Unit 4 Section A 讲义 2025-2026学年人教版八年级英语下册

Unit 4 The Wonders of Nature Section A What is amazing about nature? 一、名词 (n.) 1. wonder /ˈwʌndə(r)/n. 奇观；惊叹 v. 琢磨；想知道；感到诧异 →wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/adj. 精彩的；绝妙的 常见搭配： the Seven Wonders of the World 世界七大奇迹 It is a wonder that... 令人惊奇的是…… No wonder (that)... 难怪…… 2. measurement /ˈmeʒəmənt/n. 数量；测量 →measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/v. 测量；估量 /n. 措施；尺寸 常见搭配： take measurements 进行测量 a measurement of... 对…… 的测量 3. square kilometre 平方千米 The area is about 500 square kilometres. 这个区域面积约 500 平方千米。 4. level /ˈlevl/n. 高度；水平；程度 adj. 平坦的；水平的 常见搭配：sea level 海平面 at a high level 在高水平上 the level of... …… 的水平 / 程度 5. surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/n. 表面；表层 常见搭配： on the surface of... 在…… 的表面上 below the surface 表面之下 6. depth /depθ/n. 深（度）；纵深 →deep /diːp/adj. 深的 /adv. 深深地（具体的，可测量的）→deeply adv. 深深地（抽象） 常见搭配：in depth 深入地；全面地 the depth of... …… 的深度 7. research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/n. 研究；调查 v. 研究；调查 常见搭配：do research on/into... 对…… 进行研究 research into sth. 针对某事的研究 8. vessel /ˈvesl/n. 大船；轮船 9. bottom /ˈbɒtəm/n. 底部；最下部 常见搭配：at the bottom of... 在…… 的底部 from top to bottom 从上到下 10. waterfall /ˈwɔːtəfɔːl/n. 瀑布 11. civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ (=civilisation) n. 文明 常见搭配：ancient civilization 古代文明 the development of civilization 文明的发展 12. means /miːnz/n. (pl. means) 方式；途径 常见搭配： by means of... 通过…… 方式 a means of transport 一种交通方式 13. development /dɪˈveləpmənt/n. 发展；壮大 →develop /dɪˈveləp/v. 发展；培养；开发→developed /dɪˈveləpt/adj. 发达的 developing /dɪˈveləpɪŋ/adj. 发展中的 常见搭配：With the development of... 随着…… 的发展 14. desert /ˈdezət/n. 沙漠；荒原 desert /dɪˈzɜːt/v. 抛弃；遗弃 15. mile /maɪl/n. 英里 用法：长度单位，1 mile ≈ 1.6 kilometres a five-mile walk 一段五英里的步行路程 16. pool /puːl/n. 池塘；水坑 二、动词 (v.) 1. dive /daɪv/v. 潜水；跳水；俯冲 →diver /ˈdaɪvə(r)/n. 潜水员；跳水运动员 常见搭配：dive into... 潜入……；投身于…… dive off... 从…… 跳下 三、介词 (prep.) & 副词 (adv.) 1. below /bɪˈləʊ/prep. 在（或到）…… 下面；少于；低于 /adv. 在（或到）下面 常见辨析： below 侧重指位置低于某物，但不一定在正下方； under 侧重指在某物的正下方。 例句：prep.：The temperature is below zero. 气温在零度以下。 adv.：Please write your name below. 请把你的名字写在下面。 四、形容词 (adj.) 1. unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/adj. 特别的；不寻常的 →usual /ˈjuːʒuəl/adj. 通常的；寻常的→usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/adv. 通常；经常 常见搭配：It is unusual for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是不寻常的。 2. cubic /ˈkjuːbɪk/adj. 立方的 用法：用于表示体积单位，如：cubic metre 立方米 Grammar Focus 一 形容词与副词的比较级和最高级 1. 概述 英语中的形容词和副词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。 2. 比较级和最高级的构成 比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化。 （1）规则变化 变化规则 例词 一般在词尾加 -er 或 -est tall—taller—tallest fast—faster—fastest 以字母 e 结尾的词，直接加 -r 或 -st nice—nicer—nicest late—later—latest 以 “辅音字母 + y” 结尾的双音节词，先把 y 变为 i，再加 -er 或 -est easy—easier—easiest early—earlier—earliest 重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再加 -er 或 -est big—bigger—biggest hot—hotter—hottest 多音节和部分双音节词在词前加 more 或 most difficult—more difficult—most difficult carefully—more carefully—most carefully （2）不规则变化 常见的词有： 原级 比较级 最高级 good (好的)/well (好；健康的) better best bad (坏的)/badly (差；拙劣地) worse worst many (许多)/much (许多) more most little (少的) less least far (远的 / 远) farther/further farthest/furthest 3. 形容词与副词的比较级的用法 形容词与副词的比较级常用于两者之间的比较，表示两者之间的差异。 常用句型结构： （1）“主语 + 谓语动词 + 比较级 + than + 比较对象” 表示 “某人 / 某物比比较对象如何”。 Tom is cleverer than his cousin.汤姆比他堂弟聪明。He runs faster than Tom.他跑得比汤姆快。 （2）“主语 + 谓语动词 + 比较级 + than + any other + 可数名词单数” 表示 “…… 比（同一范围内）其他任何一个都……”。 The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in Asia.长江比亚洲其他任何一条河都长。 （3）“主语 + 谓语动词 + the + 比较级 + of the two...” 表示 “…… 是两者中较…… 的那个”，是特指的情况。 Jack is the thinner of the two brothers.杰克是兄弟两人中较瘦的一个。 （4）“the + 比较级..., the + 比较级...” 表示 “越……，就越……”。 The harder you study, the better grades you’ll get.你学习越努力，成绩就会越好。 （5） “比较级 + and + 比较级” 表示 “越来越……”。 提示：多音节及部分双音节形容词或副词用于此结构时，要用 “more and more + 形容词 / 副词原级”。 Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.我们的国家正变得越来越强大。 It’s snowing more and more heavily.雪正下得越来越大。 （6）“疑问词 (组) + 谓语动词 + 比较级，A or B?” 表示 “A 和 B，…… 更……？”。 Which (country) is bigger, China or Canada?中国和加拿大，哪个 (国家) 更大？ ★注意 ① 在上下文意思明确的情况下，也可以单独使用比较级。 This coat is too small. Do you have a larger one?这件外套太小了。你们有大一点儿的吗？ ② 比较级前可用 far, even, a lot, a little, a bit, much 等修饰，表示程度。 You know even less about it than I do.你对此事的了解甚至还不如我。 4. 形容词与副词的最高级的用法 形容词与副词的最高级常用于三者或三者以上的人或事 (物) 之间的比较。在表示最高程度，即表示其中一个在某方面 “最……” 时使用。在句中使用时，形容词最高级前通常加 the。句中常含有表示比较范围的介词 of 或 in； 常用句型结构： （1）“主语 + 谓语动词 + (the +) 最高级 (+ 名词) + in/of...” 表示 “…… 在某一范围内或某类人或物中 (是) 最……(的……)”。 This is the most amazing story of all.这是所有故事中最令人惊叹的。 （2）“主语 + 谓语动词 + one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词 + in/of...”，表示 “…… 是某一范围内或某类人或物中最…… 的…… 之一”。 It is one of the widest roads in our town.它是我们镇上最宽的路之一。 （3）“名词 + 谓语动词 + the + 序数词 + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + in/of...”，表示 “…… 是某一范围内 / 某类人或物中第…… 的……”。 Li Ming is the second tallest boy in our class.李明是我们班第二高的男孩。 （4）“疑问词 + 谓语动词 + (the +) 最高级，A, B or C?” 是最高级的选择疑问句，意为 “在 A、B、C 中，…… 最……？”。 Which is the biggest, the moon, the earth or the sun?月亮、地球和太阳哪个最大？ Who sings best, Jim, Tom or Tim?谁唱得最好，吉姆、汤姆还是蒂姆？ ★注意 1　 副词最高级前的 the 一般可以省略。 Jim jumps (the) highest. 吉姆跳得最高。 2　 最高级前有名词所有格或形容词性物主代词时，不再用 the。 She is my best friend. 她是我最好的朋友。 5. 最高级与比较级之间的转换 形容词与副词的最高级可与 “比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词” 或 “比较级 + than + the other + 复数名词” 进行相互转换。 Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班里是最高的。 = Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班里其他任何一个学生都要高。 = Tom is taller than the other students in his class.汤姆比他班里的其他学生都要高。 二 大数的表达与读法 1 000 以上的基数词的表示法： 先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗点 (即以此把数目分为若干段)。 第一个逗点前的数的单位为 thousand (千)，第二个逗点前的数的单位为 million (百万)，第三个逗点前的数的单位为 billion (十亿)。 9,883 nine thousand, eight hundred and eighty-three 65,359 sixty-five thousand, three hundred and fifty-nine 60,263,150 sixty million, two hundred and sixty-three thousand, one hundred and fifty 注意① 英语中没有 “万” 这个单位，要表示 “万” 须借用 thousand，如 “一万” 用 “十个千” 表示 (ten thousand)，“十万” 用 “百个千” 表示 (one hundred thousand)。 ② hundred 后通常加连词 and。若读数中百位数为 0，则在 thousand 后加 and。 语法练习 1、 单项选择 ( )1. —I think that Tom writes as ______ as Alice. —So he does. A. more careful B. more carefully C. most carefully D. carefully ( )2. —Time is money. —But I think time is ______ money. A. as important as B. more important than C. the most important D. less important as ( )3. ______ the mountain is, ______ the air is. A. The highest; the thinnest B. Higher; thinner C. The higher; the thinner D. The highest; the thinner ( )4. Wang Mei jumps the second ______ in the jumping competition. A. high B. higher C. highest D. highly ( )5. Our country is getting ______. We are proud of it. A. more and more strong B. strong and strong C.stronger and stronger D. strongest and strongest 二、按要求完成句子,每空一词 1. The Pacific Ocean is the biggest ocean in the world.（对画线部分提问） _________ __________ the biggest ocean in the world? 2. The tiger is large. But the elephant is larger.（合并为一句） The elephant ________ ________ _________ the tiger. 3. Betty is ten years old. David is twelve years old.（合并为一句） David is two years ________ _________ Betty. 4. The two pandas weigh the same.（改为同义句） This panda is ______ ______ ______ that one. 5. The Caspian Sea is the largest salt lake in the world.（改为同义句） The Caspian Sea is ______ ______ ______ ______ salt lake in the world. 课堂作业 1、 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空 1. What do you think is the _________(high) mountain in Shaanxi? 2. Dali is one of the ________(popular) cities in China for visitors all over the world. 3. Which city has a _________(big) population, Chengdu or Xi'an? 4. China has a much _________(long) history than many countries in the world. 5.The ________ sea holds many secrets. We try to measure its _________, but the further we go, the ________ the mystery becomes. (deep) 6.This problem is even _________ (hard) than the last one. 7.We saw an _________ (usual) insect in the garden. 8. His _________ (high) is perfect for playing basketball. 9.This is _________ (large) apple I have ever seen. 10. The _________(develop) of mobile phone technology is amazing. 11. The _________(measure) of the classroom showed that it was eight metres long and six metres wide. 12. The Congo River is the fourth __________(wide) river in the world. 13. For people living in that village, the _________ (far) they go from home, the more they miss the green hills there. 二、根据汉语意思完成英语句子 1. 撒哈拉沙漠的面积为大约九百万平方公里。 The area of the Sahara Desert is about 9 million __________. 2. 昨天夜里的气温是零下10摄氏度。 It was ten degrees __________ last night. 3. 现在请说出世界上最大的湖泊。 Now, ______________ lake in the world, please. 4. 西安城墙有多高？ __________________ is the Xi'an City Wall? 5. 科学家在湖底发现了一些奇怪的生物。 The scientists found some strange living things __________________ the lake. 6. 现在发达的科技可以帮助潜水员探索海底。 Now developed technology can help divers explore _______________. 7. 他们把张桂梅校长的故事拍成了电影。 They __________________ Principal Zhang Guimei's story. 8. 当我们潜入水中时，需要屏住呼吸。 We need to hold our breath when we ______________ the water. 9. 本周我们要学习撒哈拉沙漠的气候。顺便说一下，你们读相关资料了吗？ We're going to study the climate of the Sahara Desert this week. _____________, have you read the related materials? 10. 通过观看这部纪录片，学生们可以了解喜马拉雅山脉的不同地貌。 By watching the documentary, students can _____________ different landforms of the Himalayas. 11. 长江和黄河都是中国重要的水资源。 ______________ the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are important water sources in China. 12. 现代交通的发展让不同地理区域之间的旅行变得更容易了。 _____________ modern transportation has made it easier to travel between different geographical regions. 13. 科学家们正通过各种方式研究雨林气候,包括使用气象站和收集植物样本。 Scientists are trying to study the climate of the rainforest _______________, including using weather stations and collecting plant samples. 三、补全对话(2025 陕西) Andy（A）is an exchange student from the UK. He and Binbin（B）are in the Nature Club. A: Hi, Binbin. I'm going to do a project about the Qinling Mountains. 1. ________________? B: Sure. What do you want to know? A: Let me see. 2. _____________________? B: They're in Shaanxi, the centre of China. The mountains are more than 1,600 kilometres long, running from east to west and dividing northern and southern China. They have a height of 2,000 metres in average above sea level. The highest mountain is Mount Taibai. A: 3. ____________________? B: It's more than 3,700 metres high. A: I guess there must be many animals in the Qinling Mountains. Are there any valuable animals? B: 4. ________________. Many valuable animals live there, such as pandas, golden monkeys and so on. They are home to wildlife. A: I see. 5. __________________. B: I quite agree with you. That's why many people say the Qinling Mountains are the lungs(肺) of Shaanxi Province. So we have worked a lot to protect the green mountains. 4、 完形填空 Nature is full of amazing things. Let's take a look at some wonderful places on earth. The Dead Sea is one of the most special seas. It's not 1____ deep as the Pacific Ocean, but it's famous for its high salt content. Swimmers can float(漂浮) easily because the water is 2____ denser(密度更大的). Angel Falls in Venezuela is the world's highest waterfall. It's about 979 metres high, which is much 3____ than any other waterfall. Many tourists visit it to see its beauty. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest coral reef system. It's over 2,300 kilometres long, and in some parts, it's almost as 4____ as a football field. The Sahara Desert is huge. It covers a total 5____ of about 9 million square kilometres, making it the largest hot desert. Some parts of it are so dry 6____ no plants can grow there. Lake Baikal in Russia is the deepest lake 7____ the world. Its 8____ reaches 1,642 metres, which is much deeper than any other lake. It also holds more fresh water than all the Great Lakes in North America combined. What's the 9____ mountain in the world? Mount Qomolangma, of course. It stands 10____ the Himalayas, attracting climbers from all over the world. ( )1. A. so　　　 B. much 　　 C. too　　　 D. very ( )2. A. much　　 B. very 　　 C. really　　 D. so ( )3. A. tall　　　 B. taller 　　 C. tallest　　 D. the tallest ( )4. A. widest　　 B. wider 　　 C. wide　　　 D. widely ( )5. A. place　　　 B. area 　　 C. point　　　 D. number ( )6. A. then　　　 B. as 　　 C. than　　　 D. that ( )7. A. in　　　 B. of 　　 C. with　　　 D. for ( )8. A. deep　　　 B. size 　　 C. depth　　　 D. deepest ( )9. A. high　　　 B. higher 　　 C. highest　　 D. highly ( )10. A. as well as　　B. in front of 　　C. as far as　　　 D. at the top of 5、 阅读理解五选五 In Australia, there is a famous island called Fraser Island(弗雷泽岛). A great many visitors come here for holidays every year. Why? The reason is that it is special. 1. ______ In fact, it is the largest sand island in the world. It covers an area of about 1,620 square kilometres. Though the island is a popular place of interest, there is no airport on the island. The long beach along the east coast works as the airport. 2. ______ On the island there are sand hills without any plants, and there are forests with old trees, beautiful flowers and over a hundred lakes too. 3. ______ Every year, visitors come to enjoy the island's natural beauty. People like camping and hiking there. 4. ______ They threw rubbish everywhere, and the lakes were seriously polluted. 5. ______ Rules have been set up. For example, visitors are not allowed to use motorboats(摩托艇) or go fishing in the lakes, and they mustn't leave any rubbish. A. Planes arrive and leave from here. B. The island is completely made of sand. C. Unluckily, visitors have caused many problems. D. So it is time to protect the environment of the island. E. Many kinds of birds and animals live in the forests. 第 1 页 共 10 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $