第04讲 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage重点单词+词组+重点句型讲练(选择性必修三) （寒假预习讲义）高二英语人教版

第04讲 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage重点单词+词组+重点句型讲练(选择性必修三) 一、精讲X3 U4 重点单词+词组 一、词汇清单 知识点1 adversity n. 逆境；不幸；苦难 教材原句 Facing adversity with courage builds character and resilience. 以勇气面对逆境能塑造品格和韧性。 [拓展] (1) in times of adversity 在逆境中 (2) overcome adversity 克服逆境 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① She showed remarkable strength in the face of __________ (adverse). ② They managed to __________ ( overcome) all the hardships and succeeded. 知识点2 courage n. 勇气；胆量 教材原句 It takes great courage to stand up for what is right. 捍卫正义需要巨大的勇气。 [拓展] (1) courageous adj. 勇敢的 (2) summon up/gather courage 鼓起勇气 (3) moral courage 道德勇气 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① He acted __________ (courage) in saving the child from the fire. ② She __________courage to speak in front of the large audience.（在观众面前鼓起勇气讲话） 知识点3 perseverance n. 毅力；坚持不懈 教材原句 Success is often the result of hard work and perseverance. 成功常常是努力和坚持不懈的结果。 [拓展] (1) persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠 (2) with perseverance 坚持不懈地 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① Despite many failures, he __________ (perseverance) in his research. ② __________ (persevere) is a key quality for achieving long-term goals. 知识点4 resilience n. 恢复力；适应力；韧性 教材原句 The resilience of the human spirit can overcome great difficulties. 人类精神的韧性可以克服巨大的困难。 [拓展] (1) resilient adj. 有适应力的；有弹性的 (2) show resilience 展现出韧性 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① Children are often surprisingly __________ (resilience) in dealing with change. ② Her __________ (resilient) helped her recover quickly from the setback. 知识点5 hardship n. 困苦；艰难 教材原句 Many pioneers endured great hardship while settling in new lands. 许多拓荒者在定居新土地时忍受了巨大的艰难困苦。 [拓展] (1) economic hardship 经济困难 (2) suffer hardship 遭受困苦 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The family went through considerable __________ (hardship) during the war. ② They __________ hardship but never lost hope.（suffer） 知识点6 determination n. 决心；决定 教材原句 With fierce determination, she completed the challenging task. 凭着强烈的决心，她完成了这项具有挑战性的任务。 [拓展] (1) determine v. 决定；决心 (2) determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的 (3) a sense of determination 决心 [经典练习] 单句语法填空： ① He was __________ (determination) to prove his innocence. ② Her __________ (determine) to succeed inspired everyone around her. 知识点7 overcome v. 克服；战胜 教材原句 We must overcome our fears to achieve personal growth. 我们必须克服恐惧才能实现个人成长。 [拓展] (1) overcome difficulties/obstacles 克服困难/障碍 (2) be overcome with emotion 情绪失控 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① She managed to __________ (overcome) her shyness and deliver an excellent speech. ② __________ (overcome) by grief, he could hardly speak. 知识点8 endurance n. 忍耐力；持久力 教材原句 The marathon tests both physical and mental endurance. 马拉松考验身体和精神两方面的耐力。 [拓展] (1) endure v. 忍受；忍耐 (2) beyond endurance 无法忍受 (3) endurance test 耐力测试 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The soldiers showed incredible __________ (endure) during the long march. ② He could no longer __________ (endurance) the constant pain. 知识点9 triumph n. 胜利；成功 v. 战胜 教材原句 The team’s triumph against all odds was truly inspiring. 这支队伍克服万难取得的胜利真正鼓舞人心。 [拓展] (1) triumphant adj. 胜利的；成功的 (2) triumph over 战胜 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① In the end, good will __________ (triumph) over evil. ② They celebrated their __________ (triumph) victory with great joy. 知识点10 setback n. 挫折；阻碍 教材原句 We should view each setback as an opportunity to learn and grow. 我们应该把每次挫折视为学习和成长的机会。 [拓展] (1) suffer/experience a setback 遭受/经历挫折 (2) temporary setback 暂时的挫折 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The project suffered a major __________ (setback) when funding was cut. ② Despite several __________ (setback), they continued with their plan. 二、短语清单 face up to 勇敢面对 give up 放弃 keep going 坚持下去 stand firm 坚定不移 in the face of 面对；在……面前 pull through 渡过难关；恢复健康 hold on to 坚持；不放弃 break through 突破；克服 rise above 超越；克服 never say die 永不放弃 [牛刀小试] 用所给短语的适当形式填空 1.We must __________ our fears and confront the challenges ahead. (face up to) 2.Despite the criticism, she __________ and continued to express her opinions. (stand firm) 3.With proper treatment, most patients __________ the illness. (pull through) 4.He __________ his dream of becoming a doctor despite financial difficulties. (hold on to) 三、熟词生义 spirit n. 精神；灵魂（常见义） n. 情绪；心情（常见义） n. 勇气；意志（生义） [牛刀小试] 用 spirit 的适当形式填空。 1.The team showed great fighting __________ throughout the competition. 2.She was in high __________ after receiving the good news. will n. 将；将会（常见义，表将来） n. 意志；决心（常见义） n. 遗嘱（生义） [牛刀小试] 用 will 的适当形式填空。 1.Her strong __________ to live helped her survive the terrible accident. 2.The old man left his entire estate to charity in his __________. 二、精讲X3 U4 重点句型： 句型清单 虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）：表示与过去事实相反的假设。 If he had given up then, he would never have achieved his dream. 倒装句（否定词开头）：以否定词或短语开头的句子需部分倒装。 Never before had she faced such a difficult challenge. “It”作形式主语 + 形容词 + that从句**：表达对某事的看法或评价。 It was courageous that he spoke out against the injustice. 现在分词短语作状语：表示主语正在进行的另一动作或状态。 Facing immense pressure, she remained calm and focused. not...until...句型：表示“直到……才……”。 He did not realize his own strength until he faced this adversity. 定语从句（who引导）：修饰表示人的先行词。 Those who persevere in the face of adversity often achieve the greatest success. [牛刀小试] 根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。 1.（虚拟语气）If you __________ me about the problem earlier, I could have helped you. (tell) 2.（倒装句）__________ have I seen such determination in a young person. (seldom) 3.（It作形式主语）__________ important that we never lose hope during difficult times. (be) 4.（现在分词短语作状语）__________ the difficult situation, they decided to work even harder. (face) 5.（not...until...句型）She __________ her own courage until she stood up to the bully. (recognize) XB3U4词汇变形、短语和精练题： 一. 词汇拓展 1. _____adj.严寒的(=_______);味苦的(反:sweet adj.甜蜜/美的);痛苦的→________adv.苦涩/悲痛/强烈地→________n.苦味/难;怨恨 _____adj.酸的 2._______________adj.热情的;热心的(=__________)(______)→__________ n.热心,热忱,热情(=_______) 3. ______vt.分派;布置;分配→__________n.分配;任务(=______=_______);作业(=__________) ______n.工资;报偿 _______n.薪水 4. _________vt.舍弃;抛弃(=________);放弃→__________ adj.被抛/废弃的 沉迷于做某事:________/______ oneself _____________ 5. _______vi/ vt.决定/心;解决(=______)→________adj.下定决心的(=________),坚决的→_________n.决心/定,坚决,解决(=_______) 6. _____adj.残酷/忍的;冷酷的→______adv.残酷地→_______ n.残酷;残忍 音近词:_____n.全体人员 ____adj.粗鲁的;无礼的→_______n.粗鲁;无礼 同样变法:____adj.忠诚的→______adv.忠诚地;诚实地→_________n.忠心 形近词:_____adj.皇家的→______adv.庄严地→______n.王权;皇室 7. __________ n.家具(不可数) __________vt.提供;供应;装备→_________adj.配备有家具的 ____________adj.好脾气的,和蔼的 8. _____________ adv.不幸地→__________adv.幸运地→__________ adj.幸运的→__________n.幸运(=_____),命运(=____=______),财富(=_______) 9. __________n.广告活动;广告业→__________v.公布;宣传;做广告→_______________n.公告 10. ________adj.公司/法人/社团的→_________n.公司(=____=_______) 形近词:__________vi.合作→__________n.合作 11. __________n.承诺;保证;奉献;犯罪→________vi.忠于(某个人,机构等);承诺 ___________________一心一意做…(双写__加____) 12. _____ n.指南;导游v.指导;指引;领路→_________n.指/引导;领导 在某人指导下:____________________ 在某人帮助下_________________ 13. ________vi.坚忍,坚持→___________ n.坚持不懈 形近词: _______adj.严重的(=_______),恶劣的;严峻的;严厉的 14. __________n.消遣;娱乐=___________=__________→__________adj.休养的,娱乐的 15. _____n./v.羡慕;嫉妒→________(=________) adj.嫉妒的(___) ________adj.彻底/周密的 _______prep.穿过;通过adv.从头至尾;彻底地 16. v.下沉n.水池: sink-_____-_____ __________n.候选人 _________n.插曲;(人生的)一段经历;片段;一集 17. _______n.痛苦,苦难→__________adj.悲惨的,不幸的(=___________),可怜的,令人痛苦的 18. ____n.自己,自我→________adj.自私的→_______adj.无私的 _____v.压坏/碎;镇压 _____n./v.碰撞;坠落 _________________迷恋… 19. ______adj.粗糙的;不平的→_______adv.粗糙地;概略地,大约(=_____=__________) _____adj.坚韧的;严格的;困难的→_______adv.强硬地 20. ______vi.属于→__________n.归属感(___________________);所有物,附属物(以复数形式出现:__________) __________n.动产;财物 21. __________adj.真实的(=_____),真诚的(=__________)→__________adv.真地;真正地(=__________) 22. ______n.活力,精力(=________)→__________adj.有活力的;精力充沛的(=__________) 23. ________adj.得体的,体面的;正派的;相当好的→________n.正派;体面 ___________上船;上飞机等交通工具 __________去国外 24. _______v.忍耐;容忍→__________adj.持久的(=lasting),不朽的→__________n.忍耐力 25.________adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的→__________n.逆境;厄运;窘境 __________n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境 26. ________v.航海→__________n.领航员→__________n.航行;导航 ________n.侄女 ________n.侄子 27.______n.动机,目的(=______=______) _______vt.使有动机;激发;激励(=_______=_______=_____)→__________n.动力/机→__________adj.积极/主动的 review/revise: 28.______vt. & vi. (为…)服务;任(职)→________n.服务;服役;仪式→________n.仆人,公/服务员 __________为某人服务 __________作为… 29.__________ n.宇宙→__________adj.全体的,广泛的,普遍的(=________adj.总体的,普遍的;一般的) 30.________v.咨询,请教,商讨,查阅→________n.顾问(=________) _______adj.流行的;受欢迎的→_______n.流行;受欢迎(度)→_______v.普及 31.__________n.许可;批准;许可证→______v.允许;准许;使有可能 过去式、过去分词:__________ 32._______n.打算;意图;目的(=_______)→_______vt.计划;打算 be _______/______ ___专为…而设计 be ______/______ ______ 旨在做某事 二、汉译英 1． [ˈnævɪɡeɪtə] n. 领航员；（飞机、船舶等上的）航行者 2． [ˈlɔɪəl] adj. 忠诚的；忠实的 3． [ˈməʊtə(r)] n. 发动机；马达 adj. 有引擎的；机动车的 4． [ˈkændɪdət] n. 候选人；应试者 5． 生火 6． 放出（热、光、气味或气体） 7． [ˈepɪsəʊd] n. （人生的）一段经历；（小说的）片段；插曲 8． [kəˈmɪtmənt] n. 承诺；保证；奉献 9． [ˈməʊtɪv] n. 动机；原因；目的 10． [kənˈfjuːʃənɪzm] n. 孔子学说；儒家（学说） 11． [ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪə(r)] vi. 坚持；孜孜以求 12． [rɪˈzɒlv] vi & vt. 决定；决心；解决（问题或困难） n.决心；坚定的信念 13． [ˌrezəˈluːʃn] n. 决议；解决；坚定 14． [kru:] n. （轮船、飞机等上面的）全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人 15． [ˈkruːəl] adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的 16． [ˈθʌrə] adj. 深入的；彻底的；细致的 17． [ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)] n. 家具 18． [ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv. 不幸地；遗憾地 19． [ˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv. 幸运地 20． [bɑːk] vi & n. （狗）吠叫；吠叫声 21． [ˈkʌbəd ] n. 橱柜；壁橱；衣柜 22． [əˈsaɪn ] vt. 分派；布置；分配 23． [ˈstjuːəd ] n. （轮船、飞机或火车上的）乘务员；服务员 24． [ˈenvi ] n & vt. 羡慕；妒忌 25． [ krʌʃ ] vt. 毁坏；压坏；压碎 n. 拥挤的人群 26． [ sɪŋk ] vi. 沉没；下沉；下降 vt. 使下沉；使沉没 27． [ əˈbændən ] vt. 舍弃；抛弃；放弃 28． [ stəʊv ] n. 炉具；厨房灶具 29． [ˈblæŋkɪt ] n. 毯子 30． [ bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz ] n. [pl.] 财物；动产 31． [ədˈvɜːsəti] n. 困境；逆境 32． [weɪdʒ] n. 工资 33． [ˈbɪtə(r)] adj. 严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的 34． [ˌekspəˈdɪʃn] n. 探险；远征；探险队 35． [ɪnˈdjʊərəns] n. 忍耐力；耐久力 36． [ˈvɪɡə(r)] n. 精力；力量；活力 37． 拒绝（某人） 38． [ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd] adj. 符合资格；具备……的知识 39． [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj.热情的；热心的 40． [əˈbɔːd]     adv & prep. 上（船、飞机、公共汽车等） 三、重难短语精练 1．       在……的年龄 2．      拒绝(某人) 3．      热衷于 4．       出发 5．    振作精神 6．     每况愈下 7．     成功 8．        由……组成 9．      使某人振作起来 10．        处理；对付 11．        生火 12．    放出(热、光、气味或气体) 13. 指定/安排某人做某事 14. 决定做某事 15. 对某人残酷 16. 向某人申请某物 17. 注册；签名；报名 18. 应付；处理 四、单句语法填空 1． (fortune), he was caught up in the traffic jam and late for the meeting. 2．According to the festival’s organizers, enthusiasm for traditional culture (grow) among young people in recent years. 3．She (learn) about environmental protection laws since she entered university. 4．His (commit) to nonviolence led to a Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. 5．You didn’t seem to be terribly (enthusiasm) about the performance. 6．They have been (debate) for hours without reaching any agreement. 7．The company has been (expand) its customer base using trade magazine advertising. 8．The (bark) dog outside the gate made the little girl feel scared. 9．The wind (roar) outside the classroom for an hour, but the students are still focused on English listening. 10．His (commit) to English study has inspired his classmates to work harder. 11．There’s only one way to find out: I'm rolling up my sleeves and training under the (guide) of senior stage masters in the field. 12．Viewed as an animal full of energy, the horse is a symbol of strong will and (persevere). 13．He   (pretend) not to know the truth for years to avoid getting into trouble. 14．Rescuers (labour) around the clock to save hikers who were hiking in the mountains since the emergency occurred last Friday. Let’s pray for the best. 15．The severe budget cuts eventually led to the research project (abandon) halfway. 16．The challenging task, which (occupy) almost all of his time and energy during the past few months, leaves him little time to spend with his family. 17．I have found him so (qualify) for the position that he can help handle the situation in a practical and reasonable way. 18．Even with (thoroughness) preparation, you would still face challenges. 19．All (candidate) must submit their applications by Friday. 20．The research team (conduct) experiments on renewable energy sources for the past three years, and they are expected to publish their findings next month. 21．Local governments (organize) complimentary performances in schools since 2018, which help students understand the cultural significance of shadow puppetry. 22．There have been several people (injure) in the accident. 23．The (apply) of these rules is strict. 24．Although the problem (resolve) by now, it does highlight the fact that the natural habitat of wildlife is being decreased as the construction of homes for humans is increased. 25．Over 90 percent of the Lao trainees (assign) specific positions since the Laos-China Railway Co recruited and trained them in June 2020. 五、小语段填空 阅读下面短文，在答题纸1相应空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The next day, we left Manaus. After packing all our stores into a canoe, we set off with two local men serving as our guides. We turned off the wide river onto a smaller stream, 1 navigation became much more difficult. Every time we met rapids, the canoe had to be carried through the forest to 2 (calm) water. Great trees met overhead, almost shutting out the sun, and from the dark bushes came strange sounds. But the two professors paid no attention to their 3 (surround). They were too busy squabbling like children. In 4 distance, we heard a throbbing beat. “War drums,” said Lord John. The sound made my skin crawl, 5 the professors remained completely calm. On the ninth day, we finally saw 6 we were looking for: a long line of high, red cliffs. “There it is,” Challenger shouted in triumph. We climbed under those plateau walls. Suddenly, something swooped down from the sky. A huge shadow rose into the air with our dinner and then vanished. We sat in 7 (stun) silence. At last, Professor Summerlee spoke, his voice 8 (tremble) with emotion. “I was a fool to doubt your word.” For the first time, the two old enemies shook hands. The plateau rose before us, its red cliffs glowing in the sunset. We knew our real adventure was just revealing 9 (it) before us, and none of us could predict what challenges awaited us on those mysterious heights. That night, as we lay in our tents, we could hear strange cries echoing from the plateau — sounds that no modern scientist 10 (record). 六、高级句式表达 1．I looked around at my family, and for the first time since Dad’s passing, (我感到一丝发自内心的微笑在脸上绽开). 2． (在老师的耐心指导下), the student made great progress in his English writing. (with复合结构) 3．The Yangtze River has been (遭受) human activities such as overfishing. (根据汉语提示补全句子) 4．Despite limited resources, she (战胜逆境) to become a pioneering scientist. 5． (以真诚的善良), Mary often shares her stationery with classmates who forget to bring theirs. 6． (对环境保护的坚定承诺) led him to organize a campus recycling campaign with his classmates last semester. 7． (儒家的价值观), such as respecting the elderly and caring for the young, guide many people to treat others with kindness. 8．The community center (安排志愿者帮助老人) with daily chores regularly. 9．Faced with difficulties in the charity project, Lisa never chose to (放弃有意义的事业), as she believed it could truly help those in need. 10．His (最初的探险) reached distant lands not for conquest, but to (促进文化交流). 11．Jenny (立下新年愿望) to visit the orphanage once a month and has kept it for a whole year. 12． (以帮助农村孩子接受更好教育的崇高动机为驱动), Mr. Li gave up his high-paying job and became a village teacher. 13．Chou Tien-Chen (一直梦想) becoming an Olympic champion ever since he was first introduced to the sport as a 5-year-old. 14． (一阵羡慕) flooding in her heart, she closed her eyes tight. 15．Make sure you have plenty of room for (所有的家具). 16．Most developers reserve the right to (拒绝) a property they think is virtually unsaleable. 17．If burnt, rubber can (发出；释放) a poisonous gas. 18．In spring the fields (散发出) an earthy aroma. 19．He encouraged his crew to (参与各种娱乐活动) and celebrations because he thought it would keep their spirits up. 20．Behram’s journey to professional soccer is a story of p s (毅力和牺牲), according to Xinjiang Daily. 21．We (被困于) a traffic jam for an hour last night. 22．As far as I remember, my parents always reminded me of （我的餐桌礼仪）. 23．They collected some wood and (生火) to keep warm. 24．After carefully checking my bag, I already confirm that I (携带个人物品), including my laptop, wallet, and keys, before leaving the library. 25．Just now, the project manager (被指派为) the lead role in the new product launch. ( 第 1 页 共 12 页 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第04讲 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage重点单词+词组+重点句型讲练(选择性必修三) 一、精讲X3 U4 重点单词+词组 一、词汇清单 知识点1 adversity n. 逆境；不幸；苦难 教材原句 Facing adversity with courage builds character and resilience. 以勇气面对逆境能塑造品格和韧性。 [拓展] (1) in times of adversity 在逆境中 (2) overcome adversity 克服逆境 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① She showed remarkable strength in the face of __________ (adverse). ② They managed to __________ ( overcome) all the hardships and succeeded. 答案：① adversity ② overcome 知识点2 courage n. 勇气；胆量 教材原句 It takes great courage to stand up for what is right. 捍卫正义需要巨大的勇气。 [拓展] (1) courageous adj. 勇敢的 (2) summon up/gather courage 鼓起勇气 (3) moral courage 道德勇气 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① He acted __________ (courage) in saving the child from the fire. ② She __________courage to speak in front of the large audience.（在观众面前鼓起勇气讲话） 答案：① courageously ② summoned up/gathered 知识点3 perseverance n. 毅力；坚持不懈 教材原句 Success is often the result of hard work and perseverance. 成功常常是努力和坚持不懈的结果。 [拓展] (1) persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠 (2) with perseverance 坚持不懈地 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① Despite many failures, he __________ (perseverance) in his research. ② __________ (persevere) is a key quality for achieving long-term goals. 答案：① persevered ② Perseverance 知识点4 resilience n. 恢复力；适应力；韧性 教材原句 The resilience of the human spirit can overcome great difficulties. 人类精神的韧性可以克服巨大的困难。 [拓展] (1) resilient adj. 有适应力的；有弹性的 (2) show resilience 展现出韧性 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① Children are often surprisingly __________ (resilience) in dealing with change. ② Her __________ (resilient) helped her recover quickly from the setback. 答案：① resilient ② resilience 知识点5 hardship n. 困苦；艰难 教材原句 Many pioneers endured great hardship while settling in new lands. 许多拓荒者在定居新土地时忍受了巨大的艰难困苦。 [拓展] (1) economic hardship 经济困难 (2) suffer hardship 遭受困苦 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The family went through considerable __________ (hardship) during the war. ② They __________ hardship but never lost hope.（suffer） 答案：① hardship ② suffered 知识点6 determination n. 决心；决定 教材原句 With fierce determination, she completed the challenging task. 凭着强烈的决心，她完成了这项具有挑战性的任务。 [拓展] (1) determine v. 决定；决心 (2) determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的 (3) a sense of determination 决心 [经典练习] 单句语法填空： ① He was __________ (determination) to prove his innocence. ② Her __________ (determine) to succeed inspired everyone around her. 答案：① determined ② determination 知识点7 overcome v. 克服；战胜 教材原句 We must overcome our fears to achieve personal growth. 我们必须克服恐惧才能实现个人成长。 [拓展] (1) overcome difficulties/obstacles 克服困难/障碍 (2) be overcome with emotion 情绪失控 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① She managed to __________ (overcome) her shyness and deliver an excellent speech. ② __________ (overcome) by grief, he could hardly speak. 答案：① overcome ② Overcome 知识点8 endurance n. 忍耐力；持久力 教材原句 The marathon tests both physical and mental endurance. 马拉松考验身体和精神两方面的耐力。 [拓展] (1) endure v. 忍受；忍耐 (2) beyond endurance 无法忍受 (3) endurance test 耐力测试 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The soldiers showed incredible __________ (endure) during the long march. ② He could no longer __________ (endurance) the constant pain. 答案：① endurance ② endure 知识点9 triumph n. 胜利；成功 v. 战胜 教材原句 The team’s triumph against all odds was truly inspiring. 这支队伍克服万难取得的胜利真正鼓舞人心。 [拓展] (1) triumphant adj. 胜利的；成功的 (2) triumph over 战胜 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① In the end, good will __________ (triumph) over evil. ② They celebrated their __________ (triumph) victory with great joy. 答案：① triumph ② triumphant 知识点10 setback n. 挫折；阻碍 教材原句 We should view each setback as an opportunity to learn and grow. 我们应该把每次挫折视为学习和成长的机会。 [拓展] (1) suffer/experience a setback 遭受/经历挫折 (2) temporary setback 暂时的挫折 [牛刀小试] 单句语法填空： ① The project suffered a major __________ (setback) when funding was cut. ② Despite several __________ (setback), they continued with their plan. 答案：① setback ② setbacks 二、短语清单 face up to 勇敢面对 give up 放弃 keep going 坚持下去 stand firm 坚定不移 in the face of 面对；在……面前 pull through 渡过难关；恢复健康 hold on to 坚持；不放弃 break through 突破；克服 rise above 超越；克服 never say die 永不放弃 [牛刀小试] 用所给短语的适当形式填空 1.We must __________ our fears and confront the challenges ahead. (face up to) 答案：face up to 解析：句意“我们必须勇敢面对恐惧，迎接前方的挑战。”“face up to”意为“勇敢面对”，情态动词must后接动词原形。 2.Despite the criticism, she __________ and continued to express her opinions. (stand firm) 答案：stood firm 解析：句意“尽管受到批评，她依然坚定不移，继续表达自己的观点。”“stand firm”意为“坚定不移”，根据句意和结构，此处需用过去时态。 3.With proper treatment, most patients __________ the illness. (pull through) 答案：pull through 解析：句意“通过适当的治疗，大多数患者都能从疾病中恢复。”“pull through”意为“渡过难关；恢复健康”，情态动词can后省略，但此处为一般事实陈述，用动词原形。 4.He __________ his dream of becoming a doctor despite financial difficulties. (hold on to) 答案：held on to 解析：句意“尽管经济困难，他仍然坚持自己成为医生的梦想。”“hold on to”意为“坚持；不放弃”，根据句意，此处需用过去时态。 三、熟词生义 spirit n. 精神；灵魂（常见义） n. 情绪；心情（常见义） n. 勇气；意志（生义） [牛刀小试] 用 spirit 的适当形式填空。 1.The team showed great fighting __________ throughout the competition. 答案：spirit 解析：句意“这支队伍在整个比赛中展现了极大的斗志。”此处“spirit”是其生义，特指“勇气；斗志”。 2.She was in high __________ after receiving the good news. 答案：spirits 解析：句意“收到好消息后，她心情很好。”此处“spirits”是常见义，意为“情绪；心情”。 will n. 将；将会（常见义，表将来） n. 意志；决心（常见义） n. 遗嘱（生义） [牛刀小试] 用 will 的适当形式填空。 1.Her strong __________ to live helped her survive the terrible accident. 答案：will 解析：句意“她强烈的求生意志帮助她在可怕的事故中幸存下来。”此处“will”是常见义，意为“意志；决心”。 2.The old man left his entire estate to charity in his __________. 答案：will 解析：句意“老人在遗嘱中将全部财产留给了慈善机构。”此处“will”是其生义，意为“遗嘱”。 二、精讲X3 U4 重点句型： 句型清单 虚拟语气（与过去事实相反）：表示与过去事实相反的假设。 If he had given up then, he would never have achieved his dream. 倒装句（否定词开头）：以否定词或短语开头的句子需部分倒装。 Never before had she faced such a difficult challenge. “It”作形式主语 + 形容词 + that从句**：表达对某事的看法或评价。 It was courageous that he spoke out against the injustice. 现在分词短语作状语：表示主语正在进行的另一动作或状态。 Facing immense pressure, she remained calm and focused. not...until...句型：表示“直到……才……”。 He did not realize his own strength until he faced this adversity. 定语从句（who引导）：修饰表示人的先行词。 Those who persevere in the face of adversity often achieve the greatest success. [牛刀小试] 根据句型要求，用括号内所给提示完成句子。 1.（虚拟语气）If you __________ me about the problem earlier, I could have helped you. (tell) 答案：had told 解析：句意“如果你早点告诉我这个问题，我本可以帮你的。”表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句用had done形式。 2.（倒装句）__________ have I seen such determination in a young person. (seldom) 答案：Seldom 解析：句意“我很少在年轻人身上看到这样的决心。”否定词“Seldom”置于句首，句子需部分倒装，故将助动词have提前。 3.（It作形式主语）__________ important that we never lose hope during difficult times. (be) 答案：It is 解析：句意“在困难时期永不失去希望是很重要的。”真正的主语是that从句，用“It”作形式主语放在句首。 4.（现在分词短语作状语）__________ the difficult situation, they decided to work even harder. (face) 答案：Facing 解析：句意“面对困难局面，他们决定更加努力地工作。”现在分词短语“Facing the difficult situation”在句中作状语，表示时间或原因。 5.（not...until...句型）She __________ her own courage until she stood up to the bully. (recognize) 答案：did not recognize 解析：句意“直到她勇敢地面对欺凌者，才认识到自己的勇气。”“not...until...”结构意为“直到……才……”。 XB3U4词汇变形、短语和精练题： 一. 词汇拓展 1. _____adj.严寒的(=_______);味苦的(反:sweet adj.甜蜜/美的);痛苦的→________adv.苦涩/悲痛/强烈地→________n.苦味/难;怨恨 _____adj.酸的 2._______________adj.热情的;热心的(=__________)(______)→__________ n.热心,热忱,热情(=_______) 3. ______vt.分派;布置;分配→__________n.分配;任务(=______=_______);作业(=__________) ______n.工资;报偿 _______n.薪水 4. _________vt.舍弃;抛弃(=________);放弃→__________ adj.被抛/废弃的 沉迷于做某事:________/______ oneself _____________ 5. _______vi/ vt.决定/心;解决(=______)→________adj.下定决心的(=________),坚决的→_________n.决心/定,坚决,解决(=_______) 6. _____adj.残酷/忍的;冷酷的→______adv.残酷地→_______ n.残酷;残忍 音近词:_____n.全体人员 ____adj.粗鲁的;无礼的→_______n.粗鲁;无礼 同样变法:____adj.忠诚的→______adv.忠诚地;诚实地→_________n.忠心 形近词:_____adj.皇家的→______adv.庄严地→______n.王权;皇室 7. __________ n.家具(不可数) __________vt.提供;供应;装备→_________adj.配备有家具的 ____________adj.好脾气的,和蔼的 8. _____________ adv.不幸地→__________adv.幸运地→__________ adj.幸运的→__________n.幸运(=_____),命运(=____=______),财富(=_______) 9. __________n.广告活动;广告业→__________v.公布;宣传;做广告→_______________n.公告 10. ________adj.公司/法人/社团的→_________n.公司(=____=_______) 形近词:__________vi.合作→__________n.合作 11. __________n.承诺;保证;奉献;犯罪→________vi.忠于(某个人,机构等);承诺 ___________________一心一意做…(双写__加____) 12. _____ n.指南;导游v.指导;指引;领路→_________n.指/引导;领导 在某人指导下:____________________ 在某人帮助下_________________ 13. ________vi.坚忍,坚持→___________ n.坚持不懈 形近词: _______adj.严重的(=_______),恶劣的;严峻的;严厉的 14. __________n.消遣;娱乐=___________=__________→__________adj.休养的,娱乐的 15. _____n./v.羡慕;嫉妒→________(=________) adj.嫉妒的(___) ________adj.彻底/周密的 _______prep.穿过;通过adv.从头至尾;彻底地 16. v.下沉n.水池: sink-_____-_____ __________n.候选人 _________n.插曲;(人生的)一段经历;片段;一集 17. _______n.痛苦,苦难→__________adj.悲惨的,不幸的(=___________),可怜的,令人痛苦的 18. ____n.自己,自我→________adj.自私的→_______adj.无私的 _____v.压坏/碎;镇压 _____n./v.碰撞;坠落 _________________迷恋… 19. ______adj.粗糙的;不平的→_______adv.粗糙地;概略地,大约(=_____=__________) _____adj.坚韧的;严格的;困难的→_______adv.强硬地 20. ______vi.属于→__________n.归属感(___________________);所有物,附属物(以复数形式出现:__________) __________n.动产;财物 21. __________adj.真实的(=_____),真诚的(=__________)→__________adv.真地;真正地(=__________) 22. ______n.活力,精力(=________)→__________adj.有活力的;精力充沛的(=__________) 23. ________adj.得体的,体面的;正派的;相当好的→________n.正派;体面 ___________上船;上飞机等交通工具 __________去国外 24. _______v.忍耐;容忍→__________adj.持久的(=lasting),不朽的→__________n.忍耐力 25.________adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的→__________n.逆境;厄运;窘境 __________n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境 26. ________v.航海→__________n.领航员→__________n.航行;导航 ________n.侄女 ________n.侄子 27.______n.动机,目的(=______=______) _______vt.使有动机;激发;激励(=_______=_______=_____)→__________n.动力/机→__________adj.积极/主动的 review/revise: 28.______vt. & vi. (为…)服务;任(职)→________n.服务;服役;仪式→________n.仆人,公/服务员 __________为某人服务 __________作为… 29.__________ n.宇宙→__________adj.全体的,广泛的,普遍的(=________adj.总体的,普遍的;一般的) 30.________v.咨询,请教,商讨,查阅→________n.顾问(=________) _______adj.流行的;受欢迎的→_______n.流行;受欢迎(度)→_______v.普及 31.__________n.许可;批准;许可证→______v.允许;准许;使有可能 过去式、过去分词:__________ 32._______n.打算;意图;目的(=_______)→_______vt.计划;打算 be _______/______ ___专为…而设计 be ______/______ ______ 旨在做某事 二、汉译英 1． [ˈnævɪɡeɪtə] n. 领航员；（飞机、船舶等上的）航行者 2． [ˈlɔɪəl] adj. 忠诚的；忠实的 3． [ˈməʊtə(r)] n. 发动机；马达 adj. 有引擎的；机动车的 4． [ˈkændɪdət] n. 候选人；应试者 5． 生火 6． 放出（热、光、气味或气体） 7． [ˈepɪsəʊd] n. （人生的）一段经历；（小说的）片段；插曲 8． [kəˈmɪtmənt] n. 承诺；保证；奉献 9． [ˈməʊtɪv] n. 动机；原因；目的 10． [kənˈfjuːʃənɪzm] n. 孔子学说；儒家（学说） 11． [ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪə(r)] vi. 坚持；孜孜以求 12． [rɪˈzɒlv] vi & vt. 决定；决心；解决（问题或困难） n.决心；坚定的信念 13． [ˌrezəˈluːʃn] n. 决议；解决；坚定 14． [kru:] n. （轮船、飞机等上面的）全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人 15． [ˈkruːəl] adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的 16． [ˈθʌrə] adj. 深入的；彻底的；细致的 17． [ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)] n. 家具 18． [ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv. 不幸地；遗憾地 19． [ˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv. 幸运地 20． [bɑːk] vi & n. （狗）吠叫；吠叫声 21． [ˈkʌbəd ] n. 橱柜；壁橱；衣柜 22． [əˈsaɪn ] vt. 分派；布置；分配 23． [ˈstjuːəd ] n. （轮船、飞机或火车上的）乘务员；服务员 24． [ˈenvi ] n & vt. 羡慕；妒忌 25． [ krʌʃ ] vt. 毁坏；压坏；压碎 n. 拥挤的人群 26． [ sɪŋk ] vi. 沉没；下沉；下降 vt. 使下沉；使沉没 27． [ əˈbændən ] vt. 舍弃；抛弃；放弃 28． [ stəʊv ] n. 炉具；厨房灶具 29． [ˈblæŋkɪt ] n. 毯子 30． [ bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz ] n. [pl.] 财物；动产 31． [ədˈvɜːsəti] n. 困境；逆境 32． [weɪdʒ] n. 工资 33． [ˈbɪtə(r)] adj. 严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的 34． [ˌekspəˈdɪʃn] n. 探险；远征；探险队 35． [ɪnˈdjʊərəns] n. 忍耐力；耐久力 36． [ˈvɪɡə(r)] n. 精力；力量；活力 37． 拒绝（某人） 38． [ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd] adj. 符合资格；具备……的知识 39． [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj.热情的；热心的 40． [əˈbɔːd]     adv & prep. 上（船、飞机、公共汽车等） 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 三、重难短语精练 1．       在……的年龄 2．      拒绝(某人) 3．      热衷于 4．       出发 5．    振作精神 6．     每况愈下 7．     成功 8．        由……组成 9．      使某人振作起来 10．        处理；对付 11．        生火 12．    放出(热、光、气味或气体) 13. 指定/安排某人做某事 14. 决定做某事 15. 对某人残酷 16. 向某人申请某物 17. 注册；签名；报名 18. 应付；处理 四、单句语法填空 1． (fortune), he was caught up in the traffic jam and late for the meeting. 2．According to the festival’s organizers, enthusiasm for traditional culture (grow) among young people in recent years. 3．She (learn) about environmental protection laws since she entered university. 4．His (commit) to nonviolence led to a Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. 5．You didn’t seem to be terribly (enthusiasm) about the performance. 6．They have been (debate) for hours without reaching any agreement. 7．The company has been (expand) its customer base using trade magazine advertising. 8．The (bark) dog outside the gate made the little girl feel scared. 9．The wind (roar) outside the classroom for an hour, but the students are still focused on English listening. 10．His (commit) to English study has inspired his classmates to work harder. 11．There’s only one way to find out: I'm rolling up my sleeves and training under the (guide) of senior stage masters in the field. 12．Viewed as an animal full of energy, the horse is a symbol of strong will and (persevere). 13．He   (pretend) not to know the truth for years to avoid getting into trouble. 14．Rescuers (labour) around the clock to save hikers who were hiking in the mountains since the emergency occurred last Friday. Let’s pray for the best. 15．The severe budget cuts eventually led to the research project (abandon) halfway. 16．The challenging task, which (occupy) almost all of his time and energy during the past few months, leaves him little time to spend with his family. 17．I have found him so (qualify) for the position that he can help handle the situation in a practical and reasonable way. 18．Even with (thoroughness) preparation, you would still face challenges. 19．All (candidate) must submit their applications by Friday. 20．The research team (conduct) experiments on renewable energy sources for the past three years, and they are expected to publish their findings next month. 21．Local governments (organize) complimentary performances in schools since 2018, which help students understand the cultural significance of shadow puppetry. 22．There have been several people (injure) in the accident. 23．The (apply) of these rules is strict. 24．Although the problem (resolve) by now, it does highlight the fact that the natural habitat of wildlife is being decreased as the construction of homes for humans is increased. 25．Over 90 percent of the Lao trainees (assign) specific positions since the Laos-China Railway Co recruited and trained them in June 2020. 五、小语段填空 阅读下面短文，在答题纸1相应空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The next day, we left Manaus. After packing all our stores into a canoe, we set off with two local men serving as our guides. We turned off the wide river onto a smaller stream, 1 navigation became much more difficult. Every time we met rapids, the canoe had to be carried through the forest to 2 (calm) water. Great trees met overhead, almost shutting out the sun, and from the dark bushes came strange sounds. But the two professors paid no attention to their 3 (surround). They were too busy squabbling like children. In 4 distance, we heard a throbbing beat. “War drums,” said Lord John. The sound made my skin crawl, 5 the professors remained completely calm. On the ninth day, we finally saw 6 we were looking for: a long line of high, red cliffs. “There it is,” Challenger shouted in triumph. We climbed under those plateau walls. Suddenly, something swooped down from the sky. A huge shadow rose into the air with our dinner and then vanished. We sat in 7 (stun) silence. At last, Professor Summerlee spoke, his voice 8 (tremble) with emotion. “I was a fool to doubt your word.” For the first time, the two old enemies shook hands. The plateau rose before us, its red cliffs glowing in the sunset. We knew our real adventure was just revealing 9 (it) before us, and none of us could predict what challenges awaited us on those mysterious heights. That night, as we lay in our tents, we could hear strange cries echoing from the plateau — sounds that no modern scientist 10 (record). 六、高级句式表达 1．I looked around at my family, and for the first time since Dad’s passing, (我感到一丝发自内心的微笑在脸上绽开). 2． (在老师的耐心指导下), the student made great progress in his English writing. (with复合结构) 3．The Yangtze River has been (遭受) human activities such as overfishing. (根据汉语提示补全句子) 4．Despite limited resources, she (战胜逆境) to become a pioneering scientist. 5． (以真诚的善良), Mary often shares her stationery with classmates who forget to bring theirs. 6． (对环境保护的坚定承诺) led him to organize a campus recycling campaign with his classmates last semester. 7． (儒家的价值观), such as respecting the elderly and caring for the young, guide many people to treat others with kindness. 8．The community center (安排志愿者帮助老人) with daily chores regularly. 9．Faced with difficulties in the charity project, Lisa never chose to (放弃有意义的事业), as she believed it could truly help those in need. 10．His (最初的探险) reached distant lands not for conquest, but to (促进文化交流). 11．Jenny (立下新年愿望) to visit the orphanage once a month and has kept it for a whole year. 12． (以帮助农村孩子接受更好教育的崇高动机为驱动), Mr. Li gave up his high-paying job and became a village teacher. 13．Chou Tien-Chen (一直梦想) becoming an Olympic champion ever since he was first introduced to the sport as a 5-year-old. 14． (一阵羡慕) flooding in her heart, she closed her eyes tight. 15．Make sure you have plenty of room for (所有的家具). 16．Most developers reserve the right to (拒绝) a property they think is virtually unsaleable. 17．If burnt, rubber can (发出；释放) a poisonous gas. 18．In spring the fields (散发出) an earthy aroma. 19．He encouraged his crew to (参与各种娱乐活动) and celebrations because he thought it would keep their spirits up. 20．Behram’s journey to professional soccer is a story of p s (毅力和牺牲), according to Xinjiang Daily. 21．We (被困于) a traffic jam for an hour last night. 22．As far as I remember, my parents always reminded me of （我的餐桌礼仪）. 23．They collected some wood and (生火) to keep warm. 24．After carefully checking my bag, I already confirm that I (携带个人物品), including my laptop, wallet, and keys, before leaving the library. 25．Just now, the project manager (被指派为) the lead role in the new product launch. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 XB3U4词汇变形、短语和精练题答案： 一、词汇拓展 1. bitter adj.严寒的(=freezing);味苦的(反:sweet adj.甜蜜/美的);痛苦的→bitterly adv.苦涩/悲痛/强烈地→bitterness n.苦味/难;怨恨 sour adj.酸的 2. enthusiastic adj.热情的;热心的(=passionate)(about)→enthusiasm n.热心,热忱,热情(=passion) 3. assign vt.分派;布置;分配→assignment n.分配;任务(=task=mission);作业(=homework) wage n.工资;报偿 salary n.薪水 4. abandon vt.舍弃;抛弃(=desert);放弃→abandoned adj.被抛/废弃的 沉迷于做某事:abandon/apply oneself to doing sth. 5. resolve vi/ vt.决定/心;解决(=solve)→resolved adj.下定决心的(=determined),坚决的→resolution n.决心/定,坚决,解决(=solution) 6. cruel adj.残酷/忍的;冷酷的→cruelly adv.残酷地→cruelty n.残酷;残忍 音近词:crew n.全体人员 rude adj.粗鲁的;无礼的→rudeness n.粗鲁;无礼 同样变法:loyal adj.忠诚的→loyally adv.忠诚地;诚实地→loyalty n.忠心 形近词:★royal adj.皇家的→royally adv.庄严地→royalty n.王权;皇室 7. furniture n.家具(不可数) furnish vt.提供;供应;装备→furnished adj.配备有家具的 good-tempered adj.好脾气的,和蔼的 8. unfortunately adv.不幸地→fortunately adv.幸运地→fortunate adj.幸运的→fortune n.幸运(=luck),命运(=lot=fate),财富(=wealth) 9. advertising n.广告活动;广告业→advertise v.公布;宣传;做广告→advertisement n.公告 10. corporate adj.公司/法人的→corporation n.公司(=firm=company) 形近词:cooperate vi.合作→cooperation n.合作 11. commitment n.承诺;保证;奉献;犯罪→commit vi.忠于;承诺 be committed to doing…一心一意做…(双写t加ed) 12. guide n.指南;导游v.指导;指引;领路→guidance n.指/引导;领导 在某人指导下:under the guidance of sb. 在某人帮助下with the help of sb. 13. persevere vi.坚忍,坚持→perseverance n.坚持不懈 形近词: severe adj.严重的(=serious),恶劣的;严峻的;严厉的 14. recreation n.消遣;娱乐=entertainment=amusement→recreational adj.休养的,娱乐的 15. envy n./v.羡慕;嫉妒→envious(=jealous) adj.嫉妒的(of) thorough adj.彻底/周密的 through prep.穿过;通过adv.从头至尾;彻底地 16. v.下沉n.水池: sink-sank-sunk candidate n.候选人 episode n.插曲;(人生的)一段经历;片段;一集 17. misery n.痛苦,苦难→miserable adj.悲惨的,不幸的(=unfortunate),可怜的,令人痛苦的 18. self n.自己,自我→selfish adj.自私的→selfless adj.无私的 crush v.压坏/碎;镇压 crash n./v.碰撞;坠落 have a crush on;迷恋… 19. rough adj.粗糙的;不平的→roughly adv.粗糙地;概略地,大约(=about=approximately) tough adj.坚韧的;严格的;困难的→toughly adv.强硬地 20. belong vi.属于→belonging n.归属感(the sense of belonging);所有物,附属物(以复数形式出现:belongings) belongings n.动产;财物 21. genuine adj.真实的(=real),真诚的(=sincere)→genuinely adv.真地;真正地(=sincerely) 22. vigour n.活力,精力(=energy)→vigorous adj.有活力的;精力充沛的(=energetic) 23. decent adj.得体的,体面的;正派的;相当好的→decency n.正派;体面 go aboard 上船;上飞机等交通工具 go abroad 去国外 24. endure v.忍耐;容忍→enduring adj.持久的(=lasting),不朽的→endurance n.忍耐力 25. adverse adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的→adversity n.逆境;厄运;窘境 dilemma n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境 26. navigate v.航海→navigator n.领航员→navigation n.航行;导航 niece n.侄女 nephew n.侄子 27.motive n.动机,目的(=purpose=intention) motivate vt.使有动机;激发;激励(=encourage=stimulate=inspire)→motivation n.动力/机→motivated adj.积极/主动的 review/revise: 28.serve vt. & vi. (为…)服务;任(职)→service n.服务;服役;仪式→servant n.仆人,公/服务员 serve sb.为某人服务 serve as…作为… 29.universe n.宇宙→universal adj.全体的,广泛的,普遍的(=general adj.总体的,普遍的;一般的) 30.consult v.咨询,请教,商讨,查阅→consultant n.顾问(=advisor) popular adj.流行的;受欢迎的→popularity n.流行;受欢迎(度)→popularize v.普及 31.permission n.许可;批准;许可证→permit v.允许;准许;使有可能 过去式、过去分词:permitted 32.intention n.打算;意图;目的(=purpose=aim)→ intend vt.计划;打算 be intended/designed for专为…而设计 be intended/designed to do 旨在做某事 二、汉译英 1．navigator 2．loyal 3．motor 4．candidate 5．make a fire 6．give off 7．episode 8．commitment 9．motive 10．Confucianism 11．persevere 12．resolve 13．resolution 14．crew 15．cruel 16．thorough 17．furniture 18．unfortunately 19．fortunately 20．bark 21．cupboard 22．assign 23．steward 24．envy 25．crush 26．sink 27．abandon 28．stove 29．blanket 30．belongings 31．adversity 32．wage 33．bitter 34．expedition 35．endurance 36．vigor 37．reject 38．qualified 39．enthusiastic 40．aboard 三、重难短语精练 1．at the age of　      在……的年龄 2．turn sb.down       拒绝(某人) 3．be enthusiastic about     热衷于 4．set off        出发 5．keep one's spirits up     振作精神 6．from bad to worse      每况愈下 7．make it      成功 8．consist of         由……组成 9．cheer sb.up       使某人振作起来 10．deal with         处理；对付 11．make fire         生火 12．give off       放出(热、光、气味或气体) 19. assign sb. to do sth. 指定/安排某人做某事 20. resolve to do sth. 决定做某事 21. be cruel to sb. 对某人残酷 22. apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物 23. sign up 注册；签名；报名 24. cope with 应付；处理 四、单句语法填空 1．Unfortunately 【详解】考查动词。句意：不幸的是，他被困在了交通堵塞中，因此未能按时参加会议。修饰整个句子，用副词形式。根据句意可知，用副词unfortunately，表示“不幸的是”。故填Unfortunately。 2．has grown/has been growing 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：据节日主办方介绍，近年来，年轻人对传统文化的热情不断增长。根据时间状语“in recent years”可知，句子使用现在完成时，或强调这一动作一直正在进行，使用现在完成进行时，主语是enthusiasm，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式has grown或has been growing。故填has grown/ has been growing。 3．has been learning 【详解】考查时态。句意：自从她进入大学以来，她就一直在学习有关环境保护的法律知识。根据时间状语since she entered university可知，用现在完成进行时，表示学习这个动作从过去时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。主语she为第三人称单数，谓语动词用has。故填has been learning。 4．commitment 【详解】考查名词。句意：他对非暴力的承诺使他在1989年获得了诺贝尔和平奖。根据句意及空前的His和空后的to nonviolence可知，空处应用名词commitment，作主语，且commitment是不可数名词。故填commitment。 5．enthusiastic 【详解】考查形容词。句意：你似乎对这场演出并不怎么热心。空格前为副词terribly，后接形容词构成系表结构，enthusiasm的形容词形式为enthusiastic，且be enthusiastic about是固定搭配，意为“对……热心”，符合句子的语义逻辑和语法规则。故填enthusiastic。 6．debating 【详解】考查时态。句意：他们已经争论了几个小时，但仍未达成任何共识。根据后文for hours以及have been可知为现在完成进行时，表示过去发生的动作持续不间断进行。故填debating。 7．expanding 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：该公司一直通过贸易杂志广告来扩大客户群。强调动作expand“扩大，扩展”从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，时态用现在完成进行时，本空用expand的现在分词形式expanding，与空前的has been构成现在完成进行时。故填expanding。 8．barking 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：门外正在叫的狗让小女孩感到害怕。根据空后名词dog及dog与bark的主谓关系可知，此空应用现在分词barking，作定语。故填barking。 9．has been roaring 【详解】考查时态。句意：风在教室外呼啸了一个小时，但学生们仍然专注于英语听力。根据for an hour以及the students are still focused on English listening可知，此处表示过去某一动作持续到现在，可能还要继续下去，应使用现在完成进行时，其结构为have/has been doing，主语是The wind，助动词用has。故填has been roaring。 10．commitment 【详解】考查名词。句意：他对英语学习的投入激励了同学们更加努力地学习。空处用于形容词性物主代词His之后，应用名词commitment，表示“投入，奉献”，作主语，是不可数名词。故填commitment。 11．guidance 【详解】考查名词。句意：只有一个办法能弄清楚：我正撸起袖子，在这一领域的资深大师的指导下进行训练。根据设空前的介词under和设空后的of可知，设空处应用名词形式，under the guidance of意为“在……的指导下”，是固定搭配，故填guidance。 12．perseverance 【详解】考查名词。句意：马被视为充满活力的动物，象征着坚强的意志和毅力。a symbol of后接名词形式，在句中作宾语。persevere的名词形式为perseverance，为“毅力；坚持不懈”之意。故填perseverance。 13．has pretended/has been pretending 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：为了避免惹麻烦，他多年来一直假装不知道真相。根据for years可知，此处强调动作从过去开始持续到现在，可使用现在完成时has pretended，表示动作已完成但影响持续，或现在完成进行时has been pretending，表示动作仍在持续。故填has pretended/has been pretending。 14．have been labouring/have laboured 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：救援人员一直在夜以继日地努力营救自上周五发生事故以来在山中徒步旅行的游客。让我们祈祷一切顺利吧。根据“since the emergency occurred last Friday”可知主句可使用现在完成进行时，强调动作从过去持续到现在，且有可能继续下去，since引导时间状语从句，主句也可使用现在完成时，主语Rescuers是名词复数，助动词使用have。故填have been labouring/have laboured。 15．being abandoned 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：严重的预算削减最终导致这个研究项目半途而废。固定搭配lead to sb./sth. doing sth.表示“导致某人/某物做某事”；且“the research project(研究项目)”与“abandon(放弃)”是被动关系，需用现在分词的被动式being done；abandon的过去分词为abandoned。故填being abandoned。 16．has occupied/has been occupying 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这项具有挑战性的任务在过去几个月里几乎占据了他所有的时间和精力，使他几乎没有时间和家人在一起。occupy“占据”。本空作which引导的非限制性定语从句的谓语，从句修饰先行词The challenging task，由时间状语during the past few months可知，句子描述的是从过去持续到现在的情况，时态应用现在完成时，且主语which指代先行词The challenging task，助动词用has，谓语用has occupied。或者occupy这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并将继续持续下去，句子应用现在完成进行时，谓语用has been occupying。故填has occupied或has been occupying。 17．qualified 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我发现他有资格担任这个职位，他能以一种实际而合理的方式帮助处理这种情况。空处作宾补，形容词qualified“合格的，有资格的”符合题意，qualified for“有担任……的资格”是常用搭配。故填qualified。 18．thorough 【详解】考查形容词。句意：即便准备周全，你仍将面临挑战。根据空后名词preparation可知，此空应是形容词thorough，意为“彻底的，完全的”，作定语。故填thorough。 19．candidates 【详解】考查名词的数。句意：所有候选人必须在星期五之前提交申请。candidate“候选人”为可数名词，被all修饰，应用其复数形式candidates作主语。故填candidates。 20．has been conducting 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：研究团队在过去三年里一直在进行可再生能源实验，预计他们下个月将公布研究结果。conduct“实施，做”。空处作句子的谓语，根据时间状语for the past three years可知，此处表示动作从过去持续到现在，并可能持续下去，时态应用现在完成进行时，主语The research team是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has been conducting。 21．have been organizing 【详解】考查现在完成进行时与主谓一致。句意：地方政府自2018年以来一直在学校组织免费表演，帮助学生了解皮影戏的文化意义。根据时间状语since 2018和语境“一直组织”可知，此处需用现在完成进行时；主语local governments为复数，助动词用have。故填have been organizing。 22．injured 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：事故中有几个人受伤。本句为there be句型，所以空处用非谓语形式。people和injure之间是动宾关系，用过去分词，作后置定语。故填injured。 23．application 【详解】考查名词。句意：这些规则的应用是严格的。空处作主语，提示词的名词形式application“应用”符合题意，此处为抽象概念，不可数。故填application。 24．has been resolved 【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：尽管这个问题到现在已经解决了，但它确实突显了一个事实：随着人类住宅建设的增加，野生动物的自然栖息地正在减少。根据时间状语“by now(到目前为止)”可知，此处应使用现在完成时。主语“the problem”与动词“resolve(解决)”之间为被动关系，需用现在完成时的被动语态“have/has been done”，主语为单数，助动词用has, resolve的过去分词为resolved。故填has been resolved。 25．have been assigned 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：自2020年6月老中铁路公司招聘并培训老挝实习生以来，超过90%的老挝实习生已被分配到特定岗位。主语over 90 percent of the Lao trainees与assign之间是被动关系，根据时间状语since the Laos-China Railway Co recruited and trained them in June 2020可知，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为复数，助动词用have，assign的过去分词为assigned。故填have been assigned。 五、小语段填空 1．where 2．calmer 3．surroundings 4．the 5．but 6．what 7．stunned 8．trembling 9．itself 10．has recorded 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了作者与两位教授从马瑙斯出发，乘坐独木舟前往神秘高原的探险历程。 1．考查定语从句。句意：我们离开宽阔的大河，转入一条较小的溪流，在那里航行变得困难得多。空格前是完整的主句，空格后是修饰“a smaller stream”的定语从句，从句缺地点状语，需用关系副词where引导定语从句，故填where。 2．考查形容词比较级。句意：每次遇到急流，我们都得把独木舟抬过森林，运到更平静的水域。括号内“calm”为形容词，结合语境，急流区域水流湍急，需前往“更平静”的水域，故用比较级形式calmer，故填calmer。 3．考查名词复数。句意：但两位教授却不在意周围的环境。括号内“surround”为动词，表示“包围，围绕”。此处需用名词“surroundings”（常用复数，指“周围环境、景物”）作宾语，故填surroundings。 4．考查定冠词。句意：在远处，我们听到一阵咚咚的鼓声。“in the distance”是固定短语，指“在远处”。故填the。 5．考查转折连词。句意：这声音让我毛骨悚然，但教授们却异常平静。前半句“毛骨悚然”与后半句“异常平静”形成转折关系，需用转折连词but连接，故填but。 6．考查宾语从句。句意：第九天，我们终于见到了一直在寻找的东西：一长排高大的红色悬崖。空格引导宾语从句，作“saw”的宾语，从句中“looking for”缺少宾语，指代“一直在寻找的事物”，需用连接代词what，故填what。 7．考查形容词。句意：我们惊愕地坐着，一言不发。括号内“stun”为动词，表示“使震惊”，此处需用形容词“stunned”（指“人感到惊愕的”）修饰名词“silence”，表“惊愕的沉默”，故填stunned。 8．考查现在分词。句意：最后，萨默利教授开口了，声音因情绪而颤抖。空格处为独立主格结构，“his voice”与“tremble”是主动关系，需用现在分词形式表伴随状态，故填trembling。 9．考查反身代词。句意：我们知道，真正的冒险才刚刚在我们面前展开。从句主语为“our real adventure”，空格处需用反身代词itself 作宾语，表示“（冒险）自身展开”，故填itself。 10．考查现在完成时。句意：那天晚上，当我们躺在帐篷里的时候，我们可以听到高原上传来奇怪的叫声——那些声音是现代科学家从未记录过的。结合语境，“现代科学家从未记录过” 表示动作从过去持续到现在，需用现在完成时；主语“no modern scientist”为单数，且是否定含义，助动词用has，故填has recorded。 六、高级句式表达 1．I felt a genuine smile spread across my face 【详解】考查动词、名词，非谓语动词和时态。句意：我环顾四周的家人，自从爸爸去世后，我第一次感到一丝发自内心的微笑在脸上绽开。根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“感到微笑在脸上绽开”应用感官动词结构 feel sth. do sth.，强调动作的全过程；feel在and之后的分句中作谓语，时态用一般过去时，动词feel用过去式felt；“发自内心的微笑”译为a genuine smile；“在脸上绽开”译为spread across my face，spread为不带to的不定式，在本句中作宾语补足语。故填I felt a genuine smile spread across my face。 2．With the teacher’s patient guidance 【详解】考查with复合结构。句意：在老师的耐心指导下，这名学生在英语写作方面取得了巨大进步。“with + 名词/名词短语”是常见的with复合结构，可用来表示伴随的状态或条件，此处表示“在老师的耐心指导下”这一伴随情况。“老师的耐心指导”对应的英文是the teacher’s patient guidance，位于句首单词首字母需大写。故填With the teacher’s patient guidance。 3． suffering from 【详解】考查时态。句意：长江一直在遭受诸如过度捕捞等人类活动的影响。“遭受”作谓语，用动词短语suffer from，根据语境可知，长江从过去一直到现在都在遭受人类活动的影响，用现在完成进行时has been suffering from。故填suffering from。 4．overcame adversity 【详解】考查动词、名词和时态。句意：尽管资源有限，她战胜逆境成为了一名开创性的科学家。“战胜”作谓语，用动词overcome，讲述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，宾语“逆境”用名词adversity，不可数名词。故填overcame adversity。 5．With genuine kindness 【详解】考查介词、名词和形容词。句意：以真诚的善良，玛丽经常把她的文具分享给那些忘记带文具的同学。根据提示的汉语，此处表示“以真诚的善良”，表示“以，带着”为介词with ，表示“真诚的”作定语为形容词genuine，表示“善良”作宾语，为名词kindness，所以“以真诚的善良”为with genuine kindness在句中作状语，句首单词首字母大写。故填With genuine kindness。 6．His strong commitment to environmental protection 【详解】考查名词短语。句意：上学期，他对环境保护的坚定承诺促使他和同学们组织了一场校园回收活动。根据汉语提示可知，“对……的坚定承诺”用strong commitment to表示，作主语，结合后文的him可知用形容词性人称代词his修饰strong commitment；“环境保护”用名词短语environmental protection作介词to的宾语。故填His strong commitment to environmental protection。 7．The values of Confucianism 【详解】考查名词。句意：儒家的价值观，例如尊老爱幼，引导许多人以善意对待他人。表示“儒家”用专有名词Confucianism，表示“价值观”使用名词复数形式values，表示儒家倡导的多种价值观念。定冠词限定，用介词of表示所属关系，句首单词首字母大写，故填The values of Confucianism。 8．assigns volunteers to assist the elderly 【详解】考查动词和名词。句意：社区中心定期安排志愿者帮助老人处理日常家务。根据汉语提示“安排志愿者帮助老人”可知，“安排某人做某事”用固定短语assign sb. to do sth.，句子描述社区中心的常规工作，应用一般现在时，主语“The community center”为单数，谓语动词assign需用第三人称单数形式assigns，“志愿者”为volunteers作宾语，“帮助老人”为assist the elderly，使用不定式形式作宾语补足语。故填assigns volunteers to assist the elderly。 9．abandon the worthy cause/give up the worthy cause 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：面对慈善项目中的困难，Lisa从未选择放弃有意义的事业，因为她相信这能真正帮助那些有需要的人。choose to do sth.为固定搭配，后接动词原形，表示“放弃”应用abandon/ give up，表示“有意义的事业”应用the worthy cause。故填abandon the worthy cause/ give up the worthy cause。 10． initial expeditions promote cultural exchange 【详解】考查形容词、名词短语和动词。句意：他最初的探险抵达了遥远的土地，并非为了征服，而是为了促进文化交流。第一空根据汉语提示“最初的探险”可知，“最初的”用形容词initial修饰名词，“探险”为名词expedition，结合句意，此处表示“多次或一系列探险活动”，所以使用名词复数形式，故第一空填initial expeditions；第二空根据汉语提示“促进文化交流”可知，“促进”用动词promote，“文化交流”用名词短语cultural exchange，空前“to”为不定式符号，后接动词原形，故第二空填promote cultural exchange。故填①initial expeditions②promote cultural exchange。 11．made a New Year’s resolution 【详解】考查单词短语。句意：Jenny 立下新年决心，要每月去一次孤儿院，并已坚持了整整一年。表示“立下新年愿望（决心）”为make a New Year’s resolution，根据后文现在完成时可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。故填made a New Year’s resolution。 12．Driven by the noble motive of helping rural children get better education 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：以帮助农村孩子接受更好教育的崇高动机为驱动，李先生放弃了高薪工作，成为了一名乡村教师。根据汉语提示“以……为驱动”可知，此处使用动词“drive”，表示“以……为驱动”应使用短语“be driven by”，分析句子结构可知，空处应为非谓语动词作状语，且与句子主语“Mr. Li”之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词形式，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“崇高的动机”应为“the noble motive”，表示“帮助农村孩子接受更好教育”应为“of helping rural children get better education”，作“motive”的后置定语。故填Driven by the noble motive of helping rural children get better education。 13．has been dreaming of 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：周天辰自从5岁时第一次接触这项运动以来，就一直梦想着成为一名奥运冠军。“梦想做”使用动词短语dream of doing，结合“since he was first introduced to the sport as a 5-year-old”可知，句子用现在完成进行时，表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，主语表示单数意义，助动词使用has。故填has been dreaming of。 14．A wave of envy 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：一阵羡慕涌上心头，她紧紧地闭上了眼睛。根据汉语提示“一阵羡慕”可知，此处应用固定短语a wave of envy，位于句首单词首字母需大写。故填A wave of envy。 15．all the furniture 【详解】考查名词短语。句意：确保你有足够的空间放置所有的家具。根据汉语提示“所有的家具”可知，“所有的”译为all，“家具”译为furniture为不可数名词，结合句意，此处表示特指，所以其前使用定冠词the。故填all the furniture。 16． turn down 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：大多数开发商保留拒绝他们认为实际上无法出售的房产的权利。根据汉语提示“拒绝”可知，此处使用动词短语turn down，to为不定式符号，后接动词原形。故填turn down。 17． give off 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：如果橡胶被烧毁，就会释放出一种有毒气体。根据汉语提示“发出；释放”可知，空处应填动词短语give off，且情态动词can后跟动词原形。故填①give；②off。 18． give off 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：春天，田野散发出泥土的芳香。表示“散发出”使用动词短语give off，句子是描述一个事实，使用一般现在时，主语fields表示复数意义，谓语动词使用原形，故填①give②off。 19．attend all kinds of recreations 【详解】考查不定式和固定短语。句意：他鼓励他的船员参加各种娱乐和庆祝活动，因为他认为这可以让他们振作起来。“参与”是attend，“各种”是all kinds of，“娱乐活动”是recreation，要用复数形式表示多种不同的娱乐活动，encourage sb. to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，因此attend用原形，故填attend all kinds of recreations。 20． perseverance/erseverance and sacrifice/acrifice 【详解】考查名词。句意：据《新疆日报》报道，贝赫拉姆的职业足球之旅是一个关于毅力和牺牲的故事。根据汉语提示“毅力”和“牺牲”可知，空格处涉及单词perseverance意为“毅力”，为不可数名词，sacrifice意为“牺牲”，为不可数名词，“a story of perseverance and sacrifice”表示“一个关于毅力和牺牲的故事”。故填perseverance and sacrifice。 21．were stuck in 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我们昨晚被困在交通堵塞中长达一个小时。根据汉语提示可知，空处需要固定短语be stuck in“被困于”。根据last night可知，句子为一般过去时态，主语为we。故填were stuck in。 22．my table manners 【详解】考查代词和名词。句意：在我的记忆中，我的父母总是提醒我我的餐桌礼仪。表示“我的餐桌礼仪”用代词my加名词 table manners，故填my table manners。 23． made fire 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：他们收集了一些木头，生火取暖。make fire“生火”，and连接并列成分，空处和collected是并列的谓语动词，用动词过去式，故填①made②fire。 24．have taken personal belongings 【详解】考查动词、形容词和名词。句意：在仔细检查我的包后，我已经确认我带了个人物品，包括我的笔记本电脑，钱包和钥匙，然后离开图书馆。“携带”使用动词take，“个人”使用形容词personal作定语，“物品”使用名词复数belongings，此处表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，使用现在完成时，故填have taken personal belongings。 25． was assigned to be 【详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：刚才，项目经理被指派为新产品发布的领导角色。“指派”用动词assign，是句中谓语动词，“被指派为”是被动词语态，用be assigned to be表示，结合句意和时间状语Just now，讲述刚刚发生的事情，用一般过去时态，主语是单数名词，助动词用was。故填was assigned to be。 ( 第 1 页 共 15 页 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $