2026年山东省中职英语二轮专题名词课件

1. 专有名词（Proper Nouns） 专有名词表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称。 China(中国)、Asia(亚洲)、Beijing(北京)、 the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)、Sunday(星期日)...... 注意：专有名词的第一个字母一般大写，前面加the,且the首字母不大写 例如：the USA the UN 2. 普通名词 (1)个体名词： 表示单个的人和事物。 car(汽车)、room(房间)、 fan(风扇)、photo(照片) (2)集体名词： 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people(人们)、family(家庭)、army(军队)、government(政府)、group(集团) 表示某些人，某类事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。 (3)物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire(火)、steel(钢)、air (空气)、water(水)、milk(牛奶) (4)抽象名词：表示动作，状态，品质或其它抽象概念。 labor( 劳动)、health(健康)、life (生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐力) (5)复合名词：两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词。 passer-by(过路人)、father-in-law(岳父，公公) 注意 1) 普通名词前一般要加a或者an或者the. a book the key 2) 人名前若有尊称或者头衔，第一字母大写。 President Obama 3) 集体名词(看做整体）作主语时，谓语只能用单数。 Class one is the No.1 in the sports game 专有名词、普通名词和可数名词、不可数名词的关系 名词按其所表示的事物的性质也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 *个体名词和集体名词都可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词。 *物质名词和抽象名词一般不可以用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。 可数名词有单数和复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式。 可数名词：book, desk, bag, computer等 不可数名词：water, air, fish(鱼肉), chicken(鸡肉), meat 等 3. 可数名词（countable noun）与不可数名词（uncountable noun） 注意 表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head (做量词时单复数同形 ). five head of cattle 5 头牛 fifty (head of ) cattle 50 头牛 1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 (1) 一般在词尾加-s desk→desks pen→pens book→books room→rooms bag→bags cup→cups (2) 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es box→boxes bus→buses watch→watches dish→dishes (3)以-y结尾的： ① 辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i再加-es； story→stories family→families ② 元音字母加y结尾，直接加-s boy→boys day→days (4) 部分以f或fe结尾的词： 把f、fe改为v，再加-es half→halves leaf→leaves self→selves wife→wives knife→knives wolf →wolves shelf→shelves thief→thieves life→lives “半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙” (5)以o结尾的词： ①以元音+O结尾的可数单词变复数，直接加s: radio→radios； zoo→zoos； studio→studios； video→videos kangaroo→kangaroos； bamboo→bamboos ②以辅音+O结尾的名词变复数，加s，但有8个单词例外： 4个只加es： potato→potatoes；tomato→tomatoes； hero→heroes；Negro→ Negroes 4个既可加s，也可加es： zero→zeros/zeroes； motto→mottos/mottoes(格言) mango→mangos/mangoes; volcano→volcanos/volcanoes（火山） “黑人英雄念着格言，从0度的火山走过， 带走了烤熟的西红柿、土豆和芒果。” 2. 集体名词的单复数 集体名词有时可以做单数看，有时做复数看。集合名词被视为整体的时候作单数看，突出成员的时候作复数看。一般情况下，集体名词单复数动词都可以用，区别不大。但是，也有特殊情况 特殊情况 (1) 形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数 这类集合名词包括 family(家庭 ),team(队),class(班),audience(听众 )等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。 His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。 His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。 This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。 This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。 (2) 形式为单数，但意义永远为复数 这类集合名词包括 cattle(牛，牲畜 )，people(人)，police(警察 )等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式 , 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与a(n) 连用，但可与the 连用 (表示总括意义和特指 )。 People will laugh at you. The police are looking for him. Many cattle were killed for this. (3) 形式为复数，意义也为复数 这类集合名词包括 goods(货物 ) clothes(衣服 )等。 其用法特点是：只有复数形式 (表示复数意义 ,用作主语时谓语也用复数 )，但通常不与数词连用。 Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. Such clothes are very expensive. If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. (4) 形式为单数，意义也为单数 这类集合名词包括 baggage / luggage(行李 ), clothing( 衣服 ), furniture( 家具 ), machinery(机器 ), poetry( 诗), scenery(风景 ), jewelry(珠宝 ), equipment(设备 )等, 其用法特点为： 是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词 (当然更不能用数词 )，没有复数形式。 Have you checked all your baggage? All her jewellery was stolen by thieves New equipment is urgently needed. All the furniture was made of wood. Her poetry has a good deal of political content. 注：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene 等. a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗 many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器 (5) 补充几个比较特殊的情况 ① hair(头发，毛发 ) 指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词 (不可数 )；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词 (可数 )。 My hair has grown very long. The police found two hairs there. ② mankind(人类 )： 是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词 . This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明 . Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题 . 注： mankind 表示“ 人(类)” 时, 虽不可数 ,但有时却可以表示复数意义 ,尤其是当其表语是复数时 . Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物 . ③ fruit(水果 )： 作为集合名词 ,它通常是不可数的 . He doesn’t eat much fruit. He is growing fruit in the country. 但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即 a fruit 指一种水果，fruits 指多种水果。比较： Some fruits have thick skins. The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 3. 名词单数变复数的不规则变化 (1)元音变化： a变e：man→men ；woman→women oo变ee： foot→feet ；tooth→teeth ；goose→geese ou变i：mouse→mice；louse→lice 虱子 （结尾se变成ce） (2)单、复数词形相同的词 sheep→sheep; deer→ deer； fish→fish; (3)末尾加en: child→ children； ox→ oxen (4) 各国人的复数变化: ① 单复数一致：Chinese，Japanese，Swiss(瑞士人,瑞士的) ②Englishman→Englishmen，Frenchman→Frenchmen， 或 English、French保持单复不变； ③直接加“s”； Australian→Australians German→Germans Greek→Greeks希腊人 American→Americans 口诀“中日瑞不变,英法变中间,其他s加后边” (5)由man, woman 构成的合成名词，变复数时将名词及man, woman都变成复数。 man driver→men drivers; woman teacher→women teachers 但其他合成名词，只要把合成名词中的中心词 变为复数形式。 a banana tree→banana trees; a shoe factory→shoe factories 3. 不可数名词的数 不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，只能借助数词和量词来表示一定的数量，这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。 (1)表不确定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。 I don't have much money with me. We do not have any more information at the present time. I spend a lot of my time on shopping. (2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。 a piece of paper(一张纸)； a piece of news (一则新闻)； a bag of rice(一袋大米)； a drop of water (一滴水) I need a piece of paper to write a letter. This bottle can hold two glasses of milk. We want four bottles of water. 4. 物质名词的单复数 一般情况下，物质名词都是不可数的，但是有一些特殊情况。 (1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”。 Two strong black coffees, please.（两份） Three beers, please. （三杯） It was a special tea. （一种） (2) 个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。 rains 雨季 sands 沙滩 snows 积雪 waters 海域 The rains came too late to do any good. As the snows melt, the flood waters rise. 修饰可数名词 修饰不可数名词 意思 many much 很多 few little 很少 a few a little 一些 a number of a great deal of 大量的 some 一些 plenty of 许多 a large quantity of 大量的 a lot of / lots of 许多 5. 可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词 注意 (1) People 是集体名词，但当民族讲时可以用复数Peoples (2) 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名报纸杂志名也是为单数 The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book . 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书 (3)表示有两部分构成的东西，若表示具体数目，要借用数量词pair， scissors shoes chopsticks pants glasses 注意：fish (1)作鱼的条数时，单复数同形可数； This is a fish. These are two fish. (2)作鱼肉讲时，不可数; There is not much fish on the plate. (3)作各种鱼类讲时后面必须加-es构成复数 He raises a lot of fishes in the pool. (1) There are five (table) in this room. (2) These two (woman)are talking about the movie they saw yesterday. (3) He decided to hire two (people) to help him clean up. (4) He saw three (fox), two (deer), four (monkey), ten (butterfly) and two (wolf) in the forest. (5) Obviously, he forgot that he bought (五双鞋) yesterday. foxes deers butterflies monkeys five pairs of shoes tables women people wolves (6)He was surprised to find that there were (三个芒果), (一些鱼肉), (一袋米), (两只老鼠 ) and （两根头发) in this bucket. (7)After her husband died, she raised (三个孩子) by herself. (8) (五十棵苹果树)he planted were burnt down by a fire. (9)There are 25 (法国人) and 100 (德国人)in this company. (10). Please give me (一张纸).  three mangoes some fish a bag of rice two mice two hairs three children Fifty apple trees Frenchmen Germans a piece of paper 1、’s 所有格的用法 (1) 单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s构成所有格，主要用于有生命的东西。 单数名词后加’s : my brother’s book; my father’s car 不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s: children ’ s eyes (2)复数名词以-s结尾的只需要加’ 构成所有格。 boys’ bags; her parents’ marriage Those girls’ favorite food is ice-cream. (3) 以s结尾的人名加’或加’s : Dickens’ novels; Shakespeare’s work (4)表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加’s来表示所有关系。 New York’s population is much larger than Washington’s. The government's policy on higher education is a success. It’s only ten minutes’ drive to the center of the city. (5)表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词，其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略。 the doctor’s =the doctor’s clinic 诊所 I met her at the doctor's（clinic）． the tailor’s = the tailor’s shop 裁缝店 He has gone to the tailor's（shop） my uncle’s = my uncle’s house 叔叔家 She went to Mr. Black's（house）yesterday the barber’s = the barber’s shop 理发店 I had my hair cut at the barber's yesterday. 名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。 Whose pen is this？It's Tom's． The bike is not mine，but Jean's． 2. 特殊所有格 (1)某物为两个名词共有时，在第二个名词后加’s。 This is Tom and Jim’s room. (2)如果不是两人共有，而是各有各的，则两个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。 These are Tom’s and Jim’s rooms. 这是Gina 和Jose(共有的)的房子。 This is Gina and Jose’s house. 这些是Gina的书和Jose的书。 These are Gina's books and Jose's books. 凡不能加’s 的名词，都可以与of构成短语，“ of＋ 名词” 来表示所有关系。无生命名词的所有格也可以这么用。 a map of China the legs of the table a photo of my parents Does anyone know the title of the novel？ There is a tall tree at the end of the road． 书的封面： 衣服的尺寸： 3. of 所有格的用法 the size of the clothes the cover of the book 4.双重所有格及其用法 (1)双重所有格是什么？ 在表示所属关系，即表示“某人或某物的”时，可用名词所有格（名词+’s）或者of短语。但有时名词所有格可以和 of短语连用，同时含有名词所有格（或用名词性物主代词）和of短语的表达，就叫双重所有格，双重所有格的格式为：限定词+名词+of+名词所有格（或名词性物主代词）。 (2) 双重所有格的具体用法 (1)双重所有格多由a, an, this, that, these, those, any, some, each, every, many, more, most, either, neither, no, much, another, several, enough, such, one, two等冠词、指示形容词、不定形容词、数量词或疑问形容词which+名词+of+名词的所有格或名词性物主代词(mine，yours，his /hers /its等)构成。 a good friend of mine an interesting story of hers 我的一个好朋友 她的一个有趣的故事 He is a teacher of my sister's. A friend of hers has gone to London. It's no business of yours. That great idea of David’s brought us a lot of trouble. Which novel of Dickens’ are you reading? I have read some books of his． (2)双重所有格的形式可为名词+of+名词的所有格, 其中of后面的生物的所有格之后的名词被省略;也可为名词+of+名词性物主代词。 Tom, Mike, and Mary were classmates of Stephen's. Mr. Green and Mr. Brown are neighbors of mine. (4).如果双重所有格中of前面的名词是portrait, picture, printing, statue, photograph等时,是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等,而不是他本人的肖像或照片。 This is a portrait of Mr. White's. 这是怀特先生(收藏)的一幅画像 This is a portrait of Mr. White. 这是怀特先生的一幅画像。 特殊情况： 门的钥匙 the key to the door 问题的答案 the answer to the question 公园的入口 the entrance to the park (1)杰克的妈妈： Jack mother (2)中国的地图： a map China (3)门的钥匙： key the door (4)我的书： book 有生命→’s ’s to of My 无生命→of 形容词性物主代词 一一对应 1. 名词作主语 (句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体，人或事) The students are playing football now. My brother is listening to the music. Many young people are out of work. The girl is reading a book. 名词的句法功能 have been crying. 那群孩子一直在哭。 The children 2. 作表语（放在系动词后表示主语的身份或特征） She is an English teacher. My mother-in-law was a lawyer. 3.作宾语，包括及物动词和介词的宾语 （表示及物动词动作的对象） We are studying maths now. He often reads the newspaper before supper. 4 作定语，主要修饰它后面的名词 （限定或修饰名词、代词） This is a grammar book. This is a bicycle factory. 注：名词作定语时，除了man,woman用复数形式外，其他都不用复数形式。 a shoe shop (一家鞋店) →two shoe shops (两家鞋店) an apple tree (一棵苹果树) →many apple trees (很多苹果树). 5 名词作状语，主要用来表示时间、距离、长度、重量、程度、方式或价格等 The film lasted an hour. The box weighs 20 kilograms. I go to school every day. 6.名词作同位语 We students must study hard. Tom’s friend Andy is a doctor. ( )1.Several _____ are talking  under the tree． A．woman B．womans C．women D.womens ( )2.—How far is your school from here？ —Not very far．It's about twenty walk. A．minute's  B．minutes  C．minutes'  D. minute ( )3. There are three in my family. A.people B. person C. child D.childs 一. 在以下选项中选出正确答案 C C A ( ) 4. This table is made of_______. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 5.Bill runs fast. He won the  _____ 800-metre race yesterday. A．boys B．boys’ C．boy D．boy‘s . ( ) 6. Some ______ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( )7. In the picture there are many______ and two_______.  A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs B B A C ( )8. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science ( )9. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Jane’s C.Ann’s and Jane’s D.Ann’s and Jane ( )10.They write most of their_______ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters ( ) 11. This is not my cap, but my _______. A. brothers B. brother’s C. brothers’ s D. brother A B B B ( ) 11. _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used (　 ) 12. John bought_____for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe  C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes A D 1. Different people may have different . (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 二.根据所给单词的正确形式填空： ideas feet boys glasses photos watches months 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is two walk from here. (hour) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of________. (Lucy) tomatoes people women Teachers' knives vegetables hours’ Lucy’s $