寒假作业06 过去完成时及其被动语态（高考真题+名校热点习题）（巩固培优）高二英语人教版

限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 寒假作业06 过去完成时及其被动语态（巩固培优） 一、核心定义 过去完成时：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”。其结构为 “had + 过去分词”，否定式为 “had not + 过去分词（hadn’t + 过去分词）”，疑问式为 “Had + 主语 + 过去分词？”。 过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去某个时间之前已经被完成的动作，结构为 “had been + 过去分词”，否定式为 “had not been + 过去分词”，疑问式为 “Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？”。 二、常见时间标志词 类型 具体标志 例句 连词类 by the end of + 过去时间、before + 过去时间 / 从句、until + 过去时间、when + 过去时从句 By the end of last year, we had finished three projects.（到去年年底，我们已经完成了三个项目） 副词类 already（已经）、yet（还）、never（从未）、ever（曾经） She had already left when I arrived.（我到的时候她已经走了） 上下文暗示 无明确标志词，需通过语境判断动作先后顺序 He told me he had visited Beijing twice.（他告诉我他已经去过北京两次了 ——“拜访” 发生在 “告诉” 之前） 三、核心用法 1. 强调动作先后：明确表示过去两个动作中，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 例：After she had finished her homework, she watched TV.（她做完作业后才看电视） 2. 用于宾语从句：当主句为一般过去时，从句描述的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。 例：I didn’t know they had signed the contract.（我不知道他们已经签了合同） 3. 被动语态用法：强调 “过去的过去” 动作被完成，主语是动作的承受者。 例：The bridge had been built before 1990.（这座桥在 1990 年之前就已经建成了）【易错提醒】 误：When I got to the station, the train left.（未体现 “火车离开在到达之前”） 正：When I got to the station, the train had left. 误：By the time he was ten, he learned 1000 English words.（“学习” 发生在 “十岁” 之前，需用过去完成时） 正：By the time he was ten, he had learned 1000 English words. 误：The letter had sent before I called her.（被动关系，需用被动语态） 正：The letter had been sent before I called her. 三层必刷：巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型 一、巩固提升练（基础小题） （一）单项选择（每题 1 分，共 15 分） 1.（2023・新课标 I 卷）By the time we arrived at the theater, the play ________ for ten minutes. A. had begun B. has begun C. had been on D. has been on 【答案】C 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我们到达剧院时，演出已经开始十分钟了。“arrived” 是过去动作，“开始” 发生在 “到达” 之前，用过去完成时；begin 是短暂性动词，与 for ten minutes 连用需转换为延续性短语 be on，故选 C。 2.（2022・浙江卷）He said he ________ the film twice before it was shown on TV. A. saw B. had seen C. has seen D. would see 【答案】B 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：他说这部电影在电视上播出前他已经看过两次了。主句谓语 said 是一般过去时，“看电影” 发生在 “说” 之前，用过去完成时，故选 B。 3. （2021・天津卷）By the end of last month, they ________ the bridge design. A. Completed B. have completed C. had completed D. will complete 【答案】C 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：到上月底，他们已经完成了桥梁设计。By the end of + 过去时间（last month）是过去完成时的标志词，故选 C。 4.The meeting ________ when we got there, so we didn’t attend it. A. had been held B. was held C. has been held D. is held 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：我们到那里时会议已经开完了，所以我们没参加。“got there” 是过去动作，“会议被召开” 发生在 “到达” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故选 A。 5.（2020・全国卷 III）We ________ to finish the task by noon, but we failed because of the heavy rain. A. had planned B. planned C. have planned D. plan 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我们本计划中午前完成任务，但由于大雨失败了。“计划” 发生在 “失败”（过去动作）之前，用过去完成时，故选 A。 6.When I found the old photo, I ________ it for more than 20 years. A. had kept B. kept C. have kept D. keep 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：当我找到这张旧照片时，我已经保存它二十多年了。“found” 是过去动作，“保存” 发生在 “找到” 之前，用过去完成时，故选 A。 7.（2019・江苏卷）The project ________ by the end of 2022, which brought great convenience to the local people. A. was completed B. had been completed C. has been completed D. will be completed 【答案】B 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：该项目于 2022 年底前完工，为当地居民带来了极大便利。“by the end of 2022” 结合后文 brought（过去时），可知 “项目被完成” 发生在 “带来便利” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故选 B。 8.She told me that she ________ to Paris twice. A. has been B. had been C. was D. would be 【答案】B 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：她告诉我她去过巴黎两次。主句谓语 told 是一般过去时，“去过巴黎” 发生在 “告诉” 之前，用过去完成时，have been to 表示 “去过某地”，故选 B。 9.（2018・浙江卷）By the time he realized his mistake, it ________ too late to correct it. A. had been B. was C. has been D. is 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：当他意识到自己的错误时，已经来不及纠正了。“realized” 是过去动作，“太晚” 的状态在 “意识到” 之前就存在，用过去完成时，故选 A。 10.The books ________ before they were delivered to the library. A. had been checked B. were checked C. have been checked D. are checked 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：这些书在被送到图书馆之前已经被检查过了。“were delivered” 是过去动作，“被检查” 发生在 “被送达” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故选 A。 11.（2017・全国卷 I）They ________ for the flight for two hours when the announcement came. A. had waited B. waited C. have waited D. wait 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：当通知传来时，他们已经等航班等了两个小时了。“came” 是过去动作，“等待” 发生在 “通知传来” 之前，且持续了两小时，用过去完成时，故选 A。 12.I didn’t know that the letter ________ by my brother already. A. had been sent B. was sent C. has been sent D. is sent 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：我不知道我哥哥已经把信寄出去了。主句谓语 didn’t know 是一般过去时，“信被寄” 发生在 “知道” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故选 A。 13. （2024・全国卷）By the time the rescue team arrived, the trapped people ________ for nearly 10 hours. A. had been trapped B. were trapped C. have been trapped D. are trapped 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：救援队到达时，被困人员已经被困了将近十个小时。“arrived” 是过去动作，“被困” 发生在 “到达” 之前，且持续了十小时，用过去完成时的被动语态，故选 A。 14.He ________ all his money before he asked his parents for help. A. had spent B. spent C. has spent D. will spend 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：他花光所有钱后才向父母求助。“asked” 是过去动作，“花钱” 发生在 “求助” 之前，用过去完成时，故选 A。 15.（2023・天津卷）The old building ________ for over 100 years before it was pulled down. A. had stood B. stood C. has stood D. stands 【答案】A 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：这座老建筑在被拆除前已经矗立了一百多年。“was pulled down” 是过去动作，“矗立” 发生在 “拆除” 之前，用过去完成时，故选 A。 （二）用所给动词的适当形式填空（每题 1 分，共 5 分） 1.（2024・浙江卷）By the time we got to the airport, the plane ________ (take) off. 【答案】had taken 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我们到达机场时，飞机已经起飞了。“got” 是过去动作，“起飞” 发生在 “到达” 之前，用过去完成时，take 的过去分词为 taken，故填 had taken。 2.The report ________ (finish) before the manager came back. 【答案】had been finished 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：报告在经理回来之前已经完成了。“came back” 是过去动作，“报告被完成” 发生在 “回来” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故填 had been finished。 3.（2023・全国卷）She said she ________ (not see) her friend for five years. 【答案】hadn’t seen 【解析】考查过去完成时的否定式。句意：她说她已经五年没见过她的朋友了。主句谓语 said 是一般过去时，“没见” 发生在 “说” 之前，用过去完成时的否定式，故填 hadn’t seen。 4.All the tickets ________ (sell) out when we arrived at the ticket office. 【答案】had been sold 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：我们到达售票处时，所有的票都已经卖完了。“arrived” 是过去动作，“票被卖完” 发生在 “到达” 之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，故填 had been sold。 5.（2022・天津卷）By the end of last year, they ________ (build) three new schools in the rural area. 【答案】had built 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：到去年年底，他们已经在农村地区建了三所新学校。By the end of + 过去时间（last year）是过去完成时的标志词，故填 had built。 1、 语法填空（每空 1 分，共 3 分） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 （2025 年北京卷高考真题改编）Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you 1.______________ (make) several decisions even without noticing. Before that, you 2.______________ (already / decide) what to wear and what to have for breakfast. Every small choice shapes your daily life in a subtle way. 1. 【答案】 had made 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：当你刷牙的时候，你甚至在不知不觉中已经做了好几个决定。根据时间状语 “By the time you brushed your teeth”（过去时从句），表示过去某动作前已完成的动作，用过去完成时，故填 had made。 2.【答案】 had already decided 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：在那之前，你已经决定了穿什么、吃什么早餐。“that” 指代前文 “brushed your teeth”（过去动作），“决定” 发生在 “刷牙” 之前，用过去完成时，故填 had already decided。 Passage 2 （2024 年全国甲卷高考真题改编）They were part of a 15-member exploring party. Before they recorded the natural beauties, they 3 (spend) almost five awesome weeks in the remote area. No one knew that they 4 (overcome) so many difficulties like extreme weather and lack of supplies. 2. 【答案】 had spent 3. 【解析】3. 考查过去完成时。句意：在记录自然美景之前，他们已经在偏远地区度过了近五个令人难忘的星期。“recorded” 是过去动作，“度过” 发生在 “记录” 之前，表 “过去的过去”，用过去完成时，故填 had spent。4. 考查过去完成时。句意：没人知道他们已经克服了极端天气、物资短缺等诸多困难。主句谓语 “knew” 是一般过去时，“克服困难” 发生在 “知道” 之前，用过去完成时，故填 had overcome。4.【答案】 had overcome考查名词。句意：最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。 【解析】根据句意可知，空处考查短语engineering techniques，意为“工程技术”，符合句意。故填engineering。 Passage 3 （2023 年新课标 Ⅱ 卷高考真题改编）When the researcher interviewed the local artists, she learned that they 5._____________ (preserve) the traditional craft for over 30 years. The artists mentioned that their ancestors 6._____________ (pass down) the skills from generation to generation before they started to innovate. 5.【答案】 had preserved 6. had passed down 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：当研究人员采访当地艺术家时，她了解到他们已经保护这项传统工艺超过 30 年了。“interviewed” 是过去动作，“保护” 从过去持续到 “采访” 之前，用过去完成时，故填 had preserved。 6. 【答案】 had passed down 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：艺术家们提到，在他们开始创新之前，祖先们已经把这些技艺代代相传了。主句谓语 “mentioned” 是一般过去时，“传承技艺” 发生在 “开始创新”（过去动作）之前，用过去完成时，故填 had passed down。 一、过去完成时及其被动语态高考翻译题。 1.上周比赛举行前，我已经为它准备了两个月。 【答案】I had prepared for the contest for two months before it was held last week. 【解析】考查过去完成时与一般过去时的被动语态。“准备” 发生在 “比赛举行”（过去动作）之前，用过去完成时；“比赛被举行” 用一般过去时的被动语态，符合 “过去的过去” 与过去动作的先后逻辑。 2.我之前已经参加过三次类似的比赛，所以我不太紧张。 【答案】I had taken part in three similar contests before, so I was not too nervous. 【解析】考查过去完成时。“参加比赛” 发生在 “不紧张”（过去状态）之前，用过去完成时；“take part in” 为高考高频短语，过去分词为 “taken part in”，符合时态规则。 3. 到上月底，我已经把演讲稿背得很熟，并且在老师的帮助下练习了很多次。 【答案】By the end of last month, I had memorized the speech thoroughly and had practiced it many times with my teacher’s help. 【解析】考查过去完成时的并列结构。“By the end of + 过去时间” 是过去完成时的标志词，“背演讲稿” 和 “练习” 均发生在 “上月底” 之前，用过去完成时并列，体现多个动作在过去某一时间点前已完成。 4.这次比赛的奖品是由一家英语培训机构赞助的。 【答案】The prize of the contest had been sponsored by an English training institution. 【解析】考查过去完成时的被动语态。“奖品被赞助” 发生在过去描述（如 “获奖”）之前，用过去完成时的被动语态，结构为 “had been + 过去分词”，sponsor 的过去分词为 sponsored，符合被动关系与时态逻辑。 5.这段经历让我明白，成功属于那些付出足够努力的人。 【答案】This experience has taught me that success belongs to those who have made enough efforts. 【解析】考查现在完成时与定语从句。“经历带来的启示” 持续到现在，用现在完成时；定语从句中 “付出努力” 发生在 “明白” 之前，用现在完成时，“make efforts” 为固定搭配，过去分词为 “made efforts”，语法逻辑连贯。 二、阅读理解。 HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.GROUPS Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed. We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary. Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch. No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.UPCOMING EVENTS Time Meeting Location Sunday, Jan. 15  10:00 am — 1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead Sunday, Jan. 22  10:00 am — 2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot Sunday, Jan. 29  9:30 am — 2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead 1．What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team? A．To discover mineral resources. B．To develop new wildlife parks. C．To protect the local ecosystem. D．To conduct biological research. 2．What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team? A．5. B．10. C．15. D．18. 3．What are the volunteers expected to do? A．Bring their own tools. B．Work even in bad weather. C．Wear a team uniform. D．Do at least three projects. 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加保护当地生态系统的栖息地恢复小组的时间地点等相关细节。 1.【答案】C 【详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. (帮助恢复和保护从马林海岬到波利纳斯岭的马林海的自然区域。我们将探索美丽的公园场地，同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集。栖息地恢复小组的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用)”可知，栖息地恢复小组的目的是保护当地生态系统。故选C项。 2.【答案】B 【详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. (欢迎10岁及以上的志愿者)”可知，参加栖息地恢复小组的最低年龄限制是10岁。故选B项。 3.【答案】B 【详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段“We’ll be working rain or shine. (我们将风雨无阻地工作)”可知，身为志愿者，即使天气不好也要工作。故选B项。 （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 4．What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A．He’s odd. B．He’s strict. C．He’s brave. D．He’s rude. 5．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian. C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners. 6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 7．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。 4.【答案】A 【详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点戒备的姿态，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 5.【答案】C 【详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 6． 【答案】D 【详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 7．【答案】A 【详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）Not all great writers are great spellers. If you want to be published, it's vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). 8 No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly. I keep two reference books close-by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同义词词典). I don't trust my laptop's spellchecker. 9 Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus. 10 It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced. In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2,672 pages, it's not exactly short. It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 11 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there's nothing better. For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. "To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work," wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of "dull". 12 A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience. A．I don't often use this dictionary. B．It takes no account of the context. C．But I still don't want to replace them. D．But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read. E．Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling. F．That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes. G．Dictionaries don't always give you enough information. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者使用英语词典的经验和心得以及从中获得的乐趣。 8.【答案】F 【详解】上文“If you want to be published, it’s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript(如果你想发表，提交一份完美的、专业的手稿是至关重要的)”提到了完美的、专业的手稿的重要性，手稿中不能有语法和拼写错误是专业的手稿的要求之一。F选项“That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.(这意味着语法正确，没有拼写错误。)”是对手稿要求的进一步解释说明，符合题意。故选F项。 9.【答案】B 【详解】上文“I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.(我不相信我笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。)”提到了作者不相信电脑的拼写检查器;下文“Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.(当然，现在有很多在线词典和同义词库，但我是一个守旧的人，更喜欢精装的书和能用手指翻阅的书页。)”提到了作者更喜欢实体书和能用手指翻阅的书页，说明电子设备可能不会考虑上下文，所以B选项“It takes no account of the context.(它不考虑上下文。)”解释了上文的原因，具有承上启下的作用。故选B项。 10.【答案】E 【详解】下文“It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.(它应该给出每个单词的精确定义，从而将其与其他含义相似但不相同的单词区分开来。它通常还会显示单词的发音。)”提到了字典的功能，E选项“Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.(当然，字典不仅仅是用来拼写的。)”提到了字典的部分功能，能引起下文内容。故选E项。 11.【答案】A 【详解】下文“However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better.(然而，如果我需要检查一个单词的来源或查找其用法的例子，没有什么比这更好的了。)”提到了字典的使用情况，A选项“I don’t often use this dictionary.(我不经常用这本字典。)”是对字典使用频率的说明，与下文构成转折关系。故选A项。 12．【答案】D 【详解】上文“To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work, ” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of ”dull".(约翰逊在解释“dull”的一个定义时写道：“编字典是件无聊的工作乏味。”)”提到了编写字典是件乏味的工作，下文“A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.(花几分钟的时间浏览一两页是一种有益的体验。)”提到浏览字典也是一种阅读的乐趣，D选项“But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.(但是一本字典读起来是一种乐趣。)”是作者对字典的评价，与上文的“乏味”形成对比，与上文构成转折关系。故选D项。 三、完形填空 （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievements all my life. When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend 13 a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running 14 , but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was 15 for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I 16 it! Between the girl making my 17 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only 18 I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! So I 19 cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I 20 of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I 21 her bike and went for a ride. The 22 : the roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 23 . That day, I got 24 by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as 25 . I’ve 26 a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever 27 I set for myself, they just have to be my own. 13．A．knew B．held C．won D．quit 14．A．regularly B．silently C．proudly D．recently 15．A．asking B．looking C．waiting D．training 16．A．made B．believed C．hated D．deserved 17．A．advantage B．achievement C．contribution D．influence 18．A．way B．risk C．place D．reason 19．A．gave up B．went on C．turned to D．dealt with 20．A．heard B．dreamed C．complained D．approved 21．A．painted B．borrowed C．bought D．parked 22．A．problem B．secret C．principle D．advice 23．A．dangers B．events C．opponents D．challenges 24．A．passed B．convinced C．admired D．stopped 25．A．reliable B．convenient C．familiar D．appealing 26．A．traveled B．matured C．missed D．worried 27．A．limits B．dates C．goals D．tests 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。它详细叙述了作者在不同阶段对不同运动（跑步和骑自行车）的兴趣和经历，并通过这些经历反映了作者的成长和心理变化。 13.【答案】C 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我十几岁的时候，一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。A. knew知道；B. held抓住；C. won赢得；D. quit退出。根据后文“Feeling motivated”可知，作者有了动力，所以此处应是一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。故选C项。 14.【答案】A 【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：有了动力，我开始定期跑步，但后来发生了两件事。A. regularly有规律地；B. silently默默地；C. proudly自豪地；D. recently最近。根据前文“Feeling motivated” 可知，作者有了动力，所以应是定期跑步，符合语境。故选A项。 15．【答案】D 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，有一天我遇到的一个女孩告诉我，她正在为“超级”马拉松训练，指的是52.4英里的双马拉松。A. asking要求；B. looking看；C. waiting等待；D. training训练。根据后文“referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon”可知，女孩要跑双马拉松，所以此处应是为之训练，符合语境。故选D项。 16．【答案】C 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：说实话，我讨厌它!A. made制作；B. believed相信；C. hated讨厌；D. deserved值得。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“Between the girl making my 5 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging”可知，作者最长跑了15 miles和女孩一比微不足道，所以是讨厌这个成绩。故选C项。 17．【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个女孩面前，我的成就显得微不足道，再加上慢跑的无聊，我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我! A. advantage优势；B. achievement成就；C. contribution贡献；D. influence影响。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“seem small”可知，作者最长跑了15 miles，而女孩在为52.4 miles做训练，所以应是作者的成就微不足道。故选B项。 18．【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个女孩面前，我的成就显得微不足道，再加上慢跑的无聊，我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我!A. way方式；B. risk风险；C. place地方；D. reason理由。根据后文“I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知，有一只大狗在追“我”，“我”才会再跑步，这里说的是跑步的原因。故选D项。 19．【答案】C 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以我开始骑自行车。A. gave up放弃；B. went on继续；C. turned to转向；D. dealt with处理。根据前文“I decided that the only 6 I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知，作者决定放弃跑步，所以此处应是转向骑自行车。故选C项。 20．【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我梦想着参加自行车比赛，直到我飞到圣地亚哥去看我妹妹。A. heard听到；B. dreamed梦想；C. complained抱怨；D. approved批准。根据后文“of entering cycle races”结合选项可知，此处应是作者梦想着参加自行车比赛，符合语境。故选B项。 21．【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：有一天她上班的时候，我借了她的自行车去兜风。A. painted把……描绘成；B. borrowed借；C. bought买；D. parked停(车)。根据前文“I flew to San Diego to visit my sister”以及后文“went for a ride”可知，作者去看妹妹，所以要去骑行的话，应是向妹妹借自行车。故选B项。 22．【答案】A 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题是：那里的道路穿过很大的山谷，我一次要骑上坡好几英里。A. problem问题；B. secret秘密；C. principle原则；D. advice建议。根据后文“I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 11 .”可知，作者要骑上坡好几英里，这对他来说，是一个问题。故选A项。 23．【答案】D 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我从来没有遇到过这样的挑战。A. dangers危险；B. events事件；C. opponents对手；D. challenges挑战。根据前文“The 10 : the roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.”可知，作者要骑上坡好几英里，这对他来说是一个挑战。故选D项。 24．【答案】A 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：。那天，我被大约100个习惯了这种道路的“当地”骑自行车的人超过了。A. passed超过；B. convinced说服；C. admired欣赏；D. stopped阻止。根据前文“I’d never faced such 11 .”可知，作者骑上坡好几英里是个挑战，所以是被很多人超过。故选A项。 25．【答案】D 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我回到家，突然骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。A. reliable可信赖的；B. convenient方便的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. appealing吸引人的。根据前文“That day, I got 　　12　　by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads.”可知，作者那天骑行被100多人超过，所以此时是觉得骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。故选D项。 26．【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：从那以后我成熟了很多。A. traveled旅行；B. matured (情感和认识)成熟；C. missed思念；D. worried担心。根据后文“I’ve come to accept that whatever______I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知，作者不再轻易放弃，所以是成熟了很多。故选B项。 27．【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我已经开始接受这样一个事实：无论我为自己设定什么目标，它们都必须是我自己的。A. limits限制；B. dates日期；C. goals目标；D. tests测试。根据后文“I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知，此处应是“无论我为自己设定什么目标，它们都必须是我自己的目标”，符合语境。故选C项。 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 寒假作业06 过去完成时及其被动语态（巩固培优） 一、核心定义 过去完成时：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”。其结构为 “had + 过去分词”，否定式为 “had not + 过去分词（hadn’t + 过去分词）”，疑问式为 “Had + 主语 + 过去分词？”。 过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去某个时间之前已经被完成的动作，结构为 “had been + 过去分词”，否定式为 “had not been + 过去分词”，疑问式为 “Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？”。 二、常见时间标志词 类型 具体标志 例句 连词类 by the end of + 过去时间、before + 过去时间 / 从句、until + 过去时间、when + 过去时从句 By the end of last year, we had finished three projects.（到去年年底，我们已经完成了三个项目） 副词类 already（已经）、yet（还）、never（从未）、ever（曾经） She had already left when I arrived.（我到的时候她已经走了） 上下文暗示 无明确标志词，需通过语境判断动作先后顺序 He told me he had visited Beijing twice.（他告诉我他已经去过北京两次了 ——“拜访” 发生在 “告诉” 之前） 三、核心用法 1. 强调动作先后：明确表示过去两个动作中，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 例：After she had finished her homework, she watched TV.（她做完作业后才看电视） 2. 用于宾语从句：当主句为一般过去时，从句描述的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。 例：I didn’t know they had signed the contract.（我不知道他们已经签了合同） 3. 被动语态用法：强调 “过去的过去” 动作被完成，主语是动作的承受者。 例：The bridge had been built before 1990.（这座桥在 1990 年之前就已经建成了）【易错提醒】 误：When I got to the station, the train left.（未体现 “火车离开在到达之前”） 正：When I got to the station, the train had left. 误：By the time he was ten, he learned 1000 English words.（“学习” 发生在 “十岁” 之前，需用过去完成时） 正：By the time he was ten, he had learned 1000 English words. 误：The letter had sent before I called her.（被动关系，需用被动语态） 正：The letter had been sent before I called her. 三层必刷：巩固提升+能力培优+创新题型 一、巩固提升练（基础小题） （一）单项选择（每题 1 分，共 15 分） 1.（2023・新课标 I 卷）By the time we arrived at the theater, the play ________ for ten minutes. A. had begun B. has begun C. had been on D. has been on 2.（2022・浙江卷）He said he ________ the film twice before it was shown on TV. A. saw B. had seen C. has seen D. would see 3. （2021・天津卷）By the end of last month, they ________ the bridge design. A. Completed B. have completed C. had completed D. will complete 4.The meeting ________ when we got there, so we didn’t attend it. A. had been held B. was held C. has been held D. is held 5.（2020・全国卷 III）We ________ to finish the task by noon, but we failed because of the heavy rain. A. had planned B. planned C. have planned D. plan 6.When I found the old photo, I ________ it for more than 20 years. A. had kept B. kept C. have kept D. keep 7.（2019・江苏卷）The project ________ by the end of 2022, which brought great convenience to the local people. A. was completed B. had been completed C. has been completed D. will be completed 8.She told me that she ________ to Paris twice. A. has been B. had been C. was D. would be 9.（2018・浙江卷）By the time he realized his mistake, it ________ too late to correct it. A. had been B. was C. has been D. is 10.The books ________ before they were delivered to the library. A. had been checked B. were checked C. have been checked D. are checked 11.（2017・全国卷 I）They ________ for the flight for two hours when the announcement came. A. had waited B. waited C. have waited D. wait 12.I didn’t know that the letter ________ by my brother already. A. had been sent B. was sent C. has been sent D. is sent 13. （2024・全国卷）By the time the rescue team arrived, the trapped people ________ for nearly 10 hours. A. had been trapped B. were trapped C. have been trapped D. are trapped 14.He ________ all his money before he asked his parents for help. A. had spent B. spent C. has spent D. will spend 15.（2023・天津卷）The old building ________ for over 100 years before it was pulled down. A. had stood B. stood C. has stood D. stands （二）用所给动词的适当形式填空（每题 1 分，共 5 分） 1.（2024・浙江卷）By the time we got to the airport, the plane ________ (take) off. 2.The report ________ (finish) before the manager came back. 3.（2023・全国卷）She said she ________ (not see) her friend for five years. 4.All the tickets ________ (sell) out when we arrived at the ticket office. 5.（2022・天津卷）By the end of last year, they ________ (build) three new schools in the rural area. 1、 语法填空（每空 1 分，共 3 分） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 （2025 年北京卷高考真题改编）Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you 1.______________ (make) several decisions even without noticing. Before that, you 2.______________ (already / decide) what to wear and what to have for breakfast. Every small choice shapes your daily life in a subtle way. Passage 2 （2024 年全国甲卷高考真题改编）They were part of a 15-member exploring party. Before they recorded the natural beauties, they 3 (spend) almost five awesome weeks in the remote area. No one knew that they 4 (overcome) so many difficulties like extreme weather and lack of supplies. Passage 3 （2023 年新课标 Ⅱ 卷高考真题改编）When the researcher interviewed the local artists, she learned that they 5._____________ (preserve) the traditional craft for over 30 years. The artists mentioned that their ancestors 6._____________ (pass down) the skills from generation to generation before they started to innovate. 一、过去完成时及其被动语态高考翻译题。 1.上周比赛举行前，我已经为它准备了两个月。 2.我之前已经参加过三次类似的比赛，所以我不太紧张。 3. 到上月底，我已经把演讲稿背得很熟，并且在老师的帮助下练习了很多次。 4.这次比赛的奖品是由一家英语培训机构赞助的。 5.这段经历让我明白，成功属于那些付出足够努力的人。 二、阅读理解 HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.GROUPS Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed. We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary. Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch. No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.UPCOMING EVENTS Time Meeting Location Sunday, Jan. 15  10:00 am — 1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead Sunday, Jan. 22  10:00 am — 2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot Sunday, Jan. 29  9:30 am — 2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead 1．What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team? A．To discover mineral resources. B．To develop new wildlife parks. C．To protect the local ecosystem. D．To conduct biological research. 2．What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team? A．5. B．10. C．15. D．18. 3．What are the volunteers expected to do? A．Bring their own tools. B．Work even in bad weather. C．Wear a team uniform. D．Do at least three projects. （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 4．What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A．He’s odd. B．He’s strict. C．He’s brave. D．He’s rude. 5．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian. C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners. 6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 7．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）Not all great writers are great spellers. If you want to be published, it's vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). 8 No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly. I keep two reference books close-by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同义词词典). I don't trust my laptop's spellchecker. 9 Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus. 10 It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced. In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2,672 pages, it's not exactly short. It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 11 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there's nothing better. For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. "To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work," wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of "dull". 12 A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience. A．I don't often use this dictionary. B．It takes no account of the context. C．But I still don't want to replace them. D．But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read. E．Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling. F．That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes. G．Dictionaries don't always give you enough information. 三、完形填空 （2024·广东江苏·高考真题）I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievements all my life. When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend 13 a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running 14 , but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was 15 for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I 16 it! Between the girl making my 17 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only 18 I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! So I 19 cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I 20 of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I 21 her bike and went for a ride. The 22 : the roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 23 . That day, I got 24 by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as 25 . I’ve 26 a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever 27 I set for myself, they just have to be my own. 13．A．knew B．held C．won D．quit 14．A．regularly B．silently C．proudly D．recently 15．A．asking B．looking C．waiting D．training 16．A．made B．believed C．hated D．deserved 17．A．advantage B．achievement C．contribution D．influence 18．A．way B．risk C．place D．reason 19．A．gave up B．went on C．turned to D．dealt with 20．A．heard B．dreamed C．complained D．approved 21．A．painted B．borrowed C．bought D．parked 22．A．problem B．secret C．principle D．advice 23．A．dangers B．events C．opponents D．challenges 24．A．passed B．convinced C．admired D．stopped 25．A．reliable B．convenient C．familiar D．appealing 26．A．traveled B．matured C．missed D．worried 27．A．limits B．dates C．goals D．tests 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $