Unit 5 Section Ⅱ Understanding ideas-【新课程能力培养】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册练习手册（外研版）

Unit 5 Into Section I Starting out 基础巩固 一、词性转化 1.naturally;nature;supernatural 2.electrically;elec- tricity:electrical:electronic 3.scientific;scientifically; scientist 二、短语英汉互译 1.underneath our feet 2.in ancient times 3.natural phenomenon 4.thunder and lightning 5.a sign of 6.一道闪电7.一声响雷8.敲鼓9.吓跑10.中世 纪欧洲 三、句子英汉互译 1.Thunder is a shock wave of sound caused by light- ning. 2.They race towards it,only to find the water has dis- appeared. 3.在许多文化中，有一种古老的信仰，认为日食是 由吃太阳的生物引起的。 4.事实上，日食发生在月球经过地球和太阳之间暂 时遮挡了太阳的光线时。 5.现在，所有的学生都知道，当不同温度的空气层 导致光线弯曲时，就会出现“海市蜃楼”。 拓展训练 语法填空 1.an 2.dating 3.where 4.equipped 5.offers 6.how 7.to be discovered 8.are 9.civilisation 10. behind Section ll Understanding ideas 基础巩固 一、词性转化 1.civilise;civilised 2.expand;expansive 3.mys- terious;mysteriously 4.representative 5.death;die; dead;dying 二、单句语法填空 1.expansion 2.abandoned 3.mysterious 4.on 5.Burying 6.ruins 三、短语英汉互译 1.make an incredible discovery 2.through compari- son 3.deep in the jungle 4.complex structure 5.natu- ral disaster 6.on top of all 7.so far 8.all the more 9.小型聚居区10.畜力11.致死疾病12.不同因素 参考答案。 he unknown 13.运河系统14.热带气旋15.以不同速度16.沦 为废墟 四、句子英汉互译 1.Through comparison,he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars 2.Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century. 3.It was a writing system so complicated that,so far, no one has been able to interpret it completely. 4.Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. 5.Or was it a combination of several different factors? 6.By changing the landscape in this way,it is possi- ble that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. 7.他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确 程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。 8.玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛 雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。 9.随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地发展农业，需 要更多树木修建建筑物。 10.这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最后导 致城市衰败。 五、句式转换 1.Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civili- sation are among people. 2.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels. metal tools or even animal power. 3.It contained more than 800 characters,with some signs representing animals,people and objects and others representing syllables. 4.Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a very young age,15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. 拓展训练 【.语法填空 1.impressive 2.to 3.that 4.to abandon 5.be- gan 6.a 7.themselves 8.have led 9.largely 10.leav- ing Ⅱ.阅读理解 A:1~4 CBDC B:1~4 DABD C:1~4 DCCB 107高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） SectionⅡ Unde 基础巩固 一、词性转化 L.civilisation(n.)文明→ (.)教 化；开化；使文明；使有教养→ (a山)文明的；开化的；有礼貌的；有教 养的 2.expansion(n.)膨胀；扩张；扩展；扩 大→ (u.)扩大增加；增强； 扩展→ (a山.)膨胀的；广阔的； 辽阔的；浩瀚的；广泛的 3.mystery(n.)神秘的事物；奥秘；不可思 议→ (ad.)神秘的；不易解释 的；诡秘的→ (ad.)神秘地 4.represent(u.)代表；作为…的代言人； 维护…的利益→ (n.)代表； 销售代表；销售代理(ad山.)典型的；有 代表性的 5.deadly(ad.)致命的；（可能）致死的→ (n.)死；死亡→ (v.) 死亡；死；凋谢；消失→ (ad.) 死的；失去生命的；枯萎的→ (ad山.)临终的；临死的；垂死的 二、单句语法填空 1.With the expand)of cities, many people sell their old houses in the countryside and move into new flats in cities. 2.The old lady was so kind that she adopted many (abandon)cats and dogs. 3.There is something mystery) 72)练 rstanding ideas about the childhood of this famous writer. 4.As she was getting older,her mental facul- ties were_ the decline. 5. (bury)his face in his hands,he tried to control his weeping. 6.Today there are still castles all over the country.Some are in (ruin).But some built later are still in good repair and used even today. 三、短语英汉互译 1.有了惊人发现 2.通过比较 3.丛林深处 4.复杂建筑 5.自然灾害 6.除此之外 7.到目前为止 8.更加 9.small settlements 10.animal power 11.a deadly disease 12.different factors 13.canal system 14.tropical cyclones 15.at different rates 16.fall into ruin 四、句子英汉互译 1.通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的 位置和星象的位置是对应的。(correspond to) 2.自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾便 -直围绕着它。(be surrounded by) 3.这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止 还没有人可以将其完全解读。(so..that) 4.玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜。 (remain a mystery) 5.或是几个不同因素叠加所致？(a combi- nation of) 6.通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不 觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 (it is possible that) 7.They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar,which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. 8.The fact that Maya society was technologi- cally primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. 9.As their population expanded,yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees Unit 5 Into the unknown for construction. 10.These droughts would have led to food shortages,conflicts and,ultimately,the downfall of the cities. 五、句式转换 想想看，教材中是怎样表达相同意思 的？都使用了什么句子结构或表达方式？ 1.Although scholars do not consider his theo- ry,it shows that the mystery of ancient Maya civilisation is so important in people's minds. 2.The most unusual thing about these com- plex buildings is how the Maya built them without the use of wheels,metal tools and even animal power. 3.This text system contains more than 800 characters.Some symbols represent animals, people and things,and others represent syllables. 4.William Gaduri,a 15-year-old Canadian boy, has been fascinated by Maya civilisation since he was a child.He thinks he has made amazing discoveries by studying ancient astrograms. 练 高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） 六、小练笔 The Mysteries of the Maya介绍了玛雅文 明的兴盛与衰落，请概述一下，并写到你的 小练笔本上。 拓展训练 I.语法填空 Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th cen- tury.The Maya built 1. (impress) palaces and temples.The Maya had an amazing understanding of mathematics and astronomy and applied this understanding 2. the Maya calendar.The fact 3. Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements more incredible and mysteri- ous.But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya 4. abandon) their cities.By 700 AD,Maya civilisation was at its peak.Yet,within just a couple of gene- rations,it 5. (begin)to mysteri- ously decline. Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains 6. mystery.Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people 7. them)may have played a part in their downfall.Research also suggests that natural disasters may 8. (lead)to the de- cline of the Maya.Some recent studies have found that far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD is likely to have led to a series of droughts,which 74)练 were the main reason for the Maya's collapse. Whatever the reasons,Maya civilisation 9. large)disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once-great cities fell into ruin, 10. (leave)various mysteries for later people to solve. Ⅱ.阅读理解 A (2024届湖南新高考教学教研联盟18校 联合考试高三第一次联考) On December 16,2023,the first section of Maya Train officially opened,which runs between Campeche and Cancun,carrying up to 231 passengers across 290 miles and stop- ping at 14 train stations. Built as an ambitious effort to promote tourism and boost Mexico's economy,the rail system connects the major cities and tourist regions of the Yucatan Peninsula-from Cancun's beaches to Tulum's archaeological (考古的)wonders.Once the project is com- pleted,the entire rail system will link tourist destinations across five states.However,envi- ronmentalists and archaeologists argue that the train route will cause great damage to the en- vironment and ancient Mayan sites. The Maya Train passes through six UN- ESCO World Heritage sites,and thousands of archaeological sites.One particular area of concern is the Calakmul biosphere reserve, which is home to many endangered species, such as jaguars and over 500 other animal species.The train lines,more than 60 meters wide,could act as artificial barriers that may limit the movement of these animals within the reserve,making it difficult for them to move around and access food and water sources. Opponents also express safety concerns. Certain sections of the rail system will be built right on top of the aquifer's(地下水层的) most fragile points of contact with the surface. “It's like wanting to build over eggshells,” says Guillermo Christy,a water treatment consultant."Putting trains weighing thousands of tons on top could cause the underground caves to crash down."To construct the train infrastructure(基础设施)also requires driv-. ing long piles deep into the ground,which poses a big threat to this fragile ecosystem and leads to water shortages. In the ongoing debate of Maya Train,it is crucial to consider the delicate balance be- tween economic development and environ- mental preservation.While Maya Train may provide economic benefits,we must not over- look the potential environmental and cultural losses,as well as the safety risks it may bring. Achieving harmony between progress and conservation may be a significant challenge for the project,but we must take into account the long-term consequences of our actions. )1.What do we know about the Maya Train project? A.It consumes lots of labor in Mexico. B.It was completed on December 16,2023. Unit 5 Into the unknown C.It has concerned some profes- sionals. D.It blocks the development of local tourism. )2.What is the effect of the train lines on the animals in the reserve? A.They disturb their sleeping pat- terns. B.They restrict their activities. C.They pollute their water sources. D.They engage their enemies to the area. )3.Why does the author mention “eggshells”in Paragraph4？ A.To show the difficulty of con- structing the rail lines. B.To prove the urgency of protect- ing the fragile ecosystem. C.To explain the reasons for water shortages along the railway D.To stress the potential harm of Maya Train to the aquifer system. )4.Which statement would the author probably agree with? A.Preserving cultural sites requires strong financial support. B.It is time to speed up the con- struction process of Maya Train. C.Economic development should not come at the expense of the environment. D.We should prize the economic benefits of the project in the 练(75 高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） long run. B In recent years,the International Space Field set off a new round of exploration craze, hoping to further master the space secrets and resources.Countries are busy developing rock- ets and satellites,developing manned space technology,formulating plans to explore the moon and Mars,and conquering space "One step ahead?”. When engineers develop a spacecraft, they ask a few key questions that guide their process,says David Klaus,a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder,who studies risk assessment and human spaceflight.They are,he explains, "What do we want to do?What does it take to do it?What can go wrong?And what can we do to reduce the chance of the bad things go- ing wrong?"These questions seem simple enough,but the answers are essential. When NASA,SpaceX,Blue Origin or anyone else considers sending humans into space,the vehicle they build must do three things.First,it has to accommodate the crew members by meeting their basic needs such as oxygen,food and water.Second,it should al- low them to accomplish mission objectives. Lastly,it must protect the people onboard and on the ground from the risks of spaceflight and reentry.Sometimes meeting one need in- troduces new risks.The crew needs to breathe, of course,but it was high-pressure tanks of liquid oxygen that caused an explosion on 76)练 Apollo 13,and it was the fuel powering an oxygen generator that sparked a fire onboard the Mir space station in 1997. Not only do astronauts float through a near vacuum(真空)filled with radiation,but in low-Earth orbit,where the International Space Station (ISS)operates,crews have to deal with a growing cloud of debris(碎片) circling Earth,which are usually from old satellites.The ISS's debris protective covering can absorb impacts from particles smaller than half an inch,but between 1999 and 2022,the station had to fire pushers 32 times to avoid contact with larger objects.A single hit would be dangerous;at speeds of 17,500 miles per hour,even something the size of a softball can cause severe damage. What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe?The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information.The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry.The ul- timate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space,and to explore more unknown worlds, that is,the Moon,Mars and beyond,and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. ()1.Why did the writer mention the ex- plosion on Apollo 13 in Paragraph 3 and the fire onboard the Mir space station? A.To explain the high risks of the space industry. B.To show the disadvantages of the space travel. C.To prove the unexpected risks of the spaceflight process. D.To describe the new risks in- volved in meeting the require- ments. ()2.What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A.The space environment itself piles on danger. B.Any misstep on a space mission is fatal. C.It is very difficult to complete the space mission D.Space engineers work hard to clean up space debris. ()3.What is the ultimate goal of human exploration of space? A.More unknown planets and stars. B.Freedom and equality of human beings. C.More protection against human diseases D.Space secrets and endless re- sources. ()4.What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A.Studying space for countless years. B.Living in space for many years. C.Exploring space for some ten Unit 5 Into the unknown years. D.Observing space for several ten years. c As human beings,we naturally tend to become more and more curious about everything about ourselves,including our history,psychology and philosophy.Much of our knowledge moves around humankind itself,as if we were the most important thing in the universe. But in the course of the centuries,we have come to realize just how many wrong ideas we have had.We have learned of the existence of black holes,waves of space,and the extraordinary molecular(分子的）struc- tures in every cell of our bodies. The more we discover,the more we understand that what we don't yet know is greater than what we know.The more powerful our telescopes are,the stranger and more unexpected are the heavens we see.The closer we look at the detail of matter,the more we discover of its great structure. In a famous story told by Plato in the seventh book of The Republic,some men are chained at the bottom of a dark cave and see only shadows cast upon a wall by a fire behind them.They think that this is reality. One of them frees himself,leaves the cave and discovers the light of the sun and the wider world.At first,the light,to which his eyes are unaccustomed(不适应的)，surprises and confuses him.But eventually he can see and 练 77 高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版） returns excitedly to his friends to tell them what he has seen.They find it hard to believe. We are all in the depths of a cave, chained by our ignorance and prejudice 见)，so our weak senses show only shadows.. If we try to see further,we are confused:we are unaccustomed.But we try.This is science. Scientific thinking explores and redraws the world,gradually offering us better and better images of it,teaching us to think in ever more effective ways.Its strength is its ability to overthrow old ideas,to uncover new regions of reality,and to construct new,more effective images of the world.This adventure rests upon the entirety of past knowledge,but at its heart is change. The incompleteness and the uncertainty of our knowledge,hung over the abyss of what we don't know,does not make life meaningless;it makes life interesting and precious. ( )1.What are the first three paragraphs mainly about? A.Splendid cultures for centuries created by man. B.Enough existing technologies for further exploration. C.New discoveries of the universe proved to be wrong. D.Our incomplete and uncertain knowledge of the universe. 78)练 )2.Why does the author use the story told by Plato? A.To let us truly realize the cruelty of reality. B.To cheer for the heroic deeds of pursuing freedom. C.To inspire us to explore more about the unknown world. D.To prove our unfamiliarity and prejudice about the world. )3.What does the author want to stress in the article? A.Making nature take its course improves our lives. B.Past knowledge prevents us building a new world. C.Exploring the universe makes our life meaningful. D.Discovering the universe a lot will cause confusion. )4.What could be the best title for the passage? A.The Reasons for Learning to People B.The Significance of Exploring the Unknown C.The Effect of Knowledge on Human Beings D.The Eagerness for Knowledge of the Unknown