Unit 2 Period 1 Reading and interaction（分层作业）英语沪教版必修第三册

Unit 2 The things around us Period 1 Reading and interaction分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、将下列短语翻译为英文。 1. 对……敏感______________________________ 2. 充分利用______________________________ 3. 把……与……联系起来____________________ 4. 适应环境______________________________ 5. 对……有影响____________________________ 6. 保护……免受……伤害____________________ 7. 依靠；依赖______________________________ 8. 区分……与……__________________________ 9. 导致；引起______________________________ 10. 与……和谐相处_________________________ 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1. The desk is made of a hard and heavy m_ _ _ _ _ _ (物质) called wood. 2. Water is a l_ _ _ _ (液体) that is necessary for all living things. 3. The g_ _ _ (气体) from the factory polluted the air around the village. 4. Ice will m_ _ _ (融化) into water when the temperature rises above 0℃. 5. We can use a m_ _ _ _ _ _ (金属) like iron to make tools and machines. 6. The little girl likes to collect colorful s_ _ _ _ _ _ (石头) on the beach. 7. The s_ _ _ (固体) form of water is ice, which feels cold to touch. 8. Plants a_ _ _ _ _ (吸收) carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. 9. The p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (特性) of this material allow it to resist high temperatures. 10. Don’t put the glass near the fire, or it will b_ _ _ (破裂) easily. 三、单句语法填空。 1. The book tells us about ______ (amaze) things we can’t see with our eyes directly. 2. Many people are not aware ______ the importance of protecting small insects around us. 3. This is the house ______ we found a lot of rare plants last summer. 4. ______ (walk) in the forest, we can hear the sounds of birds singing and leaves rustling. 5. The scientist devoted all his life to ______ (study) the relationship between humans and nature. 6. It is reported that ______ number of wild animals has increased in this area recently. 7. The girl ______ hair is golden comes from a small town in the north of England. 8. We should take measures to prevent the environment from ______ (pollute). 9. ______ is known to all, the earth is home to millions of different species. 10. If we ______ (not take) action now, many living things around us will disappear forever. 四、句子翻译 1. The more you observe the world around you, the more you will discover its beauty. 2. It is the small things in daily life that often bring us the greatest joy. 3. Some plants can adapt to the environment quickly, while others need a long time. 4. We should learn to appreciate the simple things instead of chasing material possessions blindly. 5. The scientist spent years studying the relationship between humans and nature. 6. What we see with our eyes is not always the whole truth of the matter. 7. The old tree in the yard has witnessed the changes of the neighborhood for decades. 8. It is important to protect the things around us, for they are part of our life. 9. Many animals rely on the plants in the forest for food and shelter. 10. By paying attention to the details around us, we can gain a deeper understanding of life. 五、语法填空 Nature is full of amazing things around us. From the tiny flowers 1. ________ (bloom) in spring to the stars shining at night, every creature and object has its own story. We often take the beauty of nature for granted. Many of us fail 2. ________ (notice) the way leaves change color in autumn or the sound of birds singing at dawn. 3. ________ fact, these common scenes are part of the magic of the world we live in. A group of students recently did a project about 4. ________ (they) favorite things in nature. One student described a river near her home, which 5. ________ (flow) gently through the forest for hundreds of years. Another shared photos of bees, 6. ________ play an important role in pollination(授粉). The teacher told them that nature provides us with clean air, fresh water and many other resources. 7. ________ we protect nature, we will lose these precious gifts. It is everyone’s duty 8. ________ (take) care of the things around us. By observing and respecting nature, we can learn a lot about life. We should remember that even the smallest things can make a big difference. Let’s promise 9. ________ (do) our part to keep the world beautiful. After all, the things around us are not just objects—they are our friends 10. ________ bring us joy and peace. 六、阅读理解 （上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中）Tiredness May Lead to Snacking Staying up late doing homework is always tiring. Perhaps when we are tired, we feel the need to eat unhealthy snack food. Recently scientists have been investigating tiredness and snack food. According to a study in the Journal of Neuroscience, people are more likely to crave snacks when they don’t get enough sleep. For the study, researchers from University of Cologne in Germany gave the same dinner to 32 healthy men aged between 19 and 33. Half of the men were then sent home to bed, and the other half were kept aware in the laboratory all night. The next morning, the participants were asked to consider how much they would be willing to pay for snack food items shown to them in pictures. According to the researchers, all were similarly hungry in the morning, and had similar levels of most hormones and blood sugar. However, brain scans showed that when the sleep-deprived participants looked at the pictures of junk food, they released more of the “hunger hormone”. This is the hormone responsible for increasing the appetite, and making us consume more. Asked about how much they would pay for snacks, “participants with sleep deprivation were more willing to overspend on food items than those with a good night’s sleep,” researchers said. Researchers also observed that among the people who hadn’t slept, there was greater activity in the part of the brain where food rewards are processed. Scientists think that sleep-deprived people experience changes to the hunger hormone and the brain’s reward system that leads to a stronger desire to eat snacks with high fat and calories. “This brings us a little closer to understanding the mechanism behind how sleep deprivation changes food valuation,” Professor Jan Peters, a co-author of the study from the University of Cologne, told The Independent.Kill the craving Listen to some soft music to relieve your tiredness. Do some slight exercise for a short time when you’re tired. Eat yogurt or fruits to replace snacks with high fat and calories. Distance yourself from the craving. 1．People are more likely to crave snacks if they don’t get enough sleep because they ______. A．have high levels of most hormones and blood sugar B．release more of the “hunger hormone”, making them consumer more C．are extremely hungry in the morning D．are attracted by the snack food items in the pictures 2．Which of the statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A．Hunger hormone can increase people’s appetite and let them eat more food. B．Participants without sleep deprivation may spend less on food items. C．The brain’s reward system will lead to craving snack food. D．Greater activity will appear in certain part of the brain among those who sleep well. 3．Which of the following way is most likely to help you kill the craving? A．Listening to Rock & Roll. B．Walking out for while. C．Ordering a McDonald’s Big Mac. D．Drinking black coffee. 七、六选四 （23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末）Food & Health Myths Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 1 One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol(胆固醇)and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 2 As far as fat goes, it's the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you're worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information. 3 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. It seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结). 4 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television. A．Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B．Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C．Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D．There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E．This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F．With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around. 八、完形填空 （上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试）In recent years breakfast cereals (谷物) seem to have lost their appeal. Many contain things that 1 consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain. Add to this a rising 2 for big brands and adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales. The market for “ready-to-eat” cereals shrank by 9% in America between 2012 and 2015, according to Euromonitor, a data firm. In Britain, the second-biggest cereal market, sales fell by 6%. Now, the manufacturers are boasting a(n) 3 . On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. But it will take hard work to make breakfast’s business 4 again. Cereal firms have tried many ways to cope with customer’s 5 appetites. They have 6 . Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes. Some firms have 7 trendier brands, with mixed results. After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000, many of its loyal customers 8 . Kellogg is now trying to win them back, returning Kashi’s headquarters to California. A new Kashi cereal features popped sorghum （高粱）, crispy yellow peas and smashed red beans. Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to 9 all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023. Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline — it is too 10 for them. Jim Holbrook, who led Post’s cereal business and is now boss of Daymon Worldwide, a retail consultant, says grocers might 11 sales by placing milk or bananas alongside cereal. For now, cereal-makers can take 12 that at least some brands are still popular. Sales of Kellogg’s Froot Loops and General Mills’ Cinnamon Toast Crunch have 13 in recent years, points out Alexia Howard of Sanford C． Bernstein, a research firm, even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing. 14 shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans. But cereal’s most 15 customers are those who don’t mind heaps of sugar, or “red #40” food colouring, in their breakfast bowls. 1．A．anxious B．regular C．satisfied D．potential 2．A．demand B．standard C．reputation D．disrespect 3．A．continuity B．distinction C．turnaround D．equivalent 4．A．compete B．succeed C．protest D．refuse 5．A．shrinking B．promoted C．inexhaustible D．intellectual 6．A．declined B．regretted C．diversified D．patented 7．A．changed B．embarrassed C．acquired D．replaced 8．A．doubted B．fled C．ignored D．wandered 9．A．conceal B．receive C．remove D．expect 10．A．distant B．traditional C．mysterious D．profitable 11．A．boost B．review C．reject D．describe 12．A．responsibility B．comfort C．charge D．action 13．A．failed B．risen C．paused D．mattered 14．A．Warm-hearted B．Fun-loving C．Would-be D．Health-conscious 15．A．reliable B．wealthy C．famous D．intelligent 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 2 The things around us Period 1 Reading and interaction分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、将下列短语翻译为英文。 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. 对……敏感______________________________ 2. 充分利用______________________________ 3. 把……与……联系起来____________________ 4. 适应环境______________________________ 5. 对……有影响____________________________ 6. 保护……免受……伤害____________________ 7. 依靠；依赖______________________________ 8. 区分……与……__________________________ 9. 导致；引起______________________________ 10. 与……和谐相处_________________________ 【答案】 1. be sensitive to 解析：sensitive 是形容词，意为“敏感的”，后接介词 to，常见搭配如 be sensitive to light（对光线敏感）。 2. make full use of / take full advantage of 解析：两个短语均表示“充分利用”，可互换使用，of 为介词，后接名词或动名词。 3. connect...with... / link...with... 解析：connect 和 link 均有“连接、联系”之意，with 后接关联对象，如 connect theory with practice（将理论与实践联系起来）。 4. adapt to the environment 解析：adapt 作动词，意为“适应”，后接介词 to，environment 前需加定冠词 the 表特指。 5. have an effect on / have an influence on 解析：effect 和 influence 均为名词，表“影响”，on 为介词，后接影响对象。 6. protect...from... / protect...against... 解析：protect 意为“保护”，from 多接一般性伤害，against 多接较大的、蓄意的伤害，如 protect crops from pests（保护庄稼免受虫害）。 7. depend on / rely on 解析：两个短语为同义搭配，意为“依靠、依赖”，on 后接依靠的对象，可用于人或物。 8. distinguish...from... / tell...from... 解析：distinguish 和 tell 在此处均表示“区分、辨别”，from 后接对比对象，如 distinguish silk from nylon（区分丝绸和尼龙）。 9. lead to / result in 解析：两个短语均表“导致、引起”，后接结果，且宾语多为消极事物，如 lead to failure（导致失败）。 10. live in harmony with... 解析：harmony 为名词，意为“和谐”，in harmony with 是固定搭配，意为“与……和谐相处”。 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1. The desk is made of a hard and heavy m_ _ _ _ _ _ (物质) called wood. 2. Water is a l_ _ _ _ (液体) that is necessary for all living things. 3. The g_ _ _ (气体) from the factory polluted the air around the village. 4. Ice will m_ _ _ (融化) into water when the temperature rises above 0℃. 5. We can use a m_ _ _ _ _ _ (金属) like iron to make tools and machines. 6. The little girl likes to collect colorful s_ _ _ _ _ _ (石头) on the beach. 7. The s_ _ _ (固体) form of water is ice, which feels cold to touch. 8. Plants a_ _ _ _ _ (吸收) carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. 9. The p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (特性) of this material allow it to resist high temperatures. 10. Don’t put the glass near the fire, or it will b_ _ _ (破裂) easily. 【答案】 1. 答案：material 解析：句意是“这张桌子由一种坚硬沉重的叫木头的物质制成”。根据首字母 m 和中文释义“物质”，锁定可数名词 material，此处用单数形式对应 a 的限定。 2. 答案：liquid 解析：“水是一种所有生物都必需的液体”，首字母 l + 释义“液体”，对应不可数名词 liquid，符合“物质三态”的单元核心知识点。 3. 答案：gas 解析：“工厂排出的气体污染了村庄周围的空气”，首字母 g + 释义“气体”，填 gas；该词可作可数或不可数名词，此处泛指工厂废气，用单数形式。 4. 答案：melt 解析：“当温度超过0摄氏度时，冰会融化成水”，首字母 m + 释义“融化”，填动词 melt；will 后接动词原形。 5. 答案：metal 解析：“我们可以用像铁这样的金属来制造工具和机器”，首字母 m + 释义“金属”，填不可数名词 metal，契合单元“物质材料”主题。 6. 答案：stones 解析：“小女孩喜欢在沙滩上收集五颜六色的石头”，首字母 s + 释义“石头”，colorful 暗示不止一块，故填可数名词复数 stones。 7. 答案：solid 解析：“水的固体形态是冰，摸起来很冷”，首字母 s + 释义“固体”，填名词 solid，对应单元“物质三态（solid/liquid/gas）”的重点内容。 8. 答案：absorb 解析：“植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳并释放氧气”，首字母 a + 释义“吸收”，填动词 absorb；主语 Plants 是复数，谓语用原形。 9. 答案：properties 解析：“这种材料的特性使其能耐高温”，首字母 p + 释义“特性”，填可数名词复数 properties；谓语动词 allow 为原形，提示主语用复数。 10. 答案：break 解析：“别把玻璃放在火边，否则它很容易破裂”，首字母 b + 释义“破裂”，填动词 break；will 后接动词原形。 三、单句语法填空。 1. The book tells us about ______ (amaze) things we can’t see with our eyes directly. 2. Many people are not aware ______ the importance of protecting small insects around us. 3. This is the house ______ we found a lot of rare plants last summer. 4. ______ (walk) in the forest, we can hear the sounds of birds singing and leaves rustling. 5. The scientist devoted all his life to ______ (study) the relationship between humans and nature. 6. It is reported that ______ number of wild animals has increased in this area recently. 7. The girl ______ hair is golden comes from a small town in the north of England. 8. We should take measures to prevent the environment from ______ (pollute). 9. ______ is known to all, the earth is home to millions of different species. 10. If we ______ (not take) action now, many living things around us will disappear forever. 【答案】 1. amazing 解析：形容词作定语修饰名词 things；amazing 表示“令人惊奇的”，用于描述事物的性质，符合语境。 2. of 解析：固定搭配 be aware of，意为“意识到……”，是该单元重点短语。 3. where 解析：定语从句的关系副词，先行词是 the house，从句中缺少地点状语，因此用 where。 4. Walking 解析：现在分词作伴随状语，主语 we 和 walk 是主动关系，故用现在分词形式。 5. studying 解析：固定搭配 devote...to doing sth.，to 是介词，后接动名词作宾语。 6. the 解析：固定短语 the number of 表示“……的数量”，后接可数名词复数，作主语时谓语动词用单数；a number of 表示“许多”，不符合本句语境。 7. whose 解析：定语从句的关系代词，先行词是 the girl，从句中 hair 和先行词是所属关系，故用 whose。 8. being polluted 解析：固定搭配 prevent...from doing sth.，environment 和 pollute 是被动关系，因此用动名词的被动形式 being polluted。 9. As 解析：非限制性定语从句的引导词，as is known to all 是固定句式，意为“众所周知”，as 指代后面整个句子的内容。 10. don’t take 解析：if 引导的条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。 四、句子翻译 1. The more you observe the world around you, the more you will discover its beauty. 2. It is the small things in daily life that often bring us the greatest joy. 3. Some plants can adapt to the environment quickly, while others need a long time. 4. We should learn to appreciate the simple things instead of chasing material possessions blindly. 5. The scientist spent years studying the relationship between humans and nature. 6. What we see with our eyes is not always the whole truth of the matter. 7. The old tree in the yard has witnessed the changes of the neighborhood for decades. 8. It is important to protect the things around us, for they are part of our life. 9. Many animals rely on the plants in the forest for food and shelter. 10. By paying attention to the details around us, we can gain a deeper understanding of life. 【答案】 1. 译文：你观察周遭世界越多，就越能发现它的美。 解析：考查 the + 比较级, the + 比较级 结构，意为“越……，越……”；observe 表示“观察”，discover 表示“发现”。 2. 译文：往往是日常生活中的小事，给我们带来最大的快乐。 解析：考查强调句型 It is... that...，强调主语 the small things in daily life；bring sb. sth. 表示“给某人带来某物”。 3. 译文：有些植物能快速适应环境，而有些植物则需要很长时间。 解析：考查 while 引导的并列句，表对比；adapt to 是固定短语，意为“适应”。 4. 译文：我们应当学会欣赏简单的事物，而非盲目追逐物质财富。 解析：考查 instead of 后接动名词作宾语；appreciate 表示“欣赏”，chase 表示“追逐”。 5. 译文：这位科学家花了数年时间研究人与自然之间的关系。 解析：考查 spend time (in) doing sth. 结构，意为“花费时间做某事”；relationship between A and B 表示“A和B之间的关系”。 6. 译文：我们亲眼所见的，并不总是事情的全部真相。 解析：考查 what 引导的主语从句，在句中作主语；the whole truth 表示“全部真相”。 7. 译文：院子里的那棵老树，几十年来见证了这个街区的变迁。 解析：考查 witness 的用法，意为“见证”；for decades 表示“几十年来”，常与现在完成时连用。 8. 译文：保护我们身边的事物十分重要，因为它们是我们生活的一部分。 解析：考查 it is + 形容词 + to do sth. 结构，it 作形式主语，真正主语是不定式；for 引导原因状语从句。 9. 译文：许多动物依赖森林里的植物获取食物和栖息地。 解析：考查固定短语 rely on... for sth.，意为“依靠……获取某物”；shelter 表示“栖息地”。 10. 译文：通过留意身边的细节，我们能更深刻地理解生活。 解析：考查 by 后接动名词作方式状语；pay attention to 表示“留意、关注”，gain a deeper understanding of 表示“更深刻地理解”。 五、语法填空 Nature is full of amazing things around us. From the tiny flowers 1. ________ (bloom) in spring to the stars shining at night, every creature and object has its own story. We often take the beauty of nature for granted. Many of us fail 2. ________ (notice) the way leaves change color in autumn or the sound of birds singing at dawn. 3. ________ fact, these common scenes are part of the magic of the world we live in. A group of students recently did a project about 4. ________ (they) favorite things in nature. One student described a river near her home, which 5. ________ (flow) gently through the forest for hundreds of years. Another shared photos of bees, 6. ________ play an important role in pollination(授粉). The teacher told them that nature provides us with clean air, fresh water and many other resources. 7. ________ we protect nature, we will lose these precious gifts. It is everyone’s duty 8. ________ (take) care of the things around us. By observing and respecting nature, we can learn a lot about life. We should remember that even the smallest things can make a big difference. Let’s promise 9. ________ (do) our part to keep the world beautiful. After all, the things around us are not just objects—they are our friends 10. ________ bring us joy and peace. 【答案】 1. blooming：考查非谓语动词。空格处作后置定语修饰flowers，flower与bloom是主动关系，用现在分词形式，故填blooming。 2. to notice：考查非谓语动词。固定搭配fail to do sth. 表示“未能做某事”，故填to notice。 3. In：考查介词。固定短语in fact表示“事实上”，句首首字母大写，故填In。 4. their：考查代词。修饰名词favorite things，用形容词性物主代词，故填their。 5. has flowed：考查时态。根据时间状语for hundreds of years可知，用现在完成时，先行词a river是单数，从句谓语用第三人称单数形式，故填has flowed。 6. which：考查定语从句。先行词为bees，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，非限制性定语从句用which引导，故填which。 7. If：考查连词。根据句意“如果我们不保护自然，就会失去这些珍贵的礼物”，此处表假设，故填If。 8. to take：考查非谓语动词。固定句型It is one’s duty to do sth. 表示“做某事是某人的责任”，it为形式主语，不定式作真正主语，故填to take。 9. to do：考查非谓语动词。固定搭配promise to do sth. 表示“承诺做某事”，故填to do。 10. that/which：考查定语从句。先行词为friends，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，可用that或which引导，故填that/which。 六、阅读理解 （上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中）Tiredness May Lead to Snacking Staying up late doing homework is always tiring. Perhaps when we are tired, we feel the need to eat unhealthy snack food. Recently scientists have been investigating tiredness and snack food. According to a study in the Journal of Neuroscience, people are more likely to crave snacks when they don’t get enough sleep. For the study, researchers from University of Cologne in Germany gave the same dinner to 32 healthy men aged between 19 and 33. Half of the men were then sent home to bed, and the other half were kept aware in the laboratory all night. The next morning, the participants were asked to consider how much they would be willing to pay for snack food items shown to them in pictures. According to the researchers, all were similarly hungry in the morning, and had similar levels of most hormones and blood sugar. However, brain scans showed that when the sleep-deprived participants looked at the pictures of junk food, they released more of the “hunger hormone”. This is the hormone responsible for increasing the appetite, and making us consume more. Asked about how much they would pay for snacks, “participants with sleep deprivation were more willing to overspend on food items than those with a good night’s sleep,” researchers said. Researchers also observed that among the people who hadn’t slept, there was greater activity in the part of the brain where food rewards are processed. Scientists think that sleep-deprived people experience changes to the hunger hormone and the brain’s reward system that leads to a stronger desire to eat snacks with high fat and calories. “This brings us a little closer to understanding the mechanism behind how sleep deprivation changes food valuation,” Professor Jan Peters, a co-author of the study from the University of Cologne, told The Independent.Kill the craving Listen to some soft music to relieve your tiredness. Do some slight exercise for a short time when you’re tired. Eat yogurt or fruits to replace snacks with high fat and calories. Distance yourself from the craving. 1．People are more likely to crave snacks if they don’t get enough sleep because they ______. A．have high levels of most hormones and blood sugar B．release more of the “hunger hormone”, making them consumer more C．are extremely hungry in the morning D．are attracted by the snack food items in the pictures 2．Which of the statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A．Hunger hormone can increase people’s appetite and let them eat more food. B．Participants without sleep deprivation may spend less on food items. C．The brain’s reward system will lead to craving snack food. D．Greater activity will appear in certain part of the brain among those who sleep well. 3．Which of the following way is most likely to help you kill the craving? A．Listening to Rock & Roll. B．Walking out for while. C．Ordering a McDonald’s Big Mac. D．Drinking black coffee. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了疲劳可能导致吃零食。 1．细节理解题。由文章第六段“However, brain scans showed that when the sleep-deprived participants looked at the pictures of junk food, they released more of the “hunger hormone”. This is the hormone responsible for increasing the appetite, and making us consume more. (然而，脑部扫描显示，当睡眠不足的参与者看到垃圾食品的图片时，他们释放出更多的“饥饿激素”。这种激素会增加食欲，让我们吃得更多)”可知，如果睡眠不足，人们更有可能渴望零食，因为他们释放更多的“饥饿激素”，使他们吃得更多。故选B。 2．细节理解题。由文章第六段“However, brain scans showed that when the sleep-deprived participants looked at the pictures of junk food, they released more of the “hunger hormone”. This is the hormone responsible for increasing the appetite, and making us consume more. (然而，脑部扫描显示，当睡眠不足的参与者看到垃圾食品的图片时，他们释放出更多的“饥饿激素”。这种激素会增加食欲，让我们吃得更多)”可知，人们更有可能渴望零食，因为他们释放更多的“饥饿激素”，使他们吃得更多，A项正确。第七段“Asked about how much they would pay for snacks, “participants with sleep deprivation were more willing to overspend on food items than those with a good night’s sleep,” researchers said.(当被问及他们愿意花多少钱买零食时，研究人员说：“睡眠不足的参与者比那些晚上睡得好的人更愿意在食物上多花钱。”)”可知，没有睡眠不足的参与者可能会在食物上花费更少，B项正确。第八段“Researchers also observed that among the people who hadn’t slept, there was greater activity in the part of the brain where food rewards are processed.(研究人员还观察到，在那些没有睡觉的人中，大脑中处理食物奖励的部分活动更活跃。)”可知，大脑的奖励系统会导致对零食的渴望，C项正确。倒数第三段“Researchers also observed  that among the people who hadn’t slept, there was greater activity in  the part of the brain where food rewards are processed.(研究人员还观察到，在那些没有睡觉的人中，大脑中处理食物奖励的部分活动更活跃)”可知，D项“那些睡眠良好的人大脑的某些部分会更活跃”与原文不符。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章Kill the craving部分中“Do some slight exercise for a short time when you’re tired. (当你累的时候，做一些短时间的轻微运动。)”和“Distance yourself from the craving. (让自己远离这种渴望)”可知，走出去一段时间最有可能帮助你消除欲望。故选B。 七、六选四 （23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末）Food & Health Myths Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 1 One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol(胆固醇)and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 2 As far as fat goes, it's the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you're worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information. 3 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. It seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结). 4 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television. A．Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B．Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C．Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D．There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E．This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F．With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around. 【答案】1．F 2．E 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。讲述生活中一些关于食物和健康存在着一些“神话”宣传的现象。 1．根据前文“Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body(每天都有关于食品和保健品的新信息。报纸上经常有文章讨论某些食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的，一些电视节目经常处理关于摄入某些物质如何影响你的身体的新故事)”提到了电视和报纸讨论某些食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的信息，说明媒体宣传的方式，所以空处应该承接前文，讲述媒体宣传的作用。选项 F.“With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around.(有了这样源源不断的信息，一些关于食物和健康的流行神话就流传开来了，这是可以理解的。)”，说明因为这些源源不断的信息，一些关于食物和健康的流行神话就流传开来，符合题意，故选F项。 2．根据前面的“Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. (虽然鸡蛋的胆固醇和脂含量确实很高，但并不是说每天吃鸡蛋就会损害你的心脏。)”，可知接下来应该描述的是吃鸡蛋不会损害心脏的原因，选项 E.“This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces(这是因为身体可以通过减少胆固醇的产生来处理多余的胆固醇)”，符合题意，故选E项。 3．根据后面的内容“Although it was once thought to have unique properties other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine.(尽管它一度被认为具有独特的特性但其他类型的酒精也有相同的效果。最近进行的一项研究表明，喝红酒的人并不比喝啤酒或白葡萄酒等其他烈酒的人长寿。）”可知这一段与喝红酒有关，且此句说的是喝红酒可能会有好处，所以空处应作为总括句，讲述人们对喝红酒带来的好处的认识。选项B.“Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart.”(除此之外，许多人认为喝红酒对心脏特别有好处)。符合题意，故选B项。 4．根据最后一句“Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.(特别关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们在电视上读到或看到的新信息。)”，提到关注健康的消费者要对电视上看到或了解到的新信息要持谨慎态度，同时结合第一段中提到报纸和电视节目有讨论食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的信息，第二段和第三段中提到报纸上关于食物和饮料的一些传言，可推知，空处中应该讲述，除了报纸之外，在生活中关于食物和健康还有其它的神话。 选项D.“There are many other myths common is our society about food and health.”(在我们的社会中，关于食物和健康还有许多其他常见的神话)。下文提到消费者需要对电视上的信息要谨慎，和空处呼应，故选D项。 八、完形填空 （上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试）In recent years breakfast cereals (谷物) seem to have lost their appeal. Many contain things that 1 consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain. Add to this a rising 2 for big brands and adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales. The market for “ready-to-eat” cereals shrank by 9% in America between 2012 and 2015, according to Euromonitor, a data firm. In Britain, the second-biggest cereal market, sales fell by 6%. Now, the manufacturers are boasting a(n) 3 . On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. But it will take hard work to make breakfast’s business 4 again. Cereal firms have tried many ways to cope with customer’s 5 appetites. They have 6 . Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes. Some firms have 7 trendier brands, with mixed results. After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000, many of its loyal customers 8 . Kellogg is now trying to win them back, returning Kashi’s headquarters to California. A new Kashi cereal features popped sorghum （高粱）, crispy yellow peas and smashed red beans. Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to 9 all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023. Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline — it is too 10 for them. Jim Holbrook, who led Post’s cereal business and is now boss of Daymon Worldwide, a retail consultant, says grocers might 11 sales by placing milk or bananas alongside cereal. For now, cereal-makers can take 12 that at least some brands are still popular. Sales of Kellogg’s Froot Loops and General Mills’ Cinnamon Toast Crunch have 13 in recent years, points out Alexia Howard of Sanford C． Bernstein, a research firm, even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing. 14 shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans. But cereal’s most 15 customers are those who don’t mind heaps of sugar, or “red #40” food colouring, in their breakfast bowls. 1．A．anxious B．regular C．satisfied D．potential 2．A．demand B．standard C．reputation D．disrespect 3．A．continuity B．distinction C．turnaround D．equivalent 4．A．compete B．succeed C．protest D．refuse 5．A．shrinking B．promoted C．inexhaustible D．intellectual 6．A．declined B．regretted C．diversified D．patented 7．A．changed B．embarrassed C．acquired D．replaced 8．A．doubted B．fled C．ignored D．wandered 9．A．conceal B．receive C．remove D．expect 10．A．distant B．traditional C．mysterious D．profitable 11．A．boost B．review C．reject D．describe 12．A．responsibility B．comfort C．charge D．action 13．A．failed B．risen C．paused D．mattered 14．A．Warm-hearted B．Fun-loving C．Would-be D．Health-conscious 15．A．reliable B．wealthy C．famous D．intelligent 【答案】 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了早餐谷物市场的现状和挑战，以及各大谷物制造商为应对销售下滑所采取的措施。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从碳水化合物和麸质到人工香料和转基因谷物，许多食品都含有担忧的消费者不愿食用的东西。A. anxious 担忧的；B. regular 定期的；C. satisfied 满意的；D. potential 潜在的。根据本句中的“consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain”可知，消费者避免碳水化合物、麸质、人工香料和转基因粮食等说明他们对这些东西感到担忧。故选A项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：再加上对大品牌的不尊重和对“正宗”小品牌的崇拜，大型谷物制造商的销售额一直在下降。A. demand 需求；B. standard 标准；C. reputation 声誉；D. disrespect 不尊重，轻蔑。根据本句中的“...adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales”可知，对“正宗”小品牌的崇拜导致了大型谷物制造商的销售额一直在下降，说明了消费者对大品牌表示出了轻蔑。故选D项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，制造商们正在吹嘘自己的业绩出现了好转。A. continuity 连续性；B. distinction 区别；C. turnaround 好转；D. equivalent 相等物。根据下文的“On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. ”可知，General Mills和Kellogg的业绩在逐渐变好。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但要让早餐的生意再次成功，还需要付出艰苦的努力。A. compete 竞争；B. succeed 成功；C. protest 抗议；D. refuse 拒绝。根据上文的“On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. ”可知，General Mills和Kellogg的业绩在逐渐变好，再由but表示转折可知，早餐的生意想要再次获得成功，还需要付出艰苦的努力。故选B项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：谷物公司已经尝试了许多方法来应对消费者不断萎缩的胃口。A. shrinking 萎缩的；B. promoted 提升的；C. inexhaustible 用之不竭的；D. intellectual 智力的。根据下文的“Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes.”可知，谷物制造商们不仅仅专注于谷物产品，还扩展到其他领域，比如卖鸡蛋和蛋白质奶昔，说明了谷物市场的现状：市场需求在减少，人们的胃口在萎缩。故选A项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们已经采取多样化的措施了。A. declined 下降；B. regretted 后悔；C. diversified 变得多样化；D. patented 获得专利。根据下文的“Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes.”可知，谷物制造商们不仅仅专注于谷物产品，还扩展到其他领域，比如卖鸡蛋和蛋白质奶昔，这是市场需求的减少促使谷物制造商采用了多样化的策略以应对挑战。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些公司收购了更时尚的品牌，结果喜忧参半。A. changed 改变；B. embarrassed 使尴尬；C. acquired 获得，收购；D. replaced 替代。根据下文的“After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000”可知，有的谷物公司采取了一种应对策略：通过收购其他公司来扩大业务范围和产品线。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2000年Kellogg收购Kashi之后，许多忠实的顾客都逃走了。A. doubted 怀疑；B. fled 逃避，离开；C. ignored 忽视；D. wandered 漫步。根据下文的“Kellogg is now trying to win them back”可知，Kellogg现在正试图把他们赢回来，这说明很多顾客离开了Kellogg。故选B项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：General Mills计划在2023年之前从其谷物中去除所有人工香料和色素。A. conceal 隐藏；B. receive 收到；C. remove 移除；D. expect 期待。根据上文的“Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal.”可知，Kellogg在其Special K Red Berries谷物中添加更多水果是为了满足消费者对更健康食品的需求，因此像Kellogg一样，General Mills计划通过去除人工香料和色素来增强其产品的吸引力和健康形象，以帮助维持主要品牌的竞争力。故选C项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：零售商不希望谷类食品进入衰退期——这对他们来说太有利可图了。A. distant 遥远的；B. traditional 传统的；C. mysterious 神秘的；D. profitable 有利可图的。根据上文的“Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to...all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023.”可知，Kellogg和 GeneralMills通过增加产品的水果含量和移除人工色素和香料来改善他们的产品，这些措施都是为了吸引消费者并维持或增加销售量，因为这些产品对他们而言非常有利可图。故选D项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Jim Holbrook曾领导邮报的谷物业务，现在是零售咨询公司Daymon Worldwide的老板。他说，杂货店可能会通过在谷物旁边放牛奶或香蕉来促进销售。A. boost 提高；B. review 回顾；C. reject 拒绝；D. describe 描述。根据上文的“Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline —it is too...for them.”可知，零售商不希望谷类食品进入衰退期，这对他们来说太有利可图了，因此Jim Holbrook建议零售商采取措施来促进谷物的销售，从而增加利润。故选A项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：目前，谷物制造商可以感到宽慰的是，至少有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎。A. responsibility 责任；B. comfort 宽慰；C. charge 负责；D. action 行动。根据本句中的“at least some brands are still popular”可知，谷物制造商应该为有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎而感到宽慰。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：近年来，Kellogg的果脆圈和通用磨坊的肉桂脆面包的销量有所上升，而纤维一号、全麸和Special K等更有价值的品牌却在走下坡路。A. failed 失败；B. risen 上升；C. paused 暂停；D. mattered 重要。根据上文的“For now, cereal-makers can take...that at least some brands are still popular.”和由本句中的“even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing”可知，目前，有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎，举例子说明Kellogg的果脆圈和General Mills的肉桂脆面包的销量有所上升。故选B项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：注重健康的消费者可能会、也可能不会因为含有打碎的红豆而恢复吃麦片的习惯。A. Warm-hearted 热心的；B. Fun-loving 爱好乐趣的；C. Would-be 未来的，潜在的；D. Health-conscious 注重健康的。根据第一段的“Many contain things that...consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain.”可知，消费者越来越重视健康，因此注重健康的消费者可能会、也可能不会因为谷物中加入了某些健康成分就重新购买谷物食品。故选D项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但谷物最可靠的顾客是那些不介意在早餐碗里放一堆糖或“红#40”食用色素的人。A. reliable 可靠的；B. wealthy 富有的；C. famous 著名的；D. intelligent 聪明的。根据上文的“...shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans ”可知，注重健康的消费者可能会也可能不会因为含有打碎的红豆而恢复吃麦片的习惯，由此可推知，谷物最可靠的顾客是那些不介意在早餐碗里放一堆糖或“红#40”食用色素的人。故选A项。 $