Unit 1 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language-【优学精讲】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册教用Word(人教版)

本讲义聚焦高中英语被动语态复习，系统梳理一般、进行、完成时态的被动结构，详解否定词位置、复合宾语转换等使用要点，突破主动表被动难点，结合词汇拓展与基础、写作、语篇多维度练习，构建从基础到综合应用的学习支架。 资料通过“我的发现”引导学生自主归纳时态特征，培养思维品质，即时演练与语法写作结合提升语言能力，综合题型整合技能。课中辅助教师高效讲解，课后助力学生针对性练习，查漏补缺，符合学习能力培养需求。

Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language 复习被动语态 ①It was going to be tested out by Larry’s wife， Claire. ②Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human， and it was disturbing. ③As he was not allowed to accompany her to the shops ... 【我的发现】 以上句子中都使用了被动语态，句①为　过去将来时　的被动语态；句②为　过去进行时　的被动语态；句③为　一般过去时　的被动语态。 一、基本构成 项目 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done —— shall/will have been done The children are asked to clean their rooms every day. 孩子们被要求每天打扫他们的房间。（一般现在时的被动语态） The work will have been finished by the end of next month. 到下个月底这项工作将会被完成。（将来完成时的被动语态） I feel that not enough is being done to protect the local wild animals. 我觉得对当地野生动物的保护力度不够。（现在进行时的被动语态） I received the sad news that he had been killed in a motorcycle accident. 我得知了这个不幸的消息，说他在一场摩托车事故中丧生了。（过去完成时的被动语态） 【即时演练1】　用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）When I 　was invited　 （invite） to the stage to receive the award， I expressed my thanks to my teacher. ②It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared， and a BMI of between 19 and 25 　is considered　 （consider） healthy. ③We must be aware of the fact that our beautiful environment 　is being destroyed　 （destroy） now. ④Over the past 20 years， many inspirational role models 　have been honoured　 （honour） in Touching China awards. ⑤I have to go to work by taxi because my car 　is being repaired　 （repair） at the garage. 二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题 1.否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor’s degree. 听到不会获得博士学位，他失望透顶。 2.主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动，这时的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。 We saw him sitting there without doing anything. ＝He was seen sitting there without doing anything. 我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 His words made me throw up. ＝I was made to throw up by his words. 他的话令我作呕。 名师点津 在主动语态中，make、 hear、 see等词后接动词不定式时要省略to，但在被动语态中不能省略。 3.带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保留。 My father is telling me an interesting story now. ＝An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. ＝I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 4.短语动词在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉动词后面的介词或副词。 The old man was often laughed at. 那位老人经常被嘲笑。 【即时演练2】　将下列句子改为被动语态 ①We saw a stranger enter the building just now. →　A stranger was seen to enter the building just now.　 ②My uncle gave me a present the other day. →　A present was given to me the other day by my uncle.　 →　I was given a present the other day by my uncle.　 ③The bad weather made me decide to stay here for another day. →　I was made to decide to stay here for another day by the bad weather.　 ④My uncle took good care of me when I was young. →　I was taken good care of by my uncle when I was young.　 三、难点突破——主动形式表示被动意义 1.连系动词（如look、 sound、 smell、 feel、 taste、 remain、 seem、 hear、 appear、 prove等）后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来美味可口。 What he said at the meeting sounded encouraging. 他在会上说的话听起来令人倍受鼓舞。 2.当 wash、 write、 sell、 open、 close、 shut、 lock、 cook等不及物动词后加副词（easily、 well等）时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long. 这种布料容易洗，并且经久耐用。 The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲作为生日礼物给我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 3.need、 want、 require、 deserve等后可以用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。 His hair needs cutting. →His hair needs to be cut. 他的头发需要剪了。 4.be worth doing 可转换为be worthy to be done，用主动形式表示被动意义。 The novel is worth reading again. →The novel is worthy to be read again. 这部小说值得再读一次。 【即时演练3】　用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①His books 　sell　 （sell） well， so they will be sold out soon. ②This cheese 　doesn’t cut　 （not cut） easily.It’s too soft. ③These small trees need 　taking/to be taken　 （take） good care of. on a ...basis 根据；以……的方式（基准） 【教材原句】　money paid for work or services， typically on a daily or weekly basis 通常以每天或每周一次为工作或服务支付的钱 【用法】 （1）basis n.　　　 　基础；基准；方式；原因 on a daily/weekly basis　每天/每周 on a regular basis　　例行地；有规律地；定期地 on the basis of　　在……的基础上；基于；根据 （2）base v. 以……为据点（或总部等）；把（总部等）设在 base ...on/upon　　把……建立在……的基础上 be based on/upon　　以……为基础/根据 【佳句】　The company holds training sessions on a regular basis to improve employee skills. 公司定期举办培训课程，以提高员工的技能。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①You should base your conclusion 　on/upon　 careful research. ②On the basis 　of　 these facts， we can draw the conclusion that he is guilty. ③　Based　（base） on historical facts， Romance of the Three Kingdoms is popular among all the Chinese people. 【写美】　完成句子 ④I strongly recommend that you 　（should） base grouping on students’ exam grades　. 我强烈建议你应该将分组建立在学生的考试成绩之上。　（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷） 维度一：基础题型练 1.（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷） I 　was informed　（inform） that I won the first prize in the writing contest and that there would be an award presentation in two days. 2.The artist was sure he would 　be chosen　 （choose），but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister， the old man laughed. 3.The poems， whose topics can be sports， diet and school life， must 　be written　 （write） in English. 4.Though we don’t know what was being discussed， yet we can feel the topic 　has been changed　 （change）. 5.Much progress 　is being made　 （make） in China with the help of the people’s hard work. 6.The shop owner told me that the girl 　had been taken　 （take） to the hospital because of her serious illness. 维度二：语法与写作 1.上周日我们学校举行了五公里越野赛跑活动。 　The 5-kilometre cross-country running race was held by our school last Sunday.　 2.他回到学校时作业还没做完。 　His homework hadn’t been finished when he came back to school.　 3.他的科幻小说在全世界受到了广泛的赞誉。 　His science fiction novels are widely praised all over the world.　 4.他的小说已经被改编成了一部电影。 　His novel has already been adapted for a film.　 5.很多人想知道现在是否有新作品正被他创作。 　Many people wonder whether new works are being written by him now.　 6.到目前为止，张桂梅所在的学校已经有两千多名毕业生考上了大学，她们的命运完全被她改变了。 　So far， more than 2，000 graduates of Zhang Guimei’s school have been admitted to/into colleges and their fates have been changed completely by her.　 维度三：语法与语篇 用所给词的适当形式完成下面短文。 　　As 1.　is known　 （know） to all， in the past 70 years， great achievements 2.　have been gained　 （gain） in environmental protection in China. Especially in recent decades， a series of wildlife protection movements 3.　have/has been carried　 （carry） out by the government. As a result， impressive progress 4.　has been made　 （make） in protecting several species， such as the giant panda and the crested ibis （朱鹮）.Nowadays some pandas 5.　are fed　 （feed） by keepers and when they grow up， they 6.　will be released　 （release） into the wild.In 1981， only seven crested ibises 7.　were found　 （find） in Yang County，Shaanxi Province.Since then， breeding programs have helped the population reach over 5，000. 　　In China， key projects 8.　will be set　 （set） up continually in the future to improve wildlife protection， for example， the ivory （象牙） trade has already 9.　been banned　 （ban） in China.In a word， we are sure that with more and more measures taken， wildlife 10.　will be protected　 （protect） more effectively. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　（2024·兰州高二下质检）Garry Kasparov， a Russian chess grandmaster， was defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue computer in 1997. 　　“The winner was not a grandmaster with an advanced PC but a pair of common American chess players using three computers at the same time，” he said. 　　Human-machine cooperation can improve what each partner does best： humans are great at making creative decisions based on knowledge while computers are good at using large amounts of data to produce information that will feed into human knowledge and decision making.We use this combination of AI and unique human skills every day， often without realising it.A few examples： 　　•Using Internet search engines to find content that will be helpful in preparing for a school task. 　　•Using a translation algorithm （算法） to produce a first draft of a document in a different language， then improving the style and grammar of the final document. 　　•Driving a car to an unknown destination using a smartphone GPS application to go through alternative routes based on real-time traffic information. 　　Netflix is a great example of this cooperation at its best.By using machine-learning algorithms to analyse how often and how long people watch their content， they can determine how engaging each story is to certain audiences.This information is used by screenwriters， producers and directors to better understand what and how to create new content. 　　Likewise， architects can rely on computers to adjust the functional aspects of their work.Software engineers can focus on the overall systems structure while machines provide ready-to-use information.Marketers rely on big data to determine how to better understand customer needs and develop better products and services. 　　None of these tasks could be accomplished by AI without human guidance.On the contrary， human creativity and productivity will be widely used by this AI support， allowing to achieve better quality solutions at lower costs. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在科技飞速发展的今天以及明天，人与科技的关系将会怎样呢？答案永远是——人机合作。 1.What defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997 in his opinion？（　　） A.The excellent computer skills. B.The advanced high technology. C.The first-class chess grandmaster. D.The combination of man and machine. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，俄罗斯象棋大师Garry Kasparov认为，打败他的不是一位使用高级电脑的象棋大师，而是两位普通棋手和三台电脑的合作。 2.What does the author want to stress by giving some examples in Paragraphs 4～6？（　　） A.Human-machine cooperation is very easy. B.Human-machine cooperation is quite common. C.New technology is widely used in our lives. D.New technology benefits people in many ways. 解析：B　细节理解题。一般来说，作者在举例之前都会先表明自己的观点，因为举例是为了证明自己的观点。因此，A few examples前面的句子（说明人工智能与人类合作的普遍）正是作者举例的目的。 3.What’s the final purpose of Netflix’s using machine-learning algorithms？（　　） A.To improve its products. B.To lower its product costs. C.To gather more information. D.To understand its audiences. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段可知，Netflix利用机器学习算法的确收集了信息也了解了观众，但是其最终目的是提供更优质的内容。 4.What message is conveyed in the last paragraph？（　　） A.AI will control human beings in the future. B.Human beings will still matter in the future. C.Humans will help machines make better decisions. D.Machines will make humans become more creative. 解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为，在未来人类的创造性将广泛地与人工智能配合发挥作用，离开人的指导很多事情都是无法完成的。 B 　　（2024·青岛高二下月考）If you ask Generation Z — those born after 1995 and in the 2000s — what the current fashion craze in China is， “new Chinese style” will likely be the answer.After gaining great popularity during this year’s Spring Festival in February， the perfect combination of traditional Chinese aesthetics （美学） and modern style continues to win young people’s hearts during spring and summer， becoming a buzzword in the domestic consumer market. 　　On social media platforms like Douyin and Xiaohongshu， the “new Chinese style” remains a hot topic.E-commerce data from short video platform Kuaishou showed that in the first quarter of this year， orders for products of “new Chinese style” increased by 700 percent compared to the same period last year. 　　“Our orders are booked six months in advance， with a compound annual growth rate of over 100 percent in revenue，” says Lin Qi， inheritor of the craftsmanship for making mamianqun， horse-face skirts， and the founder of a clothing brand.The horse-face skirt is a type of hanfu， featuring a high， flat front and pleated （有褶的） sides that originated in the Song Dynasty and became popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 　　In 2016， Lin started creating unique horse-face skirts， initially selling only a dozen pieces in a year.In just a few years， the annual sales volume of horse-face skirts her company made has 　soared　 to an impressive 100，000 pieces. 　　The horse-face skirt has evolved into a more diverse fashion item.To cater to different occasions， it now comes in various lengths， from full-length to midi-and knee-length.To meet the demands of various seasons， the fabric has also seen improvements， transitioning from thick wool knits to lightweight cotton， linen and silk. 　　“The popularity of the horse-face skirt is closely related to the growing interest in traditional culture.Consumers not only pay for the clothing itself but also appreciate the aesthetic significance and cultural value it carries.This phenomenon reflects the general public feel pretty confident about our traditional culture，” says Yang Xiaodong， vice-president of the China National Garment Association. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如果你问Z世代（95后和00后），目前中国的时装热潮是什么，“新中式服装”可能会是答案，而马面裙是其中的典型代表。 5.What makes the “new Chinese style” popular？（　　） A.Its traditional Chinese aesthetics. B.Its combining the old and the new. C.Its modern and fashionable designs. D.Its being sold on social media platforms. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的the perfect combination of traditional Chinese aesthetics （美学） and modern style continues to win young people’s hearts可知，新中式服装凭着将中国传统美学与现代风格完美结合而继续赢得年轻人的心。 6.What can we learn about the horse-face skirt？（　　） A.It’s pleated on the front. B.It’s pleated on both sides. C.It was first worn by soldiers. D.It has a history of over 1，200 years. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，马面裙是汉服的一种，其特点是前面平整，侧面打褶；马面裙起源于宋朝，并在明朝和清朝流行起来。 7.What does the underlined word “soared” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　） A.Changed.　　　　　　 B.Improved. C.Increased.　　 D.Developed. 解析：C　词义猜测题。根据第四段画线词前面的initially selling only a dozen pieces和画线词后面的to an impressive 100，000 pieces可知，马面裙的销量大幅增长了。因此画线词与C项意思相近。 8.What’s behind the popularity of the horse-face skirt according to Yang Xiaodong？（　　） A.People’s following the fashion. B.People’s preference for the past. C.People’s seeking to be different. D.People’s strong cultural confidence. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Yang Xiaodong认为，马面裙的火爆说明人们对传统文化的兴趣以及信心。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　（2024·郑州高二下期末）Every day thousands of teens wake up afraid to go to school.Bullying （欺凌） is a problem that affects millions of students. 　　Both guys and girls can be bullies.9.（　　） They like to control others and generally focus on themselves.They often have poor social skills and poor social judgment.Sometimes they have no feelings of empathy or caring towards other people. 　　Although most bullies think they have the right to push people around， others are actually insecure.10.（　　） And some bullies act the way they do because they’ve been hurt by bullies in the past — maybe even a bullying figure in their own family， like a parent or other adult. 　　Some bullies actually have personality problems that don’t allow them to understand normal social emotions like guilt， empathy， compassion， or regret.11.　（　　）　 　　All of us have to deal with a lot of difficult situations and emotions.When some people feel stressed， angry， or frustrated， picking on someone else can be a quick escape — it takes the attention away from them and their problems.Some bullies learn from firsthand experience.Perhaps name-calling， putdowns， or physical force usually happen in their families.12.（　　） 　　If you find it hard to resist the temptation to bully， you might want to talk with someone you look up to.13.（　　） If you have trouble figuring this out （many people who bully do）， you might ask someone else to help you think of the other person’s side. 　　If you would rather that people see your strength， find a way to use your power for something positive rather than to put others down. A.Nobody wants to be bullied. B.Bullying is very common among students. C.Many bullies share some common characteristics. D.Try to think about how others feel when you hurt them. E.These people need help from a mental health professional. F.Whatever the reason， though， it’s no excuse for being the bully. G.They put other people down to make themselves feel more powerful. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。校园欺凌在世界各国都非常普遍。作者分析了其背后的原因，并告诫我们不要实施欺凌。 9.C　下文介绍了欺凌者普遍具有的一些特点，C项正好是概括性的论述，符合语境。 10.G　根据上下文可知，有些欺凌者自己本身也缺乏安全感，过去他们可能也是受害者。其结果则是通过欺凌比自己更弱的人获得一种自我强大的感觉。故G项符合语境。 11.E　上句指出有些欺凌者存在性格上的缺陷，这样的人自然需要寻求专业人士的帮助。故E项符合语境。 12.F　上文指出当我们遇到一些不良情绪时往往会找他人出气或发泄，这说明欺凌有其原因。尽管如此，作者建议我们不能以此为借口实施欺凌。故F项符合语境。 13.D　下文建议我们考虑对方（受欺凌者）的感受，也就是进行换位思考。故D项符合语境。 Ⅲ.完形填空 　　（2024·无锡高二下期末）In 2002， we were on our usual weekend adventure in suburban Pearl River.But unlike other weekends， on this day a 　14　 was waiting in our driveway： two adult geese and a gosling （小鹅）.The adults were frightened by us and 　15　 leaving their baby behind. 　　The tiny little thing was wandering around our yard.We called him Peeper.Days 　16　 into weeks， and weeks into months， until almost a year passed.We 　17　 into a routine filled with feathery hugs and care.Part of this 　18　 included Dad sending Peeper up into the air so he could fly a loop （圈） around the house， coming back. 　　One evening， my uncle came over and my dad wanted to show him Peeper’s loop.He 　19　 him up in the air， but this time， Peeper flew off.Twenty years passed and Peeper became a fond 　20　 for my family. 　　Geese live to be around 25 years old and are very 　21　.They never forget their first home. 　　Even so， it came as a shock when a（n） 　22　 adult goose made his way back to my family home.After two weeks of his coming back repeatedly， it became clear this was not a 　23　 goose.He did all the things Peeper used to.He also 　24　 to the name Peeper turning his head and waddling （摇摆走） closer to us.To my 　25　， my old best friend had returned， 20 years later. 　　It’s possible that he is longing for his early 　26　.He doesn’t come back every single night.Some nights he may seek the comfort of his own kind at the 　27　 nearby.Geese in the wild typically sleep on water.But he’s here a lot， making his 　28　 known and giving me joy. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者一家在周末探险的时候捡到一只名叫Peeper的鹅并带回家。一年后，当作者一家已经习惯了Peeper的存在时，Peeper飞走了；20年后Peeper又回来了，给作者和家人带来了惊喜和安慰。 14.A.wonder　　　　　　 B.surprise C.couple　　 D.visitor 解析：B　根据上文But unlike other weekends可知，这个周末和其他周末不同，有惊奇的事情。 15.A.hid behind　　 B.slipped up C.flew away　　 D.backed off 解析：C　根据上文The adults were frightened by us可推断，成年鹅飞走了，留下了它们的孩子。 16.A.passed　　 B.turned C.broke　　 D.advanced 解析：B　根据下文and weeks into months， until almost a year passed可知，周变成月，月变成年，日子一天天过去了。 17.A.compromised　　 B.made C.scheduled　　 D.settled 解析：D　根据上文可知，日复一日，我们已经习惯了和小鹅一起的生活。settle into a routine意为“融入常规”。 18.A.relationship　　 B.hug C.routine　　 D.pattern 解析：C　根据上文We 　17　 into a routine filled with feathery hugs and care.可知，本句中的this就是指代上文的这个常规。 19.A.urged　　 B.dragged C.threw　　 D.blew 解析：C　根据上文One evening， my uncle came over and my dad wanted to show him Peeper’s loop.可知，我爸爸想表演的是把鹅扔向空中飞一圈。 20.A.memory　　 B.figure C.subject　　 D.member 解析：A　根据上文but this time， Peeper flew off可知，Peeper飞走了，所以成了我家人美好的回忆。 21.A.sensitive　　 B.active C.friendly　　 D.loyal 解析：D　根据下文They never forget their first home.可知，鹅是忠诚的。 22.A.young　　 B.aging C.frightening　　 D.cautious 解析：B　根据上文Twenty years passed ...for my family.可知，过了20多年后，这只年老的鹅回来了。 23.A.random　　 B.rude C.regular　　 D.new 解析：A　根据下文He did all the things Peeper used to.可知，这只鹅就是Peeper，而不是随便的一只鹅。 24.A.interrupted　　 B.repeated C.responded　　 D.cheered 解析：C　根据下文turning his head and waddling （摇摆走） closer to us可知，我们叫Peeper，它有反应。 25.A.amazement　　 B.satisfaction C.horror　　 D.disappointment 解析：A　根据下文old best friend had returned，20 years later可知，作者是很惊讶的。 26.A.home　　 B.parents C.nature　　 D.stories 解析：A　根据下文可知，夜晚它可能会在附近的湖上寻找自己同类的安慰，渴望早点回家。 27.A.lawn　　 B.lake C.shelter　　 D.branch 解析：B　参见上题解析。 28.A.habit　　 B.name C.intention　　 D.presence 解析：D　根据上文But he’s here a lot可知，它想让大家知道它的存在。 Ⅳ.语法填空 　　We live in a world filled with high technology.I have no idea 29.　　　　　　 to help our four-year-old son develop a healthy relationship with technology.On 30.　　　　　　 one hand， I feel that screens are an addiction for me， and I don’t want him 31.　　　　　　 （control） by devices.On the other hand， I know that I have gained so much from the connection that my devices provide， and I also want my kids to be fluent in the tools of 32.　　　　　　 （they） generation. 　　Despite my love of technology， and my belief 33.　　　　　　 my smartphone improves my life， I don’t think I have a healthy relationship with it.The first time I realised this was when a friend stopped 34.　　　　　　 （talk） during a meal when I was looking up something related to our conversation on my phone.I also check my phone first thing in the morning.When Apple’s ScreenTime feature 35.　　　　　　 （come） out， I was ashamed by the number of hours I used my phone and the number of times I opened it， and， most 36.　　　　　　 （important）， I found myself checking for updates when I was spending time with family and friends. 　　Despite being ruled by technology， I still wish I 37.　　　　　　 （be） better at it.I check my phone all the time， but I often fall behind on messages， and I feel very “non-native” to social media.I wish I checked my phone 38.　　　　　　 （little）， but I also wish I connected more online. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者阐述了自己所面临的一个困惑——如何正确处理自己与科技之间的关系。 29.how　这里“特殊疑问词how＋动词不定式”结构作名词idea的同位语。 30.the　on the one hand ...on the other hand ...是固定句型，表示“一方面……另一方面……”。 31.to be controlled　这里动词不定式短语作宾语补足语，因为表示被动概念，应用其被动式。 32.their　本空后的generation是名词，因此这里用形容词性物主代词。 33.that　本空后面是说明前面名词belief的具体内容，因此这里用连词that引导一个同位语从句。 34.talking　这里表示朋友停止讲话，因此用stop doing形式。 35.came　苹果公司的ScreenTime软件上市发生在过去，因此这里用一般过去时。 36.importantly　本空所填词修饰后面整个句子，因此用副词importantly。 37.were　wish一词后面用虚拟语气，因此用系动词were。 38.less　下句中的more一词暗示这里也应该用形容词的比较级形式，故填less。 11 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $