内容正文:
专题一 名词
1
名词的分类
类别 意义 示例
普通名词 可数
名词 个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体 student,pen
集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体(形单意复) people,family(家人)
不可数
名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物 tea,sand,bread
抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 work,time,happiness
专有名词 表示地名、人名、语言、组织机构、月份、星期、节日等(专有名词的首字母需要大写) Hubei,Tom,Chinese, the Great Wall, January, the Dragon Boat Festival
3
名词的数
1. 可数名词
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
(1)可数名词变复数的规则变化
类别 变化规则 示例
一般情况
在词尾加-s key—keys month—months
类别 变化规则 示例
以s,ch,x,sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es box—boxes dish—dishes
watch—watches
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es story—stories
country—countries
以f或fe结尾的词 变f或fe为v,
再加-es leaf—leaves knife—knives scarf—scarfs/scarves
以o结尾的词 以辅音字母加o结尾的或表示有生命的词,加-es hero—heroes
superhero—superheroes
potato—potatoes
tomato—tomatoes
以元音字母加o结尾的或表示无生命的词,加-s radio—radios video—videos
piano—pianos photo—photos
注:部分以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,直接在词尾加-s。如:roof—roofs,belief—beliefs
[巧记:四川西施]
(2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化
类别 变化规则 示例
内部元音字母变化 变a为e man—men woman—women policeman—policemen
变oo为ee foot—feet tooth—teeth goose—geese
词尾发生变化 词尾加词缀 ox—oxen child—children
单复数形式相同 不变 sheep—sheep deer—deer fish—fish
表示“某国人” 中、日、瑞士不变 Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese Swiss—Swiss
英法联盟a变e
(man—men) Englishman—Englishmen
Frenchman—Frenchmen
其他词尾加-s German—Germans Russian—Russians
American—Americans Indian—Indians
注:部分名词通常只以复数形式出现。如:
glasses眼镜 clothes衣服 trousers长裤
scissors剪刀 chopsticks筷子
(3)复合名词的复数形式
类别 变化规则 示例
一般情况 把复合名词的中心词变复数 an apple tree—apple trees
第一部分为
man或woman 两部分皆变复数 a man teacher—men teachers
a woman doctor—women doctors
2. 不可数名词
(1)不可数名词没有复数形式,也不能用不定冠词a/an或数词直接修饰。
(2)不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
(3)常见不可数名词有:music音乐,news新闻,advice建议,work工作,information信息,weather天气,experience经验等。
(4)不可数名词的量化
类别 常见构成 示例
大概的数量 much,little,a little,a bit of,some,any,a lot of,plenty of等+不可数名词 much bread许多面包
a little milk一点牛奶
a lot of work大量工作
具体的数量 a/an/one+量词(可数名词单数)+of+不可数名词 a bowl of water一碗水
数词(>1)+量词(可数名词复数)+of+不可数名词 two cups of tea 两杯茶
3. 有些名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但其意义不同
名词 可数的意义 不可数的意义 名词 可数的意义 不可数的意义
orange 橘子 橙汁 paper 文件、试卷 纸
fish 鱼 鱼肉 wood 树林 木头、木材
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 room 房间 空间
water 水域 水 work 作品 工作
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 time 次数、倍数 时间
名词的所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系。有’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式,具体用法如下:
类别 构成方式 示例
’s所有格 有生命的单数名词 在词尾加“‘s” my sister’s book
我妹妹的书
有生命的复数名词 以s结尾,词尾加“’” Teachers’ Day教师节
Children’s Day儿童节
不以s结尾,词尾加“‘s”
某物为几人共同所有 在最后一个所有者后加“‘s” Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共同所有)
类别 构成方式 示例
’s所有格
某物为几人各自所有 在每个所有者后加“’s” Mike’s and Ben’s rooms
迈克的(房间)和本的房间(各自所有)
部分表示时间、距离、国家、机构等的名词 单数在词尾加“‘s”
复数在词尾加“’” five minutes’ walk步行五分钟的路程
表示“店铺”“诊所”“办公室”“某人家”等处所 名词后加“’s”省略被修饰的表示地点的名词 at the dentist’s在牙医诊所
go to my aunt’s去我姑姑家
类别 构成方式 示例
of
所有格 无生命名词的所属关系 名词+of+名词(前者属于后者) a map of China
一幅中国地图
双重所
有格 既表示所属关系,又表示数量 of+名词’s所有格 a friend of my father’s
我爸爸的一个朋友
of+名词性物主代词 a new book of hers
她的一本新书
注:部分名词的所有格不用’s或of所有格表示,而是用to表示,如:the answer to the question这个问题的答案,the key to the door这扇门的钥匙,the way to success(通向)成功的道路。
一、单项选择
( )1. (2025·连云港改编)The use of China’s first home-built ocean drilling(钻探) ship shows a big forward in China’s deep sea exploring.
A. hole B. step C. bridge
( )2. (2025·天津改编)Daming often asks his teacher for about how to improve his English.
A. noise B. shape C. advice
B
C
( )3. (2025·安徽改编)David left the school pop group. Then I took over his as lead singer.
A. farm B. part C. role
( )4. (2025·天水改编)Qian Xuesen, father of China’s space program, is one of the greatest in the world.
A. scientists B. astronauts C. directors
( )5. (2025·天水改编)The Communist Party of China(CPC) was founded on 1, 1921.
A. July B. August C. September
C
A
A
( )6. (2025·遂宁改编)—Alan, could you pass me the over there? I want to look up a word.
—Sure. Here you are.
A. pen B. dictionary C. ruler
( )7. (2025·江西改编)She gets up early every morning. It’s a good .
A. book B. habit C. tool
( )8. (2025·云南改编)Alice, you must wear a uniform because it builds school .
A. spirit B. chance C. peace
B
B
A
( )9. (2025·吉林)To help cut down pollution, many people go to work on foot or by bike now.
A. air B. land C. water
( )10. (2025·绥化)They all think my eyes look bigger than .
A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brother’s
( )11. (2025·齐齐哈尔)—Mum, I have a .
—You shouldn’t eat so many candies. We need to see a dentist right now.
A. stomachache B. toothache C. headache
A
C
B
( )12. (2025·福建)In the art classroom, Li Li cut out a thin wood board in the of Tian’anmen.
A. place B. size C. shape
( )13. (2025·龙东)—You’d better take a compass(指南针) when you are travelling in the forest. It is difficult to find the correct .
—OK, thanks for your advice.
A. direction B. condition C. information
C
A
二、完形填空
My favorite movie is The Pursuit of Happiness(《当幸福来敲门》). This is a story about hard work and 1 . Chris Gardner is a salesman. Nobody buys his 2 , so he has no money. With no 3 to go, he and his young son once lived in the bathroom of a subway station. Although 4 is hard, he never gives in.
( )1. A. pride B. hope C. education
( )2. A. letters B. opinions C. products
( )3. A. place B. room C. land
( )4. A. success B. business C. life
B
C
A
C
In the 5 , Gardner says something that encourages me. “Don’t ever let someone tell you that you can’t do something. You got a(n) 6 , you gotta protect it. People can’t do something themselves, they wanna tell you that you can’t do it. If you want something, go get it.” I agree with him. We should work hard for our dreams and believe that 7 will come.
( )5. A. scene B. poem C. film
( )6. A. hobby B. dream C. step
( )7. A. happiness B. love C. pressure
C
B
A
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