Unit 8 Making a Difference 核心语法-2025-2026学年人教版八年级英语下册

Unit 8 Making a Difference 核心语法：现在完成时&不定式作宾补 一、语法精讲 语法点一：现在完成时 1. 核心概念 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，或过去的动作对现在造成的影响、产生的结果，是本单元描述“做出改变、付出努力、取得成效”的核心语法。结构为“主语+have/has+动词过去分词”，have用于第一、二人称及复数主语，has用于第三人称单数主语。 例： 1 He has volunteered in the community for two years.（他已经在社区做了两年志愿者，动作持续到现在）； 2 We have planted over 100 trees. The environment has become better.（我们种了100多棵树，对现在环境产生了积极影响）； ③ She has finished her charity project.（她已经完成了慈善项目，动作已结束，结果留存现在）。 2. 句型结构与时间状语 句型类型 具体结构 常用时间状语 真题例句 肯定句 主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 for+时间段、since+时间点/从句、already（肯定句）、yet（否定/疑问句）、ever、never、so far、up to now等 【2025年河南中考】They have helped homeless children for five years. 否定句 主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 【2025年江苏苏州中考模拟】She hasn't finished her volunteer work yet. 一般疑问句 Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他？ 【2025年浙江杭州中考】Has he ever taken part in a charity activity? 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他？ 【2025年山东济南中考模拟】How long have you worked for the environmental project? 3. 关键用法（易错点突破） 延续性与非延续性动词误区：for/since引导的时间段前，需用延续性动词，非延续性动词需转换，如buy→have（拥有）、join→be in（加入→参与）、finish→be over（完成→结束），不可说He has bought the book for a week.，应说He has had the book for a week.。 例：【2025年湖北武汉中考】She has been in the volunteer team since last month. 与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调“对现在的影响”，不接具体过去时间；一般过去时表“过去的动作”，接具体时间，如She helped the old man yesterday.（一般过去时，接具体时间）≠She has helped the old man.（现在完成时，强调现在的影响）。 主谓一致：第三人称单数主语（he/she/it/单数名词）必须用has，避免出现He have...的错误，如He has made a big difference to the team.。 语法点二：不定式作宾语补足语 1. 核心概念 不定式（to do）作宾语补足语，用于补充说明宾语的动作或状态，常跟在ask、tell、want、encourage、help、invite等动词后，本单元多用于描述“鼓励他人行动、要求参与公益、帮助实现目标”等场景，使句子语义更完整。 例： 1 We encourage children to help the elderly.（我们鼓励孩子们帮助老人，to do补充说明children的动作）； 2 She asked me to join her charity project.（她邀请我加入她的慈善项目，to do补充说明me的动作）； ③ He helped me (to) finish the volunteer task.（他帮我完成了志愿任务，help后to可省略）。 2. 常见动词搭配与用法对比 动词类型 常见动词 结构特点 真题例句 带to的不定式 ask、tell、want、encourage、invite、advise等 动词+宾语+to do（to不可省略） 【2025年安徽中考】The teacher encourages us to make a difference to our school. 可省to的不定式 help、make、let、have等（使役/感官动词） help后to可省，make/let/have后必须省to（被动语态还原to） 【2025年湖南长沙中考模拟】She helped me (to) organize the charity sale. 易错提醒：1. 使役动词make/let/have的被动语态中，需还原to，如He made me work late.（主动，省to）→I was made to work late.（被动，还原to）；2. 不可在ask、encourage等动词后省略to，如不可说He asked me help him.，应说He asked me to help him.；3. help后to可省可不省，两种形式均正确，初中阶段优先掌握带to的形式。 二、语法综合练习 （一）单项选择 (1) 【2025年河南中考】—How long have you ______ in the environmental project? —For three months.（ ） A. take part B. taken part C. join D. joined (2) 【2025年陕西中考模拟】The teacher asked us ______ a plan to help homeless animals.（ ） A. make B. making C. to make D. made (3) 【2025年四川成都中考】He ______ the charity project already. He is very proud of himself.（ ） A. finishes B. finished C. has finished D. will finish (4) 【2025年福建福州中考模拟】She has ______ the volunteer team since 2023. She loves helping others.（ ） A. been in B. joined C. taken part in D. entered (5) 【2025年湖北襄阳中考】We encourage young people ______ more time with the elderly.（ ） A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent (6) 【2025年江苏南京中考】—Has she ever donated money to charity? —No, she ______. She plans to do it next month.（ ） A. hasn't B. hasn't been C. doesn't D. didn't (7) 【2025年山东青岛中考模拟】He made me ______ the volunteer work on time. I'm grateful to him.（ ） A. finish B. to finish C. finishing D. finished (8) 【2025年浙江宁波中考】They ______ a lot for the community so far. Everyone thanks them.（ ） A. do B. did C. have done D. will do (9) 【2025年江西中考】She was made ______ the charity activity because of her illness.（ ） A. miss B. to miss C. missing D. missed (10) 【2025年云南昆明中考模拟】—How long has your father ______ the charity organization? —For over ten years.（ ） A. worked for B. joined C. taken part in D. started （二）用所给词的适当形式填空 (1) 【2025年广东广州中考】They ______ (donate) lots of books to the poor children since last year. (2) 【2025年甘肃兰州中考】My mother wants me ______ (volunteer) in the local community this weekend. (3) 【2025年山西中考模拟】He ______ (not finish) his charity report yet. He needs more time. (4) 【2025年贵州贵阳中考】The teacher encouraged us ______ (make) a difference to our hometown. (5) 【2025年海南海口中考模拟】How long have you ______ (work) as a volunteer? (6) 【2025年辽宁沈阳中考】She helped me (to) ______ (organize) the charity sale last week. (7) 【2025年青海西宁中考模拟】We ______ (have) this volunteer program for two years. It's very popular. (8) 【2025年湖北武汉中考】He was made ______ (give) up his plan to help the homeless. (9) 【2025年江苏苏州中考】They ______ (never) visited the old people's home before. They plan to go tomorrow. (10) 【2025年安徽中考模拟】The organization ______ (invite) many people to join the environmental project so far. （三）补全对话 对话1（场景：谈论志愿者经历） 备选词：have volunteered, to help, has been, encouraged, haven't finished A: What have you been doing recently? You look busy. B: I ______ in the animal shelter for a month. I love taking care of animals. A: That's great! Who ______ you to do that? B: My teacher. She always encourages us ______ those in need. A: Have you finished all the work there? B: No, I ______ it yet. I will go there again this weekend. A: I want to join you. My sister ______ a volunteer there for half a year. She can introduce us. 对话2（场景：计划慈善活动） 备选词：have done, to organize, made, has donated, invite A: We are planning a charity sale to help poor students. Do you want to join us? B: Sure! What have you prepared so far? A: We ______ a lot of preparations. We have collected many old books and toys. B: Great! Who will help us ______ the sale? A: My brother. He ______ money to charity many times. He has experience. B: Perfect! Should we ______ more classmates to join us? A: Of course. Let's call them now. Don't worry. I won't make you ______ all the work alone. （四）按要求改写句子 1. He has worked as a volunteer for three years.（改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答） —______ he ______ as a volunteer for three years? —Yes, he ______. 2. She asked me to join the charity project.（改为否定句） She asked me ______ ______ join the charity project. 3. They finished the environmental project last month.（改为现在完成时） They ______ ______ the environmental project. 4. He made me finish the volunteer work early.（改为被动语态） I ______ ______ ______ finish the volunteer work early. 5. She has been in the volunteer team since 2024.（对划线部分提问，划线部分：since 2024） ______ ______ has she been in the volunteer team? 6. We encourage children to help the elderly.（对划线部分提问，划线部分：to help the elderly） What do you encourage children ______ ______? 7. He hasn't donated money to charity yet.（改为肯定句） He ______ ______ money to charity already. 8. She has had the volunteer uniform for a week.（改为同义句） She ______ the volunteer uniform a week ______. 9. They want us to hold a charity party.（改为一般过去时） They ______ us ______ hold a charity party. 10. We have planted over 50 trees.（对划线部分提问，划线部分：over 50） ______ ______ trees have you planted? 三、答案与详细解析 （一）单项选择 (1) B 解析：have后接过去分词，take part in为延续性短语，符合for three months的语境，选taken part。【2025河南中考考点：现在完成时与延续性动词】 (2) C 解析：ask sb. to do sth. 为固定搭配，表“要求某人做某事”，用to make。【2025陕西模拟考点：不定式作宾补（带to）】 (3) C 解析：already提示现在完成时，表动作对现在的影响（感到自豪），用has finished。【2025成都中考考点：现在完成时与标志词】 (4) A 解析：since 2023提示延续性动作，join为非延续性动词，需转换为be in，用been in。【2025福州模拟考点：延续性与非延续性动词转换】 (5) B 解析：encourage sb. to do sth. 为固定搭配，表“鼓励某人做某事”，用to spend。【2025襄阳中考考点：不定式作宾补（带to）】 (6) A 解析：问句用Has引导现在完成时，否定回答用No, she hasn't.，主谓一致。【2025南京中考考点：现在完成时一般疑问句回答】 (7) A 解析：make sb. do sth. 为固定搭配，主动语态省to，用finish。【2025青岛模拟考点：不定式作宾补（省to）】 (8) C 解析：so far提示现在完成时，表“到目前为止做的事”，用have done。【2025宁波中考考点：现在完成时与标志词】 (9) B 解析：make的被动语态需还原to，用to miss。【2025江西中考考点：不定式作宾补（被动还原to）】 (10) A 解析：for over ten years提示延续性动作，work for为延续性短语，用worked for。【2025昆明模拟考点：现在完成时与延续性动词】 （二）用所给词的适当形式填空 (1) have donated 解析：since last year提示现在完成时，主语they用have donated。【2025广州中考考点：现在完成时与标志词】 (2) to volunteer 解析：want sb. to do sth. 为固定搭配，用to volunteer。【2025兰州中考考点：不定式作宾补（带to）】 (3) hasn't finished 解析：yet提示现在完成时否定句，主语he用hasn't finished。【2025山西模拟考点：现在完成时否定句】 (4) to make 解析：encourage sb. to do sth. 为固定搭配，用to make。【2025贵阳中考考点：不定式作宾补（带to）】 (5) worked 解析：have后接过去分词，work为延续性动词，用worked。【2025海口模拟考点：现在完成时结构】 (6) organize 解析：help sb. (to) do sth. 为固定搭配，to可省，用organize。【2025沈阳中考考点：不定式作宾补（help后省to）】 (7) have had 解析：for two years提示现在完成时，have为延续性动词，用have had。【2025西宁模拟考点：现在完成时与延续性动词】 (8) to give 解析：make的被动语态还原to，用to give。【2025武汉中考考点：不定式作宾补（被动还原to）】 (9) have never 解析：before提示现在完成时，用have never visited，省略visited符合语境。【2025苏州中考考点：现在完成时与频率副词】 (10) has invited 解析：so far提示现在完成时，主语organization为单数，用has invited。【2025安徽模拟考点：现在完成时主谓一致】 （三）补全对话 对话1 答案：have volunteered; encouraged; to help; haven't finished; has been 解析：第一空for a month提示现在完成时，表“一直在做志愿者”，用have volunteered；第二空表“谁鼓励你做的”，用encouraged（过去时贴合语境）；第三空encourage sb. to do sth.，用to help；第四空yet提示现在完成时否定句，用haven't finished；第五空for half a year提示现在完成时，用has been，贴合志愿者经历场景。 对话2 答案：have done; to organize; has donated; invite; do 解析：第一空so far提示现在完成时，用have done；第二空help sb. to do sth.，用to organize；第三空many times提示现在完成时，用has donated；第四空情态动词should后接原形，用invite；第五空make sb. do sth.，用do，呼应慈善活动计划主题。 （四）按要求改写句子 (1) Has; worked; has 解析：现在完成时一般疑问句，将has提前，肯定回答用has。 (2) not to 解析：ask sb. to do sth. 的否定式为ask sb. not to do sth.，用not to。 (3) have finished 解析：改为现在完成时，主语they用have finished，去掉具体过去时间。 (4) was made to 解析：make的被动语态还原to，用was made to。 (5) How long 解析：对since引导的时间点提问，用How long。 (6) to do 解析：对不定式动作提问，保留to do结构。 (7) has donated 解析：改为肯定句，yet换为already，用has donated。 (8) bought; ago 解析：同义句转换，延续性have had换为非延续性bought，for a week换为a week ago。 (9) wanted; to 解析：改为一般过去时，want用wanted，保留to hold。 (10) How many 解析：对可数名词数量提问，用How many。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $