Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元测试卷-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册

Unit1 Science and Scientists单元测试卷（答案） 第一部分 阅读理解 第一节 1-5: BBBBB 6-10: BBBBB 11-15: CBBBB 第二节（七选五） 16-20: D G A E F 第二部分 语言运用 第一节 完形填空 21-25: BBCBB 26-30: ABBCC 31-35: CBABA 第二节 语法填空 36. noticed 37. which 38. a 39. successfully 40. opening 41. observation 42. talented 43. were awarded 44. humanity 45. following 第三部分 翻译句子 46. The scientist put forward a hypothesis that could revolutionize the field. 47. After years of research, they finally made a breakthrough discovery. 48. The results of the experiment were not at all consistent with the initial predictions. 49. Rigorous data analysis is crucial to drawing reliable conclusions. 50. Many great scientific advances stem from scientists’ desire to solve practical problems. 第四部分 书面表达（参考范文） The scientist I admire most is Marie Curie. Her dedication and perseverance are truly inspiring. Despite facing immense gender barriers and working in primitive conditions, she pursued her research on radioactivity with unwavering passion. Her resilience in continuing her work after her husband’s tragic death and her selfless use of her discoveries for medical purposes during WWI demonstrate exceptional strength of character. She taught me that scientific pursuit requires not just intelligence, but immense courage, perseverance, and a commitment to using knowledge for the greater good. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit1 Science and Scientists单元测试卷 考试时间：90分钟 总分：100分 班级： 姓名： 学号： 第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分45分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A The scientific method is often described as the backbone of reliable inquiry. While the specific steps can vary, the core process generally involves making observations, forming a hypothesis (a testable explanation), designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions. A key principle is that experiments must be repeatable; other scientists should be able to follow the same procedure and obtain similar results. This process is not always linear. Failed experiments often lead researchers back to refine their hypothesis or design new tests. The ultimate goal is not to prove a hypothesis definitively right, but to gather evidence that either supports or refutes it, thereby incrementally advancing our understanding of the natural world. This systematic, evidence-based approach is what distinguishes science from other ways of knowing. 1. What is the primary purpose of the scientific method? A. To prove personal beliefs correct. B. To gather evidence to support or refute a hypothesis and advance understanding. C. To create complex theories without testing. D. To ensure all experiments succeed on the first try. 2. Why is repeatability considered a key principle in science? A. It makes scientific papers longer. B. It ensures that findings are reliable and not due to chance or error in a single experiment. C. It prevents other scientists from doing similar work. D. It is only important for famous scientists. 3. How does the text describe the nature of the scientific process? A. Always straightforward and linear. B. Systematic, evidence-based, and often involving cycles of testing and refinement. C. Based solely on personal intuition. D. Focused only on achieving immediate practical applications. B Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) stands as a colossus in the history of science. His work in mathematics, physics, and astronomy laid the foundation for much of classical mechanics. In his major work, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), he formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. These laws could explain the motion of objects on Earth and the orbits of celestial bodies, unifying terrestrial and celestial mechanics under one framework. The famous story of an apple falling from a tree, while likely simplified, symbolizes his insight into gravity. Newton also made significant contributions to optics, demonstrating that white light is composed of colors using a prism, and co-invented calculus. His legacy exemplifies how rigorous mathematical description and bold theoretical synthesis can revolutionize our understanding of the universe. 4. What was the major significance of Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation? A. They only applied to objects on Earth. B. They provided a unified framework for explaining motion both on Earth and in space. C. They proved that astronomy was unrelated to physics. D. They were quickly proven wrong. 5. What does the “apple story” commonly symbolize in relation to Newton? A. His love for gardening. B. His moment of inspiration regarding the concept of gravity. C. His dislike for apples. D. A fictional event with no connection to his work. 6. Besides physics, in which other field did Newton make a foundational contribution mentioned in the text? A. Medicine. B. Mathematics (calculus). C. Chemistry. D. Botany. C Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) was a British chemist whose work was crucial to understanding the structure of DNA. Using a technique called X-ray crystallography, she produced the famous “Photo 51,” which revealed a clear X-shaped pattern indicating a helical structure. Her data and analysis, shared without her full knowledge or consent, were used by James Watson and Francis Crick, along with information from other sources, to build their seminal double-helix model of DNA in 1953. Franklin’s role was not adequately acknowledged at the time; Watson, Crick, and their colleague Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, four years after Franklin’s death from ovarian cancer. Her story has since become a prominent example in discussions about scientific ethics, credit, and the historical underrepresentation of women in science. Today, she is rightly celebrated for her meticulous experimental skill and critical contribution to one of the most important discoveries in biology. 7. What was the key contribution of Rosalind Franklin’s “Photo 51”? A. It proved that DNA was made of proteins. B. It provided critical evidence for the helical structure of DNA. C. It was used to develop the first microscope. D. It won her the Nobel Prize. 8. What major ethical issue is highlighted in Franklin’s story? A. The high cost of scientific equipment. B. The use of her data without proper acknowledgment or consent. C. The danger of X-ray crystallography. D. The difficulty of working in a team. 9. How is Rosalind Franklin viewed today according to the text? A. As a minor technician. B. As a scientist whose crucial contributions were overlooked and who is now celebrated. C. As the sole discoverer of DNA’s structure. D. As someone who stole credit from Watson and Crick. D Modern science is rarely the work of a lone genius in a secluded lab. It is increasingly collaborative, interdisciplinary, and data-intensive. Major projects, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN or the Human Genome Project, involve thousands of scientists, engineers, and technicians from dozens of countries working together for decades. This collaboration accelerates discovery by pooling resources, expertise, and perspectives. Interdisciplinary research, combining fields like biology, computer science, and engineering, leads to innovations such as bioinformatics and nanotechnology. Furthermore, “citizen science” projects engage the public in data collection and analysis, like classifying galaxies or monitoring wildlife. While individual curiosity and brilliance remain vital, the complex challenges of today—from climate change to pandemics—demand this collective approach. The modern scientist must be not only a deep specialist but also an effective communicator and team player within a global network of knowledge. 10. What is a defining characteristic of modern scientific research as described in the text? A. It is primarily conducted by individuals working alone. B. It is highly collaborative, interdisciplinary, and often large-scale. C. It avoids using advanced technology. D. It focuses only on theoretical problems. 11. What is one benefit of large-scale scientific collaboration mentioned? A. It reduces the need for funding. B. It slows down the pace of discovery to ensure accuracy. C. It accelerates discovery by pooling diverse resources and expertise. D. It guarantees that every participant gets equal credit. 12. What is the role of “citizen science” projects? A. To replace professional scientists. B. To engage the public in scientific data collection and analysis. C. To fund private laboratory research. D. To simplify complex scientific theories for the public. 13. According to the text, what additional skills are required of modern scientists besides deep specialization? A. Skills in farming and cooking. B. Skills in effective communication and teamwork within a global context. C. Skills in avoiding collaboration. D. Skills in keeping all research secret. 14. Why does the text suggest a collective approach is necessary for today’s challenges? A. Because individual scientists are no longer intelligent enough. B. Because problems like climate change are too complex for any one discipline or nation to solve alone. C. Because it is cheaper. D. Because it is a new trend. 15. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Science was better in the past when great minds worked alone. B. The nature of scientific work has evolved towards collaboration and interdisciplinarity to tackle complex global issues. C. Citizen science is the most important form of modern research. D. Large projects like the LHC have no practical value. 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Cultivating a Scientific Mindset Science is more than a collection of facts or a school subject; it’s a way of thinking. A scientific mindset can be valuable for everyone, not just professional researchers, as it helps navigate an information-rich world. Here’s how to cultivate it. Embrace Curiosity and Ask Questions. Start by wondering about the world around you. Why is the sky blue? How does a phone work? ___16___ Don’t accept “just because” as an answer. Develop Healthy Skepticism. Be open to new ideas but don’t accept claims without evidence. Ask for the source of information. Is it based on peer-reviewed research or just an opinion? ___17___ Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Value Evidence over Belief. A scientific mindset prioritizes evidence. It requires being willing to change your mind when presented with new, reliable data, even if it contradicts a previously held belief. ___18___ Understand and Accept Uncertainty. Science doesn’t deal in absolute certainties but in probabilities and the best explanations based on current evidence. ___19___ New discoveries can refine or overturn old models. Being comfortable with this uncertainty is key. Think in Terms of Systems and Processes. Try to see connections and cause-and-effect relationships. How does one part of a system affect another? ___20___ Cultivating this mindset won’t make you a Nobel laureate overnight, but it will make you a more critical thinker, a wiser consumer of information, and better equipped to understand the world and make informed decisions in your daily life. A. This intellectual humility is a strength, not a weakness. B. Therefore, you should never trust any established scientific theory. C. Follow your intuition regardless of any conflicting data. D. Cultivate the habit of questioning how things work or why they are the way they are. E. This means scientific knowledge is always provisional and open to revision. F. What process led to a particular outcome? G. Be cautious of information that confirms your existing biases. 第二部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分） 第一节 完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 I never thought I’d find my calling in a petri dish. In high school, I loved biology but saw science as a mountain of facts to memorize. My perspective changed in my first year of university, in Professor Ardell’s introductory lab. Our task seemed simple: test the effect of various substances on bacterial growth. My partner and I designed our experiment, carefully preparing agar plates with our chosen compounds. We predicted which would inhibit growth. After incubation, most plates showed clear inhibition zones—except one. Around a drop of common plant extract, the bacteria grew… but in a strange, stunted pattern, forming a perfect, shimmering ring. It was beautiful and completely ___21___. According to our hypothesis, this plate was a failure. My partner wanted to discard it and focus on the “successful” results. But I was ___22___. That odd ring whispered a question. I took the plate to Professor Ardell. Instead of dismissing it, her eyes lit up. “A failure?” she said. “No. This is where science gets interesting. Your hypothesis was wrong, but nature has shown you something new. Now you must ask why.” With her encouragement, I spent the next weeks in the library and the lab, ___23___ my “failed” experiment. I learned the extract contained a compound that might interfere with bacterial communication, a process called quorum sensing. Perhaps it didn’t kill the bacteria but ___24___ their ability to coordinate, causing the strange growth pattern. I devised new experiments to test this idea. Most yielded ambiguous results, but one suggested a slight ___25___ in virulence factor production—a hint I might be on the right track. I presented my messy, inconclusive findings at a small departmental symposium. My voice shook. My graphs weren’t pretty. But when I finished, Professor Ardell nodded, not with praise for a polished result, but with ___26___ for the process. “You’ve learned the most important lesson,” she said later. “Science isn’t about being right the first time. It’s about ___27___ to the evidence, even when it leads you away from your expected path.” That single “failed” plate became the ___28___ of my undergraduate thesis. It didn’t lead to a groundbreaking discovery, but it changed me. I learned that a scientist is not a knower, but a ___29___ . The core of the scientific spirit is not certainty, but a disciplined curiosity—the willingness to be ___30___ by an unexpected result and to pursue it with rigor. Now, as a graduate student, I keep a photo of that first petri dish on my desk. It reminds me that progress is often messy and nonlinear. It reminds me to listen to the data, especially when it ___31___ . The greatest discoveries often begin not with a shout of “Eureka!” but with a quiet, puzzled “Hmm… that’s odd.” Professor Ardell taught me that the true mark of a scientist is not never failing, but how one responds to failure: with curiosity, resilience, and an unwavering ___32___ to ask the next question. That lesson extends ___33___ the lab. In life, we often face unexpected results—plans that fail, paths that diverge. The scientific mindset teaches us to treat these not as dead ends, but as data points. To analyze, adapt, and formulate a new ___34___ . It teaches humility before the complexity of the world and perseverance in seeking understanding. I am not just training to be a biologist; I am learning to engage with the world as a scientist: critically, curiously, and with the quiet courage to follow the evidence, ___35___ it may lead. 21. A. expected B. unexplained C. boring D. dangerous 22. A. satisfied B. fascinated C. ashamed D. annoyed 23. A. forgetting B. defending C. investigating D. repeating 24. A. enhanced B. blocked C. recorded D. ignored 25. A. increase B. decrease C. stability D. variation 26. A. approval B. pity C. criticism D. indifference 27. A. clinging B. listening C. explaining D. contributing 28. A. end B. foundation C. opposite D. summary 29. A. teacher B. leader C. learner D. critic 30. A. discouraged B. embarrassed C. surprised D. bored 31. A. confirms our beliefs B. is beautifully organized C. contradicts expectations D. supports a famous theory 32. A. refusal B. commitment C. ability D. request 33. A. beyond B. within C. towards D. against 34. A. excuse B. hypothesis C. conclusion D. story 35. A. wherever B. whenever C. however D. whoever 第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The story of penicillin’s discovery by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 is a classic tale of serendipity in science. Returning from vacation, Fleming ___36___ (notice) that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated a culture plate of Staphylococcus bacteria. Instead of discarding the spoiled plate, he observed that no bacteria were growing around the mold. He hypothesized that the mold was producing a substance that inhibited bacterial growth, ___37___ he later named penicillin. However, Fleming’s discovery was just the beginning. He lacked the resources to purify and produce the substance in large quantities. Over a decade later, ___38___ team of scientists at the University of Oxford, led by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, took up the challenge. They ___39___ (success) isolated and purified penicillin, demonstrating its remarkable effectiveness in treating bacterial infections in animals and, later, humans. Their work, conducted under the urgent pressures of World War II, transformed penicillin from a laboratory curiosity into a life-saving drug, ___40___ (open) the era of antibiotics. This story highlights several aspects of scientific progress. It shows the role of ___41___ (observe) and curiosity in initial discovery. More importantly, it underscores that a single discovery often requires the collaborative efforts of many ___42___ (talent) individuals across different stages—from initial observation to development and application—to realize its full potential. Fleming, Florey, and Chain ___43___ (award) the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for their collective achievement. The development of penicillin reminds us that science is a cumulative enterprise, where one person’s observation can spark a chain of inquiry that ultimately benefits all of ___44___ (human). It also serves as a reminder of the importance of ___45___ (follow) up on unexpected findings, for they may hold the key to solving some of our greatest challenges. 第三部分 翻译句子（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 将下列中文句子翻译成英文，要求使用括号内所给的单词或短语。 46. 这位科学家提出了一项可以彻底改变该领域的假说。(put forward) 47. 经过多年的研究，他们终于取得了突破性的发现。(breakthrough) 48. 实验的结果与最初的预测完全不一致。(be consistent with) 49. 严谨的数据分析对于得出可靠的结论至关重要。(be crucial to) 50. 许多伟大的科学进步都源于科学家们解决实际问题的愿望。(stem from) 第四部分 书面表达（满分15分） 假设你是李华，你校英文报“Science Life”栏目正在举办征文活动，主题是“The Scientist I Admire Most”。请你写一篇短文，介绍一位你最敬佩的科学家，并说明他/她身上最值得你学习的品质。 注意：词数80左右。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $