Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 阅读板块深度解读与能力提升训练-2025-2026学年高中英语译林版（2020）必修第三册

阅读板块深度解读与能力提升训练（译林版）必修三 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world The value of science ———————————— ◄课文复述与理解► ———————————— 1. According to the passage, what did the author realize after working on the atomic bomb? A. Science always leads to good things. B. Science could lead to very serious outcomes. C. He no longer loved science. D. Scientific knowledge carries moral instructions. 2. What is the first value of science mentioned by the author? A. Teaching moral choices. B. Removing uncertainty. C. Enabling power to do things. D. Providing intellectual enjoyment. 3. What can be inferred about the “excitement and mystery” in scientific research? A. They decrease as knowledge increases. B. They are only found at the start of research. C. They drive scientists to explore further. D. They are less important than practical results. 4. What does the author imply about “freedom to doubt” in science? A. It is easily obtained and maintained. B. It was historically achieved without struggle. C. It should be limited to scientific matters only. D. It is a fundamental responsibility for scientists. 5. In the context of the passage, what does the word “credit” most likely mean in Paragraph 3? A. Praise or recognition. B. Money in a bank account. C. A unit of educational study. D. Belief or trust. 6. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A. Scientists often feel let down by their discoveries. B. Scientific knowledge is superior to poetic imagination. C. The main goal of science is to find final answers to mysteries. D. Science provides intellectual enjoyment through endless discovery. 7. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To explore and defend the deeper values of science beyond its practical uses. B. To argue that science is inherently evil and should be limited. C. To explain the technical process of making an atomic bomb. D. To compare the different career paths available to scientists. 8. How does the author develop his argument in the second half of the passage (Paragraphs 4-6)? A. By listing historical examples of scientific discoveries. B. By comparing science with other fields like poetry. C. By criticizing the misuse of science in modern warfare. D. By shifting from practical benefits to intellectual and philosophical values. 9. What is the function of the first two paragraphs? A. To summarize the main arguments of the speech. B. To provide background data for a scientific report. C. To introduce a personal dilemma that motivates the entire discussion. D. To define key scientific terms used later. 10. In Paragraph 4, the author uses the phrase “turn over each new stone” primarily to ______. A. emphasize the danger of scientific research B. describe a method for conducting laboratory experiments C. metaphorically represent the act of exploring unknown questions D. argue that all scientific discoveries are accidental 11. Why does the author mention poets and dreamers in Paragraph 4? A. To suggest that scientists should become poets. B. To contrast the limitations of past imagination with the scope of scientific imagination. C. To criticize the lack of creativity in historical arts. D. To prove that scientific facts are less interesting than fiction. 12. Which of the following best supports the author’s point that “scientific knowledge does not carry instructions on how to apply it”? A. The story of working on the atomic bomb. B. The comparison between scientists and poets. C. The description of excitement in discovery. D. The statement about freedom born from struggle. 13. If the author were to evaluate a proposed policy that strictly regulates scientific research based on its potential for harmful application, which of the following arguments would he most likely agree with? A. Strict regulation is essential because science has inherent evil that must be controlled. B. Regulation should focus on the moral education of scientists and users, not on limiting freedom of inquiry. C. All research with potential military applications should be banned to prevent another atomic bomb. D. Scientific progress depends on unrestricted funding, so no regulation should be imposed. 14. The author claims that “With more knowledge comes a deeper, more wonderful mystery.” Based on this view, how would he most likely respond to the statement “The ultimate goal of science is to solve all mysteries”? A. Strongly agree, as this confirms the practical value of science. B. Agree in principle, but argue that we are still far from that goal. C. Disagree, because mysteries are obstacles that hinder scientific progress. D. Disagree, because true scientific understanding reveals ever-greater and more profound questions. ————————————— ◄能力提升训练► ———————————— 阅读以下短文，选出正确答案。 Recent studies on honesty show it brings many personal benefits. For example, honest people often have stronger inner goals, such as accepting themselves, connecting with others, and feeling part of a community, compared to less honest people. They also tend to experience greater well-being linked to purpose—like feeling in control, having good relationships, growing as a person, and finding meaning in life. However, honesty is not strongly tied to simple feelings of happiness or life satisfaction. This suggests that while being honest may not always make you feel happy at the moment, it helps build a meaningful and good life rather than just seeking pleasure. Honesty is also connected to better health. In a four-year study of older adults, those who were more honest had a lower risk of depression and lung cancer, moved more easily, and managed daily tasks better. Researchers think this may be because honest people are less likely to abuse substances and may handle stress better. By encouraging healthier behaviors, honesty seems to protect physical health in later life. Being truthful also helps relationships. People want honest partners, and honest individuals are usually more liked and respected. They pay more attention to others’ needs, which helps them connect. Sharing honestly in a relationship can feel good and bring people closer. When one person is open, it often makes the other person feel trusted and willing to share in return, improving closeness, communication, and understanding. So, honesty is wanted, helps people connect, and makes relationships stronger. On a larger level, honesty leads to positive results in communities, workplaces, and even countries. Children who see honesty around them tend to have fewer emotional or behavioral problems. In organizations, honesty increases well-being, commitment, and helpful behavior, while reducing harmful actions. In healthcare, when providers explain care options honestly, patients trust them more. At a national level, people who act honestly toward government—like paying taxes properly—report greater happiness, especially in countries that value good citizenship and discourage unfair behavior. In summary, research indicates that honesty can improve well-being not only for individuals but also across wider society. （350 词） 1. According to the text, which benefit is linked to honesty in older adults? A. Higher life satisfaction. B. A lower risk of depression. C. Stronger feeling of happiness. D. Greater personal pleasure. 2. What is the main reason honest people may have better health? A. They always feel happy and satisfied. B. They have more friends to support them. C. They are less likely to abuse substances. D. They never suffer from stress in life. 3. In relationships, honesty can make a partner feel ______. A. pressured and uncomfortable B. trusted and willing to share back C. competitive and challenged D. independent and distant 3. What is implied about countries that value good citizenship? A. They have stricter tax laws. B. They offer more government benefits. C. They encourage honest behavior more. D. They have fewer healthcare problems. 4. What does the phrase "linked to purpose" in paragraph 1 most likely mean? A. Connected to simple happiness. B. Aimed at seeking personal pleasure. C. Based on material achievements. D. Related to life goals and meaning. 5. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Stress management is key for older adults. B. Substance abuse is a major health problem. C. Honesty improves mental health in the young. D. Honesty is related to physical health benefits. 6. What is the author's primary purpose in writing this article? A. To warn about the risks of dishonesty. B. To tell a story about an honest person. C. To present research findings on honesty. D. To argue for strict honesty policies. 7. Which of the following best describes the overall structure of the passage? A. General statement -> Specific examples B. Problem -> Cause -> Solution C. Personal story -> General conclusion D. Specific examples -> General statement 8. The author discusses honesty's effects on individuals, relationships, and society. This structure is an example of ______. A. order of range (small to large) B. order of importance C. chronological order D. comparison and contrast 9. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Challenge of Being Honest B. Happiness Through Honest Living C. The Wide-Ranging Benefits of Honesty D. Building Stronger Relationships with Honesty 10. Which point is used to support the idea that honesty strengthens relationships? A. Honest people handle stress better. B. Honesty can protect physical health. C. It increases well-being in organizations. D. It makes partners feel trusted to share in return. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 阅读板块深度解读与能力提升训练（译林版）必修三 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world The value of science —————————————— ◄文本解读► ————————————— 课标维度 具体要求 本文体现 主题语境 人与社会·科学与技术； 人与自我·生活与学习。 聚焦科学本质、科学伦理、科学家社会责任；涉及个人价值观与职业认同的反思。 语篇类型 演讲辞（兼具叙事、议论与说明特征）。 个人叙事引入 → 哲理思辨 → 分层论证 → 责任呼吁 语言技能 理解复杂抽象概念；分析论证逻辑；评价作者观点。 处理“evil in science”、“enabling power”、“freedom to doubt”等抽象概念；识别三段式论证结构。 文化意识 理解科学文化的普世性与伦理责任；认识批判性思维在科学发展中的作用。 展现科学共同体的价值观（怀疑、谦逊）； 回应二战后的科学伦理困境（原子弹）。 思维品质 辩证看待科学与社会的关系；培养逻辑推理与批判性思维。 承认科学的双重性（善与恶可能）； 从工具价值上升到精神价值的递进思考。 一、文本定位与课标要求对照 二、作者写作目的与核心价值 1. 主要目的 伦理疗愈与公共阐释：通过公开演讲，处理自身参与曼哈顿计划的心理负担，向公众解释科学家的道德困境。 价值重构：在原子弹阴影下，重新为科学寻找不可动摇的价值基石——不仅在于其有用性，更在于其培育的思维方式和精神自由。 教育使命：作为诺贝尔奖得主，向年轻一代和公众传递真正的科学精神内核，强调freedom to doubt的重要性。 辩护与警示：既为科学辩护（科学本身非恶），又警示科学力量需道德引导。 2. 核心价值主张 三元价值体系：科学的价值是工具价值（做事情的能力）、审美价值（智力愉悦） 和 伦理/认识论价值（与无知和怀疑共处的能力）的有机统一。 责任归因：Scientific knowledge is an enabling power... but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it.→ 善恶取决于使用者的道德选择。 自由即责任：科学家的自由探索权源于历史斗争，因此有责任declare the value of this freedom并demand this freedom as our duty to all coming generations。 三、语篇结构与特征分析 宏观结构：个人叙事导入 + 三层价值递进 + 责任升华 各部分详解 1. 开篇：个人叙事建立伦理张力（第1-2段） 结构功能：以自传性故事建立 情感可信度和问题紧迫性。 核心矛盾： 年轻时信念：science would make good things for everybody 战时经历：This result of science was obviously very serious—it represented the destruction of people 关键一问：“Is there some evil involved in science?” → 这不是理论问题，而是亲历者的生存性拷问。 修辞策略： 对比：good things for everybody vs. destruction of people 设问：引导听众共同进入反思状态。 承诺结构：It was a question I had to answer. ... I will try to answer it in this talk. 建立演讲路线图。 2. 主体：三层价值论证——从外在到内在的深化 （第3-6段） 第一层：工具性价值 论证方式：承认共识，随即限定。 共识：enables us to do and make all kinds of things 关键限定：but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it 伦理框架：明确区分 科学知识 与 道德选择： to the credit of science（科学之功） to the credit of the moral choice（道德选择之功） 隐喻：an enabling power——科学是“赋能者”，而非“主宰者”。 第二层：审美/智力价值 逻辑推进：从“有用”到“有趣”，从外在功能到内在体验。 核心意象群： excitement and mystery turn over each new stone unimagined strangeness 认知辩证法：With more knowledge comes a deeper, more wonderful mystery → 知识不是终结神秘，而是深化它。 崇高对比：imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets and dreamers of the past ever could→ 科学想象力是诗意的升华。 第三层：认识论与伦理价值 视角转换：从科学的“产出”转向科学家的“生存状态”。 核心概念三部曲： ignorance（无知）——起点 uncertainty（不确定）——过程 doubt（怀疑）——方法 历史化论证：our freedom to doubt was born out of a deep and strong struggle against authority → 将怀疑精神置于思想解放史中。 生存哲学：it is perfectly possible to live and not know → 一种与不确定性共存的智慧。 3. 结尾：从个人体验到普遍责任（第7段） 身份确认：It is our responsibility as scientists... 责任三重奏： to declare the value of this freedom（宣告） to teach how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed（教导） to demand this freedom as our duty to all coming generations（要求） 修辞升华：从“我”的困惑，到“我们”的经验，最终指向对“所有后代”的责任，完成伦理共同体的构建。 四、语言特色与衔接手段 1. 词汇特征 抽象概念具体化： evil involved in science（将“恶”具体化为原子弹） enabling power（将“力量”隐喻为工具） 情感词汇演变： 困惑：serious, destruction, at risk 愉悦：enjoyment, excitement, pleasure, fantastic 谦逊与坚定：ignorance, doubt, responsibility, duty 科学哲学关键词：ignorance, doubt, uncertainty, authority, freedom of thought 2. 句式与修辞 个人化与普遍化交替： 个人：I thought..., I had to ask myself... 普遍：We scientists take it for granted..., It is our responsibility... 平衡句式： When he has an idea as to what the result is, he is uncertain. And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be, he is still in some doubt. 劝导性句式： we must not forget..., we must recognize..., Permit us to question... 隐喻系统： 力量隐喻：power, enabling 旅程隐喻：look deeper, turn over stones, progress 斗争隐喻：struggle against authority, freedom was born out of... 3. 衔接与连贯 问题-解决框架： 问题（科学是否有恶？） → 探索（三重价值） → 解决（责任与自由） 逻辑连接词： 转折与递进：But then, Put another way, Of course, but 列举：The first way, Another value, a third value 主题词复现与深化： science（11次） → 从“事物”变为“实践” value（6次） → 含义逐渐丰富 doubt（5次） → 从状态变为美德 五、教学应用建议（基于课标） 1. 语篇分析训练 结构图绘制：用图表呈现“个人困境→三层价值→责任呼吁”的递进结构。 论证链分析：追踪“怀疑（doubt）”如何从科学家的个人经验，发展为历史斗争成果，最终成为世代责任的论证链条。 文体融合分析：识别叙事、议论、说明元素如何服务于同一演讲目的。 2. 思维品质培养 伦理困境讨论：如果科学知识可用于善恶，科学家应承担多少责任？费曼的“道德选择”论是否足够？ 价值排序思辨：费曼将“智力愉悦”和“怀疑精神”置于“实用价值”之上，你是否同意？为什么？ 现实关联：在人工智能时代，费曼的“enabling power without instructions”观点有何新启示？ 3. 语言学习聚焦 学术演讲特征：学习如何用Put another way, The first way in which..., I would now like to turn to...等表达构建清晰演讲脉络。 抽象名词处理：理解evil, value, ignorance, doubt在语境中的具体含义。 长句解析：分析It is our responsibility as scientists, knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought, to declare the value of this freedom...等复杂句的语法结构与信息分层。 4. 跨学科联系 历史：结合二战史、曼哈顿计划，理解科学家的伦理困境。 哲学/伦理学：探讨“责任伦理”与“信念伦理”在科学实践中的冲突。 科学哲学：理解“可证伪性”、“怀疑主义”在科学方法论中的地位。 六、文本的教育价值 本文是科学人文主义的典范文本，完美体现《课标》对“科学精神与人文情怀统一”的追求： 超越工具主义科学观：引导学生看到科学不仅是“生产力”，更是思维方式、审美体验和伦理实践。 培养辩证技术态度：既不因技术滥用（如原子弹）否定科学，也不盲目崇拜技术，而是强调人的道德主体性。 塑造理性谦逊品格：living with ignorance and doubt是一种重要的心智成熟——在信息过载时代尤其珍贵。 理解科学的社会契约：科学家享有探索自由，是因为社会赋予的信任；因此有责任教育公众、捍卫思想自由。 教学核心启示：本文不仅是一篇语言学习材料，更是一份科学公民的成长指南。它邀请学生思考：在技术日益强大的时代，我们如何既拥抱其力量，又保持人的道德判断与精神自由？这正是21世纪核心素养的关键所在。 ———————————— ◄课文复述与理解► ———————————— 1. According to the passage, what did the author realize after working on the atomic bomb? A. Science always leads to good things. B. Science could lead to very serious outcomes. C. He no longer loved science. D. Scientific knowledge carries moral instructions. 【答案】 B 【解析】 本题为细节理解题。定位至第一段第三、四句：“But then during the war I worked on the atomic bomb. This result of science was obviously very serious—it represented the destruction of people and it put our future at risk.” 这两句明确指出，原子弹这一科学成果是“非常严重的”，代表了毁灭并使未来处于风险之中。B项“科学可能导致非常严重的后果”是此意的直接概括。A项与作者最初的幼稚看法一致，但与经历后的新认知相反；C项在文中未提及，作者并未表达不爱科学；D项与第三段“it does not carry instructions on how to apply it”相悖。 2. What is the first value of science mentioned by the author? A. Teaching moral choices. B. Removing uncertainty. C. Enabling power to do things. D. Providing intellectual enjoyment. 【答案】C 【解析】本题为细节理解题。定位至第三段首句：“The first way in which science is of value is...: scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.” 该句明确指出科学的第一种价值是“使我们能够做和制造各种东西的能力”，即C项“做事的能力”。 A项是部分信息，但原文强调的是科学赋能，道德选择是使用者的责任，而非科学本身所教；B项是第三种价值中讨论的“怀疑”，与第一种价值无关; D项是第二种价值。 3. What can be inferred about the “excitement and mystery” in scientific research? A. They decrease as knowledge increases. B. They are only found at the start of research. C. They drive scientists to explore further. D. They are less important than practical results. 【答案】C 【解析】 本题为推理判断题。定位至第四段第二至四句。作者描述：当我们深入研究任何问题时，会反复感受到兴奋和神秘；知识越多，神秘感越深、越奇妙，这激励人们更深入地探究；我们带着愉悦和信心去揭开每个新事物，发现意想不到的奇异性，引出更奇妙的问题。由此可推断，这种兴奋和神秘感是科学家持续探索的动力。C项正确。A项与“With more knowledge comes a deeper, more wonderful mystery”矛盾。B项与“coming to us again and again”和持续探索的描述矛盾。D项在文中未比较，且作者赋予智力享受极高价值。 4. What does the author imply about “freedom to doubt” in science? A. It is easily obtained and maintained. B. It was historically achieved without struggle. C. It should be limited to scientific matters only. D. It is a fundamental responsibility for scientists. 【答案】D 【解析】 本题为推理判断题。定位至最后两段。倒数第二段指出，怀疑的自由源于早期科学反对权威的深刻而强烈的斗争，必须铭记这一斗争的重要性，承认无知并为怀疑留出空间。最后一段更是明确指出，作为科学家，有责任宣告这种自由的价值，教导人们欢迎怀疑，并将要求这种自由视为对后代的责任。这强烈暗示了“怀疑的自由”是科学家的基本责任。C项正确。A项与“born out of a deep and strong struggle”及需要“demand”相矛盾。B项与“born out of a deep and strong struggle”直接相反。C项在文中未提及，作者未对怀疑的范围设限。 5. In the context of the passage, what does the word “credit” most likely mean in Paragraph 3? A. Praise or recognition. B. Money in a bank account. C. A unit of educational study. D. Belief or trust. 【答案】 A 【解析】 本题为词义猜测题。定位至第三段第二句：“Of course, if we make good things, it is not only to the credit of science; it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work.” 该句结构为“it is to the credit of A; it is also to the credit of B”，讨论制造出好东西时，功劳或荣誉应归属于谁。结合上下文，科学知识是赋能的力量，但做出好东西，功劳不仅归于科学，也归于引导我们做好工作的道德选择。因此，“credit”在此意为“功劳、赞誉、认可”。A选项“Praise or recognition”最符合。其他选项均为“credit”的其他常见释义，在此语境中不适用。 6. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A. Scientists often feel let down by their discoveries. B. Scientific knowledge is superior to poetic imagination. C. The main goal of science is to find final answers to mysteries. D. Science provides intellectual enjoyment through endless discovery. 【答案】 D 【解析】 本题为段落大意题。第四段首句即主题句：“Another value of science is the intellectual enjoyment it can provide us with.” 全段围绕“智力享受（intellectual enjoyment）”展开，描述了探索过程中兴奋感、神秘感、愉悦感和自信心的持续循环，并指出知识带来更深奥的神秘，从而激发更深的探索。D项“科学通过无尽的发现提供智力享受”准确概括了段落主旨。A项与“Never concerned that the answer may let us down”相悖。B项是对段末句“imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets...”的曲解，该句强调科学想象力的奇妙，并未整体断言科学知识优于诗歌。C项与段落强调“more wonderful questions and mysteries”的开放性相悖。 7. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To explore and defend the deeper values of science beyond its practical uses. B. To argue that science is inherently evil and should be limited. C. To explain the technical process of making an atomic bomb. D. To compare the different career paths available to scientists. 【答案】 A 【解析】 本题为主旨大意题。文章始于作者因参与原子弹计划而对科学产生的伦理质疑，进而提出“科学的价值是什么”的核心问题。随后，文章系统阐述了科学的三种价值：工具性价值、智力享受价值、以及与无知和怀疑共处的经验所衍生的价值（尤其是思想自由的责任）。全文旨在回应开篇的质疑，深入探讨并捍卫科学超越其实际应用的更深层价值。A项准确概括了这一主旨。B项与作者最终为科学辩护并阐述其积极价值的立场完全相反。C项仅为引出话题的细节，非文章目的。D项文章未涉及。 8. How does the author develop his argument in the second half of the passage (Paragraphs 4-6)? A. By listing historical examples of scientific discoveries. B. By comparing science with other fields like poetry. C. By criticizing the misuse of science in modern warfare. D. By shifting from practical benefits to intellectual and philosophical values. 【答案】 D 【解析】本题为文章结构题。文章前半部分（第1-3段）提出了问题并阐述了科学的第一个（工具性）价值。后半部分（第4-6段）则阐述了第二个价值“智力享受”（第4段）和第三个价值“与无知、怀疑共处的经验及由此产生的自由与责任”（第5-6段）。这体现了论证从相对表层的、广为人知的“实际效益”（practical benefits），向更深层的“智力和哲学价值”（intellectual and philosophical values）的推进和深化。D项正确。A项，文中未列举具体历史发现案例。B项，与诗歌的比较仅在第四段末一句出现，是局部细节，非主要论证方法。C项，对科学滥用的批评仅在开头提及，后半部分未延续。 9. What is the function of the first two paragraphs? A. To summarize the main arguments of the speech. B. To provide background data for a scientific report. C. To introduce a personal dilemma that motivates the entire discussion. D. To define key scientific terms used later. 【答案】C 【解析】 本题为文章结构题。开头两段通过个人叙事（年轻时对科学的看法 vs. 参与原子弹研发的经历）引出了一个深刻的伦理困境和核心问题：“Is there some evil involved in science?” / “what is the value of the science...?”。这个问题为后文整篇演讲对科学价值的深入探讨提供了动机和框架。C项“引入激发整个讨论的个人困境”准确指出了其功能。A项，总结主要论点应在结尾。B项，本文是演讲，非数据报告。D项，未在开头定义术语。 10. In Paragraph 4, the author uses the phrase “turn over each new stone” primarily to ______. A. emphasize the danger of scientific research B. describe a method for conducting laboratory experiments C. metaphorically represent the act of exploring unknown questions D. argue that all scientific discoveries are accidental 【答案】 C 【解析】 本题为修辞手法题。“turn over each new stone”是一个隐喻（metaphor）。在上下文中，它与“look at any question deeply”、“find unimagined strangeness”、“more wonderful questions”等表述并列，生动形象地将科学探索未知、揭开奥秘的过程比喻为“翻开一块块新的石头”。C项“隐喻性地代表探索未知问题的行为”正确。A项，该隐喻未强调危险。B项，这是对隐喻的字面化误解，并非描述具体的实验方法。D项，“accidental”（偶然的）并非该隐喻或段落表达的意思。 11. Why does the author mention poets and dreamers in Paragraph 4? A. To suggest that scientists should become poets. B. To contrast the limitations of past imagination with the scope of scientific imagination. C. To criticize the lack of creativity in historical arts. D. To prove that scientific facts are less interesting than fiction. 【答案】 B 【解析】 本题为写作目的题。定位至第四段最后一句：“Thanks to the scientific effort, we have been led to imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets and dreamers of the past ever could.” 作者在阐述了科学探索带来的智力享受和奇妙体验后，用此比较来强调：科学努力所引领人们想象的景象，其奇幻程度甚至超越了过去的诗人和梦想家。其目的在于通过对比，凸显科学想象力所能达到的广度和深度，从而支持“科学提供巨大智力享受”这一论点。B项正确。A、C、D项均是对原文意图的曲解或过度引申。 12. Which of the following best supports the author’s point that “scientific knowledge does not carry instructions on how to apply it”? A. The story of working on the atomic bomb. B. The comparison between scientists and poets. C. The description of excitement in discovery. D. The statement about freedom born from struggle. 【答案】 A 【解析】 本题为论点论据题。题干引用的是第三段中关于科学知识是赋能力量但不自带使用说明的论点。作者提出该论点，意在强调科学知识本身是中性的，其应用效果取决于使用者的选择。最能支持这一论点的论据是文章开头提到的亲身经历：同样基于科学（物理学）的知识，既可以用于造福人类（作者年轻时的信念），也可以用于制造毁灭性的原子弹（战时的经历）。这个例子生动地证明了科学知识本身不决定其用途的善恶。A项正确。B、C、D项分别支撑的是关于科学想象力、智力享受和怀疑自由的其他论点。 13. If the author were to evaluate a proposed policy that strictly regulates scientific research based on its potential for harmful application, which of the following arguments would he most likely agree with? A. Strict regulation is essential because science has inherent evil that must be controlled. B. Regulation should focus on the moral education of scientists and users, not on limiting freedom of inquiry. C. All research with potential military applications should be banned to prevent another atomic bomb. D. Scientific progress depends on unrestricted funding, so no regulation should be imposed. 【答案】 B 【解析】 本题为批判性思维/观点推断题。解题关键在于整合作者的核心观点：1) 科学知识是赋能的力量，但其本身不带使用说明（第三段）；2) 善恶取决于使用者的“道德选择”（moral choice）；3) 怀疑与探究的自由来之不易，是科学进步的基础，科学家有责任捍卫它（第五、六段）。综合来看，作者会认为问题的核心在于使用者（包括科学家和社会）的道德判断与责任，而非科学知识或研究本身。因此，他更可能支持通过教育提升道德意识和社会责任，而非限制探究自由本身。B项“监管应聚焦于科学家和使用者的道德教育，而非限制探究自由”符合这一逻辑。A项与作者否定科学“本身涉恶”（inherent evil）的观点相悖。C项的“全面禁止”过于绝对，且可能损害作者珍视的探究自由，作者并未因原子弹而主张停止相关研究。D项“不应有任何监管”过于极端，文中作者承认科学力量可能被滥用，暗示需要某种形式的社会引导（如道德选择），而非完全无约束。 14. The author claims that “With more knowledge comes a deeper, more wonderful mystery.” Based on this view, how would he most likely respond to the statement “The ultimate goal of science is to solve all mysteries”? A. Strongly agree, as this confirms the practical value of science. B. Agree in principle, but argue that we are still far from that goal. C. Disagree, because mysteries are obstacles that hinder scientific progress. D. Disagree, because true scientific understanding reveals ever-greater and more profound questions. 【答案】 D 【解析】 本题为批判性思维/观点应用与逻辑推断题。题干引用的句子“知识越多，神秘感越深、越奇妙”是作者在第四段阐述科学智力享受时的核心观点。该观点揭示了一种辩证的科学认知观：科学探索不是简单地用知识“填平”神秘，而是在揭示更深层次、更精妙的问题。因此，科学的进程是开放式的，其“目标”不应被理解为“解决所有谜题”的封闭终点。D项“不同意，因为真正的科学理解会揭示出更宏大、更深刻的问题”准确地推断了作者基于其原文观点会作出的回应，即科学的魅力恰恰在于它不断开启新的未知领域。A项“强烈同意”与作者强调神秘感持续存在的观点直接矛盾。B项“原则上同意”仍然接受了“解决所有谜题”是终极目标的前提，只是认为过程漫长，这与作者认为知识会深化而非消除神秘的本质描述不符。C项“不同意，因为神秘感阻碍进步”与作者将神秘感视为驱动进一步探索的“奇妙”（wonderful）动力的积极描述完全相反。 ————————————— ◄能力提升训练► ———————————— 阅读以下短文，选出正确答案。 Recent studies on honesty show it brings many personal benefits. For example, honest people often have stronger inner goals, such as accepting themselves, connecting with others, and feeling part of a community, compared to less honest people. They also tend to experience greater well-being linked to purpose—like feeling in control, having good relationships, growing as a person, and finding meaning in life. However, honesty is not strongly tied to simple feelings of happiness or life satisfaction. This suggests that while being honest may not always make you feel happy at the moment, it helps build a meaningful and good life rather than just seeking pleasure. Honesty is also connected to better health. In a four-year study of older adults, those who were more honest had a lower risk of depression and lung cancer, moved more easily, and managed daily tasks better. Researchers think this may be because honest people are less likely to abuse substances and may handle stress better. By encouraging healthier behaviors, honesty seems to protect physical health in later life. Being truthful also helps relationships. People want honest partners, and honest individuals are usually more liked and respected. They pay more attention to others’ needs, which helps them connect. Sharing honestly in a relationship can feel good and bring people closer. When one person is open, it often makes the other person feel trusted and willing to share in return, improving closeness, communication, and understanding. So, honesty is wanted, helps people connect, and makes relationships stronger. On a larger level, honesty leads to positive results in communities, workplaces, and even countries. Children who see honesty around them tend to have fewer emotional or behavioral problems. In organizations, honesty increases well-being, commitment, and helpful behavior, while reducing harmful actions. In healthcare, when providers explain care options honestly, patients trust them more. At a national level, people who act honestly toward government—like paying taxes properly—report greater happiness, especially in countries that value good citizenship and discourage unfair behavior. In summary, research indicates that honesty can improve well-being not only for individuals but also across wider society. （350 词） 1. According to the text, which benefit is linked to honesty in older adults? A. Higher life satisfaction. B. A lower risk of depression. C. Stronger feeling of happiness. D. Greater personal pleasure. 【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“...those who were more honest had a lower risk of depression and lung cancer...”可知，对老年人而言，诚实与更低的抑郁风险相关。A项“更高的生活满意度”和C项“更强的幸福感”与第一段“诚实与简单的幸福感或生活满意度关联不紧密”相悖。D项“更多的个人愉悦”也与第一段强调诚实促进意义而非愉悦的观点不符。 2. What is the main reason honest people may have better health? A. They always feel happy and satisfied. B. They have more friends to support them. C. They are less likely to abuse substances. D. They never suffer from stress in life. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。第二段提到研究者认为诚实带来健康的原因时，明确列出了行为机制，如“less likely to abuse substances”（更不可能滥用物质）。A、D项过于绝对，文中未提及“always”（总是）或“never”（从不）。B项（更多朋友支持）在人际关系部分有提及，但并非第二段解释健康益处的主要原因。 3. In relationships, honesty can make a partner feel ______. A. pressured and uncomfortable B. trusted and willing to share back C. competitive and challenged D. independent and distant 【答案】B 【解析】判断推理题。第三段倒数第二句提到：“When one person is open, it often makes the other person feel trusted and willing to share in return...” 因此，诚实会让伴侣感到被信任并愿意以诚相报。A项（有压力和不适）、C项（有竞争性和被挑战）、D项（独立和疏远）均与文中描述的积极、亲密的效果相反。 3. What is implied about countries that value good citizenship? A. They have stricter tax laws. B. They offer more government benefits. C. They encourage honest behavior more. D. They have fewer healthcare problems. 【答案】C 【解析】判断推理题。最后一段提到，在重视公民美德的国家（即更严厉惩罚搭便车行为、更反对不道德行为），诚实行为带来的幸福感更强。由此可以推断，这些国家通过社会规范和潜在的惩罚/不认可机制，更多地鼓励诚实行为。A、B、D项的内容文中均未直接提及或暗示。 4. What does the phrase "linked to purpose" in paragraph 1 most likely mean? A. Connected to simple happiness. B. Aimed at seeking personal pleasure. C. Based on material achievements. D. Related to life goals and meaning. 【答案】D 【解析】词意猜测题。根据第一段上下文，“linked to purpose”后面给出的例子是“feeling in control, having good relationships, growing as a person, and finding meaning in life”（感觉可控、拥有良好关系、个人成长、找到生活意义），这些都属于与人生目标和意义相关的“实现型幸福感”，而非简单的快乐（A）、寻求个人愉悦（B）或物质成就（C）。 5. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Stress management is key for older adults. B. Substance abuse is a major health problem. C. Honesty improves mental health in the young. D. Honesty is related to physical health benefits. 【答案】D 【解析】段落大意题。第二段首句为主题句：“Honesty is also connected to better health.” 整段围绕诚实与健康益处（如降低抑郁和肺癌风险、行动更便利）展开，并探讨了可能的机制。A、B项均为段落中提到的细节（压力管理、物质滥用），不足以概括整段大意; C项对象错误（主要针对older adults，且不仅 mental health）。 6. What is the author's primary purpose in writing this article? A. To warn about the risks of dishonesty. B. To tell a story about an honest person. C. To present research findings on honesty. D. To argue for strict honesty policies. 【答案】C 【解析】写作目的题。全文以“Recent studies on honesty show...”开头，通篇围绕关于诚实益处的各项研究结果进行客观阐述，分别从个人、健康、人际关系、社会等层面呈现发现，属于信息说明文。A项（警告风险）、B项（讲故事）、D项（论证严格政策）均不符合文章客观介绍研究发现的基调。 7. Which of the following best describes the overall structure of the passage? A. General statement -> Specific examples B. Problem -> Cause -> Solution C. Personal story -> General conclusion D. Specific examples -> General statement 【答案】A 【解析】文章结构题。文章首句“Recent studies on honesty show it brings many personal benefits.”是一个总括性的陈述。随后各段落分别从内在追求与幸福感、健康、人际关系、社会层面等不同角度提供具体的研究发现和例子来支撑这个总述。因此是“总—分”结构。B项（问题-原因-解决方案）、C项（个人故事-结论）、D项（分-总）均不符合。 8. The author discusses honesty's effects on individuals, relationships, and society. This structure is an example of ______. A. order of range (small to large) B. order of importance C. chronological order D. comparison and contrast 【答案】A 【解析】文章结构题。文章依次讨论了诚实对个人（第一、二段）、人际关系（第三段）、以及更广泛的社会系统如社区、组织、国家（第四段）的影响。这种从个人到人际关系再到社会的论述顺序，是按照影响范围由小到大来组织的。B项（重要性顺序，文中未明确显示孰轻孰重）；C项（时间顺序）；D项（比较对比）均不符合。 9. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Challenge of Being Honest B. Happiness Through Honest Living C. The Wide-Ranging Benefits of Honesty D. Building Stronger Relationships with Honesty 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。全文的核心是介绍诚实带来的多方面益处，涵盖个人（内在追求、健康）、人际关系和社会等不同层面。“Wide-Ranging”（广泛的）准确概括了这一特点。A项（挑战）与文章积极的基调不符。B项（通过诚实生活获得幸福）过于侧重“happiness”，而文章指出诚实与简单幸福感关联不强，更侧重意义和广泛益处。D项（用诚实建立更强关系）只涵盖了第三段的内容，过于片面。 10. Which point is used to support the idea that honesty strengthens relationships? A. Honest people handle stress better. B. Honesty can protect physical health. C. It increases well-being in organizations. D. It makes partners feel trusted to share in return. 【答案】D 【解析】考查论点论据题。题目问支持“诚实能强化关系”这一观点的论据。第三段集中论述该观点，其中明确指出“When one person is open, it often makes the other person feel trusted and willing to share in return, improving closeness...”，即D项内容。A、B项是支持健康益处的论据。C项是支持诚实对社会组织（工作场所）有益处的论据。 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $