. fair公平的；B. limited有限的；C. ideal理想的；D. possible可能的。根据上文“The family now has a story-filled book, which is meaningful”可知，故事有意义是因为后代相聚的机会有限，故事能充当连接他们的纽带。故选B。 35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：故事帮助我们彼此联结，也与周围世界相连。A. connect联结；B. compare比较；C. insist坚持；D. devote致力于。根据上文“The family now has a story-filled book, which is meaningful because his children and grandchildren have chances to get together.”可知，故事让人与人、人与周围世界之间建立联结。故选A。 36．考查动词词义辨析。句意：讲故事还能随着我们变老，驱散抑郁情绪。A. look看；B. age变老；C. wander漫步；D. move移动。结合人生历程，随着年龄增长可能出现抑郁情绪，故事可缓解这种状态。故选B。 37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，把我们的故事写下来有很多好处。A. doubts怀疑；B. views观点；C. opinions看法；D. benefits好处。根据后文“recall times, and create a written history”可知，此处指记录故事的益处。故选D。 38．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多研究已证明，那些写下部分人生故事的人能保留他们的记忆。A. heard听到；B. agreed同意；C. proven证明；D. imagined想象。结合上文“Many researches”可知，研究的结果是经过证实的。故选C。 39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多研究已证明，那些写下部分人生故事的人能保留他们的记忆。A. memories记忆；B. experiences经历；C. joys喜悦；D. feelings感受。记录人生故事的核心是留存过往的记忆，与前文“recall times”呼应。故选A。 40．考查动词词义辨析。句意：成为一名讲故事的人需要什么？A. say说；B. take需要；C. offer提供；D. have拥有。根据下文“are needed — a pen and some paper, or, if you prefer, a computer,”可知，此处指成为讲故事的人需要什么，It takes...to do sth.为固定句型，意为“做某事需要……”。故选B。 41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：需要的工具很少——一支笔和一些纸，或者如果你愿意，一台电脑。A. projects项目；B. methods方法；C. plans计划；D. tools工具。后文“a pen and some paper, or, if you prefer, a computer”提及的笔、纸、电脑均是记录故事的工具。故选D。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些是记录我们故事仅需的东西。A. spreading传播；B. telling讲述；C. recording记录；D. watching观看。结合前文“write his autobiography”和“writing our stories down”可知，此处指用工具记录故事。故选C。 43．考查名词词义辨析。句意：下一步是分享它们。A. step步骤；B. lesson课程；C. subject科目；D. skill技能。前文讲记录故事，后续讲分享，属于流程中的下一步骤。故选A。 思路点拨：前文讲记录故事，本句讲分享故事，这是介绍“如何成为讲故事的人”的流程中的下一步骤。 44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你有机会和家人聚在一起，就给他们讲你的故事。A. opportunity机会；B. wish愿望；C. intention意图；D. task任务。根据下文“get together with your families, tell them your stories.”可知，此处指有机会与家人聚在一起，就给他们讲故事。故选A。 45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：潜在的话题无穷无尽，从最喜欢的地方、事件到家庭背景都有。A. simple简单的；B. endless无尽的；C. attractive有吸引力的；D. meaningful有意义的。根据后文“ranging from a favorite place or event to your family’s background.”可知，故事的话题很多，没有穷尽。故选B。 变式2【2026届河北省沧州市十二校联考一模】Music is part of every culture on the Earth, which can be pleasant, sad, romantic, sleepy, healing — all kinds of things. But what is it? Some people call it an art that sounds 46 time. Our ears receive it as loud or 47 , high or low, rapid and short, or slow and fast. The sounds need to continue for a time in some sort of pattern to become 48 . Music, like 49 , is a human form of communication. As with language, there are many different kinds. In North America, people listen to jazz, rock, classical, folk, country, and many other kinds of music. Each kind of music has its own rules and " 50 " to us in its own way. No one knows for sure when music 51 . Perhaps while working, people sang to make it go faster. People who were 52 movements — picking crops or rowing boats, for example — could sing in time 53 for the work. Navajo Indians, for example, had corn-grinding songs. Over time, people 54 musical instruments. They might have started by clapping their hands and stamping their 55 . Sticks and objects that rattled (碰响) could have 56 the human body as early 57 . Both instruments and music became more complex (复杂) with time. Today, music in many cultures consists of art music and music of the people. Art music, which we call classical music, is more 58 than the music of the people — 59 music and popular music. Art music is generally harder to write and perform. Musicians who perform it need a lot of 60 . Popular and folk styles typically are easier to create, perform, and understand. 46．A．in B．over C．against D．across 47．A．small B．noisy C．soft D．distant 48．A．music B．tune C．symphony D．masterpiece 49．A．breath B．jazz C．chorus D．language 50．A．weeps B．turns C．speaks D．whispers 51．A．recorded B．began C．composed D．transformed 52．A．possessing B．accompanying C．combining D．repeating 53．A．gifted B．particular C．suitable D．dramatic 54．A．defended B．developed C．deserved D．guaranteed 55．A．feet B．faces C．volumes D．rhythms 56．A．overcome B．swept C．replaced D．steamed 57．A．images B．adaptation C．music D．instruments 58．A．essential B．impressive C．unusual D．complicated 59．A．folk B．rural C．jazz D．grand 60．A．training B．encouragement C．reputation D．expectation 【答案】 46．D 47．C 48．A 49．D 50．C 51．B 52．D 53．C 54．B 55．A 56．C 57．D 58．D 59．A 60．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了音乐的本质、属性与人类的关联，讲述了音乐的起源与发展历程，还区分了艺术音乐（古典音乐）和民间、流行音乐的不同特点，阐释了音乐作为人类交流方式的独特价值。 46．考查介词词义辨析。句意：有人称它为一种跨越时间的艺术。A. in在……里面；B. over在……之上；C. against对抗；D. across跨越。根据前文“Music is part of every culture on the Earth”可知音乐存在于人类各文化中，且会流传延续，“across time”表示“跨越时间”，符合音乐的特性，故选D。 47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的耳朵听到的音乐或响亮或轻柔，或高亢或低沉，或急促短促，或舒缓快速。A. small小的；B. noisy吵闹的；C. soft轻柔的；D. distant遥远的。根据前文“loud or”可知此处为反义并列，“loud”（响亮的）的反义词是“soft”（轻柔的），符合对声音的描述逻辑，故选C。 48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些声音需要以某种模式持续一段时间，才能成为音乐。A. music音乐；B. tune曲调；C. symphony交响乐；D. masterpiece杰作。根据文章主题围绕“music”展开，前文描述了构成音乐的各类声音特点，可知这些有规律的声音组合起来才会成为音乐，“music”符合语境，故选A。 49．考查名词词义辨析。句意：音乐和语言一样，是人类的一种交流方式。A. breath呼吸；B. jazz爵士乐；C. chorus合唱；D. language语言。根据后文“As with language, there are many different kinds”可知作者将音乐和语言作类比，二者都是人类的交流形式，“language”符合语义，故选D。 50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每种音乐都有自己的规则，并以自己的方式向我们“诉说”。A. weeps哭泣；B. turns转动；C. speaks诉说、表达；D. whispers低语。根据前文“Music, like 4 , is a human form of communication”可知音乐是交流方式，能像人一样传递信息、表达内容，“speaks”契合音乐的交流属性，故选C。 思路点拨：前文将音乐与语言类比，指出音乐是一种交流方式。此处顺承这一类比结构，说明每种音乐都以自己的方式向我们“诉说”。 51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有人确切知道音乐是何时开始的。A. recorded记录；B. began开始；C. composed创作；D. transformed转变。根据后文“Perhaps while working, people sang to make it go faster”是对音乐起源的推测，可知此处是问音乐的开始时间，“began”符合语境，故选B。 52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那些重复做某个动作的人——比如采摘庄稼或划船，会配合着工作的节奏唱歌。A. possessing拥有；B. accompanying陪伴；C. combining结合；D. repeating重复。根据后文“picking crops or rowing boats”可知这些劳作都是重复性的动作，“repeating”符合此类劳作的特点，故选D。 53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些重复做某个动作的人——比如采摘庄稼或划船，会配合着工作的节奏唱合适的歌。A. gifted有天赋的；B. particular特别的；C. suitable合适的；D. dramatic戏剧性的。根据前文“sing in time”可知人们唱歌会跟上劳作的节奏，选的是适合劳作节奏的歌，“suitable”符合语义，故选C。 54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，人们研制出了乐器。A. defended保卫；B. developed研制、发展；C. deserved应得；D. guaranteed保证。根据后文“They might have started by clapping their hands and stamping their”可知人们从身体发声逐渐发展到使用工具，进而研制出专门的乐器，“developed”符合音乐器材的发展过程，故选B。 55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们可能最初是拍手、跺脚来发声。A. feet脚；B. faces脸；C. volumes音量；D. rhythms节奏。根据前文“stamping their”，可知此处是和前文“clapping their hands”并列的身体动作，“stamp one's feet”是固定搭配，意为“跺脚”，符合语境，故选A。 56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：棍棒和能发出声响的物品可能最早取代了人体（作为发声的工具）。A. overcome克服；B. swept扫过；C. replaced取代；D. steamed蒸。根据前文“ hey might have started by clapping their hands and stamping their 10 . Sticks and objects”，可知人们用拍手、跺脚发声，后来使用棍棒等物品发声，这些物品取代了身体成为发声工具，“replaced”符合语义，故选C。 57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：棍棒和能发出声响的物品可能最早取代了人体，成为早期的乐器。A. images形象；B. adaptation适应；C. music音乐；D. instruments乐器。根据前文“people 9 musical instruments”可知此处指这些能发声的物品就是早期的乐器，“instruments”符合语境，故选D。 58．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们称之为古典音乐的艺术音乐，比民间音乐和流行音乐这些民间大众的音乐更复杂。A. essential重要的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. unusual不寻常的；D. complicated复杂的。根据后文“Art music is generally harder to write and perform”以及“Popular and folk styles typically are easier to create, perform, and understand”可知艺术音乐比民间、流行音乐更难，也就是更复杂，“complicated”符合语义，故选D。 59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们称之为古典音乐的艺术音乐，比民间音乐和流行音乐这些民间大众的音乐更复杂。A. folk民间的；B. rural乡村的；C. jazz爵士乐；D. grand盛大的。根据后文“Popular and folk styles typically are easier to create, perform, and understand”可知此处是将艺术音乐和民间、流行音乐对比，“folk”（folk music民间音乐）符合语境，故选A。 60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：演奏这种音乐的音乐家需要大量的专业训练。A. training训练；B. encouragement鼓励；C. reputation名声；D. expectation期待。根据前文“Art music is generally harder to write and perform”可知艺术音乐创作和演奏难度高，因此演奏者需要经过大量的专业训练，“training”符合语义，故选A。 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $