Unit 2 Period 2 Grammar and activity & Listening and speaking（分层作业）英语沪教版必修第三册

Unit 2 The things around us Period 2 Grammar and activity & Listening and speaking分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、将下列短语翻译为英文。 1. 对……感到好奇_________________________ 2. 充分利用_________________________ 3. 把……和……联系起来____________________ 4. 对……做出贡献_________________________ 5. 依赖；依靠_________________________ 6. 保护……免受……伤害_____________________ 7. 代表；象征_________________________ 8. 负责；掌管_________________________ 9. 与……互动_________________________ 10. 随着时间的推移_______________________ 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1. The heavy rain caused a ______ (洪水) in the small village last week. 2. This shirt is made of pure ______ (棉花), so it feels very soft. 3. The ______ (昆虫) in the garden are attracted by the bright flowers. 4. You can get a 10% ______ (折扣) if you pay in cash. 5. The ship will arrive at the ______ (港口) early tomorrow morning. 6. She didn’t ______ (犹豫) to help the old man cross the street. 7. Hot weather makes people ______ (出汗) a lot even when resting. 8. The country’s main ______ (出口) products are tea and cotton. 9. People’s ______ (收入) has increased a lot with the development of the economy. 10. He used an ______ (熨斗) to make his shirt look neat before the meeting. 三、单句语法填空。 1. The book is so interesting that it is worth ______ (read) a second time. 2. It is the first time that he ______ (visit) the Great Wall since he came to China. 3. ______ (expose) to sunlight for too long will do harm to your skin. 4. The number of people who ______ (be) willing to volunteer is increasing. 5. She stood at the door, ______ (wait) for her mother to come back. 6. If you ______ (take) my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake. 7. It is necessary that we ______ (finish) the task before the deadline. 8. The girl ______ (refer) to in the report has won the first prize in the competition. 9. ______ (judge) from his accent, he must be from the south of China. 10. Not only the students but also their teacher ______ (be) looking forward to the holiday. 四、句子翻译 1. The old house standing at the corner of the street has a history of over two hundred years. 2. It is reported that a new library will be built in our community next year. 3. What he said at the meeting yesterday made all the attendees think deeply. 4. The reason why she was late for class this morning is that her bike broke down on the way. 5. As long as you keep practicing speaking English every day, you will make great progress sooner or later. 6. This is the first time that I have seen such a wonderful natural scenery with my own eyes. 7. The book which I borrowed from the school library last week is well worth reading. 8. It is necessary for us to learn how to communicate effectively with people around us. 9. Although he failed in the exam, he didn't lose heart and decided to try harder next time. 10. When the fire alarm rang, all the students left the classroom in an orderly manner. 五、语法填空 Nature has provided us with countless precious gifts that shape our daily lives. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we live on are basic 1.________ (necessary) for human survival. Many people fail to realize how much harm they do to nature through small, daily actions. For example, leaving plastic bags in forests can take decades 2.________ (break) down and will damage the soil. A group of young volunteers decided to take action 3.________ (protect) the things around them. Last weekend, they organized a clean-up activity in the city park. When they arrived, they were shocked to see the park 4.________ (cover) with rubbish. Some volunteers collected bottles and cans, while others sorted the waste 5.________ different categories. An elderly man passing by praised them, saying their efforts 6.________ (do) great harm to pollution and set a good example for the public. During the activity, the volunteers also shared knowledge about environmental protection. They explained that small changes in our habits can make a big difference. For instance, using reusable containers instead of disposable ones helps 7.________ (reduce) waste. Everyone present felt inspired and promised to pay more attention to 8.________ (they) daily behaviors. By the end of the day, the park looked much cleaner. The volunteers felt proud 9.________ (contribute) to protecting the things around them. They believed that as long as more people join in, we can create a healthier and more beautiful world for future 10.________ (generation). 六、阅读理解 （上海市上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校2023-2024学年高一下学期期中）Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. Some communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects- but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data. But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Roval Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them. Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他主义的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. I he most successful sharers-those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often-get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5, 700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate- change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, ” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible” Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on. 1．What do many researchers generally accept? A．It is necessary to protect scientists’ patents. B．Repositories are essential to scientific research. C．Open data sharing promotes scientific advancement. D．Open data sharing is most important to medical science. 2．According to the passage, what might be an obstacle to open data sharing? A．The fear of massive copying. B．The belief that data is private intellectual property. C．The lack of a research culture. D．The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it. 3．What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing? A．The ever-growing demand for big data. B．The changing attitude of journals and funders. C．The advantage of digital technology. D．The trend of social and economic development. 4．Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________. A．is becoming increasingly popular B．benefits shares and users alike C．makes researchers successful D．saves both money and labor 七、六选四 （23-24高一下·上海复兴中学·期末）Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). 1 The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control. 2 These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). 3 If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. 4 Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. From the way some prepare their coffee to the way people celebrate important life events, like weddings or graduations, rituals are a part of our daily life. And though they may seem useless, or even silly, research has found that rituals are powerful. A．They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. B．Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. C．Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. D．In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. E．They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). F．For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. 八、完形填空 （上海中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试）It’s safe to say Jeremy Scott is having a lucky year. In March while working as a chauffeur, he told his boss about his plans to set up a driving business. By the end of the journey, Scott’s boss had offered to 1 his idea — a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine (豪车) to kick start the business. Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career. Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist — your 2 won’t be based on hard work alone. For example, the place you were born 3 your education. It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications, which 4 limits your career choices. Many people believe success is down to talent and hard work, but “this is because most people underestimate the role of 5 ”, says psychologist Dr Elizabeth Nutt Williams. “We do a lot of work to prepare for our careers — education, training, taking advantage of mentoring — all of which tend to be in our control.” People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work, as it 6 this feeling of being in control, adds Williams. Everyone remembers working hard, so people are more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence than something much more 7 like luck. The reality of success (at least in terms of 8 ) is less clear cut. In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn. 2017 research found that there is a “class pay gap’’, where professional employers from 9 backgrounds are paid almost £7,000 less a year — despite having the same role, education and experience as colleagues from more privileged families. 10 , black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men. Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the 11 you enter. A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16 — 25 use 12 to get their first job. While research has shown that less able, richer children are 35% more likely to become high earners than their brighter poorer peers. The truth is: chance and coincidences 13 our careers more than we like to think. Realizing that parts of your career are out of your control sounds 14 , but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate. This is because when you acknowledge the role of luck in your work, you become prepared to take advantage of more fortunate moments. “Chance events occur but it is all about the individual’s 15 to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,” says Williams. 1．A．challenge B．adopt C．finance D．reject 2．A．performances B．accomplishments C．assessments D．outcomes 3．A．accounts for B．applies to C．makes up for D．depends on 4．A．in reward B．after all C．in turn D．by nature 5．A．chance B．accident C．education D．diligence 6．A．emphasizes B．overlooks C．maintains D．weakens 7．A．manageable B．vital C．slippery D．minor 8．A．reputation B．income C．education D．occupation 9．A．wealthier B．poorer C．unique D．diverse 10．A．Nevertheless B．Contrarily C．Consequently D．Similarly 11．A．profession B．circle C．community D．university 12．A．certificates B．online platforms C．career fairs D．family connections 13．A．contribute to B．result from C．add to D．hold back 14．A．inspiring B．encouraging C．appealing D．discouraging 15．A．reluctance B．eagerness C．readiness D．resolution 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 2 The things around us Period 2 Grammar and activity & Listening and speaking分层练习 基础达标 01 能力提升 02 拓展培优 03 一、将下列短语翻译为英文。 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. 对……感到好奇_________________________ 2. 充分利用_________________________ 3. 把……和……联系起来____________________ 4. 对……做出贡献_________________________ 5. 依赖；依靠_________________________ 6. 保护……免受……伤害_____________________ 7. 代表；象征_________________________ 8. 负责；掌管_________________________ 9. 与……互动_________________________ 10. 随着时间的推移_______________________ 【答案】 1. be curious about 解析：固定搭配，curious为形容词，意为“好奇的”，后接介词about引出好奇的对象。 2. make the most of / make full use of 解析：两个短语均可表示“充分利用”，make the most of 后直接接宾语，make full use of 中 full 修饰 use，强调“完全的利用”。 3. connect...with... / link...to... 解析：connect...with... 侧重“将事物连接起来”，link...to... 更强调“事物间的关联或联系”，二者在本单元语境中可互换。 4. contribute to 解析：contribute 作动词，contribute to 是固定短语，后接名词或动名词，注意这个短语不用于被动语态。 5. depend on / rely on 解析：二者为同义短语，depend on 侧重“客观上的依赖”，rely on 更强调“主观上的信任和依靠”。 6. protect...from/against... 解析：protect 后接宾语，from 和 against 均可接伤害性的对象；against 更常用于“抵御较大的伤害或侵袭”的语境。 7. stand for 解析：固定短语，注意与 stand up for（支持；维护）区分，本单元中意为“代表、象征”。 8. take charge of / be in charge of 解析：take charge of 是动词短语，强调“开始掌管”的动作；be in charge of 是系表结构，强调“掌管”的状态。 9. interact with 解析：interact 为不及物动词，后接介词 with 表示“与……互动交流”，其名词形式为 interaction。 10. over time / as time goes by 解析：两个短语均为时间状语，over time 更简洁，常用于书面和口语；as time goes by 是从句结构，侧重“时间流逝的过程”。 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1. The heavy rain caused a ______ (洪水) in the small village last week. 2. This shirt is made of pure ______ (棉花), so it feels very soft. 3. The ______ (昆虫) in the garden are attracted by the bright flowers. 4. You can get a 10% ______ (折扣) if you pay in cash. 5. The ship will arrive at the ______ (港口) early tomorrow morning. 6. She didn’t ______ (犹豫) to help the old man cross the street. 7. Hot weather makes people ______ (出汗) a lot even when resting. 8. The country’s main ______ (出口) products are tea and cotton. 9. People’s ______ (收入) has increased a lot with the development of the economy. 10. He used an ______ (熨斗) to make his shirt look neat before the meeting. 【答案】 1. 答案：flood 解析：根据中文提示“洪水”及前文不定冠词a，此处需填单数名词flood，其音标为/flʌd/，也可作动词表示“（使）充斥”。 2. 答案：cotton 解析：“棉花”对应的英文为不可数名词cotton，音标/ˈkɒtn/，常见搭配“pure cotton”表示“纯棉”。 3. 答案：insects 解析：“昆虫”为insect，音标/ˈɪnsekt/，根据句中are可知主语为复数，故填insects。 4. 答案：discount 解析：中文提示“折扣”对应名词discount，音标/ˈdɪskaʊnt/，“a 10% discount”为固定表达“九折”。 5. 答案：port 解析：“港口”的英文为port，音标/pɔːt/，为可数名词，此处特指某一港口，用单数形式。 6. 答案：hesitate 解析：“犹豫”对应的动词为hesitate，音标/ˈhezɪteɪt/，前面有助动词didn’t，故用原形，常用搭配“hesitate to do sth”表示“犹豫做某事”。 7. 答案：sweat 解析：“出汗”可作动词sweat，音标/swet/，“make sb do sth”为固定结构，故填原形，该词也可作名词表示“汗水”。 8. 答案：export 解析：“出口”作名词时为export，音标/ˈekspɔːt/，与后文“products”搭配表示“出口产品”，作动词时音标为/ɪkˈspɔːt/。 9. 答案：income 解析：“收入”对应的英文为income，音标/ˈɪnkʌm/，为不可数名词，“people’s income”表示“人们的收入”。 10. 答案：iron 解析：“熨斗”为名词iron，音标/ˈaɪən/，前面有不定冠词an，用单数形式，该词也可作动词表示“熨烫”。 三、单句语法填空。 1. The book is so interesting that it is worth ______ (read) a second time. 2. It is the first time that he ______ (visit) the Great Wall since he came to China. 3. ______ (expose) to sunlight for too long will do harm to your skin. 4. The number of people who ______ (be) willing to volunteer is increasing. 5. She stood at the door, ______ (wait) for her mother to come back. 6. If you ______ (take) my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake. 7. It is necessary that we ______ (finish) the task before the deadline. 8. The girl ______ (refer) to in the report has won the first prize in the competition. 9. ______ (judge) from his accent, he must be from the south of China. 10. Not only the students but also their teacher ______ (be) looking forward to the holiday. 【答案】 1. 答案：reading 解析：固定搭配 be worth doing 表示“值得做某事”，主动形式表被动含义，因此填动名词 reading。 2. 答案：has visited 解析：固定句型 It is the first time that... 中，从句要用现在完成时；主语 he 是第三人称单数，故填 has visited。 3. 答案：Being exposed 解析：句子缺少主语，expose 与逻辑主语是被动关系，需用动名词的被动形式 Being exposed 作主语。 4. 答案：are 解析：定语从句中，先行词是 people（复数），关系代词 who 指代 people，因此从句的谓语动词用复数形式 are。 5. 答案：waiting 解析：句子已有谓语动词 stood，wait 与主语 she 是主动关系，用现在分词 waiting 作伴随状语。 6. 答案：had taken 解析：根据后半句的 wouldn’t have made 可知，本句是对过去情况的虚拟，if 引导的条件从句需用过去完成时 had taken。 7. 答案：(should) finish 解析：在 It is necessary that... 句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，结构为 (should) + 动词原形，should 可以省略。 8. 答案：referred 解析：refer to 与 the girl 是被动关系，用过去分词 referred 作后置定语，相当于 who is referred to。 9. 答案：Judging 解析：固定搭配 judging from/by 是独立成分，不受句子主语和时态的影响，常用现在分词形式。 10. 答案：is 解析：not only...but also... 连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，靠近的主语 their teacher 是单数，故填 is。 四、句子翻译 1. The old house standing at the corner of the street has a history of over two hundred years. 2. It is reported that a new library will be built in our community next year. 3. What he said at the meeting yesterday made all the attendees think deeply. 4. The reason why she was late for class this morning is that her bike broke down on the way. 5. As long as you keep practicing speaking English every day, you will make great progress sooner or later. 6. This is the first time that I have seen such a wonderful natural scenery with my own eyes. 7. The book which I borrowed from the school library last week is well worth reading. 8. It is necessary for us to learn how to communicate effectively with people around us. 9. Although he failed in the exam, he didn't lose heart and decided to try harder next time. 10. When the fire alarm rang, all the students left the classroom in an orderly manner. 【答案】 1. 翻译：矗立在街角的那座老房子有两百多年的历史了。 解析：现在分词短语 standing at the corner of the street 作后置定语，修饰 the old house，相当于定语从句 that/which stands at the corner of the street。 2. 翻译：据报道，明年我们社区将新建一座图书馆。 解析：It is reported that... 是固定句型，意为“据报道……”，其中 it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句；will be built 是一般将来时的被动语态。 3. 翻译：他昨天在会上说的话让所有参会者都陷入了深思。 解析：What he said at the meeting yesterday 是主语从句，在句中作主语；made all the attendees think deeply 是“使役动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构，think deeply 为不带 to 的不定式作宾补。 4. 翻译：她今天早上上课迟到的原因是她的自行车在路上坏了。 解析：The reason why...is that... 是固定句型，意为“……的原因是……”；why she was late for class this morning 是定语从句，修饰 the reason；that 引导表语从句，不能省略。 5. 翻译：只要你坚持每天练习英语口语，你迟早会取得巨大进步的。 解析：As long as 引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”；keep doing sth. 表示“坚持做某事”；make great progress 是固定短语，意为“取得巨大进步”。 6. 翻译：这是我第一次亲眼见到如此美丽的自然风光。 解析：This is the first time that... 是固定句型，从句要用现在完成时；with one's own eyes 意为“亲眼”；natural scenery 表示“自然风光”。 7. 翻译：我上周从学校图书馆借的那本书非常值得一读。 解析：which I borrowed from the school library last week 是定语从句，修饰 the book；be well worth doing 是固定结构，意为“非常值得做”，主动形式表被动含义。 8. 翻译：学会如何与身边的人有效沟通对我们来说是很有必要的。 解析：It is necessary for sb. to do sth. 是固定句型，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语；communicate effectively with sb. 意为“与某人有效沟通”。 9. 翻译：虽然他考试没及格，但他并没有灰心，而是决定下次更加努力。 解析：Although 引导让步状语从句，不能与 but 连用；lose heart 是固定短语，意为“灰心丧气”；try harder 表示“更加努力尝试”。 10. 翻译：当火警警报响起时，所有学生都有序地离开了教室。 解析：When the fire alarm rang 是时间状语从句；in an orderly manner 意为“有序地”，在句中作方式状语；leave the classroom 表示“离开教室”。 五、语法填空 Nature has provided us with countless precious gifts that shape our daily lives. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we live on are basic 1.________ (necessary) for human survival. Many people fail to realize how much harm they do to nature through small, daily actions. For example, leaving plastic bags in forests can take decades 2.________ (break) down and will damage the soil. A group of young volunteers decided to take action 3.________ (protect) the things around them. Last weekend, they organized a clean-up activity in the city park. When they arrived, they were shocked to see the park 4.________ (cover) with rubbish. Some volunteers collected bottles and cans, while others sorted the waste 5.________ different categories. An elderly man passing by praised them, saying their efforts 6.________ (do) great harm to pollution and set a good example for the public. During the activity, the volunteers also shared knowledge about environmental protection. They explained that small changes in our habits can make a big difference. For instance, using reusable containers instead of disposable ones helps 7.________ (reduce) waste. Everyone present felt inspired and promised to pay more attention to 8.________ (they) daily behaviors. By the end of the day, the park looked much cleaner. The volunteers felt proud 9.________ (contribute) to protecting the things around them. They believed that as long as more people join in, we can create a healthier and more beautiful world for future 10.________ (generation). 【答案】 1. necessities：考查名词单复数。空格前有形容词basic修饰，需用名词形式；结合前面的“The air...the water...the land”可知此处表示多种必需品，故填necessities（necessary的名词复数形式）。 2. to break：考查固定句型。“It takes + 时间 + to do sth.”为固定结构，意为“做某事需要花费多长时间”，故填不定式to break。 3. to protect：考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语，说明志愿者采取行动的目的是保护周围的事物，故填to protect。 4. covered：考查非谓语动词。此处为“see + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构，the park与cover之间是被动关系（公园被垃圾覆盖），故用过去分词covered作宾补。 5. into：考查介词。固定搭配“sort...into...”意为“把……分类成……”，此处表示将垃圾分成不同类别，故填into。 6. did：考查动词时态。全文讲述过去发生的志愿活动，此处描述老人当时的评价，用一般过去时，故填did（do的过去式）。 7. reduce：考查固定搭配。“help (to) do sth.”为固定用法，意为“帮助做某事”，to可省略，故填reduce。 8. their：考查代词。空格后有名词短语daily behaviors，需用形容词性物主代词修饰，故填their（they的形容词性物主代词形式）。 9. to have contributed：考查不定式的完成式。“feel proud to have done sth.”意为“为做过某事而自豪”，此处contribute的动作发生在felt proud之前，故用不定式的完成式to have contributed。 10. generations：考查名词单复数。future generations为固定表达，意为“后代”，需用复数形式表示泛指，故填generations。 六、阅读理解 （上海市上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校2023-2024学年高一下学期期中）Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. Some communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects- but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data. But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Roval Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them. Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他主义的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. I he most successful sharers-those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often-get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5, 700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate- change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, ” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible” Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on. 1．What do many researchers generally accept? A．It is necessary to protect scientists’ patents. B．Repositories are essential to scientific research. C．Open data sharing promotes scientific advancement. D．Open data sharing is most important to medical science. 2．According to the passage, what might be an obstacle to open data sharing? A．The fear of massive copying. B．The belief that data is private intellectual property. C．The lack of a research culture. D．The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it. 3．What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing? A．The ever-growing demand for big data. B．The changing attitude of journals and funders. C．The advantage of digital technology. D．The trend of social and economic development. 4．Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________. A．is becoming increasingly popular B．benefits shares and users alike C．makes researchers successful D．saves both money and labor 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了开放数据共享的重要性及人们对此的态度。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. (尽管许多研究人员普遍认为，公开原始数据将加速科学发展，但大多数人都不愿将自己的研究成果发布到网上。)”可知，许多研究人员普遍接受开放数据共享有利于科学进步。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data. (从历史上看，科学家们反对共享的原因有很多：这需要大量的工作；直到最近，还不存在好的数据库；资助人并没有推动分享；很难就格式化数据的标准达成一致，也没有一致同意的方式来分配数据的功劳。)”可知，相信研究数据是私人知识产权可能阻碍开放数据共享。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. (但障碍正在消失，部分原因是全球期刊和资助机构鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。)”可知，期刊和资助者态度的变化有助于解除开放数据共享的一些障碍。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5, 700 times.Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate- change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, ” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible” (例如，多学科知识库Dryad上最受欢迎的数据集之一是关于世界各地木材密度的；它已经被下载了5700次。合著者Amy Zanne认为，用户可能包括想要估计生物质中储存了多少碳的气候变化研究人员，以及寻找不同等级木材信息的森林管理员。她说:“我更希望让尽可能多的人使用我的数据来问他们自己的问题。”“让读者和审稿人确切地看到你是如何得出结果的，这一点很重要。发布数据和代码可以让你的科学研究具有可重复性。”)”可知，Dryad就是一个例子，展示了开放数据共享如何使共享者和用户受益。故选B。 七、六选四 （23-24高一下·上海复兴中学·期末）Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). 1 The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control. 2 These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). 3 If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. 4 Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. From the way some prepare their coffee to the way people celebrate important life events, like weddings or graduations, rituals are a part of our daily life. And though they may seem useless, or even silly, research has found that rituals are powerful. A．They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. B．Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. C．Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. D．In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. E．They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). F．For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．E 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。缺乏自制力往往让我们无法达成目标，文章对如何提高自制力进行了一些介绍。 1．根据前文“Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). (我们最担心的问题，从暴饮暴食到没有足够的退休储蓄到没有足够的锻炼，都有一个共同点：缺乏自制力。自我控制是让我们有能力拒绝那些能让我们立刻感到满足，但从长远来看代价高昂的选择——一块巧克力蛋糕（而不是一个苹果），一个下午躺在沙发前（而不是去健身房）。)”可知，此处是讲缺乏自制力让我们往往无法达成目标，所以选项B“尽管我们的意愿是最好的，但我们经常无法实现我们的目标。”切合文意。故选B。 2．根据后文“These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. (这些激励可以提高我们的自制力，至少在一定程度上是这样。)”可知，此处是指有自制力的人往往很有动力点，所以选项F“例如，研究发现，当人们知道他们的努力会得到回报，或者当他们被告知他们的工作将使他人受益时，他们会坚持更长的时间来完成需要自我控制的任务。”切合文意。故选F。 3．根据前文“To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). (举一个著名的例子，在承诺合同网站stickK.com上，用户先投下一些钱（比如200美元），然后陈述一个他们想要实现的目标（比如一个月减掉10磅）。)”和后文“If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. (如果他们达到了目标，他们就能赚回自己的钱。如果他们不这样做，他们就会失去这笔钱。)”可知，此处是指用户需要陈述没有达成目标会受到的惩罚，所以选项E“他们还需要说明，如果他们不遵守承诺，这笔钱会怎么处理（例如，这笔钱会捐给他们不喜欢的朋友或慈善机构）。”切合文意。故选E。 4．根据前文“My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. (我和我的同事进行了一项新的研究，指出了一个可能更容易实施的不同解决方案：使用仪式。)”和后文“Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. (参加各种运动的运动员都有一些仪式，比如在比赛前按照完全相同的顺序吃同样的食物。)”可知，此处是介绍“仪式”是什么，所以选项C“仪式是我们采取的一系列步骤，同时附加某种象征意义。”切合文意。故选C。 八、完形填空 （上海中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试）It’s safe to say Jeremy Scott is having a lucky year. In March while working as a chauffeur, he told his boss about his plans to set up a driving business. By the end of the journey, Scott’s boss had offered to 1 his idea — a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine (豪车) to kick start the business. Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career. Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist — your 2 won’t be based on hard work alone. For example, the place you were born 3 your education. It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications, which 4 limits your career choices. Many people believe success is down to talent and hard work, but “this is because most people underestimate the role of 5 ”, says psychologist Dr Elizabeth Nutt Williams. “We do a lot of work to prepare for our careers — education, training, taking advantage of mentoring — all of which tend to be in our control.” People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work, as it 6 this feeling of being in control, adds Williams. Everyone remembers working hard, so people are more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence than something much more 7 like luck. The reality of success (at least in terms of 8 ) is less clear cut. In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn. 2017 research found that there is a “class pay gap’’, where professional employers from 9 backgrounds are paid almost £7,000 less a year — despite having the same role, education and experience as colleagues from more privileged families. 10 , black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men. Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the 11 you enter. A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16 — 25 use 12 to get their first job. While research has shown that less able, richer children are 35% more likely to become high earners than their brighter poorer peers. The truth is: chance and coincidences 13 our careers more than we like to think. Realizing that parts of your career are out of your control sounds 14 , but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate. This is because when you acknowledge the role of luck in your work, you become prepared to take advantage of more fortunate moments. “Chance events occur but it is all about the individual’s 15 to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,” says Williams. 1．A．challenge B．adopt C．finance D．reject 2．A．performances B．accomplishments C．assessments D．outcomes 3．A．accounts for B．applies to C．makes up for D．depends on 4．A．in reward B．after all C．in turn D．by nature 5．A．chance B．accident C．education D．diligence 6．A．emphasizes B．overlooks C．maintains D．weakens 7．A．manageable B．vital C．slippery D．minor 8．A．reputation B．income C．education D．occupation 9．A．wealthier B．poorer C．unique D．diverse 10．A．Nevertheless B．Contrarily C．Consequently D．Similarly 11．A．profession B．circle C．community D．university 12．A．certificates B．online platforms C．career fairs D．family connections 13．A．contribute to B．result from C．add to D．hold back 14．A．inspiring B．encouraging C．appealing D．discouraging 15．A．reluctance B．eagerness C．readiness D．resolution 【答案】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成功不仅仅依赖于个人的努力和天赋，运气和偶然事件在职业发展中也扮演了重要角色。文章通过具体例子和研究数据，指出了出生背景、教育、社会经济地位等因素对个人职业选择和收入水平的影响，并强调了认识到运气在职业成功中的作用，可以让人更加珍惜并抓住机遇。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在行程结束时，斯科特的老板提出为他的想法提供资金——启动资金以及一辆价值11万英镑的豪华轿车作为礼物，以启动业务。A. challenge挑战；B. adopt采纳；C. finance财务，资助；D. reject拒绝。根据“a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine (豪车) to kick start the business”可知，老板为其提供了启动资金以及一辆价值11万英镑的豪华轿车作为礼物即提供了资金资助。故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论你是首席执行官还是艺术家，你的成就不会仅仅基于努力工作。A. performances表演，表现；B. accomplishments成就；C. assessments评估；D. outcomes结果。根据“Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist”可知，无论你是首席执行官还是艺术家，你的成就不会仅仅基于努力工作。故选B。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，你出生的地方解释了（决定了）你所受的教育。A. accounts for解释，占……比例；B. applies to适用于；C. makes up for补偿；D. depends on依赖。根据“It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications”可知，你出生的地方决定了你是否学习阅读、写作或完成资格证书等由此也决定了你所受的教育。故选A。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：它决定了你是否学习阅读、写作或完成资格证书，这反过来又限制了你的职业选择。A. in reward作为回报；B. after all毕竟；C. in turn反过来；D. by nature天性。根据“It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications”可知，你出生的地方决定了你是否学习阅读、写作或完成资格证书，这反过来又限制了你的职业选择。故选C。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多人认为成功取决于天赋和努力，但心理学家Elizabeth Nutt Williams博士说：“这是因为大多数人低估了机遇的作用。”A. chance机会；B. accident事故，偶然；C. education教育；D. diligence勤奋。根据“People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work”可知，人们不愿意承认运气在工作中的作用即大多数人低估了机遇的作用。故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Williams补充说，人们不愿意承认运气在工作中的作用，因为它削弱了这种掌控感。A. emphasizes强调；B. overlooks忽视；C. maintains维持；D. weakens削弱。根据“We do a lot of work to prepare for our careers — education, training, taking advantage of mentoring — all of which tend to be in our control.”可知，我们为自己的职业生涯做了很多准备——教育、培训、利用导师——所有这些都在我们的掌控之中，而人们不愿意承认运气在工作中的作用，因为它削弱了这种掌控感。故选D。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每个人都记得努力工作，所以人们更有可能高估自己的成功在多大程度上取决于勤奋，而不是运气等更不可靠的因素。A. manageable可管理的；B. vital至关重要的；C. slippery不可靠的；D. minor次要的。根据“more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence”可知，人们更有可能高估自己的成功在多大程度上取决于勤奋，即相比于运气这种不可靠的因素，人们很大程度上认为成功取决于勤奋这种可靠的因素。故选C。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：成功的真实性（至少在收入方面）不那么明确。A. reputation名声；B. income收入；C. education教育；D. occupation职业。根据“In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn.”可知，后文通过举例在英国，研究表明，你的出生地很可能决定了你的收入，以收入来说明成功的真实性并不是那么明确。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：2017年的一项研究发现，存在“阶级薪酬差距”，来自贫困家庭的专业雇主，尽管与来自富裕家庭的同事有着相同的角色、教育和经验，但他们的年薪却少了近7000英镑。A. wealthier更富有的；B. poorer更穷的；C. unique独特的；D. diverse多样化的。根据“as colleagues from more privileged families.”可知，来自贫困家庭的专业雇主，尽管与来自富裕家庭的同事有着相同的角色、教育和经验，但他们的年薪却少了近7000英镑；此处将来自于贫穷的家庭和富裕家庭职员进行比较。故选B。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，黑人毕业生每小时的收入比白人大学毕业生低23%，而英国女性的平均收入比男性低14%。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Contrarily相反地；C. Consequently因此；D. Similarly同样地。根据“black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men”可知，黑人毕业生每小时的收入比白人大学毕业生低23%，而英国女性的平均收入比男性低14%，此处同样说明了“阶级薪酬差距”的问题，表示“同样地”用similarly。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：社会经济地位在你进入的职业中也起着很大的作用。A. profession职业；B. circle圈子；C. community社区；D. university大学。根据“A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16-25 use  ___12___  to get their first job.”可知，6岁至25岁的年轻人中，每10人中就有7人利用家庭关系找到第一份工作，因此社会经济地位在你进入的职业中也起着很大的作用。故选A。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：德布雷特基金会最近的一项研究发现，16岁至25岁的年轻人中，每10人中就有7人利用家庭关系找到第一份工作。A. certificates证书；B. online platforms在线平台；C. career fairs职业招聘会；D. family connections家庭关系。根据“Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the  ___11___  you enter.”可知，社会经济地位在你进入的职业中也起着很大的作用，最近的一项研究发现，16岁至25岁的年轻人中，每10人中就有7人利用家庭关系找到第一份工作。故选D。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：事实是：机会和巧合对我们职业生涯的贡献比我们想象的要大。A. contribute to有助于；B. result from由……引起；C. add to增加；D. hold back阻碍。根据前文“Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career.”以及“The reality of success (at least in terms of  ___8___ ) is less clear cut.”以及“Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the  ___11___  you enter.”可知，综合前文论述此处强调，在我们的职业生涯中成功不仅仅依赖于个人的努力和天赋，运气和偶然事件在职业发展中也扮演了重要角色，即机会和巧合对我们职业生涯的贡献比我们想象的要大。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：意识到你的职业生涯中有一部分是你无法控制的，这听起来令人沮丧，但对运气在你的职业生涯中扮演的角色心存感激，实际上会让你更加幸运。A. inspiring鼓舞人心的；B. encouraging鼓励的；C. appealing吸引人的；D. discouraging令人气馁的。根据“but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate.”可知，虽然意识到你的职业生涯中有一部分是你无法控制的，这听起来令人沮丧，但对运气在你的职业生涯中扮演的角色心存感激，实际上会让你更加幸运，此处前后构成转折关系。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：偶然事件会发生，但这完全取决于个人是否准备好将这些事件视为可能性，以及他们是否愿意冒险。A. reluctance不情愿；B. eagerness渴望；C. readiness准备就绪；D. resolution决心。根据“to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,”可知，偶然事件会发生，但这完全取决于个人是否准备好将这些事件视为可能性，以及他们是否愿意冒险。故选C。 $