第04讲 必修第三册 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（寒假预习讲义）高一英语译林版

第04讲 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world (必修三) 单元教学目标 维度 教学目标 核 心 素 养 语言能力 1. 掌握与科学探索、科学家贡献、科技发展相关的核心词汇与表达； 2. 学习并运用过去分词做定语、宾补和状语的用法； 3. 能够撰写介绍科学家生平与贡献的短文或演讲稿，语言准确、连贯。 文化意识 1. 了解中外重要科学家的成就及其对社会进步的影响，认识科学发展的跨文化性与全人类性； 2. 理解科学精神的内涵（如求真、创新、合作、奉献），树立尊重科学、崇尚创新的价值观； 3. 探讨科学家背后的文化与社会背景，思考科学伦理与社会责任。 思维品质 1. 分析人物传记、科普文章等文本的结构与叙事逻辑，概括科学家成功的关键因素； 2. 比较不同科学家的研究路径与贡献，形成有条理的对比分析； 3. 结合现实，批判性思考科技发展带来的双重影响，形成个人见解。 学习能力 1. 通过小组合作，搜集、整理一位科学家的生平资料，并对其进行归纳与评价； 2. 制作一份以“科学改变世界”为主题的海报、展板或演示文稿，并进行展示交流； 3. 利用多种资源（文本、视频、数据库）拓展对科学人物与科技史的理解，提升自主探究能力。 重点知识与技能简表 项目 核心内容 重点单词 trial，data，error, beneficial, conduct, illustrate, bacteria, indicate, intelligent, theory, atomic, scientific, evolution, electricity, responsibility 必备词组 as to，speed up，pay off，through trial and error，by accident，let sb down，take it for granted，put forward，go off，draw on，refer to 课文预习 完成与课文相关的阅读理解试题 基础语法 过去分词做定语，宾补和状语 写作应用 活动方案的策划 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 重点单词 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、 朗读生词表，根据中文提示，写出英文单词。 1. n. 试用，试验 2. n. 数据，资料 3. n. 错误，差错 4. adj. 有益的，有用的 5. vt. & vi. 组织，实施 6. vt. 说明，解释 7. n. 细菌 8. vt. 表明；暗示 9. adj. 有才智的 10. n. 学说，论 11. adj. 原子能的 12. adj. 科学的 14. n. 进化，演变 15. n. 电，电能 16. n. 责任，负责；职责，义务 二、用以上单词完成句子。 1. In order to prove his new ______, the young scientist spent years carefully planning and performing a series of complex experiments. 2. The research team decided to ______ a detailed survey to gather firsthand information about the local ecosystem. 3. The chart in the report clearly ______ how energy consumption has increased steadily over the past decade. 4. Alexander Fleming observed that a type of ______ did not grow around a certain mould, leading to a major medical breakthrough. 5. When working in the lab, it is crucial to record every step accurately to avoid any ______ in the final results. 6. Regular exercise is ______ to both physical and mental health, according to numerous studies. 7. The discovery of penicillin, derived (提取) from a common ______, revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. 8. The invention of the light bulb, which relies on ______, is one of the most important milestones in human history. 9. She is a highly ______ researcher who always comes up with creative solutions to complex problems. 10. All ______ research should be based on verifiable (可核实的)evidence and follow a strict methodology. 11. The development and use of ______ energy present not only technological challenges but also deep ethical questions. 12. Before mass production, the new drug must undergo extensive clinical ______ to ensure its safety and effectiveness. 13. Darwin's theory of ______ by natural selection was a groundbreaking idea that changed our understanding of life. 14. The researchers analyzed a vast amount of ______ collected from satellite images before drawing their conclusion. 15. The scientist felt a great sense of ______ to ensure that her invention would be used to benefit society, not harm it. 16. Fleming's accidental discovery of ______ from mould is a famous example of how luck can play a role in science. 三、朗读并牢记以下单词及其相关词性变化形式。 1. container n. 容器 → contain vt. 包含 2. sufficient adj. 充足的 → sufficiency n. 充足 → sufficiently adv. 充足地 3. wisdom n. 智慧 → wise adj. 智慧的 → wisely adv. 智慧地 4. beneficial adj. 有益的 → benefit n./v. 利益/得益于 → beneficially adv. 有益地 5. illustrate vt. 说明 → illustration n. 说明/插图 6. surround vt. 围绕 → surrounding adj. 周围的 → surroundings n. 环境 7. indicate vt. 表明 → indication n. 指示→ indicative adj. 指示的→ indicator n. 指示器 8. accident n. 事故 → accidental adj. 偶然的 → accidentally adv. 偶然地 9. intelligent adj. 聪明的 → intelligence n. 智力 → intelligently adv. 聪明地 10. favour n./v. 偏爱 → favourable adj. 有利的 → favourite n./adj. 最喜欢的人/物 11. politician n. 政治家 → political adj. 政治的 → politics n. 政治 12. electricity n. 电 → electric adj. 电的 → electrical adj. 电学的 13. scientific adj. 科学的 → science n. 科学 → scientist n. 科学家 14. intellectual adj./n. 智力的/知识分子→ intellect n. 智力→ intellectually adv. 智力上 15. freedom n. 自由 → free adj./v. 自由的/释放 → freely adv. 自由地 16. responsibility n. 责任 → responsible adj. 负责的 → responsibly adv. 负责地 17. publish vt. 出版 → publication n. 出版 → publisher n. 出版商 18. marriage n. 婚姻 → marry v. 结婚 → married adj. 已婚的 19. nationality n. 国籍 → nation n. 国家 → national adj. 国家的 → international adj. 国际的 20. ignorance n. 无知 → ignorant adj. 无知的 → ignore vt. 忽视 四、 用以上单词及其词性变化形式，完成下列句子。 1. It was a purely ________ meeting; we hadn't planned to discuss the merger (合并). We met ________ at the airport coffee shop. (accident) 2. The beautiful ________ of the lake include forests and hills. The ________ villages benefit from the clean air and water. (surround) 3. Her research has been ________ to the development of new treatments. Both doctors and patients have seen significant ________ from her work. (beneficial) 4. Can you ________ your argument with a concrete example? A clear ________ would make your point much easier to understand. (illustrate) 5. The ________ of artificial intelligence is a major topic among philosophers and ________s alike. It requires deep ________ reflection. (intellectual) 6. He must take full ________ for the team's failure. As the leader, he is ________ for making the final decision. (responsibility) 7. They decided to ________ their findings in a well-known journal. Following the ________, the lead author gave an interview to the press. The ________ handled all the promotional work. (publish) 8. Darwin's theory of ________ suggests that species ________ over time to adapt to their environment. This is known as ________ biology. (evolution) 9. She had the ________ to invest in the company early on. It was a very ________ decision, made ________. (wisdom) 10. The storage ________ was strong enough to resist the pressure. To ensure safety, the liquid must be properly ________ within it. (contain) 11. A ________ understanding of the theory is required to pass the exam. His knowledge, however, was ________ for such a complex task. (sufficient) 12. Early test results ________ that the new drug might be effective. This positive ________ gave the research team hope. (indicate) 13. The rise of the ________ was marked by powerful speeches. His ambitions were purely ________, aimed at gaining power rather than serving the people. (politician) 14. The invention of the dynamo (发电机) was crucial for generating ________ on a large scale. Soon, ________ lights began to illuminate city streets. (electricity) 15. The research was conducted in a highly ________ manner. Its success added a significant achievement to the field of ________. (scientific) 16. They fought for their ________ and basic rights. After the revolution, people could express their opinions more ________. (free) 17. The government will ________ a state of emergency if necessary. An official ________ is expected to be made later today. (declare) 18. Their ________ took place in a beautiful seaside church. After getting ________, they moved to a new city. (marriage) 19. He has two ________, so sometimes traveling is not easy for him. As a ________ hero, people in both countries respect him. (nation) 20. His rude behavior resulted from complete ________. He was ________ of even the most basic rules of etiquette. (ignore) ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 必备词组 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、英译中。 1. as to 2. speed up 3. pay off 4. through trial and error 5. by accident 6. let sb down 7. take it for granted 8. put forward 9. go off 10. draw on 11. refer to 二、用以上词组完成下列句子，注意形式的变化。 1. After the latest round of funding was secured, the director instructed the team to ________ the development process so the product could launch before the holiday season. 2. The new manager was nervous ________ whether the proposed changes would be accepted by the staff, but she decided to proceed anyway. 3. The scientist’s painstaking research finally ________ when her discovery led to a breakthrough in treating the disease, making all the years of hard work worthwhile. 4. Many traditional cures were discovered ________ when ancient healers observed the effects of various plants and minerals, without the advanced scientific methods we have today. 5. The fireworks were set up in the field, ready for the show. At exactly nine o’clock, the first one ________ with a bright flash and a loud bang, starting the celebration. 6. The experienced engineer knew that sometimes you have to ________ to solve a complex problem, testing different approaches until you find one that works. 7. After failing to deliver the project on time for the third time, Jack felt terrible that he had ________ his entire team again, undermining their trust in his reliability. 8. The author’s latest novel ________ his childhood memories of growing up in a coastal village, weaving personal experiences into a rich historical tapestry. 9. During the meeting, several innovative solutions were ________ to address the environmental impact of plastic waste, each suggesting a different path forward. 10. We often ________ that clean water will always be available, but the recent drought has forced us to reconsider our usage and conservation efforts. 11. If you are unsure about the correct chemical formula, you should ________ the laboratory manual or ask your instructor for clarification. ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 预习课文 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、阅读The Value of Science，选出正确选项。 1. Why did the author begin to question the value of science? A. Because he realized science was too difficult to understand. B. Because he thought science could not bring intellectual enjoyment. C. Because he believed scientists were often ignorant and uncertain. D. Because he saw science could be used for destructive purposes during wars. 2. What is the second value of science mentioned by the author? A. It enables us to produce useful things. B. It provides us with intellectual pleasure. C. It teaches us how to make moral choices. D. It helps us fight against authority. 3. What can be inferred about the author’s view on scientific knowledge? A. It automatically leads to moral decisions. B. It is only valuable when used for good purposes. C. It does not determine how it should be applied. D. It is more important than freedom of thought. 4. What does the author mean by saying “we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know”? A. Scientists accept uncertainty as a natural part of life and work. B. Scientists are often ignorant about basic life skills. C. Scientists believe it is unnecessary to seek answers to all questions. D. Scientists think ordinary people do not need scientific knowledge. 5. According to the author, what is crucial for scientific progress? A. Strict obedience to authority. B. Emphasis on practical applications. C. Focusing only on proven facts. D. Remembering the struggle for freedom to doubt. 6. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s overall view on the value of science? A. Science is dangerous and should be strictly controlled. B. Science is a tool whose value depends on how humans use it, and it also offers intellectual joy and upholds freedom of thought. C. Science is primarily valuable for its ability to produce new technologies. D. Science is mainly about solving mysteries and has little to do with morality. ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 基础语法 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语 一、作定语：修饰名词，含“被⋯⋯的”之意。 位置：单个过去分词常放在名词前；过去分词短语则放在名词后。 核心：表示被动或完成的状态，被修饰的词是动作的承受者。 a broken window 一扇被打碎了的窗户。（窗户“被”打碎） fallen leaves飘落的树叶。（树叶“完成了”掉落这个动作） The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. 那本由鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。（书“被”写） People injured in the accident were sent to hospital. 那些在事故中受伤的人被送到了医院。（人们“被”伤害） 二、作状语：修饰句子——“由于/当⋯⋯被⋯⋯” 位置：句首、句中或句尾，常用逗号隔开。 核心：表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，且与主语是被动关系。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. （当我们）从山顶看去，这座城市很美。（城市“被”看） Deeply moved by the movie, she couldn't help crying. （由于）被电影深深感动，她忍不住哭了。（她“被”感动） He walked into the room, followed by his dog. 他走进房间，后面跟着他的狗。（狗“被”跟着，表伴随） 三、作补足语：补充宾语/主语——“被⋯⋯成什么状态” 位置：在感官动词/使役动词后作宾语补足语，或“with + 宾语 + 过去分词结构”中宾语补足语。 核心：说明宾语或主语所处的被动或完成状态。 （宾补）I heard my name called. 我听到我的名字被叫。（名字“被”叫） （宾补）I must get my hair cut. 我必须去理个发。（头发“被”理） 四、即时练习 I. 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. I bought some ______ (freeze) food for dinner yesterday. 2. The problems ______ (discuss) at the meeting are very important. 3. Look at the ______ (excite) children! They are jumping with joy. 4. The bridge ______ (build) last year is now open to traffic. 5. Use the words ________ (give) to fill in the blanks below. II. 完成句子 1. ____________________（被乌云覆盖着）, the pilot decided to land the plane. (cover) 2. She stood there, ____________________（被这个突如其来的消息惊呆了）. (shock) 3. I need to have my computer ____________________（修理一下）. (repair) 4. The novel ____________________（由这位年轻作家写的）won a national prize. (write) 5. The pens ____________________ (在上海制造的) write smoothly. (make) ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 高考真题再现 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 1. (2024年 新高考II卷 语法填空) A six-meter-tall pavilion, __________ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden. 2. (2023年 新高考I卷 语法填空) Shanghai may be the 59 (recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace. 3. (2023年 天津卷 语法填空) Notices __________ (post) on the wall remind everyone to save water. 4. (2022年 全国乙卷 语法填空) He showed me the photos __________ (share) on his social media. 5. (2022年 北京卷 语法填空) The project ____ (support) by the community has made great progress. ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 活动方案的策划 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 活动方案（Plan）的策划，属于应用文。其根本目的是清晰、有条理地向读者介绍一项即将开展的活动，以获得批准、吸引参与或作为执行指南。因此，语言应客观、清晰、有条理，重点在于传递信息而非抒发情感。其实，课本（pp 51-52）的范例是绝佳的模板。我们可以仿照它的结构和语言，替换成自己设计的主题和活动。一个逻辑清晰的方案能让人一目了然。建议采用以下四段结构： 段落 核心内容 写作要点与例句 第一段：引言 (Introduction) 明确方案目的，介绍科技节主题（Theme）及其意义。 开门见山，点明写作意图，并用1-2句话简要说明主题如何联系生活，激发兴趣。 The plan is designed for our school Science Festival with the theme “Materials Physics”. This may sound academic, but it’s behind everyday items like smartphone screens. 第二段：主体活动 (Main Events) 分点列出2-3个核心活动，是方案的重点。 采用要点罗列（如1, 2, 3.）方式，每个活动单独成点，并说明时间、地点、内容、目的。 A lecture by Professor Wang... It will be held in the school hall on Monday morning to help us understand… 第三段：其他安排 (Additional Information) 补充说明参与方式、奖项、参观安排等。 使方案更完整、有吸引力。例如介绍科技作品展（Science Fair）的评比，或开放参观的时段。 第四段：结尾 (Conclusion) 总结活动价值，发出邀请或呼吁。 重申科技节意义，并礼貌地邀请大家参与或表达期待。 We believe the festival will inspire everyone to explore science. All students and teachers are warmly welcome. 必备词句与注意事项 掌握了结构，再用上得体的语言，你的方案会更出彩。 1. 高频实用词汇 活动安排：be scheduled to take place (定于⋯⋯举行), participate in/join in (参加)。 目的意义：with the purpose of (目的是), arouse/inspire one's interest in... (激发对⋯⋯的兴趣), have a better understanding of (更好地理解)。 科技发明：introduce/demonstrate the function of... (介绍/演示⋯⋯的功能), practical use/useful (实用的)。 2. 亮点句式 开头引入：I'm writing to present the plan for...或The following is the plan for... 介绍活动：There will be a.../...is arranged to be held in...(地点) on...(时间). 说明目的：The activity aims to/ is designed to... 结尾呼吁：We sincerely hope that.../Your participation is highly appreciated. 3. 关键注意事项 时态为主：主要使用一般将来时 (will, be going to) 和一般现在时。 语态多样：适时使用被动语态，让表达更客观正式，如The lecture will be given by...。 衔接流畅：使用 What's more, Additionally, Finally, 等词让段落过渡自然。 要点完整：务必涵盖主题、活动详情（时间地点）、目的，不要遗漏题目要求。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 高考真题再现 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ （2023年北京卷）第二节 书面表达 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim正在策划一次以“绿色北京”为主题的社团活动，他发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括： 1. 活动形式； 2. 活动内容。 注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim， ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第04讲 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world (必修三) 单元教学目标 维度 教学目标 核 心 素 养 语言能力 1. 掌握与科学探索、科学家贡献、科技发展相关的核心词汇与表达； 2. 学习并运用过去分词做定语、宾补和状语的用法； 3. 能够撰写介绍科学家生平与贡献的短文或演讲稿，语言准确、连贯。 文化意识 1. 了解中外重要科学家的成就及其对社会进步的影响，认识科学发展的跨文化性与全人类性； 2. 理解科学精神的内涵（如求真、创新、合作、奉献），树立尊重科学、崇尚创新的价值观； 3. 探讨科学家背后的文化与社会背景，思考科学伦理与社会责任。 思维品质 1. 分析人物传记、科普文章等文本的结构与叙事逻辑，概括科学家成功的关键因素； 2. 比较不同科学家的研究路径与贡献，形成有条理的对比分析； 3. 结合现实，批判性思考科技发展带来的双重影响，形成个人见解。 学习能力 1. 通过小组合作，搜集、整理一位科学家的生平资料，并对其进行归纳与评价； 2. 制作一份以“科学改变世界”为主题的海报、展板或演示文稿，并进行展示交流； 3. 利用多种资源（文本、视频、数据库）拓展对科学人物与科技史的理解，提升自主探究能力。 重点知识与技能简表 项目 核心内容 重点单词 trial，data，error, beneficial, conduct, illustrate, bacteria, indicate, intelligent, theory, atomic, scientific, evolution, electricity, responsibility 必备词组 as to，speed up，pay off，through trial and error，by accident，let sb down，take it for granted，put forward，go off，draw on，refer to 课文预习 完成与课文相关的阅读理解试题 基础语法 过去分词做定语，宾补和状语 写作应用 活动方案的策划 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 重点单词 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、 朗读生词表，根据中文提示，写出英文单词。 1. n. 试用，试验 trial 2. n. 数据，资料 data 3. n. 错误，差错 error 4. adj. 有益的，有用的 beneficial 5. vt. & vi. 组织，实施 conduct 6. vt. 说明，解释 illustrate 7. n. 细菌 bacteria 8. vt. 表明；暗示 indicate 9. adj. 有才智的 intelligent 10. n. 学说，论 theory 11. adj. 原子能的 atomic 12. adj. 科学的 scientific 14. n. 进化，演变 evolution 15. n. 电，电能 electricity 16. n. 责任，负责；职责，义务 responsibility 二、用以上单词完成句子。 1. In order to prove his new ______, the young scientist spent years carefully planning and performing a series of complex experiments. 【答案】theory 【详解】句意为“为了证明他新的 学说/理论 ，这位年轻的科学家花费数年时间精心规划和进行一系列复杂的实验。” 根据“prove”（证明）的语境，可知需要一个表示需要被验证的“学说”或“理论”的单数名词，即“theory”。 2. The research team decided to ______ a detailed survey to gather firsthand information about the local ecosystem. 【答案】conduct 【详解】句意为“研究团队决定 实施/进行 一项详细的调查，以收集关于当地生态系统的一手信息。” 根据“a detailed survey”（一项详细的调查）和语境，可知需要一个表示“组织、实施”某类研究活动的动词原形，即“conduct”。 3. The chart in the report clearly ______ how energy consumption has increased steadily over the past decade. 【答案】indicates 【详解】句意为“报告中的图表清楚地 表明/显示 了过去十年能源消耗是如何稳步增长的。” 主语“The chart”（图表）为单数第三人称，且“clearly”后需要一个动词作谓语，表示“显示某种趋势”，应填入动词“indicate”的第三人称单数形式“indicates”。 4. Alexander Fleming observed that a type of ______ did not grow around a certain mould, leading to a major medical breakthrough. 【答案】bacteria 【详解】句意为“亚历山大·弗莱明观察到一种 细菌 在某种霉菌周围无法生长，这带来了一项重大的医学突破。” 根据“did not grow”（无法生长）和“mould”（霉菌）的语境，可知需要一个表示微生物的复数名词，青霉素所对抗的正是“细菌”(bacteria)。 5. When working in the lab, it is crucial to record every step accurately to avoid any ______ in the final results. 【答案】error 【详解】句意为“在实验室工作时，准确记录每一步至关重要，以避免最终结果中出现任何 错误 。” 根据“avoid”（避免）和“in the final results”（在最终结果中）的语境，可知需要一个表示“差错、错误”的不可数名词，即“error”。 6. Regular exercise is ______ to both physical and mental health, according to numerous studies. 【答案】beneficial 【详解】句意为“根据大量研究，规律运动对身心健康都是 有益的 。” “is”后需要一个形容词作表语，描述运动对健康的作用，根据句意，应填入“beneficial”。 7. The discovery of penicillin, derived (提取) from a common ______, revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. 【答案】mould 【详解】句意为“从一种常见 霉菌 中提取的青霉素的发现，彻底改变了细菌感染的治疗方法。” 根据“penicillin”（青霉素）和“derived from”（源自于）的科学史实，可知青霉素源自“霉菌”，应填入单数名词“mould”。 8. The invention of the light bulb, which relies on ______, is one of the most important milestones in human history. 【答案】electricity 【详解】句意为“依赖 电 的灯泡的发明，是人类历史上最重要的里程碑之一。” 根据“the light bulb”（灯泡）和“relies on”（依赖于）的常识，可知其工作原理依赖于“电力”，应填入不可数名词“electricity”。 9. She is a highly ______ researcher who always comes up with creative solutions to complex problems. 【答案】intelligent 【详解】句意为“她是一位非常 有才智的 研究员，总能对复杂问题提出创造性的解决方案。” “a highly”后需要一个形容词来修饰名词“researcher”，描述研究员的特质，根据“comes up with creative solutions”（提出创造性解决方案），应填入“intelligent”。 10. All ______ research should be based on verifiable (可核实的)evidence and follow a strict methodology. 【答案】scientific 【详解】句意为“所有 科学的 研究都应基于可验证的证据，并遵循严格的方法论。” 空格位于名词“research”（研究）之前，需要一个形容词对其进行修饰，表示研究所属的严谨类别，应填入“scientific”。 11. The development and use of ______ energy present not only technological challenges but also deep ethical questions. 【答案】atomic 【详解】句意为“ 原子能的 能源的开发和使用不仅带来了技术挑战，也提出了深刻的伦理问题。” 空格位于名词“energy”（能源）之前，需要一个形容词对其进行修饰，表示能源的类型。根据“ethical questions”（伦理问题）的暗示，常与核能相关，应填入“atomic”。 12. Before mass production, the new drug must undergo extensive clinical ______ to ensure its safety and effectiveness. 【答案】trials 【详解】句意为“在批量生产之前，这种新药必须经过广泛的临床 试验 以确保其安全性和有效性。” “clinical”（临床的）后需要一个名词，且“extensive”（广泛的）和“undergo”（经历）暗示这是一个需要进行的测试过程，应填入可数名词“trial”，因其前有“extensive”，常用复数形式“trials”。 13. Darwin's theory of ______ by natural selection was a groundbreaking idea that changed our understanding of life. 【答案】evolution 【详解】句意为“达尔文的自然选择 进化 论是一个开创性的思想，改变了我们对生命的理解。” 根据“Darwin”（达尔文）和“theory”（理论）的固定搭配，以及“by natural selection”（通过自然选择），可知这是达尔文的核心理论，应填入“evolution”。 14. The researchers analyzed a vast amount of ______ collected from satellite images before drawing their conclusion. 【答案】data 【详解】句意为“研究人员在得出结论前，分析了从卫星图像收集的大量 数据 。” “a vast amount of”（大量的）后需要一个表示信息集合的不可数名词或复数名词，应填入“data”。 15. The scientist felt a great sense of ______ to ensure that her invention would be used to benefit society, not harm it. 【答案】responsibility 【详解】句意为“这位科学家感到一种强烈的 责任感 ，要确保她的发明被用来造福社会，而非伤害它。” “a great sense of”（强烈的…感）后需要一个名词，且根据“to ensure… benefit society”（确保…造福社会）的语境，可知是道德上的“责任”，应填入“responsibility”。 16. Fleming's accidental discovery of ______ from mould is a famous example of how luck can play a role in science. 【答案】penicillin 【详解】句意为“弗莱明从霉菌中意外发现 青霉素 ，是运气如何在科学中发挥作用的一个著名例子。” 根据“Fleming”（弗莱明）、“accidental discovery”（意外发现）和“from mould”（来自霉菌）的科学史实，可直接确定发现的药物名称“penicillin”。 三、朗读并牢记以下单词及其相关词性变化形式。 1. container n. 容器 → contain vt. 包含 2. sufficient adj. 充足的 → sufficiency n. 充足 → sufficiently adv. 充足地 3. wisdom n. 智慧 → wise adj. 智慧的 → wisely adv. 智慧地 4. beneficial adj. 有益的 → benefit n./v. 利益/得益于 → beneficially adv. 有益地 5. illustrate vt. 说明 → illustration n. 说明/插图 6. surround vt. 围绕 → surrounding adj. 周围的 → surroundings n. 环境 7. indicate vt. 表明 → indication n. 指示→ indicative adj. 指示的→ indicator n. 指示器 8. accident n. 事故 → accidental adj. 偶然的 → accidentally adv. 偶然地 9. intelligent adj. 聪明的 → intelligence n. 智力 → intelligently adv. 聪明地 10. favour n./v. 偏爱 → favourable adj. 有利的 → favourite n./adj. 最喜欢的人/物 11. politician n. 政治家 → political adj. 政治的 → politics n. 政治 12. electricity n. 电 → electric adj. 电的 → electrical adj. 电学的 13. scientific adj. 科学的 → science n. 科学 → scientist n. 科学家 14. intellectual adj./n. 智力的/知识分子→ intellect n. 智力→ intellectually adv. 智力上 15. freedom n. 自由 → free adj./v. 自由的/释放 → freely adv. 自由地 16. responsibility n. 责任 → responsible adj. 负责的 → responsibly adv. 负责地 17. publish vt. 出版 → publication n. 出版 → publisher n. 出版商 18. marriage n. 婚姻 → marry v. 结婚 → married adj. 已婚的 19. nationality n. 国籍 → nation n. 国家 → national adj. 国家的 → international adj. 国际的 20. ignorance n. 无知 → ignorant adj. 无知的 → ignore vt. 忽视 四、 用以上单词及其词性变化形式，完成下列句子。 1. It was a purely ________ meeting; we hadn't planned to discuss the merger (合并). We met ________ at the airport coffee shop. (accident) 【答案】accidental; accidentally 【解析】第一个空格在不定冠词 “a” 和形容词 “purely” 之后，修饰名词 “meeting”，需要一个形容词，意为“偶然的”。第二个空格修饰动词 “met”，需要一个副词，意为“偶然地”。 【译文】那是一次纯粹的偶然会面；我们并未计划讨论合并事宜。我们在机场咖啡店偶然相遇。 2. The beautiful ________ of the lake include forests and hills. The ________ villages benefit from the clean air and water. (surround) 【答案】surroundings; surrounding 【解析】第一个空格前有形容词 “beautiful”，后接 “of the lake”，需要一个名词，表示“环境/周围的事物”，且常用复数形式 “surroundings”。第二个空格在名词 “villages” 之前，需要一个形容词进行修饰，表示“周围的”。 【译文】湖泊美丽的环境包括森林和丘陵。周围的村庄受益于洁净的空气和水。 3. Her research has been ________ to the development of new treatments. Both doctors and patients have seen significant ________ from her work. (beneficial) 【答案】beneficial; benefits 【解析】第一个空格在系动词 “has been” 之后，作表语，需要一个形容词，意为“有益的”。第二个空格在动词 “seen” 之后作宾语，且前有形容词 “significant” 修饰，需要一个名词，意为“好处”，常用复数形式 “benefits”。 【译文】她的研究对新疗法的开发一直很有益处。医生和病人都从她的工作中看到了显著的好处。 4. Can you ________ your argument with a concrete example? A clear ________ would make your point much easier to understand. (illustrate) 【答案】illustrate; illustration 【解析】第一个空格位于情态动词 “can” 之后，需要动词原形，意为“说明”。第二个空格在不定冠词 “a” 和形容词 “clear” 之后，需要单数名词，意为“例证”或“图解”。 【译文】你能用一个具体的例子来说明你的论点吗？一个清晰的例证会让你的观点更容易理解。 5. The ________ of artificial intelligence is a major topic among philosophers and ________s alike. It requires deep ________ reflection. (intellectual) 【答案】intelligence; intellectuals; intellectual 【解析】第一个空格在定冠词 “The” 之后，作主语，需要一个名词，指“智力”本身。第二个空格与 “philosophers” 并列，且前有 “and”，需要名词复数形式，指“知识分子”这一类人。第三个空格在名词 “reflection” 之前，需要一个形容词进行修饰，意为“智力的”。 【译文】人工智能的智力是哲学家和知识分子 alike 的一个主要话题。这需要深刻的智力反思。 6. He must take full ________ for the team's failure. As the leader, he is ________ for making the final decision. (responsibility) 【答案】responsibility; responsible 【解析】第一个空格在动词 “take” 之后作宾语，且前有形容词 “full” 修饰，需要名词“责任”。第二个空格在系动词 “is” 之后，作表语，需要一个形容词，意为“有责任的”。 【译文】他必须为团队的失败承担全部责任。作为领导者，他负有做出最终决定的责任。 7. They decided to ________ their findings in a well-known journal. Following the ________, the lead author gave an interview to the press. The ________ handled all the promotional work. (publish) 【答案】publish; publication; publisher 【解析】第一个空格在不定式 “to” 之后，需要动词原形，意为“发表”。第二个空格在定冠词 “the” 之后，作介词 “Following” 的宾语，需要名词，指“发表/出版”这件事或“出版物”。第三个空格作主语，需要名词，指“出版者/出版社”。 【译文】他们决定在一家知名期刊上发表他们的发现。发表之后，主要作者接受了新闻界采访。出版商处理了所有的宣传工作。 8. Darwin's theory of ________ suggests that species ________ over time to adapt to their environment. This is known as ________ biology. (evolution) 【答案】evolution; evolve; evolutionary 【解析】第一个空格在介词 “of” 之后，作宾语，需要名词“进化”。第二个空格作谓语动词，前有情态动词“can”或根据“suggest”后的宾语从句时态（一般现在时），需要动词原形“进化”。第三个空格在名词 “biology” 之前，需要形容词进行修饰，意为“进化的”。 【译文】达尔文的进化论认为物种随着时间进化以适应环境。这被称为进化生物学。 9. She had the ________ to invest in the company early on. It was a very ________ decision, made ________. (wisdom) 【答案】wisdom; wise; wisely 【解析】第一个空格在定冠词 “the” 之后，作宾语，需要名词“智慧”。第二个空格在不定冠词 “a”、副词 “very” 之后，修饰名词 “decision”，需要形容词“明智的”。第三个空格修饰动词 “made”，需要一个副词“明智地”。 【译文】她有先见之明，很早就投资了这家公司。那是一个非常明智的决定，做得很有智慧。 10. The storage ________ was strong enough to resist the pressure. To ensure safety, the liquid must be properly ________ within it. (contain) 【答案】container; contained 【解析】第一个空格在形容词“storage”之后作主语，需要名词“容器”。第二个空格在情态动词“must be”之后，构成被动语态，需要过去分词“被容纳”。 【译文】这个储存容器足够坚固，能够承受压力。为确保安全，液体必须被妥善容纳于其中。 11. A ________ understanding of the theory is required to pass the exam. His knowledge, however, was ________ for such a complex task. (sufficient) 【答案】sufficient; insufficient 【解析】第一个空格在名词“understanding”之前作定语，需要形容词“足够的”。第二个空格在系动词“was”之后作表语，根据“however”表示的转折逻辑，需要反义词“不足的”。 【译文】需要通过考试，必须对理论有足够的理解。然而，他的知识对于这样复杂的任务来说是不够的。 12. Early test results ________ that the new drug might be effective. This positive ________ gave the research team hope. (indicate) 【答案】indicate; indication 【解析】第一个空格作谓语，主语“results”为复数，一般现在时，需要动词原形“表明”。第二个空格在形容词“positive”之后，作主语，需要名词“迹象”。 【译文】早期的测试结果表明新药可能有效。这个积极的迹象给了研究团队希望。 13. The rise of the ________ was marked by powerful speeches. His ambitions were purely ________, aimed at gaining power rather than serving the people. (politician) 【答案】politician; political 【解析】第一个空格在定冠词“the”和介词“of”之后，作宾语，需要名词“政治家”。第二个空格在系动词“were”和副词“purely”之后作表语，需要形容词“政治的”。 【译文】这位政治家的崛起以其强有力的演讲为标志。他的野心纯粹是政治性的，旨在获取权力而非为人民服务。 14. The invention of the dynamo (发电机) was crucial for generating ________ on a large scale. Soon, ________ lights began to illuminate city streets. (electricity) 【答案】electricity; electric 【解析】第一个空格作动名词“generating”的宾语，需要名词“电”。第二个空格在名词“lights”之前作定语，需要形容词“电的”。 【译文】发电机的发明对于大规模发电至关重要。很快，电灯开始照亮城市的街道。 15. The research was conducted in a highly ________ manner. Its success added a significant achievement to the field of ________. (scientific) 【答案】scientific; science 【解析】第一个空格在副词“highly”之后，修饰名词“manner”，需要形容词“科学的”。第二个空格在介词“of”之后作宾语，需要名词“科学”。 【译文】这项研究是以高度科学的方式进行的。它的成功为科学领域增添了一项重大成就。 16. They fought for their ________ and basic rights. After the revolution, people could express their opinions more ________. (free) 【答案】freedom; freely 【解析】第一个空格在形容词性物主代词“their”之后作宾语，需要名词“自由”。第二个空格修饰动词“express”，需要副词“自由地”。 【译文】他们为自己的自由和基本权利而战。革命之后，人们可以更自由地表达自己的观点。 17. The government will ________ a state of emergency if necessary. An official ________ is expected to be made later today. (declare) 【答案】declare; declaration 【解析】第一个空格在助动词“will”之后，需要动词原形“宣布”。第二个空格在形容词“official”之后作主语，需要名词“声明”。 【译文】如有必要，政府将宣布进入紧急状态。预计今天晚些时候会发表正式声明。 18. Their ________ took place in a beautiful seaside church. After getting ________, they moved to a new city. (marriage) 【答案】marriage; married 【解析】第一个空格在形容词性物主代词“Their”之后作主语，需要名词“婚礼/婚姻”。第二个空格在系动词“getting”之后构成系表结构，需要形容词“已婚的”。 【译文】他们的婚礼在一个美丽的海边小教堂举行。结婚后，他们搬到了一座新城市。 19. He has two ________, so sometimes traveling is not easy for him. As a ________ hero, people in both countries respect him. (nation) 【答案】nationalities; national 【解析】第一空跟在“two”后面，需要表示“国籍”的名词（常用复数）。第二空在名词“hero”前面，需要形容词“国家的”来修饰。 【翻译参考】他拥有两个国籍，因此有时旅行对他来说不太方便。作为一名国家英雄，两国人民都尊敬他。 20. His rude behavior resulted from complete ________. He was ________ of even the most basic rules of etiquette. (ignore) 【答案】ignorance; ignorant 【解析】第一个空格在形容词“complete”之后作宾语，需要名词“无知”。第二个空格在系动词“was”之后作表语，需要形容词“无知的”。 【译文】他粗鲁的行为源于完全的无知。他甚至对最基本的礼仪规则都一无所知。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 必备词组 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、英译中。 1. as to 关于，至于 2. speed up (使) 加速 3. pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的 4. through trial and error 反复试验 5. by accident 偶然，意外地 6. let sb down 使某人失望 7. take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为⋯⋯是理所当然 8. put forward 提出，提议，建议 9. go off 发生，开火，爆炸 10. draw on 利用 11. refer to 查阅，查看 二、用以上词组完成下列句子，注意形式的变化。 1. After the latest round of funding was secured, the director instructed the team to ________ the development process so the product could launch before the holiday season. 【答案】speed up 【详解】句意为“在最新一轮资金到位后，主任指示团队________开发进程，以便产品能在假期前上市。”根据“launch before the holiday season”（在假期前上市）的紧迫性，以及“instructed the team to”（指示团队去…），需要一个动词短语表示“加快、加速”，应填入“speed up”。 【译文】在最新一轮资金到位后，主任指示团队加快开发进程，以便产品能在假期前上市。 2. The new manager was nervous ________ whether the proposed changes would be accepted by the staff, but she decided to proceed anyway. 【答案】as to 【详解】句意为“新经理________提出的改革能否被员工接受感到紧张，但她还是决定继续推进。”根据“whether the proposed changes would be accepted”（提出的改革能否被接受），这是一个具体的疑虑点。空格位于“was nervous”之后，需要一个介词短语引出紧张的具体内容或方面，表示“关于、至于”，应填入“as to”。 【译文】新经理对于提出的改革能否被员工接受感到紧张，但她还是决定继续推进。 3. The scientist’s painstaking research finally ________ when her discovery led to a breakthrough in treating the disease, making all the years of hard work worthwhile. 【答案】paid off 【详解】句意为“这位科学家艰辛的研究最终________，因为她的发现带来了治疗该疾病的突破，使得多年努力都变得值得。”根据“led to a breakthrough”（带来突破）和“making all the years of hard work worthwhile”（让多年努力变得值得）的结果，需要一个动词短语表示“取得成功、得到回报”，主语为单数，时态为一般过去时，应填入“paid off”。 【译文】这位科学家艰辛的研究最终取得了成功，因为她的发现带来了治疗该疾病的突破，使得多年努力都变得值得。 4. Many traditional cures were discovered ________ when ancient healers observed the effects of various plants and minerals, without the advanced scientific methods we have today. 【答案】by accident 【详解】句意为“许多传统疗法是________被发现的，当时古代的医者观察到各种植物和矿物的效果，而没有我们今天先进的科学方法。”根据“observed the effects… without advanced scientific methods”（在没有先进方法的情况下观察效果），可知这些发现并非通过系统的科学实验，而是偶然的。空格位于“were discovered”之后，需要一个状语表示“偶然地”，应填入“by accident”。 【译文】许多传统疗法是偶然被发现的，当时古代的医者观察到各种植物和矿物的效果，而没有我们今天先进的科学方法。 5. The fireworks were set up in the field, ready for the show. At exactly nine o’clock, the first one ________ with a bright flash and a loud bang, starting the celebration. 【答案】went off 【详解】句子描述烟花在九点时“发出明亮闪光和巨大声响”，为庆祝活动开场。主语是“the first one”（指第一个烟花），需要填入一个动词短语，表示“爆炸、响起”，且时态为一般过去时。“went off”常用来描述爆炸物或警报等突然发出声响或启动，符合语境。 【译文】烟花已在田野中布置好，等待表演。九点整，第一个烟花随着一道亮光和一声巨响炸响，庆祝活动由此开始。 6. The experienced engineer knew that sometimes you have to ________ to solve a complex problem, testing different approaches until you find one that works. 【答案】go through trial and error 【详解】句意为“这位经验丰富的工程师知道，有时你必须________来解决一个复杂问题，测试不同的方法，直到找到有效的那一个。”根据“testing different approaches until you find one that works”（测试不同方法直到找到有效的），这描述了一个实验和排除的过程。空格位于“have to”之后，需要一个动词短语表示“反复试验、不断试错”，应填入“go through trial and error”。 【译文】这位经验丰富的工程师知道，有时你必须通过反复试验来解决一个复杂问题，测试不同的方法，直到找到有效的那一个。 7. After failing to deliver the project on time for the third time, Jack felt terrible that he had ________ his entire team again, undermining their trust in his reliability. 【答案】let down 【详解】句意为“在第三次未能按时交付项目后，杰克感到非常糟糕，因为他再次________了他的整个团队，破坏了大家对他可靠性的信任。”根据“failing to deliver… for the third time”（第三次未能交付）和“undermining their trust”（破坏信任），可知杰克的行为让团队失望了。空格位于“had”之后，需要一个过去分词构成过去完成时，动词短语表示“使…失望”，应填入“let down”。 【译文】在第三次未能按时交付项目后，杰克感到非常糟糕，因为他再次让他的整个团队失望了，破坏了大家对他可靠性的信任。 8. The author’s latest novel ________ his childhood memories of growing up in a coastal village, weaving personal experiences into a rich historical tapestry. 【答案】draws on 【详解】句意为“这位作者的最新小说________他童年在一个沿海村庄成长的记忆，将个人经历编织成一幅丰富的历史画卷。”根据“weaving personal experiences into…”（将个人经历编织进⋯⋯），可知小说内容源自作者的个人记忆。空格处需要一个动词短语表示“利用、取材于”，主语为单数，时态为一般现在时（描述作品特点），应填入“draws on”。 【译文】这位作者的最新小说取材于他童年在一个沿海村庄成长的记忆，将个人经历编织成一幅丰富的历史画卷。 9. During the meeting, several innovative solutions were ________ to address the environmental impact of plastic waste, each suggesting a different path forward. 【答案】put forward 【详解】句意为“会议期间，为了应对塑料垃圾的环境影响，几个创新的解决方案被________，每一个都提出了不同的前进道路。”根据“several innovative solutions”（几个创新解决方案）和“to address…”，可知这些方案是在会议上被提出以供讨论的。空格位于“were”之后，需要过去分词构成被动语态，动词短语表示“被提出”，应填入“put forward”。 【译文】会议期间，为了应对塑料垃圾的环境影响，几个创新的解决方案被提了出来，每一个都提出了不同的前进道路。 10. We often ________ that clean water will always be available, but the recent drought has forced us to reconsider our usage and conservation efforts. 【答案】take it for granted 【详解】句意为“我们常常________干净的水总是可用的，但最近的干旱迫使我们重新考虑我们的使用和保护措施。”根据“but… forced us to reconsider”（但…迫使我们重新考虑），可知前面的想法是一种未经审视的、理所当然的假设。空格位于“We often”之后，需要一个动词短语表示“认为…理所当然”，主语为复数，时态为一般现在时，应填入“take it for granted”。(“it”为形式宾语，指代后面的“that”从句) 【译文】我们常常想当然地认为干净的水总是可用的，但最近的干旱迫使我们重新考虑我们的使用和保护措施。 11. If you are unsure about the correct chemical formula, you should ________ the laboratory manual or ask your instructor for clarification. 【答案】refer to 【详解】句意为“如果你不确定正确的化学公式，你应该________实验室手册或向你的导师寻求说明。”根据“laboratory manual”（实验室手册）和“ask your instructor”（问导师），这是两种获取准确信息的途径。空格位于情态动词“should”之后，需要一个动词原形短语，表示“查阅、参考”权威资料以获取信息，应填入“refer to”。 【译文】如果你不确定正确的化学公式，你应该查阅实验室手册或向你的导师寻求说明。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 预习课文 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 一、阅读The Value of Science，选出正确选项。 1. Why did the author begin to question the value of science? A. Because he realized science was too difficult to understand. B. Because he thought science could not bring intellectual enjoyment. C. Because he believed scientists were often ignorant and uncertain. D. Because he saw science could be used for destructive purposes during wars. 【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“But then during the war I worked on the atomic bomb. This result of science was obviously very serious... I had to ask myself, ‘Is there some evil involved in science?’”可知，作者因参与原子弹研制工作，目睹科学可能带来的毁灭性后果，从而开始质疑科学的本质。D项是原文内容的直接体现。 2. What is the second value of science mentioned by the author? A. It enables us to produce useful things. B. It provides us with intellectual pleasure. C. It teaches us how to make moral choices. D. It helps us fight against authority. 【答案】B 【解析】段落大意题。文章第三段开头明确提到“Another value of science is the intellectual enjoyment it can provide us with.”，随后整段围绕科学带来的探索乐趣和神秘感展开，因此B项正确。 3. What can be inferred about the author’s view on scientific knowledge? A. It automatically leads to moral decisions. B. It is only valuable when used for good purposes. C. It does not determine how it should be applied. D. It is more important than freedom of thought. 【答案】C 【解析】判断推理题。根据第二段“Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad——but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it.”可知，科学知识本身不包含使用说明，其应用方式取决于人的选择。C项是对此的合理推断。 4. What does the author mean by saying “we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know”? A. Scientists accept uncertainty as a natural part of life and work. B. Scientists are often ignorant about basic life skills. C. Scientists believe it is unnecessary to seek answers to all questions. D. Scientists think ordinary people do not need scientific knowledge. 【答案】A 【解析】句子理解题。该句位于第四段，结合上下文可知，科学家习惯于与无知、不确定共存，并将此视为科学探索中的常态。A项准确解释了句子的含义，即科学家认为生活中存在未知是正常的，且接受这种状态。 5. According to the author, what is crucial for scientific progress? A. Strict obedience to authority. B. Emphasis on practical applications. C. Focusing only on proven facts. D. Remembering the struggle for freedom to doubt. 【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“In order to progress, we must not forget the importance of this struggle; we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for uncertainty.”可知，作者强调不能忘记争取怀疑自由的斗争对科学进步的重要性。D项与此一致。 6. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s overall view on the value of science? A. Science is dangerous and should be strictly controlled. B. Science is a tool whose value depends on how humans use it, and it also offers intellectual joy and upholds freedom of thought. C. Science is primarily valuable for its ability to produce new technologies. D. Science is mainly about solving mysteries and has little to do with morality. 【答案】B 【解析】Summary题。全文从科学既能造福也能为害谈起，依次阐述了科学的三方面价值：实用能力、智力享受、以及由怀疑和自由思想带来的进步意义。B项全面概括了这三个层次，且强调了科学作为工具的中立性和人类责任，与文章主旨吻合。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 基础语法 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语 一、作定语：修饰名词，含“被⋯⋯的”之意。 位置：单个过去分词常放在名词前；过去分词短语则放在名词后。 核心：表示被动或完成的状态，被修饰的词是动作的承受者。 a broken window 一扇被打碎了的窗户。（窗户“被”打碎） fallen leaves飘落的树叶。（树叶“完成了”掉落这个动作） The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. 那本由鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。（书“被”写） People injured in the accident were sent to hospital. 那些在事故中受伤的人被送到了医院。（人们“被”伤害） 二、作状语：修饰句子——“由于/当⋯⋯被⋯⋯” 位置：句首、句中或句尾，常用逗号隔开。 核心：表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，且与主语是被动关系。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. （当我们）从山顶看去，这座城市很美。（城市“被”看） Deeply moved by the movie, she couldn't help crying. （由于）被电影深深感动，她忍不住哭了。（她“被”感动） He walked into the room, followed by his dog. 他走进房间，后面跟着他的狗。（狗“被”跟着，表伴随） 三、作补足语：补充宾语/主语——“被⋯⋯成什么状态” 位置：在感官动词/使役动词后作宾语补足语，或“with + 宾语 + 过去分词结构”中宾语补足语。 核心：说明宾语或主语所处的被动或完成状态。 （宾补）I heard my name called. 我听到我的名字被叫。（名字“被”叫） （宾补）I must get my hair cut. 我必须去理个发。（头发“被”理） 四、即时练习 I. 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. I bought some ______ (freeze) food for dinner yesterday. 2. The problems ______ (discuss) at the meeting are very important. 3. Look at the ______ (excite) children! They are jumping with joy. 4. The bridge ______ (build) last year is now open to traffic. 5. Use the words ________ (give) to fill in the blanks below. II. 完成句子 1. ____________________（被乌云覆盖着）, the pilot decided to land the plane. (cover) 2. She stood there, ____________________（被这个突如其来的消息惊呆了）. (shock) 3. I need to have my computer ____________________（修理一下）. (repair) 4. The novel ____________________（由这位年轻作家写的）won a national prize. (write) 5. The pens ____________________ (在上海制造的) write smoothly. (make) 【答案与解析】 I. 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. frozen （我买了一些冷冻的蔬菜当晚餐。）—— 蔬菜是“被”冷冻的，用过去分词修饰“vegetables”。 2. discussed （在会议上被讨论的那些问题很重要。）——“问题”是“被”讨论，且“讨论”这个动作已完成。过去分词短语“discussed at the meeting”放在名词后作定语。 3. excited （看那些兴奋的孩子们！）—— 这里是“孩子们感到兴奋”，孩子们是情绪“被”激发的主体，所以用过去分词“excited”修饰。注意区分：an exciting game（一场令人兴奋的比赛，比赛本身使人兴奋）。 4. built （去年被修建的那座桥现已通车。）——“桥”是“被”修建，用过去分词短语“built last year”作后置定语。 5. given (用所给的词填空。) —— “词”是被给的，所以用过去分词作后置定语。 II. 完成句子 1. Covered by dark clouds （被乌云笼罩，飞行员决定降落。）——“飞机”是“被”看和“被”覆盖的对象。这里 “covered”都是过去分词，作状语，表原因。 2. shocked by the sudden news （她站在那里，被这个突如其来的消息惊呆了。）—— “她”是“被”震惊的对象。用过去分词短语作伴随状语。 3. repaired （我需要把我的电脑拿去修理一下。）—— 固定句型“have/get sth. done”，表示“让他人为自己做某事”，电脑是“被”修理。 4. written by the young writer （由这位年轻作家写的那部小说获得了国家大奖。）—— “小说”是“被”写的，用过去分词短语作后置定语。 5. made in Shanghai. (上海生产的笔书写流畅。) “笔’’是被生产的，所以用过去分词。 最后总结 1. 作定语和状语时，关键是找准被修饰对象，并判断它是否是动作的承受者。 2. 作补足语时，重点是句型和固定搭配（如 have sth. done, see sth. done）。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 高考真题再现 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 1. (2024年 新高考II卷 语法填空) A six-meter-tall pavilion, __________ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden. 【答案】inspired 【解析】 句意：一个六米高的亭子，灵感来源于《牡丹亭》，在弗斯花园建成。分析句子结构可知，空格处及其后部分用于修饰主语 pavilion。pavilion 与动词 inspire 之间构成被动关系（亭子被赋予灵感），且该动作已完成，故用过去分词作后置定语。相当于省略了 which was 的定语从句。故填 inspired。 2. (2023年 新高考I卷 语法填空) Shanghai may be the 59 (recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace. 【答案】recognized 【解析】句意：上海可能是公认的小笼包之乡，但美食历史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。空格在名词home前面作定语，recognize与home是逻辑上动宾关系，需填过去分词recognized作定语，recognized“被公认的”也可以看作是形容词作定语。故填recognized。 3. (2023年 天津卷 语法填空) Notices __________ (post) on the wall remind everyone to save water. 【答案】posted 【解析】 句意：张贴在墙上的告示提醒着每个人要节约用水。分析句子结构可知，空格处及其后部分作后置定语修饰主语 Notices。Notices 与动词 post 之间构成被动关系（告示被张贴），故用过去分词作后置定语。故填 posted。 4. (2022年 全国乙卷 语法填空) He showed me the photos __________ (share) on his social media. 【答案】shared 【解析】 句意：他给我看了他在社交媒体上分享的那些照片。空格处作后置定语修饰宾语 photos。photos 与动词 share 之间构成被动关系（照片被分享），故用过去分词作后置定语。故填 shared。 5. (2022年 北京卷 语法填空) The project ____ (support) by the community has made great progress. 【答案】supported 【解析】 句意：那个得到社区支持的项目已经取得了巨大进展。空格处作后置定语修饰主语 project。project 与动词 support 之间构成被动关系（项目被支持），故用过去分词作后置定语。故填 supported。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 活动方案的策划 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 活动方案（Plan）的策划，属于应用文。其根本目的是清晰、有条理地向读者介绍一项即将开展的活动，以获得批准、吸引参与或作为执行指南。因此，语言应客观、清晰、有条理，重点在于传递信息而非抒发情感。其实，课本（pp 51-52）的范例是绝佳的模板。我们可以仿照它的结构和语言，替换成自己设计的主题和活动。一个逻辑清晰的方案能让人一目了然。建议采用以下四段结构： 段落 核心内容 写作要点与例句 第一段：引言 (Introduction) 明确方案目的，介绍科技节主题（Theme）及其意义。 开门见山，点明写作意图，并用1-2句话简要说明主题如何联系生活，激发兴趣。 The plan is designed for our school Science Festival with the theme “Materials Physics”. This may sound academic, but it’s behind everyday items like smartphone screens. 第二段：主体活动 (Main Events) 分点列出2-3个核心活动，是方案的重点。 采用要点罗列（如1, 2, 3.）方式，每个活动单独成点，并说明时间、地点、内容、目的。 A lecture by Professor Wang... It will be held in the school hall on Monday morning to help us understand… 第三段：其他安排 (Additional Information) 补充说明参与方式、奖项、参观安排等。 使方案更完整、有吸引力。例如介绍科技作品展（Science Fair）的评比，或开放参观的时段。 第四段：结尾 (Conclusion) 总结活动价值，发出邀请或呼吁。 重申科技节意义，并礼貌地邀请大家参与或表达期待。 We believe the festival will inspire everyone to explore science. All students and teachers are warmly welcome. 必备词句与注意事项 掌握了结构，再用上得体的语言，你的方案会更出彩。 1. 高频实用词汇 活动安排：be scheduled to take place (定于⋯⋯举行), participate in/join in (参加)。 目的意义：with the purpose of (目的是), arouse/inspire one's interest in... (激发对⋯⋯的兴趣), have a better understanding of (更好地理解)。 科技发明：introduce/demonstrate the function of... (介绍/演示⋯⋯的功能), practical use/useful (实用的)。 2. 亮点句式 开头引入：I'm writing to present the plan for...或The following is the plan for... 介绍活动：There will be a.../...is arranged to be held in...(地点) on...(时间). 说明目的：The activity aims to/ is designed to... 结尾呼吁：We sincerely hope that.../Your participation is highly appreciated. 3. 关键注意事项 时态为主：主要使用一般将来时 (will, be going to) 和一般现在时。 语态多样：适时使用被动语态，让表达更客观正式，如The lecture will be given by...。 衔接流畅：使用 What's more, Additionally, Finally, 等词让段落过渡自然。 要点完整：务必涵盖主题、活动详情（时间地点）、目的，不要遗漏题目要求。 ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ ◄ 高考真题再现 ► ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ （2023年北京卷）第二节 书面表达 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim正在策划一次以“绿色北京”为主题的社团活动，他发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括： 1. 活动形式； 2. 活动内容。 注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim， ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 【范文】Dear Jim Hearing that you are planning a club activity with the theme of “Green Beijing” and need my help, I am writing to offer you my suggestions. I think you can carry out this activity in an interactive and experiential manner, which means students can participate and have a better understanding of “Green Beijing” through getting involved in different activities by themselves. You can showcase garbage classification on site, plant trees and publicize sharing economy, which will all fit into the theme of “Green Beijing”. Hopefully, you will get some inspiration from my suggestions. Wish you success. Yours, Li Hua 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $