专题14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解” （培优讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦长难句拆解核心专题，覆盖复杂定语、状语从句嵌套等8大考点及主旨大意、细节理解等7大题型，按“考情精析—考点深解—解题优化”逻辑架构，通过考点梳理、方法指导、真题训练帮助学生建立“拆解—重组—理解”思维，突破阅读障碍。 资料创新采用“结构先行，主干优先”策略，设计“拆—译—析—用”四步训练，如定语从句还原、非谓语功能标注等微技能专项，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。设置典例精析与变式巩固分层练习，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，高效提升学生长难句处理与应试能力。

专题14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解” 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】复杂定语的识别与处理 【考点02】状语从句的嵌套与省略 【考点03】非谓语动词结构的功能辨析 【考点04】插入语的识别与信息筛选 【考点05】倒装结构的还原技巧 【考点06】分隔结构的逻辑关系分析 【考点07】虚拟语气的语境判断 【考点08】长难句中的指代关系梳理 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】主旨大意题中的长难句处理 【题型02】细节理解题的精准定位 【题型03】推理判断题的逻辑链构建 【题型04】观点态度题的情感词识别 【题型05】词义猜测题的上下文分析 【题型06】句子理解题的结构拆解 【题型07】篇章结构题的句间关系分析 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：突破长难句是提升阅读理解能力、攻克高难度文本的关键。长难句分析不仅有助于学生应对高考，更能培养其逻辑思维、文本分析能力和语言综合运用能力，为后续高等教育与跨学科阅读奠定基础。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查句子结构分析能力、语境推理能力、信息整合能力，强调在复杂句式背景下快速捕捉主干、厘清修饰关系、准确理解句子深层含义。。 培优瓶颈：学生常见问题包括：见长句即畏难、过度依赖词汇翻译、忽视句子逻辑层次、对嵌套结构与省略现象不敏感。需通过系统训练提升“拆解—重组—理解”的思维习惯。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测：2026年高考英语可能继续加大阅读文本的句式复杂度与信息密度，长难句将进一步融入自然科学、人文社科学术类文本，并加强语篇中的逻辑衔接考查。 策略：1.结构先行，主干优先：训练学生快速定位句子主干（主谓宾/主系表），剥离修饰成分，建立“骨架意识”； 2. 分类突破，专项强化：针对八大考点设计微技能训练（如定语从句还原、非谓语功能标注、插入语跳读等），逐个击破； 3.语境回归，逻辑验证：引导学生将拆解后的句子放回段落语境，验证理解是否符合上下文逻辑； 4. 真题精练，错题反刍：精选近五年高考真题中的典型长难句，开展“拆—译—析—用”四步训练，形成解题思维闭环。 ◇考点 01 复杂定语的识别与处理 定语是修饰名词或代词的成分，高考中常见的复杂定语包括：介词短语作定语、分词短语作定语、定语从句（尤其是嵌套式定语从句）以及多个定语叠加的情况。 核心特征： 介词短语作定语：常由of, with, in, on等介词引导，位置可前可后 分词短语作定语：现在分词表示主动/进行，过去分词表示被动/完成 定语从句：由关系代词（which, that, who等）或关系副词（where, when, why）引导 多重定语：多个定语同时修饰一个中心词，形成复杂修饰关系 (2025年1月浙江首考) In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含以下定语结构： 1. 介词短语作后置定语："with similar cultural needs"修饰"plants"，说明植物的特征； 2. 现在分词短语作结果状语："forming a cooperative ecosystem..."表示分组种植产生的结果； 3. 定语从句："that conserves water and discourages weeds"修饰先行词"ecosystem"，说明生态系统的功能。 句子主干为"plants are grouped"，其余部分均为修饰成分。 句意： 在矩阵花园中，具有相似培育需求的植物被组合在一起，这样它们就能在地面上下共同生长，形成一个节约用水、抑制杂草的协作生态系统。 (2025年1月浙江首考) Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. 分析： 本句为简单句，包含多个现在分词短语作伴随状语（复杂定语性质）： 1. "adding artistic flavors..."补充说明推广风格的具体方式； 2. "while playing with..."表示同时进行的动作； 3. "including four-season interest..."进一步解释艺术风格的内涵； 4. "serving the needs..."说明该风格的附加功能。 句子主干为"gardens popularized this style"，所有分词结构均为后置定语性质的修饰成分。 句意：荷兰植物学家兼设计师皮特·奥多夫的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时巧妙运用色彩与形态，包括四季景观的趣味性并满足野生动物的需求。 (2025年1月浙江首考) Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含以下定语结构： 1. 过去分词短语作状语："Led by the concept..."表方式，其中"of 'right plant, right place'"为介词短语作后置定语修饰"concept"； 2. 定语从句："that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions"修饰先行词"plants"，限定植物的生长条件； 3. 介词短语作状语："according to their patterns of growth"中"of growth"为后置定语修饰"patterns"。 句子主干为"they match plants and arrange them"，存在并列谓语结构。 句意：在"适地适树"理念的指导下，他们将喜欢相同土壤、光照和气候条件的植物进行匹配，并根据它们的生长模式进行排列。 ： 1. 寻找中心名词，确定被修饰对象 2. 识别定语类型，判断修饰关系 3. 对于多重定语，按照"限定词-描绘性形容词-大小形状-年龄新旧-颜色-国籍-材料-用途"的顺序理解 4. 嵌套定语从句可采用"从后往前"的方式逐层拆解 ◇考点 02 状语从句的嵌套与省略 状语从句是高考长难句的重要组成部分，常考类型包括时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果状语从句等。复杂之处在于从句的嵌套使用和省略现象。 常见嵌套模式： 时间状语从句中嵌套条件状语从句 让步状语从句中嵌套原因状语从句 主句+状语从句+定语从句的三重结构 常见省略现象： 当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致且含有be动词时，可省略主语和be动词 if引导的条件状语从句中常省略it is as, though引导的让步状语从句可采用倒装省略形式 (2025年全国二卷读后续写) Every time I gave a self-introduction, I had to explain how to pronounce my name at least five times, yet they still could not say it the way I did. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含多重状语从句嵌套： 1. 时间状语从句："Every time I gave a self-introduction"由"every time"引导，说明主句动作发生的时间背景； 2. 方式状语从句："the way I did"省略了关系副词"in which"，完整形式应为"the way in which I did"，修饰动词"say"； 3. 并列转折结构：主句由"yet"连接两个对比分句，形成"虽然...但是..."的逻辑关系。 句子主干为"I had to explain... yet they could not say it"。 句意： 每次我做自我介绍时，都得教别人念我的名字至少五遍，可他们依然无法像我那样正确发音。 (2025年1月浙江首考) The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含时间状语从句的嵌套： 1. 时间状语从句："when German city planners sought to plant..."修饰主句谓语"was born"，说明概念产生的时间背景； 2. 介词短语作时间状语："after World War II"嵌套在时间状语从句中，进一步限定时间范围； 3. 定语从句："that would need minimal maintenance"修饰先行词"way"，说明种植方式的特征。 句子主干为"The concept was born"，时间状语从句内部包含完整的主谓宾结构。 句意： 这一概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大面积的公园绿地。 (2025年全国一卷阅读C篇) Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含让步状语从句与表语从句的嵌套： 1. 让步状语从句："Although these campaigns were widespread"由"although"引导，与主句形成转折关系； 2. 表语从句："that the majority... motor car"作系动词"is"的表语，说明"reality"的具体内容； 3. 介词短语作状语："around the needs of the motor car"修饰"redesigned"，说明重新设计的依据。 句子主干为"the reality is that..."，让步状语从句置于句首表强调。 句意：尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是大多数西方城市完全是围绕汽车需求重新设计的。 1. 识别状语从句引导词，明确逻辑关系 2. 对于嵌套从句，先找出最外层从句，再逐层分析内层结构 3. 遇到省略结构，尝试还原被省略的成分（通常是主语和be动词） 4. 注意特殊省略结构："be+主语+表语"相当于"whether+主语+be+表语" ◇考点 03 非谓语动词结构的功能辨析 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）在句中可作定语、状语、宾语、表语等成分，是构成长难句的重要元素。其复杂性在于同一非谓语形式可表示不同语法功能，不同非谓语形式又可表示相似意义。 非谓语动词的核心功能： 类型 主要功能 逻辑关系 不定式(to do) 作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语 表目的、将来、结果 动名词(doing) 作主语、宾语、定语、表语 表主动、习惯性动作 现在分词(doing) 作定语、状语、补语 表主动、进行 过去分词(done) 作定语、状语、补语、表语 表被动、完成 (2025年1月浙江首考) Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. 分析： 本句包含过去分词作状语的非谓语结构： 1. 过去分词短语作状语："Referred to as matrix planting"表被动关系（this approach被称为matrix planting），在句中作原因状语； 2. 不定式结构作宾语："to do a lot more..."作"aims for nature"的宾语补足语，说明目标内容； 3. 并列结构："the heavy lifting... and even some of the designing"形成宾语并列。 非谓语动词"Referred"与主句主语"this approach"构成被动关系，符合"过去分词表被动/完成"的语法规则。 句意： 这种方法被称为矩阵种植法，其目的是让大自然在花园中承担更多的繁重工作，甚至参与部分设计工作。 (2025年全国二卷阅读D篇) Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing, denying me the chance to discover one of the great wonders of sunshine—the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day. 分析： 本句包含现在分词作状语和不定式作定语的非谓语结构： 1. 现在分词短语作时间状语："Growing up"相当于"When I was growing up"，表伴随状态； 2. 现在分词短语作结果状语："denying me the chance..."表自然而然的结果，逻辑主语为主句主语"my family and our neighbors"； 3. 不定式短语作定语："to discover one of the great wonders"修饰"chance"，说明机会的内容； 4. 破折号后的同位语："the sweet 'sunshine scent'"解释说明"great wonders of sunshine"。 现在分词"Growing"与逻辑主语"I"构成主动关系，"denying"与主句主语构成主动关系。 句意： 从小到大，我家和邻居们从不使用晾衣绳晾衣服，这让我失去了发现阳光一大奇迹的机会——将衣服晒一整天后那种甜美的"阳光香味"。 (2024年新课标I卷阅读理解A篇) We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. 分析： 本句包含现在分词作状语的非谓语结构： 1. 现在分词短语作时间状语："while conducting..."相当于"while we are conducting..."，表伴随动作，与主句动作同时发生； 2. 并列宾语："invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection"构成动名词短语的并列，作"conducting"的宾语； 3. 主句结构："We’ll explore beautiful park sites"为将来时的主谓宾结构。 现在分词"conducting"与主句主语"We"构成主动关系，符合"while+现在分词"的省略结构规则。 句意：我们将探索美丽的公园场地，同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集工作。 1. 确定非谓语动词在句中的语法功能（定语、状语、宾语等） 2. 分析非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系（主动/被动） 3. 判断非谓语动词表示的时间关系（与谓语动词相比是先发生、同时发生还是后发生） 4. 注意"介词+动名词"结构，尤其是to作为介词的情况（如look forward to, be used to等） ◇考点 04 插入语的识别与信息筛选 插入语是插入在句子中间，对句子内容进行补充、解释或强调的成分。插入语的存在往往会打破句子的正常语序，增加理解难度。高考中常见的插入语形式多样，包括单词、短语和从句。 常见插入语类型： 副词插入语：however, therefore, indeed, fortunately等 短语插入语：in fact, in my opinion, as a matter of fact, to tell the truth等 从句插入语：I think, I believe, it is said, as we all know等 插入疑问句：do you think, don't you think, can you imagine等 分隔式插入语：将主语和谓语、谓语和宾语、或固定搭配分隔开 (2025年全国一卷阅读D篇) “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. 分析： 本句包含多重插入语结构： 1. 直接引语作宾语：引号内的内容为Caroline所说的话，构成句子的宾语从句； 2. 同位语插入语："an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland"作主语"Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay"的同位语，补充其身份信息； 3. 定语从句插入语："who was not involved in the research"修饰先行词"Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay"，进一步限定人物特征； 4. 主句结构："Caroline... tells New Scientist"为句子主干，所有插入语均位于主语和谓语之间。 识别插入语的关键在于找到句子主干"主语+谓语+宾语"，插入部分可暂时忽略以简化理解。 句意： "他们展示微塑料如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式非常好，"苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳·高肖特-林赛（未参与该研究）告诉《新科学家》杂志。 (2024年新课标Ⅱ卷语法填空) Chinese cultural elements commemorating Tang Xianzu, who is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 分析： 本句包含非限制性定语从句和同位语两种插入语： 1. 非限制性定语从句插入语："who is known as 'the Shakespeare of Asia'"修饰先行词"Tang Xianzu"，用逗号与主句隔开，补充人物称号； 2. 同位语插入语："William Shakespeare’s hometown"作"Stratford-upon-Avon"的同位语，解释说明该地点的身份； 3. 现在分词短语作定语："commemorating Tang Xianzu"修饰"Chinese cultural elements"，说明元素的性质。 插入语"who is known as..."即使去除，主句"Chinese cultural elements... add an international character..."依然完整。 句意： 纪念"东方莎士比亚"汤显祖的中国文化元素，为威廉·莎士比亚的故乡埃文河畔斯特拉特福增添了国际特色。 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇）The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. 分析： 本句包含非限制性定语从句和同位语插入语： 1. 并列主语："The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas"构成并列主语； 2. 非限制性定语从句插入语："all of whom appear in this book"修饰前面的并列主语，用逗号隔开，补充说明这些族群与本书的关系； 3. 同位语解释：冒号后的"a history told through things gives them back a voice"是对主句内容的进一步解释说明； 4. 定语从句："they made"修饰先行词"objects"，省略了关系代词"that/which"。 插入语"all of whom..."起到补充信息的作用，不影响主句的基本结构。 句意： 加勒比泰诺人、澳大利亚原住民、贝宁的非洲人民以及印加人——所有这些族群都出现在这本书中——现在可以理解为通过他们制造的物品向我们有力地讲述着他们过去的成就：通过物品讲述的历史让他们重新获得了话语权。 1. 识别插入语标志：逗号、破折号、括号常作为插入语的边界 2. 暂时忽略插入语，先找出句子主干，理解基本句意 3. 再回头分析插入语的内容及其与主干的关系 4. 注意区分插入语与非限制性定语从句，两者形式相似但功能不同 5. 对于分隔式插入语，要能识别被分隔的固定搭配或语法结构 ◇考点 05 倒装结构的还原技巧 倒装是为了强调、平衡句子结构或适应某些语法要求而将正常语序颠倒的现象。高考中常见的倒装结构包括完全倒装和部分倒装，理解倒装句的关键在于能够将其还原为正常语序。 常见倒装类型及还原方法： 以否定词开头的部分倒装：never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, not until等置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将否定词移回原位，助动词/情态动词还原。 "only+状语"开头的部分倒装：only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将only+状语移回原位。 so/such...that结构的部分倒装：so/such置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将so/such及其修饰成分移回原位。 表示地点、方向的副词开头的完全倒装：here, there, out, in, up, down等置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子完全倒装。还原时将副词移回句末，主语和谓语恢复正常语序。 （2023年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇） The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 分析： 本句包含比较状语从句中的隐性倒装： 1. 表语从句嵌套："that when crowds... independent individuals"作表语从句，说明"key finding"的具体内容； 2. 时间状语从句："when crowds were further divided..."修饰表语从句的主句； 3. 比较状语从句："than those from an equal number of independent individuals"中，"those"指代前面的"averages"，为避免重复而使用代词； 4. 隐性倒装还原：比较状语从句完整形式应为"than the averages from an equal number of independent individuals were accurate"，实际使用时省略了与主句相同的"were accurate"部分，形成部分倒装效果。 还原技巧：将比较对象"those"替换为其指代的名词"averages"，补全省略的谓语部分即可理解完整逻辑。 句意： 该研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组得出的平均值比同等数量独立个体得出的平均值更准确。 (2024年新课标Ⅱ卷七选五) You’ll compete with fewer tourists, save money, experience a different side of a popular place, and boost the economy when tourism is traditionally slower. 分析： 本句包含并列谓语的部分倒装结构： 1. 并列谓语结构："compete..., save..., experience..., and boost..."四个谓语动词并列，共用主语"You"； 2. 时间状语从句："when tourism is traditionally slower"修饰整个主句，说明动作发生的时间背景； 3. 隐性倒装：为保持句子平衡，四个并列谓语采用相同的动词原形开头，形成排比式倒装效果，正常语序应为"You'll compete..., you'll save..., you'll experience..., and you'll boost..."； 还原技巧：在每个并列谓语前补充主语"You'll"即可还原完整结构。 句意：你将遇到更少的游客，节省开支，体验热门景点的不同侧面，并在旅游业传统淡季时促进经济发展。 1. 识别倒装标志词（否定词、only、so/such等） 2. 判断倒装类型（部分倒装/完全倒装） 3. 将倒装部分移回正常位置，恢复主语和谓语的正常顺序 4. 注意特殊倒装结构：as引导的让步状语从句（形容词/副词/名词+as+主语+谓语） 5. 还原后再理解句子意思，避免被倒装结构误导 ◇考点 06 分隔结构的逻辑关系分析 分隔结构指句子中本应紧密相连的两个成分被其他成分隔开的现象。这种结构会干扰对句子逻辑关系的理解，是高考长难句的常见考点。 常见分隔类型： 主谓分隔：主语和谓语之间插入定语从句、状语、插入语等 动宾分隔：动词和宾语之间插入状语、定语等 固定搭配分隔：如between...and..., from...to..., not only...but also...等固定搭配被分隔 先行词与定语从句分隔：先行词和其修饰的定语从句被其他成分隔开 (2025年全国一卷语法填空) Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition. 分析： 本句包含多重名词短语分隔结构： 1. 宾语从句的主语分隔："the balance..., the beauty..., and the energy flow..."三个并列名词短语作宾语从句的主语，被多个后置定语分隔； 2. 后置定语分隔： - "between the black and white pieces"修饰"balance" - "in the strategic placement of the pieces"修饰"beauty" - "following each move"修饰"energy flow" 3. 谓语与宾语分隔：谓语"inspired"与宾语"artists"被主语的三个并列结构分隔，形成"S...V O"的分隔模式； 逻辑关系：三个并列主语共同作为"inspired"的动作发出者，构成"主语（多重分隔）+谓语+宾语+宾补"的结构。 句意： 屠呦呦表示，黑白棋子之间的平衡、棋子战略性摆放的美感以及每一步棋后的能量流动，启发了艺术家们为展览创作油画、雕塑、数字生成图像和丝网版画。 （2023年新高考I卷阅读理解C篇） In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. 分析： 本句包含现在分词短语分隔主句结构： 1. 主句："I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism"为主干，被两个现在分词短语分隔； 2. 现在分词分隔结构： - "starting with an examination..."作方式状语，分隔主句主语和谓语 - "before moving on to..."作时间状语，进一步分隔句子结构 3. 定语从句分隔："that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable"修饰"forces"，增加了分隔的复杂性； 逻辑关系：两个分词短语通过"starting with... before moving on to..."形成时间上的递进关系，共同修饰主句动作"describe"。 句意： 在第一部分，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了那些使许多人的数字生活变得越来越难以忍受的力量，然后再详细讨论数字极简主义哲学。 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. 分析： 本句包含不定式短语与插入语的双重分隔： 1. 主句结构："The goal... is to make the case... and then to teach you..."为主干，两个不定式短语作表语； 2. 插入语分隔："including a detailed exploration..."插入在两个不定式短语之间，分隔了并列的表语结构； 3. 宾语从句分隔："what it asks and why it works"作为"exploration of"的宾语，进一步增加句子长度； 逻辑关系："including..."补充说明"make the case"的具体内容，形成"总述+补充+递进"的逻辑结构。 句意： 本书的目标是论证数字极简主义的合理性，包括详细探讨它的要求和有效性，然后教你如何在认定它适合自己的情况下采用这种哲学。 1. 识别可能被分隔的结构（主谓、动宾、固定搭配等） 2. 忽略插入成分，先找到被分隔的两个部分 3. 分析插入成分的性质及其与句子其他部分的关系 4. 对于先行词与定语从句的分隔，注意根据句意和语法特征确定先行词 5. 重组句子，将被分隔的部分连接起来理解 ◇考点 07 虚拟语气的语境判断 虚拟语气用于表示与事实相反的假设、主观愿望、建议、推测等，其复杂之处在于不同时间的虚拟有不同的动词形式变化，且常与条件状语从句结合使用。高考中虚拟语气常出现在阅读理解的观点表达和推理判断部分。 虚拟语气的核心时态对应关系： 假设类型 条件从句谓语 主句谓语 与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词用were） would/could/should/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/could/should/might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形 / 过去式 would/could/should/might + 动词原形 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解B篇）Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 分析： 本句包含与过去事实相反的虚拟语气： 1. 虚拟条件句："if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely"为混合虚拟结构，其中"would have been prepared"和"managed"表示对过去情况的假设； 2. 虚拟主句："they could have been so much better"使用"could have done"结构，表示"本来能够..."但实际未实现的结果； 3. 语境判断：通过"looking back on the photos"和"though"可知，照片拍摄已经完成，虚拟语气表达的是对过去未做好准备的遗憾； 语法特征：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句用"had done"或"would have done"，主句用"could/might/would have done"。 句意： 尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍是我最好的作品之一，尽管如果我当时做好准备并合理安排时间，它们本可以拍得更好。 （2023年北京卷阅读理解B篇） Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 分析： 本句包含含蓄虚拟语气的语境： 1. 让步状语从句："even if they don’t sound perfect at the time"使用陈述语气，但结合上下文隐含虚拟含义； 2. 含蓄虚拟语境："Rather than setting plans in stone"暗示"如果当初制定了固定计划（而不是灵活应对）"的虚拟条件； 3. 语气判断：通过"have learned"和"sometimes need to"可知，这是基于过去经验的总结，隐含对"如果固执己见会怎样"的虚拟假设； 语法特征：通过"rather than"引导的对比结构实现虚拟含义，无需使用if条件句。 句意：我学会了不要制定一成不变的计划，而是有时需要抓住眼前的机会，即使它们当时听起来并不完美，并充分利用这些机会。 1. 识别虚拟语气的标志词：if, wish, as if, would rather, it's time, suggest, demand等 2. 根据动词形式判断虚拟的时间（现在、过去还是将来） 3. 分析虚拟语气所表达的真实含义（与事实相反的情况是什么） 4. 注意混合虚拟语气（条件从句和主句表示不同时间的虚拟） 5. 理解虚拟语气背后的作者态度（遗憾、建议、推测、假设等） ◇考点 08 长难句中的指代关系梳理 指代是指用代词（it, they, them, this, that, these, those等）或名词来代替前文提到的人、事物或概念。在长难句中，指代关系往往比较复杂，准确理解指代关系是把握句子逻辑和文章主旨的关键。 常见指代类型及特征： 人称代词指代：he, she, it, they, them等，通常指代前文提到的人或事物 指示代词指代：this, that, these, those等，可指代前文提到的单数/复数名词或整个句子 关系代词指代：which, that, who, whom等，引导定语从句，指代先行词 名词指代：用一个名词或名词短语来指代前文提到的概念或事物 it的特殊指代：可指代时间、天气、距离，或作形式主语、形式宾语 (2024年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇) These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable? 分析： 本句包含多重指代关系： 1. "These observations"：指代前文提到的"observational data"（观测数据），为复数形式； 2. "the primary data"：指与"observations"相对的"physical specimens"（实物标本数据）； 3. "they"：出现在直接引语中，根据前文"using observational data"可知，指代"observational data"（观测数据），与"These observations"为同一概念； 4. 逻辑链：These observations → observational data → they，形成"具体数据→类别名称→代词指代"的完整指代链条。 梳理技巧：通过上下文的同义替换（observations=observational data）和单复数一致（they对应复数名词）确定指代对象。 句意：这些观测数据现在已经超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些数据是否可用？ （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解C篇）Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. 分析： 本句包含代词与关系代词的指代关系： 1. "it"：指代主句主语"Britain"，为单数第三人称； 2. "who"：引导定语从句，指代先行词"top class chefs"，在从句中作主语； 3. "whose"：引导定语从句，同样指代"top class chefs"，在从句中作定语修饰"recipe books"； 4. "our"：根据上下文语境，指代"Britain's"，即英国的电视屏幕； 指代特征：通过主谓一致（it is producing）和上下文逻辑（英国培养厨师）确定各代词的具体指代对象。 句意：尽管英国以不太令人印象深刻的 cuisine 而闻名，但它正在培养更多顶级厨师，这些厨师经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的食谱书也经常登上畅销书排行榜。 (2024年全国甲卷阅读理解D篇) He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome. 分析：本句包含重复指代与并列指代关系： 1. 第一次重复指代："endings that I wanted for the characters"与"endings that were right for the characters"并列，两个"endings"均指小说中的结局； 2. 第三次重复指代：第三个"endings"进一步解释前两者，形成"总述+分述+补充"的指代结构； 3. "they"：指代最后一个"endings"，为复数形式，与先行词保持一致； 4. "that"：三个定语从句的关系代词，均指代各自的"endings"； 指代技巧：通过"between...and..."并列结构和重复关键词"endings"确定指代的一致性。 句意：他建议我思考我为角色想要的结局与适合角色的结局之间的区别——那些即使没有传统意义上的积极结果但能让故事圆满的结局。 1. 确定代词的数和性，缩小指代范围（单数/复数，指人/指物） 2. 向前寻找指代对象，通常指代前文提到的内容（注意：it有时可指代后文内容） 3. 注意指代的连贯性，同一个概念在文中可能用不同的代词或名词反复指代 4. 对于复杂指代，可尝试用指代对象替换代词，看句子是否通顺 5. 注意"就近指代"原则，但也要结合逻辑关系判断，避免被干扰项误导 ◇题型 01 主旨大意题中的长难句处理 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1 【2025全国二卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 29．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 30．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 31．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 考查句子 “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. 句子拆解与解题思路 主旨大意题通常需要我们把握文章的核心论点。这类题目的答案线索往往隐藏在文章的开头、结尾或段落的主题句中，这些句子常常是具有高度概括性的长难句。 句子拆解： 第一句: “People...report a higher life satisfaction rating,”. 这是一个典型的“总-分”结构中的总起句，直接点明了植物与生活满意度的正相关关系。`who live in plant-rich environments` 是修饰 `People` 的定语从句。 第二句: “Adding more nature...can change our mood and how we think.” 进一步解释了植物如何影响我们，直接关联到“情绪(mood)”和“思维(think)”。 第三句: Plants can improve our state of mind...but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol... 这是一个含有转折关系的复合句，具体阐述了植物改善心境的科学原理——降低压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。 解题思路： 1. 识别主题句： 文中多处句子都指向同一核心——植物对人的积极心理影响。如 "change our mood"、"improve our state of mind"、"decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone"。 2. 提炼核心概念： 将这些关键信息整合，可以得出文章主旨是“植物能够改善人的情绪和心理状态”。 3. 匹配选项： 选项B “Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)” 与我们提炼的核心概念完全吻合。其他选项A（更换植物）、C（选择技巧）、D（点亮家居）都只是文章可能涉及的次要信息，而非主旨。 4. 结论： 通过拆解和理解这些概括性的长难句，我们可以准确地抓住文章的中心思想，从而选出最佳标题。 典例2 【2025北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。考查句子 For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. 句子拆解与解题思路 句子拆解： 第一句: psychologists saw identity as a combination of.... 这句话介绍了心理学界对“身份认同(identity)”的传统看法，即它是一系列核心特征的组合。 第二句: 这是一个复杂的复合句，是理解文章核心的关键。 主干: Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity. (鲍勃·约翰逊创建了身份的生活故事模型)。 非限制性定语从句: in which he proposes that..., 修饰 `model`，解释了这个模型的内容。 宾语从句: that...these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story..., 作为 `proposes` 的宾语，是模型的核心理论。 时间状语从句: as we go through life, (随着我们经历人生)。 定语从句: through which we understand our lives, 修饰 `a personal story`，说明个人故事的作用是帮助我们理解生活。 核心信息： 这句话的核心思想是，我们的“自我认同”是通过将核心特征（价值观、信念等）与记忆融合，构建成一个“个人故事”来运作和理解的。 解题思路： 1. 定位核心概念： 文章开篇即提出“know yourself”和“sense of self”，并引入“life story model of identity”这一核心理论。 2. 分析关键句： 上述长难句详细解释了“life story model”是如何运作的，即通过构建个人故事来理解生活和自我。这正是对“self-identity works”的具体阐述。 3. 整合全文信息： 文章后续内容，如故事的一致性与生活满意度的关系、故事主题与心理健康的联系，都是在进一步解释“自我认同是如何运作的”。 4. 匹配选项： 选项A “How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”最准确地概括了文章从理论到影响的完整论述。其他选项都过于片面。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1 【河北省部分学校2025-2026学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题】What sounds like science fiction is becoming an increasingly common reality in medical facilities worldwide. Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools. Whether applied in physical recovery, pain management, or surgical training, this wearable technology is transforming traditional medical practices. Patients can be lost in interactive therapeutic environments while receiving real-time guidance for their treatment. The advantages of medical VR systems begin with their user-friendly design. Modern VR wearable devices feature lightweight construction and wireless connectivity, ensuring comfortable extended use. High-definition displays create realistic virtual environments, while integrated sensors precisely track body movements. Advanced models even combine eye-tracking technology to monitor patients’ visual attention, providing valuable data for healthcare professionals. Beyond creating realistic experiences, these systems employ complicated software to enhance treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress. The combination with cloud technology allows for secure data storage and enables remote monitoring by medical teams. This connectivity also lets different systems work together by connecting with other digital health platforms, like telemedicine services and wearable fitness trackers. The practical benefits of VR in healthcare are epoch-making. For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking. Some VR systems have already obtained official medical device certification, confirming their safety and effectiveness for clinical use. Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education. While not replacing traditional methods entirely, VR technology offers a valuable supplement to traditional treatments, potentially making healthcare more accessible and effective for patients everywhere. 13．What was VR mainly used for in the beginning? A．Leisure activities. B．Medical practices. C．Remote monitoring. D．Interaction guidance. 14．What can be inferred about medical VR systems from paragraph 2? A．They merely rely on visual effects to work. B．They aim to adapt treatment to each patient. C．They disconnect with other medical platforms. D．They require constant manual control by doctors. 15．What does the underlined word “epoch-making” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Official. B．Theoretical. C．Substantial. D．Controversial. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly say about modern VR wearable devices? A．Their origin. B．Their definition. C．Their prospects. D．Their shortcomings. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．C 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍虚拟现实技术从娱乐用途转向医疗领域并带来变革的相关情况。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools.(最初，虚拟现实眼镜主要与游戏和娱乐相关联，如今正逐渐成为强大的医疗工具)”可知，虚拟现实最初主要用于休闲娱乐活动。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress.(人工智能算法能够实时分析患者的动作，自动调整治疗难度以匹配每个人的进展情况)”可知，医疗虚拟现实系统的目标是让治疗适应每位患者的情况。故选B项。 15．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking.(对于患者来说，交互式虚拟环境提高了他们在康复训练中的参与度和积极性。对于医疗机构来说，这些系统在提供详细进展追踪的同时还能减轻工作人员的工作量)”可知，虚拟现实在医疗领域的实际益处是意义重大的。因此epoch-making的意思与substantial（价值巨大的） 相近。故选C项。 本题询问末段主旨。该句是段落的主题句，开门见山地指出了本段的核心内容。“Looking ahead”（展望未来）和“are expected to expand further”（有望进一步拓展）等词语直接揭示了本段将围绕VR技术在医疗领域的未来前景展开论述。抓住此句，即可准确把握段落大意。长难句中的关键提示词（如Looking ahead, in conclusion, in short等）往往是解题的钥匙。 16．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education.(展望未来，随着技术不断进步，虚拟现实在医学领域的应用有望进一步拓展。目前的研究正在探索它们在治疗心理疾病、管理慢性疼痛以及强化医学教育方面的潜力)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了医疗虚拟现实设备的发展前景。故选C项。 变式2[原创题]While it is true that artificial intelligence has made significant advancements in recent years, enabling machines to perform tasks that were once thought to require human intelligence, it is equally important to recognize that these technologies still lack the ability to understand context, exhibit creativity, and make moral judgments in the way that humans do. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The rapid development of artificial intelligence B. The limitations of current artificial intelligence technologies C. The comparison between human intelligence and AI D. The future prospects of artificial intelligence 答案：B 解析： 这个长难句由while引导的让步状语从句和主句构成。从句承认人工智能取得了显著进步，主句通过"it is equally important to recognize that..."强调了人工智能仍然缺乏的能力。整个句子的重心在主句部分，指出了当前人工智能技术的局限性。 选项A只涉及从句内容，是片面的；选项C和D在句子中没有体现；选项B准确概括了主句表达的核心观点。 ◇题型 02 细节理解题的精准定位 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 【答案】32．C 33．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 考查句子 Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. 句子拆解与解题思路 细节理解题要求我们从文中找到具体信息。答案往往是对原文某个长难句的同义转述或信息提炼。 句子拆解： 第一句: this process relies on the water.... 句首的 `Crucially` (至关重要地) 是强烈的信号词，表明这是关键信息。`relies on` (依赖于) 与题干中的 `determines` (决定) 形成对应关系。 修饰成分: containing enough calcium carbonate... 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 `water`，说明了水的关键属性是“含有足够的碳酸钙”。 第二、三句: 这两句通过对比实验数据来具体说明第一句的观点。 `boiling hard water` (高碳酸钙) → `90 percent drop` (效果好) `samples with less` (低碳酸钙) → `25 percent` (效果差) 核心信息： 去除微塑料的效果，决定于水中碳酸钙的含量，而碳酸钙含量是衡量水硬度（hardness）的标准。 解题思路： 1. 定位关键词： 题干中的关键词是 `determines the effectiveness`。 2. 扫描文本： 在原文中寻找与“决定因素”、“效果”相关的表述。`Crucially` 和 `relies on` 是强烈的定位信号。 3. 分析关键句： 拆解句子后发现，过程依赖于“water containing enough calcium carbonate”。 4. 同义转换： 理解“calcium carbonate”的含量决定了水的“hardness”（硬度）。因此，答案是 A. The hardness of water。 典例2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 考查句子 “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 句子拆解与解题思路 句子拆解： 主干: We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling. (我们对探索采样的各个方面特别感兴趣)。 定语从句: that tend to bias data, 修饰 `sampling`，指明了是哪种采样——那种“倾向于使数据产生偏差”的采样。 举例说明: like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass.... `like` 引导的介词短语举例说明了何为“有偏差的采样”，即人们更倾向于拍摄漂亮的开花植物，而不是旁边的草。 核心信息： 数据偏差（bias）是由采样（sampling）的方式引起的，具体表现为采样时存在主观偏好。 解题思路： 1. 定位关键词： 题干的关键词是 `biases` 和 `led to` (原因)。 2. 扫描文本： 在原文中找到 `bias` 一词。考查句子中明确出现了 `bias data`。 3. 分析关键句： 句子明确指出，研究者感兴趣的是 `the aspects of sampling that tend to bias data`（导致数据偏差的采样方面）。这直接回答了题目的问题。 4. 同义转换： “aspects of sampling that tend to bias data” 意思就是“不恰当的采样方式” (Improper way of sampling)。例子中“只拍花不拍草”正是采样不当的具体表现。 5. 匹配选项： 选项C “Improper way of sampling” 是对原文信息的精准概括。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【江苏省南京市中华中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题】 From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But ants aren’t like cars. They don’t get stuck in stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects. They want to learn how to program self-driving cars that do not jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density (密度) of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a wave of jam. “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo who studies these jamming transitions. Ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study, researchers recorded ants on trails, using traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. What did they find? The ants travel in groups of three to twenty. They move at nearly constant rates. They keep good distances between one another. And they do not speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour are hardly likely to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That’s why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno. But self-driven cars, if they one day become common, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars. This would improve traffic flow, perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be similar to ant trails. The insects use scent to control behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist studying ants at the University of California, Los Angeles. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be “very, very strong” and flexible, Nishinari says. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise be grown into a big traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. 1．What is the purpose of the study? A．To dig out ants’ secret in keeping their flow. B．To improve autonomous cars’ function. C．To better traffic rules on highways. D．To restrict drivers’ behaviour at rush hour. 2．Why does the author mention the “phase transition” in the second paragraph? A．To illustrate a phenomenon. B．To emphasize an opinion. C．To propose a solution. D．To describe a process. 3．Ants can keep smooth flow because . A．they interact with each other through scent B．they move in groups of flexible sizes C．they follow a strong leadership D．they travel at steady speeds with safe distances 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过研究蚂蚁的行为，来探索如何改进自动驾驶汽车的编程，以避免交通拥堵。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers are now studying these insects. They want to learn how to program self-driving cars that do not jam up.(研究人员现在正在研究这些昆虫，他们想了解如何对不会造成拥堵的自动驾驶汽车进行编程。)”以及第四段“But self-driven cars, if they one day become common, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars. This would improve traffic flow, perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road.(但是自动驾驶汽车，如果有一天它们变得普及，可能会有更具协作性的编程。在对未来的一种设想中，自动驾驶汽车将与附近的汽车共享信息。研究人员认为，这或许可以通过优先保持恒定的速度和车距，或者不在路上超车来改善交通流量。)”可知，研究人员正在研究蚂蚁，他们想要了解如何对不会造成拥堵的自动驾驶汽车进行编程。由此可知，研究蚂蚁的目的是为了改进自动驾驶汽车的功能，使其交通状况更好。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density(密度) of cars increases on a highway. At 15vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a wave of jam. “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo who studies these jamming transitions.(随着高速公路上汽车密度的增加，交通的自由流动会变得不稳定。当每条车道每英里有15辆车时，一个司机轻点刹车就可能引发一连串的拥堵。‘这是一种相变，’就像水从液态变成固态一样，东京大学研究这种拥堵转变的数学物理学家Katsuhiro Nishinari说道。)”可知，作者先是描述了随着高速公路上汽车密度增加，交通自由流动变得不稳定，一个司机轻点刹车就能引发拥堵的情况，然后引用Katsuhiro Nishinari的话，将这种交通拥堵的形成类比为水从液态变成固态的“相变”现象。因此，作者在第二段提到“phase transition”是为了解释交通从流畅到堵塞的这一种现象。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study, researchers recorded ants on trails, using traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. What did they find? The ants travel in groups of three to twenty. They move at nearly constant rates. They keep good distances between one another. And they do not speed up to pass others.(蚂蚁即使在高密度的情况下也能保持行进顺畅。那么它们的秘诀是什么呢？在最近的一项研究中，研究人员用交通工程模型记录并分析了小路上的蚂蚁的行动。他们发现了什么呢？蚂蚁是以三到二十只为一组行进的。它们几乎以恒定的速度移动。它们彼此之间保持着合适的距离。而且它们不会加速超过其他蚂蚁。)”可知，研究发现蚂蚁以三到二十只为一组行进，它们几乎以恒定的速度移动，彼此之间保持着合适的距离，而且不会加速超过其他蚂蚁。由此可知，在安全距离内以稳定的速度行进使得蚂蚁即使在高密度的情况下也能保持行进顺畅。故选D。 本题考查原因细节。答案信息分布在连续的几个简单句中，需要考生综合提炼。句子“They move at nearly constant rates”（它们以几乎恒定的速度移动）和“They keep good distances between one another”（它们彼此保持适当的距离）共同解释了蚂蚁能够保持顺畅流动的原因。选项D中的“steady speeds”对应“constant rates”，“safe distances”对应“good distances”，是对原文信息的准确概括和同义转述。 变式2[原创题] The study, conducted by researchers at the University of California and published in the Journal of Environmental Psychology, found that individuals who spent at least 30 minutes per week in natural environments reported significantly lower levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol, compared to those who spent less than 10 minutes per week in such settings. 题目： According to the study, how much time per week should people spend in natural environments to reduce stress hormones? A. At least 10 minutes B. About 20 minutes C. At least 30 minutes D. More than 60 minutes 解析： 这个长难句包含多个修饰成分：过去分词短语"conducted by..."和"published in..."作定语修饰the study；定语从句"who spent at least 30 minutes per week in natural environments"修饰individuals；介词短语"compared to those..."作状语。 题目询问的是每周在自然环境中花费多少时间可以降低压力荷尔蒙水平。通过题干关键词"time per week"和"reduce stress hormones"定位到长难句中的"individuals who spent at least 30 minutes per week in natural environments reported significantly lower levels of stress hormones"，明确指出至少30分钟。 答案：C ◇题型 03 推理判断题的逻辑链构建 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。 考查句子 Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome... If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses... is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel... 句子拆解与解题思路 句子拆解： 第一句: if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome.... 这是一个条件状语从句，提出了一个前提：如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会带来麻烦。反之，则意味着采取措施可以避免麻烦。 第二、三句: 这两句是具体的预防措施（precautions）示例。 措施1: If people remove food..., grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. (如果人们移走食物，灰熊通常会无事通过)。 措施2: Putting electric fencing... is also highly effective. (设置电围栏也非常有效)。 第四句 (引语): “Our hope is to have a clean...place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,”. 这句引语总结了这些措施的目标：创造一个让熊可以安全通过而不会“学坏”的环境。 解题思路： 1. 识别问题类型： 题目要求从最后一段“推断(infer)”出什么。 2. 构建逻辑链： 前提/问题: 灰熊可能会带来麻烦 (become troublesome)。 解决方案 (原文明确列出): 移走食物、设置电围栏等预防措施。 措施效果 (原文明确指出): 灰熊会“无事通过”(pass by without trouble)，可以被“有效赶走”(highly effective at getting grizzlies away)。 逻辑推断: 既然存在有效的预防措施来避免人与熊之间的冲突，那么结论就是人类和灰熊可以和谐共存。 3. 匹配选项： 选项B “People can live in harmony with grizzlies (人类可以与灰熊和谐共处)” 是对上述逻辑链最合理的总结和推断。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届广东省部分学校高三上学期1月学科测试英语试题】For decades, society has implicitly ranked outgoing as a virtue, equating talkativeness with confidence, leadership, and even competence while branding introversion as a flaw to be fixed. We tell shy children to speak up, and urge quiet ones to be more assertive. This one-size-fits-all mindset doesn’t just marginalize (夸大) introverts; it robs the world of the unique perspectives only they can offer. Elena, a software engineer I worked with a few years ago. In team meetings, she rarely spoke unless directly asked, preferring to jot down ideas in a notebook rather than compete for airtime. But when the team hit a wall with a critical code issue that even had stumped even the most vocal members. However, she’d spent days quietly analyzing the problem, mapping out flaws no one else had noticed, and presented a solution with such clarity that the client praised it as game-changing. Her introversion wasn’t a barrier to impact but the foundation of it. She listened more than she spoke, focused deeply rather than broadly, and turned that quiet attention into work that moved the needle. Critics of introversion often mistake restraint for weakness, the distinction matters more than ever in a world that confuses volume with courage. Mr. Tanaka, a high school history teacher. He was the kind of educator who rarely raised his voice, yet his students remembered him as one of the most influential figures in their lives. When the school proposed cutting funding for the program which would have devastated (沉重打击) students from low-income families. Mr. Tanaka didn’t organize loud protests or fiery speeches. Instead, he spent weeks gathering stories from students whose lives had been changed by the program, and met calmly with board members to make his case. Eventually the funding was restored. He wasn’t loud, but he was unyielding; he was introverted, but never passive. A forest doesn’t thrive with only tall trees; it needs delicate ferns, winding vines, and quiet underbrush to create a balanced ecosystem. So too does society. Extroverts spark energy. They rally people to action and inject enthusiasm into group efforts. But introverts deepen that energy: they listen to the voices others ignore and turn quiet contemplation (沉思) into thoughtful change. When forcing introverts to act more extroverted, we’re not helping them, but stripping them of the qualities that make their contributions unique. The beauty of human nature lies in its variety. A world where everyone is loud would be a world without silence, reflection and the quiet magic of someone like Elena, who turns observation into innovation, or Mr. Tanaka, who turns resolve into justice. To let introverts be introverted isn’t to coddle them; it’s to honor the full spectrum of what it means to be human. It’s to recognize that true progress doesn’t come from everyone shining the same way, it comes from everyone shining in their own. 21．Which paragraph is the most suitable for placing the following sentence in? A virtuous person may be inward- focused, but never cowardly; in the face of injustice, they will stand up and speak out. A．Paragraph 1 B．Paragraph 2 C．Paragraph 3 D．Paragraph 4 22．The author mentions the project manager’s comment on Elena in Paragraph 2 mainly to __________. A．Criticize managers for their unfair evaluation of introverted employees B．Show that introverts often lack the confidence to express their ideas in public C．highlight the importance of leadership workshops in helping introverts improve D．illustrate how society misjudges introverts’ abilities based on outward behavior 23．What is the purpose of metaphor of “a forest” in Paragraph 4? A．Introverts are more like “underbrush” that supports the ecosystem silently B．Extroverts and introverts should compete to maintain social balance C．Diverse traits in society are as essential as varied species in nature D．A balanced society needs more “tall trees” to thrive than “delicate ferns” 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．C 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章批判了社会将外向等同于美德、贬低内向的固有观念，通过工程师埃琳娜和教师田中先生的案例，论证内向人的独特价值，并呼吁社会尊重人格多样性。 21．推理判断题。所给句子“A virtuous person may be inward - focused, but never cowardly; in the face of injustice, they will stand up and speak out. (一个有美德的人可能是内向专注的，但绝不是懦弱的；面对不公正，他们会站出来大声说出来。)”与第三段中田中先生的例子相契合。第三段讲述田中先生虽内向，在学校削减对低收入家庭学生有重大影响的项目资金时，他没有大声抗议，而是通过收集学生故事冷静与董事会成员沟通最终恢复资金，体现了他面对不公时的行动，并非懦弱。所以该句子适合放在第三段。故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段“Elena, a software engineer I worked with a few years ago. In team meetings, she rarely spoke unless directly asked, preferring to jot down ideas in a notebook rather than compete for airtime. But when the team hit a wall with a critical code issue that even had stumped even the most vocal members. However, she’d spent days quietly analyzing the problem, mapping out flaws no one else had noticed, and presented a solution with such clarity that the client praised it as game-changing. (埃琳娜是我几年前合作的一位软件工程师。在团队会议中，她很少主动发言，除非被直接提问，她更倾向于在笔记本上记录想法，而不是争抢发言机会。但当团队在关键代码问题上遇到瓶颈，就连最活跃的成员也束手无策时，她却花了几天时间默默地分析问题，找出其他人未曾注意到的缺陷，并提出了一个清晰的解决方案，以至于客户称赞其具有革命性意义。)”可知，项目经理对埃琳娜的评价，其主要目的是说明社会如何基于外在表现错误地判断内向者的能力。故选D。 23．推理判断题。根据第四段“A forest doesn’t thrive with only tall trees; it needs delicate ferns, winding vines, and quiet underbrush to create a balanced ecosystem. So too does society. Extroverts spark energy. They rally people to action and inject enthusiasm into group efforts. But introverts deepen that energy: they listen to the voices others ignore and turn quiet contemplation (沉思) into thoughtful change. When forcing introverts to act more extroverted, we’re not helping them, but stripping them of the qualities that make their contributions unique. (森林的繁荣并非仅靠高大的树木就能实现；它还需要娇嫩的蕨类植物、蜿蜒的藤蔓和安静的灌木丛来形成一个平衡的生态系统。社会亦是如此。外向者能激发活力。他们动员人们采取行动，并为团队努力注入热情。但内向者则能深化这种活力：他们倾听他人忽视的声音，并将安静的沉思转化为深思熟虑的变革。当迫使内向者表现得更外向时，我们并非在帮助他们，而是在剥夺他们那些使自身贡献独具特色的特质。)”可知，第四段将森林中需要高大树木、蕨类植物、藤蔓等不同物种来形成平衡生态系统，类比到社会中，说明外向者和内向者等不同特质的人对于社会平衡发展都很重要，就像自然界中不同物种一样必不可少。故选C。 本题考查比喻的目的，属于推理判断题。句子使用类比推理，将“森林生态系统”与“社会”进行比较。前半句说明森林的繁荣需要多种植物（高树、蕨类、藤蔓等）共同作用，构建平衡的生态系统。后半句“So too does society”明确指出社会也是如此。由此可推断，作者旨在说明社会的多样性（不同特质的人）对于社会的健康发展至关重要，就像物种多样性对自然界一样。选项C准确地概括了这一类比的内涵。 变式2[原创题] If the government had implemented stricter regulations on carbon emissions ten years ago, as many environmentalists had urged, the current rate of global temperature increase would be significantly lower than it is today, and we would have more time to adapt to the changes that are already inevitable. What can be inferred from the sentence? A. The government will implement stricter regulations on carbon emissions soon B. Environmentalists have been ignored by the government for ten years C. Global temperature increase has been slower than expected D. Stricter carbon emission regulations could have slowed global warming 解析： 这是一个复杂的虚拟语气句子，表达与过去事实相反的假设。从句"had implemented"表示与过去事实相反的假设（政府十年前没有实施更严格的碳排放法规），主句"would be significantly lower"表示由此产生的结果（全球气温上升速度会显著降低）。 通过虚拟语气的逻辑关系，我们可以推断出：如果实施了更严格的法规（过去），就会产生减缓全球变暖的效果（现在）。因此，选项D正确表达了这一推断。其他选项均无法从句子中合理推断出来。 答案：D ◇题型 04 观点态度题的情感词识别 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content. However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 12. Why was the sugar tax introduced? A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks. C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education. 13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products. C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content. 14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke. 15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story. C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers. 【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。 考查句子 Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 句子拆解与解题思路 句子拆解： 第一句: Today's figures...show the positive influence.... 情感/评价词: `positive influence` (积极影响) 直接点明了对糖税政策的正面评价。 具体表现: `by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools` 解释了积极影响的具体内容——为学校体育和健康饮食筹集了资金。 第二句: Helping the next generation...is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 评价性表述: `of great importance` (非常重要) 再次强调了这项政策目标的重大意义。 补充说明: `the industry is playing its part` (行业正在发挥其作用) 暗示了政策正在有效推动行业变革（如前文提到的减糖）。 解题思路： 1. 定位问题核心： 题目要求推断对“糖税政策的采纳”的评价。 2. 寻找评价性信息： 在文章末尾，作者引用政府官员的话对政策进行了总结性评价。 3. 分析关键句： 句子中明确使用了 `positive influence` (积极影响) 和 `of great importance` (非常重要) 等词语，清晰地表达了对该政策的肯定态度。 4. 综合推断： 一个产生了“积极影响”并且目标“非常重要”的政策，可以被推断为是成功的。 5. 匹配选项： 选项B `It is a success story` (这是一个成功的故事) 是对原文积极评价的合理推断。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【江苏省南京市中华中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题】After Alexander Pushkin was shot in a duel (决斗) in 1837, crowds of mourners formed in Saint Petersburg. When the wagon carrying the much loved poet’s body reached Pskov province, where he was to be buried, admirers tried to pull the vehicle themselves. Today’s celebrity funerals tend to involve the public largely digitally rather than in person. But people are passionate all the same. In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational. Unlike other kinds of grief, this one is not rooted in personal intimacy. If you ever interacted with a cherished author, it was probably during a book tour when she signed your copy of her novel. Maybe you once locked eyes with a musician during a live concert and he smiled at you, but actually he did not even know you. Objectively, sorrow makes sense when a star dies young or violently. Had she not died at 27, who knows what music Amy Winehouse would have added to her already impressive collections of work? The death of a long-lived and fulfilled artist, however, is far from the saddest item in an average day’s headlines. And while most ordinary people sink into oblivion, these celebrities live on in their output. Why, then, are these losses felt so widely and keenly? One interpretation is that departed celebrities are merely the messengers. Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied. More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. 1．Why does the author mention Milan Kundera and Michael Gambon in paragraph 2? A．To prove that celebrities’ funerals tend to attract wider public attention. B．To illustrate why people express their sadness at the loss of those celebrities. C．To show that people’s grief over celebrities’ death is ridiculous and impractical. D．To demonstrate that people’s mourning for celebrities seems strange and unreasonable. 2．The underlined phrase “sink into oblivion” in paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．are upset B．are desperate C．are helpless D．are forgotten 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．People won’t mourn for celebrities unless they have intimate relationships with celebrities. B．It’s natural that people mourn for celebrities dying young but not for those long-lived ones. C．People feel sad for the passing of celebrities because of the mental nourishment received. D．People attend celebrities’ funerals, either in person or on the Internet, to express their loyalty. 4．What’s the author’s attitude towards public mourning for the celebrities? A．Neutral. B．Supportive. C．Skeptical. D．Concerned. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨公众哀悼名人的现象，指出尽管缺乏私人交集，人们因名人的精神滋养而真的感到悲伤，并认为这种集体哀悼是原子化时代的情感连接契机。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational. (在过去的几个月里，米兰·昆德拉和迈克尔·甘本的悲痛传遍了互联网。如果你停下来想一想，这种对作家和演员的强烈感情的表达是奇怪的，甚至是非理性的。)”可知，作者以昆德拉和甘本为例，引出后面的观点：公众对名人的哀悼看似奇怪且不合理。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“most ordinary people (大多数普通人)”和后面的“these celebrities live on in their output (这些名人在他们的作品中活了下来)”可知，sink into oblivion与live on“长存”形成对比，表明普通人死后易被遗忘，而名人因作品不朽，画线短语的意思是“被遗忘”。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied. (你过去的一部分——音乐家是你的配乐，作家是你的盟友的那些年——似乎会随着他们一起消逝。悲伤可以被看作是对他们提供的和谐与快乐的一种感激。)”可知，人们因获得精神滋养而为名人的离世感到悲伤。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. (更重要的是，艺术家的逝去成为了思想交流的契机。在这个原子化时代，当批判成为默认基调时，一位深受爱戴的人物离世，恰恰为同好们提供了分享美好情感与珍贵回忆的机会。这些悲伤的时刻，正是艺术家们留给世人的最后礼物。)”可知，作者肯定哀悼的合理性，认为这是精神联结的体现，态度偏向支持。故选B项。 考查句子： More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. 解析： 本题考查作者对公众哀悼名人现象的态度。作者并未将此现象视为简单的悲伤，而是赋予其积极意义。句子中的“occasion for exchanges of ideas”（思想交流的契机）、“chance to share positive feelings”（分享积极情感的机会）以及“parting gifts”（临别赠礼）等均为褒义表达，将哀悼升华为一种有价值的社会连接方式。这表明作者对此持肯定和支持的态度。解题关键在于识别这些表达积极评价的词汇和短语。 变式2【四川省绵阳市三台中学2025-2026学年高三上学期二诊适应性考试】As a college student majoring in digital media, I once thought traditional paper-cutting was outdated — especially in the age of modern printing technology that could mass-produce fancy patterns in seconds. So when my grandma asked me to learn paper-cutting with her last summer, I agreed only out of politeness. Grandma had been a paper-cutting artist for over 50 years. Her works, featuring lions, peonies and folk stories, decorated every corner of our house. But my first attempt was frustrating. The scissors slipped constantly, and the paper-cut rabbit I made looked more like a funny-looking cat. “Why bother with this when modern printing can do it better and faster?” I complained. Grandma didn’t argue. She just handed me an old album full of her works from different years. In the album, I saw a paper-cut of a family reunion she made for my parents’ wedding, and another of a little girl chasing butterflies-drawn for me when I was born. “Paper-cutting isn’t just about patterns,” she said gently. “Every cut carries memories and emotions that machines can’t copy.” That night, I stayed up watching her work. Her gnarled (粗糙的) fingers moved quickly, and a vivid dragon took shape on the red paper in minutes. Inspired, I tried again. This time, I decided to combine tradition with technology. I used computer software to design a draft of a paper-cut themed on “lunar new year’s reunion”, then followed grandma’s teachings to refine every detail by hand. When I showed her the final work — a mix of classic patterns and modern composition — her eyes lit up. Later, we submitted it to a cultural heritage competition and won the second prize. Now, I run a small online account sharing our collaborative works. Many young people comment that they’ve started to appreciate traditional crafts again. Modern technology is powerful, but grandma taught me that the warmth of human hands and the emotions in handcrafted works are irreplaceable. This experience didn’t just make me love paper-cutting; it made me understand how to protect traditions in a fast-paced, industrialized world. 53．Why did the author agree to learn paper-cutting at first? A．She was eager to inherit the traditional craft. B．She wanted to combine it with digital technology. C．She didn’t want to make her grandma unhappy. D．She needed it for her digital media courses. 54．What did grandma do when the author complained about paper-cutting? A．She criticized the author’s impatience directly. B．She showed the author her collection of works. C．She taught the author advanced cutting skills. D．She argued with the author about modern technology’s limitations. 55．How did the author improve her paper-cutting? A．She learned from mass-produced patterns entirely. B．She copied grandma’s old works repeatedly. C．She combined computer design with hand-refining. D．She attended a professional paper-cutting training. 56．What is the author’s attitude towards grandma? A．Admiring and thankful. B．Indifferent and unconcerned. C．Critical and dissatisfied. D．Doubtful and dismissive. 【答案】53．C 54．B 55．C 56．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了数字媒体专业的作者从认为传统剪纸过时，到在奶奶的引导下学习剪纸，并结合现代技术创新创作，最终领悟传统手工艺价值的故事。 53．细节理解题。根据第一段中“So when my grandma asked me to learn paper-cutting with her last summer, I agreed only out of politeness.(所以去年夏天奶奶让我跟她学剪纸时，我只是出于礼貌才答应的)”可知，作者答应学剪纸是不想让奶奶不高兴。故选C。 54．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Why bother with this when modern printing can do it better and faster?” I complained. Grandma didn’t argue. She just handed me an old album full of her works from different years.(“现代印刷技术能更快更好地完成，何苦还要费这个劲？”我抱怨道。奶奶没有争辩，只是递给我一本旧相册，里面全是她这些年的作品)”可知，作者抱怨时奶奶拿出了自己的作品集给她看。故选B。 55．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This time, I decided to combine tradition with technology. I used computer software to design a draft of a paper-cut themed on “lunar new year’s reunion”, then followed grandma’s teachings to refine every detail by hand.(这一次，我决定将传统与技术结合起来。我用电脑软件设计了一幅以“春节团圆”为主题的剪纸草稿，然后遵照奶奶的教导，手工打磨每一处细节)”可知，作者通过结合电脑设计和手工精修的方式提升了自己的剪纸水平。故选C。   56．推理判断题。根据第四段中“When I showed her the final work — a mix of classic patterns and modern composition — her eyes lit up. Later, we submitted it to a cultural heritage competition and won the second prize.(当我给她看最后的作品——经典图案和现代构图的融合——她的眼睛亮了起来。后来我们把这幅作品送去参加一个文化遗产比赛，还得了二等奖)”以及第五段中“Modern technology is powerful, but grandma taught me that the warmth of human hands and the emotions in handcrafted works are irreplaceable.(现代技术固然强大，但奶奶让我明白了，手工的温度和手工艺品里蕴含的情感是无可替代的)”可知，作者对奶奶是钦佩且心怀感激的。故选A。 ◇题型 05 词义猜测题的上下文分析 典｜例｜精｜析 典例【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 【答案】28．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 28．词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。 考查句子 Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. 句子拆解与解题思路 词义猜测题的核心是利用上下文提供的线索。这些线索可能来自定义、解释、举例、对比或因果关系。 句子拆解与逻辑分析： 上文语境: this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting... (这种方法旨在让大自然承担更多繁重的工作)。这设定了一个核心原则：依赖自然。 划线词所在句: Eschewing fertilizers and power tools, it’s based on...: to garden more like nature does. 结构: 这是一个现在分词短语 `Eschewing...` 作状语，修饰主句 `it’s based on...`。 逻辑线索 (解释说明): 冒号 `:` 后的内容 `to garden more like nature does` (更像大自然那样园艺) 是对前面原则的解释。 推理: 如果园艺的目标是“更像大自然”，而大自然本身不使用人工的“化肥(fertilizers)”和“电动工具(power tools)”，那么这种园艺方法就必然要“____”这些东西。这个空白处填入的词义应该是“避免”、“放弃”或“远离”。 解题思路： 1. 定位上下文线索： 划线词 `Eschewing` 所在句的后半部分 `to garden more like nature does` 是最直接的线索。 2. 建立逻辑关系： “像大自然一样”意味着要减少或消除人工干预。 3. 推测词义： “化肥”和“电动工具”是典型的人工干预手段。因此，`Eschewing` 它们就是指“不使用”或“避开”它们。 4. 匹配选项： 选项B `Keeping away from` (远离) 与推测的词义完全一致。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【湖北省黄冈市2025-2026学年高三上学期1月期末英语试题】As one of 400-plus foreigners at my school — Thailand, France, and beyond — I belong to the International Division. In fact, most of the students on my campus are Chinese, and I interact with them daily through shared coursework and extracurricular activities, like sporting events, including an annual track and field meet and regular football matches. While English is the language of instruction in a few classes, most of us advance into higher-level courses conducted entirely in Chinese, which is also the language we speak in common. While the school has emphasized internationalization, including admitting foreign students and sustaining international connections, it’s done so while preserving Chinese values and academic rigor (严谨性). Perhaps contrary to some international perceptions, Chinese education has matured and followed a progressive curve in its development, finding better pathways to high performance, creativity and innovation, eschewing old models of rote (死记硬背) and repetition. Consequently, while we’re well-known for our strong exam scores, which remains a baseline we all strive to support, we should also be known as a school where kids keep guitars and basketballs close at hand, and where students form bands and teams to play on and off campus. Above all we should be known as a school devoted to developing healthy minds and bodies, always ready to cooperate and compete. Recently a group of seven of my friends came home with me after school to have a home cooked meal. We enjoyed a variety of dishes, piled with fruit, cheese and spicy Thai noodles. Afterwards, I brought out a big chocolate cake and we covered it with candles, singing “Happy Birthday” for my grandma back in America in five different languages. Her eyes brimmed with tears of happiness as she watched us online. 9．What is the common communication language among the students? A．English. B．Chinese. C．Thai. D．French. 10．What does the underlined word “eschewing” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Abandoning. B．Adopting. C．Improving. D．Exploring. 11．What can we infer about the author’s school life? A．It prioritizes exam scores. B．It focuses on rote learning. C．It balances academics and extracurriculars. D．It gives up Chinese values for internationalization. 12．What does the author want to show through the birthday story? A．Online birthday celebrations are more touching. B．Home-cooked meals are popular among students. C．The students are good at singing in different languages. D．The school’s internationalization promotes cross-cultural bonds. 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为国际部学生在中国学校的经历，包括语言学习、学校生活及跨文化交流。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“While English is the language of instruction in a few classes, most of us advance into higher-level courses conducted entirely in Chinese, which is also the language we speak in common.(虽然有少数课程采用英语授课，但我们中的大部分人升入高年级后，所学课程就全部转为中文教学了 —— 中文也是我们日常交流的通用语言。)”可知，中文是学生们之间交流的共同语言。故选B。 10．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Perhaps contrary to some international perceptions, Chinese education has matured and followed a progressive curve in its development, finding better pathways to high performance, creativity and innovation, eschewing old models of rote (死记硬背) and repetition.(或许与一些国际社会对中国教育的固有印象不同，如今的中国教育已经日趋成熟，发展进程稳步向前，探索出了能够兼顾高效学习成效、培养创新创造能力的优质路径，eschewing过去死记硬背、机械重复的陈旧模式。)”可知，中国教育已经成熟，在发展中遵循进步的曲线，找到了实现高绩效、创造力和创新的更好途径，因此抛弃了旧的死记硬背和重复的模式。故eschewing意思是“抛弃”。故选A。 本题考查对动词“eschewing”的理解。该句描述了中国教育的发展，指出它“找到了通往高绩效、创造力和创新的更好途径”。逗号后的现在分词短语“eschewing old models of rote and repetition”与前半句的“finding better pathways”在逻辑上是并列且互为补充的。既然找到了“更好的途径”，那么对于“旧的死记硬背模式”自然是采取了抛弃、摒弃的态度。因此，“eschewing”在此意为“abandoning”（抛弃）。 11．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Consequently, while we’re well-known for our strong exam scores, which remains a baseline we all strive to support, we should also be known as a school where kids keep guitars and basketballs close at hand, and where students form bands and teams to play on and off campus.(因此，虽然我们以优异的考试成绩而闻名，这仍然是我们所有人都努力支持的基准，但我们也应该被认为是一所孩子们随身携带吉他和篮球的学校，一所学生们组成乐队和团队在校园内外表演的学校。)”可推知，作者学校生活兼顾学术和课外活动。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Recently a group of seven of my friends came home with me after school to have a home cooked meal. We enjoyed a variety of dishes, piled with fruit, cheese and spicy Thai noodles. Afterwards, I brought out a big chocolate cake and we covered it with candles, singing “Happy Birthday” for my grandma back in America in five different languages. Her eyes brimmed with tears of happiness as she watched us online.(最近，放学后，我的七个朋友和我一同回家吃了一顿家常饭。我们享用了各种菜肴，堆满了水果、奶酪和辣味泰国面条。之后，我拿出一个大巧克力蛋糕，上面插上蜡烛，我们用五种不同的语言为我在美国的奶奶唱“生日快乐”。当她在网上看着我们时，她的眼睛里充满了幸福的泪水。)”可推知，作者想通过生日故事说明学校的国际化促进了跨文化联系。故选D。 变式2【河北省部分学校2025-2026学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题】What sounds like science fiction is becoming an increasingly common reality in medical facilities worldwide. Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools. Whether applied in physical recovery, pain management, or surgical training, this wearable technology is transforming traditional medical practices. Patients can be lost in interactive therapeutic environments while receiving real-time guidance for their treatment. The advantages of medical VR systems begin with their user-friendly design. Modern VR wearable devices feature lightweight construction and wireless connectivity, ensuring comfortable extended use. High-definition displays create realistic virtual environments, while integrated sensors precisely track body movements. Advanced models even combine eye-tracking technology to monitor patients’ visual attention, providing valuable data for healthcare professionals. Beyond creating realistic experiences, these systems employ complicated software to enhance treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress. The combination with cloud technology allows for secure data storage and enables remote monitoring by medical teams. This connectivity also lets different systems work together by connecting with other digital health platforms, like telemedicine services and wearable fitness trackers. The practical benefits of VR in healthcare are epoch-making. For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking. Some VR systems have already obtained official medical device certification, confirming their safety and effectiveness for clinical use. Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education. While not replacing traditional methods entirely, VR technology offers a valuable supplement to traditional treatments, potentially making healthcare more accessible and effective for patients everywhere. 13．What was VR mainly used for in the beginning? A．Leisure activities. B．Medical practices. C．Remote monitoring. D．Interaction guidance. 14．What can be inferred about medical VR systems from paragraph 2? A．They merely rely on visual effects to work. B．They aim to adapt treatment to each patient. C．They disconnect with other medical platforms. D．They require constant manual control by doctors. 15．What does the underlined word “epoch-making” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Official. B．Theoretical. C．Substantial. D．Controversial. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly say about modern VR wearable devices? A．Their origin. B．Their definition. C．Their prospects. D．Their shortcomings. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．C 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍虚拟现实技术从娱乐用途转向医疗领域并带来变革的相关情况。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools.(最初，虚拟现实眼镜主要与游戏和娱乐相关联，如今正逐渐成为强大的医疗工具)”可知，虚拟现实最初主要用于休闲娱乐活动。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress.(人工智能算法能够实时分析患者的动作，自动调整治疗难度以匹配每个人的进展情况)”可知，医疗虚拟现实系统的目标是让治疗适应每位患者的情况。故选B项。 15．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking.(对于患者来说，交互式虚拟环境提高了他们在康复训练中的参与度和积极性。对于医疗机构来说，这些系统在提供详细进展追踪的同时还能减轻工作人员的工作量)”可知，虚拟现实在医疗领域的实际益处是意义重大的。因此epoch-making的意思与substantial（价值巨大的） 相近。故选C项。 本题考查对形容词“epoch-making”的理解。原句“The practical benefits of VR in healthcare are epoch-making”是段落的主题句。紧随其后的两句话分别从“对病人”和“对医疗机构”两个角度具体阐述了这些“practical benefits”（实际益处），如“increase engagement and motivation”（增加参与度和动力）和“reduce staff workload”（减少员工工作量）。这些都是非常重大、有实质性意义的好处。因此，可以推断“epoch-making”意为“意义重大的，开创纪元的”，与“substantial”（重大的，可观的）含义最为接近。 16．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education.(展望未来，随着技术不断进步，虚拟现实在医学领域的应用有望进一步拓展。目前的研究正在探索它们在治疗心理疾病、管理慢性疼痛以及强化医学教育方面的潜力)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了医疗虚拟现实设备的发展前景。故选C项。 变式3[原创题]Unlike traditional farming methods that rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, regenerative agriculture, which focuses on building soil health, increasing biodiversity, and reducing carbon emissions, has emerged as a promising approach to sustainable food production. What does the underlined word "regenerative" probably mean? A. Harmful B. Traditional C. Restorative D. Chemical-based 答案：C 解析： 这个长难句通过unlike引导的对比关系，将"regenerative agriculture"与"traditional farming methods"进行对比。传统农业"rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides"（严重依赖化肥和农药），而regenerative agriculture则"focuses on building soil health, increasing biodiversity, and reducing carbon emissions"（注重土壤健康、增加生物多样性、减少碳排放）。 通过对比关系和后置定语从句的解释，我们可以推断"regenerative"的含义应该与"恢复、再生"相关。选项C（Restorative，恢复性的）最符合上下文语境。其他选项与描述的特征不符。 ◇题型 06 句子理解题的结构拆解 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to "overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly. D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。 32. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的"young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant"可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。 33. A【解析】考查句意理解。根据第三段中的"The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch"可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A项。 考查句子 They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. 句子拆解与解题思路 句子理解题，特别是理解习语或比喻性表达，关键在于找到其后文的解释或具体说明。 句子拆解与逻辑分析： 背景: They pump out perfumes...to attract...natural enemies to the attackers. (植物释放香气吸引攻击者的天敌)。这里明确了角色关系：植物、攻击者（害虫）、天敌。 关键句: Once they arrive, the tables are turned. (一旦它们到达，形势就逆转了)。`the tables are turned` 是一个固定习语，意为“形势逆转，攻守易位”。 解释句: The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. (刚才还在吃午餐的攻击者，现在变成了午餐)。这句话用非常生动的方式解释了“形势如何逆转”： 原先: 攻击者 (attacker) 在吃植物 (lunching)。 现在: 攻击者 (attacker) 变成了天敌的午餐 (becomes lunch)。 核心信息： 攻击者从捕食者变成了被捕食者。 解题思路： 1. 定位解释句： 题目要求理解 `the tables are turned` 的含义。最直接的线索就是紧跟其后的句子。 2. 分析解释句： `The attacker...becomes lunch` 清晰地说明了攻击者（attacker）的命运发生了转变，它自己反被吃掉了。 3. 匹配选项： 选项A `The attackers get attacked` (攻击者被攻击了) 是对 `The attacker...becomes lunch` 最准确的同义转述。 典例2【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what’ around. It’ called Apple Day but in practice it’ more like Apple Month. The Day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’ Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’ a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent. 28. What can people do at the apple events? A. Attend experts’ lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families. C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples. 29. What can we learn about Decio? A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look. C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste. 30. What does the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean? A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire. 31. What is the author’ purpose in writing the text? A. To show how to grow apples. B. To introduce an apple festival. C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research. 【答案】28. D 29. C30. B 31. B 【解析】试题分析：作者向人们介绍了一个节日——Apple Day。由于这个节日非常受欢迎，现在已经演变成苹果月了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。 28. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.＂可知，参加相关庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。 29. C 推理判断题。A选项＂Decio是一种新品种＂与第二段中的＂it can be...still in existence＂不一致，且由这句话可知Decio现在比较罕见，故C项正确；文中并未提及Decio的外形奇异，故B选项错误；D选项＂It has a special taste.＂与第二段中的原文＂Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try＂表述相反。 30. B 猜测词义题。根据第三段可知，Orleans Reinette品种虽然口感好，但对种植环境和土壤要求高，因此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说，大饱口福只是一种脱离实际的愿望，这与B项＂A vain hope＂ (徒劳的希望)一致。 考查句子 One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. 句子拆解与解题思路 句子拆解与逻辑分析： 结构: 这是一个由 `but` 和 `so` 连接的复合句，清晰地展示了因果和转折逻辑。 前半部分 (优点): One of the very best varieties...is Orleans Reinette. (Orleans Reinette是品质最好的品种之一)。这说明它非常理想。 `but` 转折 (困难/条件): but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it. (但是你需要一个温暖、避风、土壤完美的种植地)。这指出了种植该品种的条件极为苛刻。 `so` 因果 (结论): so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers... (所以对大多数爱上它的苹果爱好者来说，它是一个“pipe dream”)。 逻辑链： 因为种植条件极其苛刻（因），所以对于大多数人来说，想要种植它就成了一个“pipe dream”（果）。 推断： 一个因为条件无法满足而实现不了的愿望，就是一种“不切实际的幻想”或“徒劳的希望”。 解题思路： 1. 分析句子内部逻辑： 抓住 `but` 和 `so` 这两个逻辑连接词。 2. 理解因果关系： `but` 之后的内容（种植条件苛刻）是原因，`so` 之后的内容（是 a pipe dream）是结果。 3. 推测短语含义： 既然大多数苹果爱好者无法满足其苛刻的种植条件，那么他们想种植它的愿望就很难实现。因此，`a pipe dream` 指的是一种难以实现的、空洞的希望。 4. 匹配选项： 选项B `A vain hope` (徒劳的希望) 与推断的含义最相符。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届广东省部分学校高三上学期1月学科测试英语试题】 We all love a good laugh, but have you ever tried to explain why something is funny? It’s surprisingly difficult. The moment you start analysing a joke, it dies on the spot, like a frog in biology class. Still, humour fascinates us because it sits somewhere betwe$ 专题14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解” 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】复杂定语的识别与处理 【考点02】状语从句的嵌套与省略 【考点03】非谓语动词结构的功能辨析 【考点04】插入语的识别与信息筛选 【考点05】倒装结构的还原技巧 【考点06】分隔结构的逻辑关系分析 【考点07】虚拟语气的语境判断 【考点08】长难句中的指代关系梳理 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】主旨大意题中的长难句处理 【题型02】细节理解题的精准定位 【题型03】推理判断题的逻辑链构建 【题型04】观点态度题的情感词识别 【题型05】词义猜测题的上下文分析 【题型06】句子理解题的结构拆解 【题型07】篇章结构题的句间关系分析 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：突破长难句是提升阅读理解能力、攻克高难度文本的关键。长难句分析不仅有助于学生应对高考，更能培养其逻辑思维、文本分析能力和语言综合运用能力，为后续高等教育与跨学科阅读奠定基础。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：本专题重点考查句子结构分析能力、语境推理能力、信息整合能力，强调在复杂句式背景下快速捕捉主干、厘清修饰关系、准确理解句子深层含义。。 培优瓶颈：学生常见问题包括：见长句即畏难、过度依赖词汇翻译、忽视句子逻辑层次、对嵌套结构与省略现象不敏感。需通过系统训练提升“拆解—重组—理解”的思维习惯。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测：2026年高考英语可能继续加大阅读文本的句式复杂度与信息密度，长难句将进一步融入自然科学、人文社科学术类文本，并加强语篇中的逻辑衔接考查。 策略：1.结构先行，主干优先：训练学生快速定位句子主干（主谓宾/主系表），剥离修饰成分，建立“骨架意识”； 2. 分类突破，专项强化：针对八大考点设计微技能训练（如定语从句还原、非谓语功能标注、插入语跳读等），逐个击破； 3.语境回归，逻辑验证：引导学生将拆解后的句子放回段落语境，验证理解是否符合上下文逻辑； 4. 真题精练，错题反刍：精选近五年高考真题中的典型长难句，开展“拆—译—析—用”四步训练，形成解题思维闭环。 ◇考点 01 复杂定语的识别与处理 定语是修饰名词或代词的成分，高考中常见的复杂定语包括：介词短语作定语、分词短语作定语、定语从句（尤其是嵌套式定语从句）以及多个定语叠加的情况。 核心特征： 介词短语作定语：常由of, with, in, on等介词引导，位置可前可后 分词短语作定语：现在分词表示主动/进行，过去分词表示被动/完成 定语从句：由关系代词（which, that, who等）或关系副词（where, when, why）引导 多重定语：多个定语同时修饰一个中心词，形成复杂修饰关系 (2025年1月浙江首考) In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含以下定语结构： 1. 介词短语作后置定语："with similar cultural needs"修饰"plants"，说明植物的特征； 2. 现在分词短语作结果状语："forming a cooperative ecosystem..."表示分组种植产生的结果； 3. 定语从句："that conserves water and discourages weeds"修饰先行词"ecosystem"，说明生态系统的功能。 句子主干为"plants are grouped"，其余部分均为修饰成分。 句意： 在矩阵花园中，具有相似培育需求的植物被组合在一起，这样它们就能在地面上下共同生长，形成一个节约用水、抑制杂草的协作生态系统。 (2025年1月浙江首考) Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. 分析： 本句为简单句，包含多个现在分词短语作伴随状语（复杂定语性质）： 1. "adding artistic flavors..."补充说明推广风格的具体方式； 2. "while playing with..."表示同时进行的动作； 3. "including four-season interest..."进一步解释艺术风格的内涵； 4. "serving the needs..."说明该风格的附加功能。 句子主干为"gardens popularized this style"，所有分词结构均为后置定语性质的修饰成分。 句意：荷兰植物学家兼设计师皮特·奥多夫的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时巧妙运用色彩与形态，包括四季景观的趣味性并满足野生动物的需求。 (2025年1月浙江首考) Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含以下定语结构： 1. 过去分词短语作状语："Led by the concept..."表方式，其中"of 'right plant, right place'"为介词短语作后置定语修饰"concept"； 2. 定语从句："that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions"修饰先行词"plants"，限定植物的生长条件； 3. 介词短语作状语："according to their patterns of growth"中"of growth"为后置定语修饰"patterns"。 句子主干为"they match plants and arrange them"，存在并列谓语结构。 句意：在"适地适树"理念的指导下，他们将喜欢相同土壤、光照和气候条件的植物进行匹配，并根据它们的生长模式进行排列。 ： 1. 寻找中心名词，确定被修饰对象 2. 识别定语类型，判断修饰关系 3. 对于多重定语，按照"限定词-描绘性形容词-大小形状-年龄新旧-颜色-国籍-材料-用途"的顺序理解 4. 嵌套定语从句可采用"从后往前"的方式逐层拆解 ◇考点 02 状语从句的嵌套与省略 状语从句是高考长难句的重要组成部分，常考类型包括时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果状语从句等。复杂之处在于从句的嵌套使用和省略现象。 常见嵌套模式： 时间状语从句中嵌套条件状语从句 让步状语从句中嵌套原因状语从句 主句+状语从句+定语从句的三重结构 常见省略现象： 当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致且含有be动词时，可省略主语和be动词 if引导的条件状语从句中常省略it is as, though引导的让步状语从句可采用倒装省略形式 (2025年全国二卷读后续写) Every time I gave a self-introduction, I had to explain how to pronounce my name at least five times, yet they still could not say it the way I did. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含多重状语从句嵌套： 1. 时间状语从句："Every time I gave a self-introduction"由"every time"引导，说明主句动作发生的时间背景； 2. 方式状语从句："the way I did"省略了关系副词"in which"，完整形式应为"the way in which I did"，修饰动词"say"； 3. 并列转折结构：主句由"yet"连接两个对比分句，形成"虽然...但是..."的逻辑关系。 句子主干为"I had to explain... yet they could not say it"。 句意： 每次我做自我介绍时，都得教别人念我的名字至少五遍，可他们依然无法像我那样正确发音。 (2025年1月浙江首考) The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含时间状语从句的嵌套： 1. 时间状语从句："when German city planners sought to plant..."修饰主句谓语"was born"，说明概念产生的时间背景； 2. 介词短语作时间状语："after World War II"嵌套在时间状语从句中，进一步限定时间范围； 3. 定语从句："that would need minimal maintenance"修饰先行词"way"，说明种植方式的特征。 句子主干为"The concept was born"，时间状语从句内部包含完整的主谓宾结构。 句意： 这一概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大面积的公园绿地。 (2025年全国一卷阅读C篇) Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. 分析： 本句为复合句，包含让步状语从句与表语从句的嵌套： 1. 让步状语从句："Although these campaigns were widespread"由"although"引导，与主句形成转折关系； 2. 表语从句："that the majority... motor car"作系动词"is"的表语，说明"reality"的具体内容； 3. 介词短语作状语："around the needs of the motor car"修饰"redesigned"，说明重新设计的依据。 句子主干为"the reality is that..."，让步状语从句置于句首表强调。 句意：尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是大多数西方城市完全是围绕汽车需求重新设计的。 1. 识别状语从句引导词，明确逻辑关系 2. 对于嵌套从句，先找出最外层从句，再逐层分析内层结构 3. 遇到省略结构，尝试还原被省略的成分（通常是主语和be动词） 4. 注意特殊省略结构："be+主语+表语"相当于"whether+主语+be+表语" ◇考点 03 非谓语动词结构的功能辨析 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）在句中可作定语、状语、宾语、表语等成分，是构成长难句的重要元素。其复杂性在于同一非谓语形式可表示不同语法功能，不同非谓语形式又可表示相似意义。 非谓语动词的核心功能： 类型 主要功能 逻辑关系 不定式(to do) 作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语 表目的、将来、结果 动名词(doing) 作主语、宾语、定语、表语 表主动、习惯性动作 现在分词(doing) 作定语、状语、补语 表主动、进行 过去分词(done) 作定语、状语、补语、表语 表被动、完成 (2025年1月浙江首考) Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. 分析： 本句包含过去分词作状语的非谓语结构： 1. 过去分词短语作状语："Referred to as matrix planting"表被动关系（this approach被称为matrix planting），在句中作原因状语； 2. 不定式结构作宾语："to do a lot more..."作"aims for nature"的宾语补足语，说明目标内容； 3. 并列结构："the heavy lifting... and even some of the designing"形成宾语并列。 非谓语动词"Referred"与主句主语"this approach"构成被动关系，符合"过去分词表被动/完成"的语法规则。 句意： 这种方法被称为矩阵种植法，其目的是让大自然在花园中承担更多的繁重工作，甚至参与部分设计工作。 (2025年全国二卷阅读D篇) Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing, denying me the chance to discover one of the great wonders of sunshine—the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day. 分析： 本句包含现在分词作状语和不定式作定语的非谓语结构： 1. 现在分词短语作时间状语："Growing up"相当于"When I was growing up"，表伴随状态； 2. 现在分词短语作结果状语："denying me the chance..."表自然而然的结果，逻辑主语为主句主语"my family and our neighbors"； 3. 不定式短语作定语："to discover one of the great wonders"修饰"chance"，说明机会的内容； 4. 破折号后的同位语："the sweet 'sunshine scent'"解释说明"great wonders of sunshine"。 现在分词"Growing"与逻辑主语"I"构成主动关系，"denying"与主句主语构成主动关系。 句意： 从小到大，我家和邻居们从不使用晾衣绳晾衣服，这让我失去了发现阳光一大奇迹的机会——将衣服晒一整天后那种甜美的"阳光香味"。 (2024年新课标I卷阅读理解A篇) We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. 分析： 本句包含现在分词作状语的非谓语结构： 1. 现在分词短语作时间状语："while conducting..."相当于"while we are conducting..."，表伴随动作，与主句动作同时发生； 2. 并列宾语："invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection"构成动名词短语的并列，作"conducting"的宾语； 3. 主句结构："We’ll explore beautiful park sites"为将来时的主谓宾结构。 现在分词"conducting"与主句主语"We"构成主动关系，符合"while+现在分词"的省略结构规则。 句意：我们将探索美丽的公园场地，同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集工作。 1. 确定非谓语动词在句中的语法功能（定语、状语、宾语等） 2. 分析非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系（主动/被动） 3. 判断非谓语动词表示的时间关系（与谓语动词相比是先发生、同时发生还是后发生） 4. 注意"介词+动名词"结构，尤其是to作为介词的情况（如look forward to, be used to等） ◇考点 04 插入语的识别与信息筛选 插入语是插入在句子中间，对句子内容进行补充、解释或强调的成分。插入语的存在往往会打破句子的正常语序，增加理解难度。高考中常见的插入语形式多样，包括单词、短语和从句。 常见插入语类型： 副词插入语：however, therefore, indeed, fortunately等 短语插入语：in fact, in my opinion, as a matter of fact, to tell the truth等 从句插入语：I think, I believe, it is said, as we all know等 插入疑问句：do you think, don't you think, can you imagine等 分隔式插入语：将主语和谓语、谓语和宾语、或固定搭配分隔开 (2025年全国一卷阅读D篇) “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. 分析： 本句包含多重插入语结构： 1. 直接引语作宾语：引号内的内容为Caroline所说的话，构成句子的宾语从句； 2. 同位语插入语："an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland"作主语"Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay"的同位语，补充其身份信息； 3. 定语从句插入语："who was not involved in the research"修饰先行词"Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay"，进一步限定人物特征； 4. 主句结构："Caroline... tells New Scientist"为句子主干，所有插入语均位于主语和谓语之间。 识别插入语的关键在于找到句子主干"主语+谓语+宾语"，插入部分可暂时忽略以简化理解。 句意： "他们展示微塑料如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式非常好，"苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳·高肖特-林赛（未参与该研究）告诉《新科学家》杂志。 (2024年新课标Ⅱ卷语法填空) Chinese cultural elements commemorating Tang Xianzu, who is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 分析： 本句包含非限制性定语从句和同位语两种插入语： 1. 非限制性定语从句插入语："who is known as 'the Shakespeare of Asia'"修饰先行词"Tang Xianzu"，用逗号与主句隔开，补充人物称号； 2. 同位语插入语："William Shakespeare’s hometown"作"Stratford-upon-Avon"的同位语，解释说明该地点的身份； 3. 现在分词短语作定语："commemorating Tang Xianzu"修饰"Chinese cultural elements"，说明元素的性质。 插入语"who is known as..."即使去除，主句"Chinese cultural elements... add an international character..."依然完整。 句意： 纪念"东方莎士比亚"汤显祖的中国文化元素，为威廉·莎士比亚的故乡埃文河畔斯特拉特福增添了国际特色。 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇）The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. 分析： 本句包含非限制性定语从句和同位语插入语： 1. 并列主语："The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas"构成并列主语； 2. 非限制性定语从句插入语："all of whom appear in this book"修饰前面的并列主语，用逗号隔开，补充说明这些族群与本书的关系； 3. 同位语解释：冒号后的"a history told through things gives them back a voice"是对主句内容的进一步解释说明； 4. 定语从句："they made"修饰先行词"objects"，省略了关系代词"that/which"。 插入语"all of whom..."起到补充信息的作用，不影响主句的基本结构。 句意： 加勒比泰诺人、澳大利亚原住民、贝宁的非洲人民以及印加人——所有这些族群都出现在这本书中——现在可以理解为通过他们制造的物品向我们有力地讲述着他们过去的成就：通过物品讲述的历史让他们重新获得了话语权。 1. 识别插入语标志：逗号、破折号、括号常作为插入语的边界 2. 暂时忽略插入语，先找出句子主干，理解基本句意 3. 再回头分析插入语的内容及其与主干的关系 4. 注意区分插入语与非限制性定语从句，两者形式相似但功能不同 5. 对于分隔式插入语，要能识别被分隔的固定搭配或语法结构 ◇考点 05 倒装结构的还原技巧 倒装是为了强调、平衡句子结构或适应某些语法要求而将正常语序颠倒的现象。高考中常见的倒装结构包括完全倒装和部分倒装，理解倒装句的关键在于能够将其还原为正常语序。 常见倒装类型及还原方法： 以否定词开头的部分倒装：never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, not until等置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将否定词移回原位，助动词/情态动词还原。 "only+状语"开头的部分倒装：only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将only+状语移回原位。 so/such...that结构的部分倒装：so/such置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。还原时将so/such及其修饰成分移回原位。 表示地点、方向的副词开头的完全倒装：here, there, out, in, up, down等置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子完全倒装。还原时将副词移回句末，主语和谓语恢复正常语序。 （2023年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇） The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 分析： 本句包含比较状语从句中的隐性倒装： 1. 表语从句嵌套："that when crowds... independent individuals"作表语从句，说明"key finding"的具体内容； 2. 时间状语从句："when crowds were further divided..."修饰表语从句的主句； 3. 比较状语从句："than those from an equal number of independent individuals"中，"those"指代前面的"averages"，为避免重复而使用代词； 4. 隐性倒装还原：比较状语从句完整形式应为"than the averages from an equal number of independent individuals were accurate"，实际使用时省略了与主句相同的"were accurate"部分，形成部分倒装效果。 还原技巧：将比较对象"those"替换为其指代的名词"averages"，补全省略的谓语部分即可理解完整逻辑。 句意： 该研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组得出的平均值比同等数量独立个体得出的平均值更准确。 (2024年新课标Ⅱ卷七选五) You’ll compete with fewer tourists, save money, experience a different side of a popular place, and boost the economy when tourism is traditionally slower. 分析： 本句包含并列谓语的部分倒装结构： 1. 并列谓语结构："compete..., save..., experience..., and boost..."四个谓语动词并列，共用主语"You"； 2. 时间状语从句："when tourism is traditionally slower"修饰整个主句，说明动作发生的时间背景； 3. 隐性倒装：为保持句子平衡，四个并列谓语采用相同的动词原形开头，形成排比式倒装效果，正常语序应为"You'll compete..., you'll save..., you'll experience..., and you'll boost..."； 还原技巧：在每个并列谓语前补充主语"You'll"即可还原完整结构。 句意：你将遇到更少的游客，节省开支，体验热门景点的不同侧面，并在旅游业传统淡季时促进经济发展。 1. 识别倒装标志词（否定词、only、so/such等） 2. 判断倒装类型（部分倒装/完全倒装） 3. 将倒装部分移回正常位置，恢复主语和谓语的正常顺序 4. 注意特殊倒装结构：as引导的让步状语从句（形容词/副词/名词+as+主语+谓语） 5. 还原后再理解句子意思，避免被倒装结构误导 ◇考点 06 分隔结构的逻辑关系分析 分隔结构指句子中本应紧密相连的两个成分被其他成分隔开的现象。这种结构会干扰对句子逻辑关系的理解，是高考长难句的常见考点。 常见分隔类型： 主谓分隔：主语和谓语之间插入定语从句、状语、插入语等 动宾分隔：动词和宾语之间插入状语、定语等 固定搭配分隔：如between...and..., from...to..., not only...but also...等固定搭配被分隔 先行词与定语从句分隔：先行词和其修饰的定语从句被其他成分隔开 (2025年全国一卷语法填空) Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition. 分析： 本句包含多重名词短语分隔结构： 1. 宾语从句的主语分隔："the balance..., the beauty..., and the energy flow..."三个并列名词短语作宾语从句的主语，被多个后置定语分隔； 2. 后置定语分隔： - "between the black and white pieces"修饰"balance" - "in the strategic placement of the pieces"修饰"beauty" - "following each move"修饰"energy flow" 3. 谓语与宾语分隔：谓语"inspired"与宾语"artists"被主语的三个并列结构分隔，形成"S...V O"的分隔模式； 逻辑关系：三个并列主语共同作为"inspired"的动作发出者，构成"主语（多重分隔）+谓语+宾语+宾补"的结构。 句意： 屠呦呦表示，黑白棋子之间的平衡、棋子战略性摆放的美感以及每一步棋后的能量流动，启发了艺术家们为展览创作油画、雕塑、数字生成图像和丝网版画。 （2023年新高考I卷阅读理解C篇） In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. 分析： 本句包含现在分词短语分隔主句结构： 1. 主句："I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism"为主干，被两个现在分词短语分隔； 2. 现在分词分隔结构： - "starting with an examination..."作方式状语，分隔主句主语和谓语 - "before moving on to..."作时间状语，进一步分隔句子结构 3. 定语从句分隔："that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable"修饰"forces"，增加了分隔的复杂性； 逻辑关系：两个分词短语通过"starting with... before moving on to..."形成时间上的递进关系，共同修饰主句动作"describe"。 句意： 在第一部分，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了那些使许多人的数字生活变得越来越难以忍受的力量，然后再详细讨论数字极简主义哲学。 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. 分析： 本句包含不定式短语与插入语的双重分隔： 1. 主句结构："The goal... is to make the case... and then to teach you..."为主干，两个不定式短语作表语； 2. 插入语分隔："including a detailed exploration..."插入在两个不定式短语之间，分隔了并列的表语结构； 3. 宾语从句分隔："what it asks and why it works"作为"exploration of"的宾语，进一步增加句子长度； 逻辑关系："including..."补充说明"make the case"的具体内容，形成"总述+补充+递进"的逻辑结构。 句意： 本书的目标是论证数字极简主义的合理性，包括详细探讨它的要求和有效性，然后教你如何在认定它适合自己的情况下采用这种哲学。 1. 识别可能被分隔的结构（主谓、动宾、固定搭配等） 2. 忽略插入成分，先找到被分隔的两个部分 3. 分析插入成分的性质及其与句子其他部分的关系 4. 对于先行词与定语从句的分隔，注意根据句意和语法特征确定先行词 5. 重组句子，将被分隔的部分连接起来理解 ◇考点 07 虚拟语气的语境判断 虚拟语气用于表示与事实相反的假设、主观愿望、建议、推测等，其复杂之处在于不同时间的虚拟有不同的动词形式变化，且常与条件状语从句结合使用。高考中虚拟语气常出现在阅读理解的观点表达和推理判断部分。 虚拟语气的核心时态对应关系： 假设类型 条件从句谓语 主句谓语 与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词用were） would/could/should/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/could/should/might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形 / 过去式 would/could/should/might + 动词原形 （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解B篇）Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 分析： 本句包含与过去事实相反的虚拟语气： 1. 虚拟条件句："if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely"为混合虚拟结构，其中"would have been prepared"和"managed"表示对过去情况的假设； 2. 虚拟主句："they could have been so much better"使用"could have done"结构，表示"本来能够..."但实际未实现的结果； 3. 语境判断：通过"looking back on the photos"和"though"可知，照片拍摄已经完成，虚拟语气表达的是对过去未做好准备的遗憾； 语法特征：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句用"had done"或"would have done"，主句用"could/might/would have done"。 句意： 尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍是我最好的作品之一，尽管如果我当时做好准备并合理安排时间，它们本可以拍得更好。 （2023年北京卷阅读理解B篇） Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 分析： 本句包含含蓄虚拟语气的语境： 1. 让步状语从句："even if they don’t sound perfect at the time"使用陈述语气，但结合上下文隐含虚拟含义； 2. 含蓄虚拟语境："Rather than setting plans in stone"暗示"如果当初制定了固定计划（而不是灵活应对）"的虚拟条件； 3. 语气判断：通过"have learned"和"sometimes need to"可知，这是基于过去经验的总结，隐含对"如果固执己见会怎样"的虚拟假设； 语法特征：通过"rather than"引导的对比结构实现虚拟含义，无需使用if条件句。 句意：我学会了不要制定一成不变的计划，而是有时需要抓住眼前的机会，即使它们当时听起来并不完美，并充分利用这些机会。 1. 识别虚拟语气的标志词：if, wish, as if, would rather, it's time, suggest, demand等 2. 根据动词形式判断虚拟的时间（现在、过去还是将来） 3. 分析虚拟语气所表达的真实含义（与事实相反的情况是什么） 4. 注意混合虚拟语气（条件从句和主句表示不同时间的虚拟） 5. 理解虚拟语气背后的作者态度（遗憾、建议、推测、假设等） ◇考点 08 长难句中的指代关系梳理 指代是指用代词（it, they, them, this, that, these, those等）或名词来代替前文提到的人、事物或概念。在长难句中，指代关系往往比较复杂，准确理解指代关系是把握句子逻辑和文章主旨的关键。 常见指代类型及特征： 人称代词指代：he, she, it, they, them等，通常指代前文提到的人或事物 指示代词指代：this, that, these, those等，可指代前文提到的单数/复数名词或整个句子 关系代词指代：which, that, who, whom等，引导定语从句，指代先行词 名词指代：用一个名词或名词短语来指代前文提到的概念或事物 it的特殊指代：可指代时间、天气、距离，或作形式主语、形式宾语 (2024年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇) These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable? 分析： 本句包含多重指代关系： 1. "These observations"：指代前文提到的"observational data"（观测数据），为复数形式； 2. "the primary data"：指与"observations"相对的"physical specimens"（实物标本数据）； 3. "they"：出现在直接引语中，根据前文"using observational data"可知，指代"observational data"（观测数据），与"These observations"为同一概念； 4. 逻辑链：These observations → observational data → they，形成"具体数据→类别名称→代词指代"的完整指代链条。 梳理技巧：通过上下文的同义替换（observations=observational data）和单复数一致（they对应复数名词）确定指代对象。 句意：这些观测数据现在已经超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些数据是否可用？ （2023年全国乙卷阅读理解C篇）Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. 分析： 本句包含代词与关系代词的指代关系： 1. "it"：指代主句主语"Britain"，为单数第三人称； 2. "who"：引导定语从句，指代先行词"top class chefs"，在从句中作主语； 3. "whose"：引导定语从句，同样指代"top class chefs"，在从句中作定语修饰"recipe books"； 4. "our"：根据上下文语境，指代"Britain's"，即英国的电视屏幕； 指代特征：通过主谓一致（it is producing）和上下文逻辑（英国培养厨师）确定各代词的具体指代对象。 句意：尽管英国以不太令人印象深刻的 cuisine 而闻名，但它正在培养更多顶级厨师，这些厨师经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的食谱书也经常登上畅销书排行榜。 (2024年全国甲卷阅读理解D篇) He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome. 分析：本句包含重复指代与并列指代关系： 1. 第一次重复指代："endings that I wanted for the characters"与"endings that were right for the characters"并列，两个"endings"均指小说中的结局； 2. 第三次重复指代：第三个"endings"进一步解释前两者，形成"总述+分述+补充"的指代结构； 3. "they"：指代最后一个"endings"，为复数形式，与先行词保持一致； 4. "that"：三个定语从句的关系代词，均指代各自的"endings"； 指代技巧：通过"between...and..."并列结构和重复关键词"endings"确定指代的一致性。 句意：他建议我思考我为角色想要的结局与适合角色的结局之间的区别——那些即使没有传统意义上的积极结果但能让故事圆满的结局。 1. 确定代词的数和性，缩小指代范围（单数/复数，指人/指物） 2. 向前寻找指代对象，通常指代前文提到的内容（注意：it有时可指代后文内容） 3. 注意指代的连贯性，同一个概念在文中可能用不同的代词或名词反复指代 4. 对于复杂指代，可尝试用指代对象替换代词，看句子是否通顺 5. 注意"就近指代"原则，但也要结合逻辑关系判断，避免被干扰项误导 ◇题型 01 主旨大意题中的长难句处理 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1 【2025全国二卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 29．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 30．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 典例2 【2025北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1 【河北省部分学校2025-2026学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题】What sounds like science fiction is becoming an increasingly common reality in medical facilities worldwide. Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools. Whether applied in physical recovery, pain management, or surgical training, this wearable technology is transforming traditional medical practices. Patients can be lost in interactive therapeutic environments while receiving real-time guidance for their treatment. The advantages of medical VR systems begin with their user-friendly design. Modern VR wearable devices feature lightweight construction and wireless connectivity, ensuring comfortable extended use. High-definition displays create realistic virtual environments, while integrated sensors precisely track body movements. Advanced models even combine eye-tracking technology to monitor patients’ visual attention, providing valuable data for healthcare professionals. Beyond creating realistic experiences, these systems employ complicated software to enhance treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress. The combination with cloud technology allows for secure data storage and enables remote monitoring by medical teams. This connectivity also lets different systems work together by connecting with other digital health platforms, like telemedicine services and wearable fitness trackers. The practical benefits of VR in healthcare are epoch-making. For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking. Some VR systems have already obtained official medical device certification, confirming their safety and effectiveness for clinical use. Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education. While not replacing traditional methods entirely, VR technology offers a valuable supplement to traditional treatments, potentially making healthcare more accessible and effective for patients everywhere. 13．What was VR mainly used for in the beginning? A．Leisure activities. B．Medical practices. C．Remote monitoring. D．Interaction guidance. 14．What can be inferred about medical VR systems from paragraph 2? A．They merely rely on visual effects to work. B．They aim to adapt treatment to each patient. C．They disconnect with other medical platforms. D．They require constant manual control by doctors. 15．What does the underlined word “epoch-making” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Official. B．Theoretical. C．Substantial. D．Controversial. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly say about modern VR wearable devices? A．Their origin. B．Their definition. C．Their prospects. D．Their shortcomings. 变式2[原创题]While it is true that artificial intelligence has made significant advancements in recent years, enabling machines to perform tasks that were once thought to require human intelligence, it is equally important to recognize that these technologies still lack the ability to understand context, exhibit creativity, and make moral judgments in the way that humans do. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The rapid development of artificial intelligence B. The limitations of current artificial intelligence technologies C. The comparison between human intelligence and AI D. The future prospects of artificial intelligence ◇题型 02 细节理解题的精准定位 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 典例2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【江苏省南京市中华中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题】From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But ants aren’t like cars. They don’t get stuck in stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects. They want to learn how to program self-driving cars that do not jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density (密度) of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a wave of jam. “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo who studies these jamming transitions. Ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study, researchers recorded ants on trails, using traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. What did they find? The ants travel in groups of three to twenty. They move at nearly constant rates. They keep good distances between one another. And they do not speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour are hardly likely to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That’s why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno. But self-driven cars, if they one day become common, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars. This would improve traffic flow, perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be similar to ant trails. The insects use scent to control behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist studying ants at the University of California, Los Angeles. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be “very, very strong” and flexible, Nishinari says. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise be grown into a big traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. 1．What is the purpose of the study? A．To dig out ants’ secret in keeping their flow. B．To improve autonomous cars’ function. C．To better traffic rules on highways. D．To restrict drivers’ behaviour at rush hour. 2．Why does the author mention the “phase transition” in the second paragraph? A．To illustrate a phenomenon. B．To emphasize an opinion. C．To propose a solution. D．To describe a process. 3．Ants can keep smooth flow because . A．they interact with each other through scent B．they move in groups of flexible sizes C．they follow a strong leadership D．they travel at steady speeds with safe distances 变式2[原创题] The study, conducted by researchers at the University of California and published in the Journal of Environmental Psychology, found that individuals who spent at least 30 minutes per week in natural environments reported significantly lower levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol, compared to those who spent less than 10 minutes per week in such settings. According to the study, how much time per week should people spend in natural environments to reduce stress hormones? A. At least 10 minutes B. About 20 minutes C. At least 30 minutes D. More than 60 minutes ◇题型 03 推理判断题的逻辑链构建 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届广东省部分学校高三上学期1月学科测试英语试题】For decades, society has implicitly ranked outgoing as a virtue, equating talkativeness with confidence, leadership, and even competence while branding introversion as a flaw to be fixed. We tell shy children to speak up, and urge quiet ones to be more assertive. This one-size-fits-all mindset doesn’t just marginalize (夸大) introverts; it robs the world of the unique perspectives only they can offer. Elena, a software engineer I worked with a few years ago. In team meetings, she rarely spoke unless directly asked, preferring to jot down ideas in a notebook rather than compete for airtime. But when the team hit a wall with a critical code issue that even had stumped even the most vocal members. However, she’d spent days quietly analyzing the problem, mapping out flaws no one else had noticed, and presented a solution with such clarity that the client praised it as game-changing. Her introversion wasn’t a barrier to impact but the foundation of it. She listened more than she spoke, focused deeply rather than broadly, and turned that quiet attention into work that moved the needle. Critics of introversion often mistake restraint for weakness, the distinction matters more than ever in a world that confuses volume with courage. Mr. Tanaka, a high school history teacher. He was the kind of educator who rarely raised his voice, yet his students remembered him as one of the most influential figures in their lives. When the school proposed cutting funding for the program which would have devastated (沉重打击) students from low-income families. Mr. Tanaka didn’t organize loud protests or fiery speeches. Instead, he spent weeks gathering stories from students whose lives had been changed by the program, and met calmly with board members to make his case. Eventually the funding was restored. He wasn’t loud, but he was unyielding; he was introverted, but never passive. A forest doesn’t thrive with only tall trees; it needs delicate ferns, winding vines, and quiet underbrush to create a balanced ecosystem. So too does society. Extroverts spark energy. They rally people to action and inject enthusiasm into group efforts. But introverts deepen that energy: they listen to the voices others ignore and turn quiet contemplation (沉思) into thoughtful change. When forcing introverts to act more extroverted, we’re not helping them, but stripping them of the qualities that make their contributions unique. The beauty of human nature lies in its variety. A world where everyone is loud would be a world without silence, reflection and the quiet magic of someone like Elena, who turns observation into innovation, or Mr. Tanaka, who turns resolve into justice. To let introverts be introverted isn’t to coddle them; it’s to honor the full spectrum of what it means to be human. It’s to recognize that true progress doesn’t come from everyone shining the same way, it comes from everyone shining in their own. 21．Which paragraph is the most suitable for placing the following sentence in? A virtuous person may be inward- focused, but never cowardly; in the face of injustice, they will stand up and speak out. A．Paragraph 1 B．Paragraph 2 C．Paragraph 3 D．Paragraph 4 22．The author mentions the project manager’s comment on Elena in Paragraph 2 mainly to __________. A．Criticize managers for their unfair evaluation of introverted employees B．Show that introverts often lack the confidence to express their ideas in public C．highlight the importance of leadership workshops in helping introverts improve D．illustrate how society misjudges introverts’ abilities based on outward behavior 23．What is the purpose of metaphor of “a forest” in Paragraph 4? A．Introverts are more like “underbrush” that supports the ecosystem silently B．Extroverts and introverts should compete to maintain social balance C．Diverse traits in society are as essential as varied species in nature D．A balanced society needs more “tall trees” to thrive than “delicate ferns” 变式2[原创题] If the government had implemented stricter regulations on carbon emissions ten years ago, as many environmentalists had urged, the current rate of global temperature increase would be significantly lower than it is today, and we would have more time to adapt to the changes that are already inevitable. What can be inferred from the sentence? A. The government will implement stricter regulations on carbon emissions soon B. Environmentalists have been ignored by the government for ten years C. Global temperature increase has been slower than expected D. Stricter carbon emission regulations could have slowed global warming ◇题型 04 观点态度题的情感词识别 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2022年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content. However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 12. Why was the sugar tax introduced? A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks. C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education. 13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products. C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content. 14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke. 15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story. C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【江苏省南京市中华中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题】After Alexander Pushkin was shot in a duel (决斗) in 1837, crowds of mourners formed in Saint Petersburg. When the wagon carrying the much loved poet’s body reached Pskov province, where he was to be buried, admirers tried to pull the vehicle themselves. Today’s celebrity funerals tend to involve the public largely digitally rather than in person. But people are passionate all the same. In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are odd, even irrational. Unlike other kinds of grief, this one is not rooted in personal intimacy. If you ever interacted with a cherished author, it was probably during a book tour when she signed your copy of her novel. Maybe you once locked eyes with a musician during a live concert and he smiled at you, but actually he did not even know you. Objectively, sorrow makes sense when a star dies young or violently. Had she not died at 27, who knows what music Amy Winehouse would have added to her already impressive collections of work? The death of a long-lived and fulfilled artist, however, is far from the saddest item in an average day’s headlines. And while most ordinary people sink into oblivion, these celebrities live on in their output. Why, then, are these losses felt so widely and keenly? One interpretation is that departed celebrities are merely the messengers. Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied. More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. 1．Why does the author mention Milan Kundera and Michael Gambon in paragraph 2? A．To prove that celebrities’ funerals tend to attract wider public attention. B．To illustrate why people express their sadness at the loss of those celebrities. C．To show that people’s grief over celebrities’ death is ridiculous and impractical. D．To demonstrate that people’s mourning for celebrities seems strange and unreasonable. 2．The underlined phrase “sink into oblivion” in paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．are upset B．are desperate C．are helpless D．are forgotten 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．People won’t mourn for celebrities unless they have intimate relationships with celebrities. B．It’s natural that people mourn for celebrities dying young but not for those long-lived ones. C．People feel sad for the passing of celebrities because of the mental nourishment received. D．People attend celebrities’ funerals, either in person or on the Internet, to express their loyalty. 4．What’s the author’s attitude towards public mourning for the celebrities? A．Neutral. B．Supportive. C．Skeptical. D．Concerned. 变式2【四川省绵阳市三台中学2025-2026学年高三上学期二诊适应性考试】As a college student majoring in digital media, I once thought traditional paper-cutting was outdated — especially in the age of modern printing technology that could mass-produce fancy patterns in seconds. So when my grandma asked me to learn paper-cutting with her last summer, I agreed only out of politeness. Grandma had been a paper-cutting artist for over 50 years. Her works, featuring lions, peonies and folk stories, decorated every corner of our house. But my first attempt was frustrating. The scissors slipped constantly, and the paper-cut rabbit I made looked more like a funny-looking cat. “Why bother with this when modern printing can do it better and faster?” I complained. Grandma didn’t argue. She just handed me an old album full of her works from different years. In the album, I saw a paper-cut of a family reunion she made for my parents’ wedding, and another of a little girl chasing butterflies-drawn for me when I was born. “Paper-cutting isn’t just about patterns,” she said gently. “Every cut carries memories and emotions that machines can’t copy.” That night, I stayed up watching her work. Her gnarled (粗糙的) fingers moved quickly, and a vivid dragon took shape on the red paper in minutes. Inspired, I tried again. This time, I decided to combine tradition with technology. I used computer software to design a draft of a paper-cut themed on “lunar new year’s reunion”, then followed grandma’s teachings to refine every detail by hand. When I showed her the final work — a mix of classic patterns and modern composition — her eyes lit up. Later, we submitted it to a cultural heritage competition and won the second prize. Now, I run a small online account sharing our collaborative works. Many young people comment that they’ve started to appreciate traditional crafts again. Modern technology is powerful, but grandma taught me that the warmth of human hands and the emotions in handcrafted works are irreplaceable. This experience didn’t just make me love paper-cutting; it made me understand how to protect traditions in a fast-paced, industrialized world. 53．Why did the author agree to learn paper-cutting at first? A．She was eager to inherit the traditional craft. B．She wanted to combine it with digital technology. C．She didn’t want to make her grandma unhappy. D．She needed it for her digital media courses. 54．What did grandma do when the author complained about paper-cutting? A．She criticized the author’s impatience directly. B．She showed the author her collection of works. C．She taught the author advanced cutting skills. D．She argued with the author about modern technology’s limitations. 55．How did the author improve her paper-cutting? A．She learned from mass-produced patterns entirely. B．She copied grandma’s old works repeatedly. C．She combined computer design with hand-refining. D．She attended a professional paper-cutting training. 56．What is the author’s attitude towards grandma? A．Admiring and thankful. B．Indifferent and unconcerned. C．Critical and dissatisfied. D．Doubtful and dismissive. ◇题型 05 词义猜测题的上下文分析 典｜例｜精｜析 典例【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【湖北省黄冈市2025-2026学年高三上学期1月期末英语试题】As one of 400-plus foreigners at my school — Thailand, France, and beyond — I belong to the International Division. In fact, most of the students on my campus are Chinese, and I interact with them daily through shared coursework and extracurricular activities, like sporting events, including an annual track and field meet and regular football matches. While English is the language of instruction in a few classes, most of us advance into higher-level courses conducted entirely in Chinese, which is also the language we speak in common. While the school has emphasized internationalization, including admitting foreign students and sustaining international connections, it’s done so while preserving Chinese values and academic rigor (严谨性). Perhaps contrary to some international perceptions, Chinese education has matured and followed a progressive curve in its development, finding better pathways to high performance, creativity and innovation, eschewing old models of rote (死记硬背) and repetition. Consequently, while we’re well-known for our strong exam scores, which remains a baseline we all strive to support, we should also be known as a school where kids keep guitars and basketballs close at hand, and where students form bands and teams to play on and off campus. Above all we should be known as a school devoted to developing healthy minds and bodies, always ready to cooperate and compete. Recently a group of seven of my friends came home with me after school to have a home cooked meal. We enjoyed a variety of dishes, piled with fruit, cheese and spicy Thai noodles. Afterwards, I brought out a big chocolate cake and we covered it with candles, singing “Happy Birthday” for my grandma back in America in five different languages. Her eyes brimmed with tears of happiness as she watched us online. 9．What is the common communication language among the students? A．English. B．Chinese. C．Thai. D．French. 10．What does the underlined word “eschewing” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Abandoning. B．Adopting. C．Improving. D．Exploring. 11．What can we infer about the author’s school life? A．It prioritizes exam scores. B．It focuses on rote learning. C．It balances academics and extracurriculars. D．It gives up Chinese values for internationalization. 12．What does the author want to show through the birthday story? A．Online birthday celebrations are more touching. B．Home-cooked meals are popular among students. C．The students are good at singing in different languages. D．The school’s internationalization promotes cross-cultural bonds. 变式2【河北省部分学校2025-2026学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题】What sounds like science fiction is becoming an increasingly common reality in medical facilities worldwide. Originally, virtual reality (VR) glasses, primarily associated with gaming and entertainment, are now emerging as powerful medical tools. Whether applied in physical recovery, pain management, or surgical training, this wearable technology is transforming traditional medical practices. Patients can be lost in interactive therapeutic environments while receiving real-time guidance for their treatment. The advantages of medical VR systems begin with their user-friendly design. Modern VR wearable devices feature lightweight construction and wireless connectivity, ensuring comfortable extended use. High-definition displays create realistic virtual environments, while integrated sensors precisely track body movements. Advanced models even combine eye-tracking technology to monitor patients’ visual attention, providing valuable data for healthcare professionals. Beyond creating realistic experiences, these systems employ complicated software to enhance treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) can analyze patients’ movements in real time, automatically adjusting therapy difficulty to match individual progress. The combination with cloud technology allows for secure data storage and enables remote monitoring by medical teams. This connectivity also lets different systems work together by connecting with other digital health platforms, like telemedicine services and wearable fitness trackers. The practical benefits of VR in healthcare are epoch-making. For patients, interactive virtual environments increase engagement and motivation during recovery exercises. For medical institutions, these systems can reduce staff workload while providing detailed progress tracking. Some VR systems have already obtained official medical device certification, confirming their safety and effectiveness for clinical use. Looking ahead, as technology continues to advance, VR applications in medicine are expected to expand further. Current research explores their potential in treating psychological conditions, managing chronic pain, and enhancing medical education. While not replacing traditional methods entirely, VR technology offers a valuable supplement to traditional treatments, potentially making healthcare more accessible and effective for patients everywhere. 13．What was VR mainly used for in the beginning? A．Leisure activities. B．Medical practices. C．Remote monitoring. D．Interaction guidance. 14．What can be inferred about medical VR systems from paragraph 2? A．They merely rely on visual effects to work. B．They aim to adapt treatment to each patient. C．They disconnect with other medical platforms. D．They require constant manual control by doctors. 15．What does the underlined word “epoch-making” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Official. B．Theoretical. C．Substantial. D．Controversial. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly say about modern VR wearable devices? A．Their origin. B．Their definition. C．Their prospects. D．Their shortcomings. 变式3[原创题]Unlike traditional farming methods that rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, regenerative agriculture, which focuses on building soil health, increasing biodiversity, and reducing carbon emissions, has emerged as a promising approach to sustainable food production. What does the underlined word "regenerative" probably mean? A. Harmful B. Traditional C. Restorative D. Chemical-based ◇题型 06 句子理解题的结构拆解 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to "overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly. D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies. 典例2【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what’ around. It’ called Apple Day but in practice it’ more like Apple Month. The Day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’ Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’ a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent. 28. What can people do at the apple events? A. Attend experts’ lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families. C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples. 29. What can we learn about Decio? A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look. C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste. 30. What does the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean? A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire. 31. What is the author’ purpose in writing the text? A. To show how to grow apples. B. To introduce an apple festival. C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【2026届广东省部分学校高三上学期1月学科测试英语试题】 We all love a good laugh, but have you ever tried to explain why something is funny? It’s surprisingly difficult. The moment you start analysing a joke, it dies on the spot, like a frog in biology class. Still, humour fascinates us because it sits somewhere between logic and madness: there’s order in the chaos, sense in the silliness. And when a joke really lands, we burst out laughing, unable to stop ourselves. According to psychologists, most laughter begins when our brain spots something unanticipated, a twist, a mismatch, a sudden change of direction. But science only tells half the story. Laughter isn’t a solo sport; it’s contagious. We are thirty times more likely to laugh when we’re with other people than when we’re alone. You can sit through a comedy special in silent amusement, but stick you in a crowd and suddenly you’re snorting like a donkey. Laughter connects us, it’s a social signal that says, ‘We’re getting each other.’ And, of course, humour is deeply cultural. British people love irony (反讽) , understatement, playing down the importance of something and self- depreciation, making themselves the core of the joke. Americans, on the other hand, prefer stories, anecdotes and exaggeration. The problem is, jokes don’t always travel well. But perhaps the most admirable kind of humour is laughing at ourselves. Self- deprecating jokes show confidence, not weakness. They turn embarrassment into charm. Humour also has its darker corners. Some jokes cross a line and start to offend people; others simply fall flat because the timing and tone are not on point, what sounds hilarious in a pub might seem cruel in a meeting. As any stand-up will tell you, the difference between ‘you killed it’ and ‘you died on stage’ can come down to just one poorly timed pause. So, what makes something truly funny? It isn’t just clever writing or perfect timing. It’s that spark of shared recognition, the moment when we all laugh and think, ‘Yes, that’s so true.’ 17．What is the author trying to illustrate with the frog? A．How difficult it is to recreate laughter. B．It is hard to explain why we laugh. C．Some jokes make no sense. D．Sometimes we do not like jokes. 18．What does the author imply in Paragraph 2? A．Laughing is a bonding experience. B．Laughter is a kind of sport. C．We laugh 30 times as much when we aren’t alone. D．You often don’t find comedy funny while alone. 19．Which of the following wouldn’t sound like typical British humour according to the passage? A．“Well, people around here can’t really accept the idea of eating people.” B．“He was so fat that he fell off the bed on both sides at the same time.” C．“I chose to do comedy because everybody said I’m a joke.” D．“I tried to get fit once, my body immediately filed a complaint.” 20．What does the author mean by the “darker corners” of humour in Paragraph 4? A．People should be careful where they tell certain jokes. B．Timing is the most important part of performing comedy. C．When we tell jokes, we need to add pauses. D．Humour is fragile and can easily fail if delivered badly. 变式2[原创题]What makes the study particularly significant is that it not only confirms the link between sleep deprivation and decreased cognitive function but also provides insights into the specific mechanisms by which lack of sleep affects the brain's ability to process and retain information. 题目： What does the sentence suggest about the study? A. It proves that sleep deprivation causes cognitive problems B. It explains how sleep deprivation affects the brain C. It is the first study to examine the link between sleep and cognition D. It provides new treatments for sleep disorders ◇题型 07 篇章结构题的句间关系分析 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2023 年北京卷）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 典例2（2016 年新课标Ⅱ卷）Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both." Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. D. To encourage readers to share their ideas. 10. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. The book.B. An adventure.C. A public place.D. The identification number. 11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it? A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner. 12. What is the best title for the text? A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A New Trend C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D.A Website Links People through Books 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1【湖南省教育战略合作学校2025-2026学年高三上学期第二次联考英语试题】 In a conversation with Drs. Ben Ebert and Eliezer Van Allen of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Van Allen said,“AI will re-humanize medicine.” This phrase captured the central issue: modern health care in the United States often feels inhuman, dominated by paperwork, disputes, and rigid procedures, despite the best intentions of medical professionals. Over the past 25 years, digitization of medical records has not improved patient experience or clinical outcomes. Dr. Allen Chang noted that electronic health records (EHRs) have failed to enhance job satisfaction or operational efficiency. The 2021“quadruple aim” paper by Microsoft and University College London outlined goals to improve population health, patient experience, caregiver satisfaction, and reduce costs. Digitization alone has fallen short, but AI offers potential to make care more personalized, precise, predictive, and accessible. AI is already transforming doctor-patient interactions. “Ambient scribes” transform spoken consultation into notes for EHRs, allowing physicians to engage directly with patients instead of typing, improving satisfaction and reclaiming time previously spent on documentation. AI also aids diagnostic (诊断的) thinking, supplementing critical reasoning that doctors rarely have time for, acting as a “House on demand” with vast medical knowledge. In research, AI accelerates drug discovery. Alpha Fold predicted structures for millions of proteins, vastly more than previously possible. AI also helps analyze literature, repurpose drugs, and match patients to clinical trials, increasing efficiency and enabling better decisions. Human expertise remains essential, as AI models must understand disease complexity, lab-specific biases, and biological interactions. Looking forward, AI can automate workflows, predict disease evolution, monitor patients remotely, and support virtual care. Combining clinician insight with AI promises to re-humanize health care while democratizing access. Ebert and Van Allen anticipate fully AI-enabled hospitals where patient monitoring, personalized therapeutics, and research integration create a smooth, humane experience. In short, AI does not replace doctors — it restores their ability to connect with patients supports complex decision-making, and enhances care quality, fulfilling the promise of health care that is truly personal and human-centered. 1．Why does the author mention EHRs in the second paragraph? A．To explain a solution. B．To make a comparison. C．To introduce a problem. D．To present an argument. 变式2【重庆市涪陵第五中学校2025-2026学年高三上学期期末模拟英语试题】For over two thousand years, scientists and philosophers have been puzzled by a simple question: how can plants, without eyes, grow toward light? While animals use eyes to detect the direction of light, plants seem to have no such organ. So how do they do it? Early Greek thinkers believed plants could sense and react to their environment — almost like animals. But Aristotle later argued that plants were passive, unable to perceive or respond to the world around them. His view influenced Western thought for centuries. However, a team of European researchers has now uncovered the secret. They focused on Arabidopsis, a small weed commonly used in plant genetics. Using advanced imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy, the scientists measured how light passes through the plant’s stem. Their results, published in a recent study, showed that the air channels between the plant’s cells scatter the light, bending it significantly as it travels through the tissue. One researcher noted, “It’s like the plant has thousands of tiny lenses.” This scattering creates subtle differences in light intensity across the stem, allowing the plant to pinpoint the light’s direction accurately. In other words, the plant doesn’t need eyes. Instead, it uses its entire body to sense light. This clever mechanism lets seedlings “see” where the light is coming from and adjust their growth toward it. The findings not only solve an ancient mystery but also challenge Aristotle’s idea that plants are passive. It turns out that plants have evolved a sophisticated way to perceive their environment — without the need for complex organs like eyes. They are far more active and adaptive than we once thought. This research opens new questions for plant biologists. How are these air channels formed? How exactly do plants process the light information? Understanding these mechanisms could help us learn more about how plants interact with the world — and perhaps even inspire new technologies in light sensing and robotics. 7．How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph? A．By making a comparison. B．By quoting a philosopher. C．By stating a phenomenon. D．By presenting a puzzle. 8．What is the key finding of the European researchers’ study? A．Plant cells contain special proteins that respond to light. B．Plants use air channels as tiny lenses to detect light direction. C．Light intensity varies significantly in different plant tissues. D．Arabidopsis has a unique genetic structure for light sensing. 9．What is the significance of the research findings? A．They explain the formation of air channels. B．They reveal plants’ passive growth pattern. C．They challenge traditional views of plants. D．They confirm Aristotle’s theory about plants. 10．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．Aristotle’s theory of plant behavior is proven correct. B．How a specific plant uses air channels to detect light. C．The future applications of plant research in robotics. D．Plants actively sense light without eyes, changing past beliefs. 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $