专题11 主旨大意题的宏观把握与标题提炼（培优讲义）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习高效培优系列

专题11 主旨大意题的宏观把握与标题提炼 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】考查标题归纳 【考点02】考查文章大意 【考点03】考查段落大意 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题 【题型02】文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图 【题型03】段落大意题：理清脉络，提炼每段“灵魂句” 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：主旨大意题旨在考查学生对语篇整体意义的理解能力，强调从宏观角度把握作者意图、文章结构和中心思想。这不仅体现语言运用能力，更反映思维品质（如归纳、概括、批判性思维），是落实英语学科核心素养（特别是“思维品质”与“学习能力”）的重要载体。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：考查本专题重点考查学生的信息整合能力、逻辑推理能力、语篇结构分析能力以及抽象概括能力。要求学生能跳脱细节干扰，准确识别文章主题句、段落主旨及全文中心，并据此提炼恰当标题或主旨句。。 培优瓶颈： 1. 学生易陷入“细节陷阱”，过度关注局部信息而忽略整体脉络； 2. 对隐含主旨类文章（如议论文、夹叙夹议文）缺乏有效解读策略； 3. 标题提炼时语言表达不够精准、简洁或偏离作者立场； 4. 面对多段落、多观点文本时，难以厘清主次关系与逻辑主线。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 未来高考英语阅读理解中，主旨大意题将继续作为高频考点，尤其在C、D篇（说明文、议论文为主）中占比稳定。命题趋势将更注重真实语境下的高阶思维考查，可能出现“无明确主题句”“多观点交织”“文化思辨类”文本，要求学生具备更强的语篇意识和批判性阅读能力。 策略： 1. 强化语篇结构训练：引导学生识别常见文体（记叙、说明、议论）的结构特征，掌握“总—分—总”“问题—解决”“现象—分析”等典型模式； 2. 训练主旨定位技巧：如关注首尾段、段首句、重复关键词、情感态度词等； 3. 开展标题对比辨析练习：通过选项干扰项分析（如以偏概全、无中生有、过度引申），提升辨识力； 4. 实施“反向出题”活动：让学生为给定文章拟写标题，再与标准答案比对，培养精准概括能力； 5. 融入跨文化主题语境：结合人与社会、人与自然、科技伦理等热点话题，提升在复杂语境中把握主旨的能力。 ◇考点 01 考查标题归纳 1.题型解读 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。 2.解题技巧 1)文章大意题找主题句的技巧： ①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 ②首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 ③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 ④ 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 2)段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句： ①段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。 ②段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。 ③无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。 3)标题归纳题找主题句 ①概括性：概括全文，体现主旨； ②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致； ③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球； ④简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。 3. 阅读主旨大意题答题误区 1. 以偏概全：误把细节当主旨 误区表现：考生易将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文核心，忽略整体脉络。 例如：2023年全国卷I卷D篇：文章围绕“人类语言中某些发音（如 /f/ 和 /v/）因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若仅关注牙齿结构的描述，会误选该细节选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。 2. 过度推断：主观延伸未提及的内容 误区表现：脱离文本事实，根据个人经验或常识进行无依据推断。 例如：2024年全国乙卷阅读C篇：文章介绍 “电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为 “未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及对实体店的替代关系。 3. 忽略首尾段及转折词：错失主题句定位 误区表现：未重点关注文章首尾段及 but、however 等转折词后的内容，导致主题句定位错误。 例如：2024年新高考卷I阅读A篇：文章首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测，改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选 “设备硬件设计的创新细节”。 4. 混淆文体特征：未针对性解题 误区表现：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。 例如：2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇（议论文）：文章通过对比 “传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证 “混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句 “教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”。 4. 阅读主旨大意题误区应对 1.强化主题句定位训练 每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按照文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置的规律，形成快速定位的直觉。​ 2.高频词筛选练习 利用真题阅读材料，制作 “高频词筛选卡片”。阅读文章时，将重复出现 3 次及以上的名词、名词短语标注出来，思考其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理一次高频词，分析同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提高通过高频词把握主旨的能力。​ 3.干扰项分析笔记 建立 “主旨大意题错题本”，将每次练习中的错误选项分类整理（以偏概全、过度推断等）。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，如 “选项 A 只涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别。​ 名师指津 1.阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 2.重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 3.推理判断题注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏离主旨或推理过度。 4.标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 5.议论文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ◇考点 02 考查文章大意 1.题型解读 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.设问方式 1.What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text? 2.What does the text/passage mainly focus on? 3.What is the passage/text mainly about? 4. What does the passage mainly focus on? 3.解题技巧 题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 ◇考点 03 考查段落大意 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 2.思维导图 ◇题型 01 标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2025年全国一卷C篇）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty - six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What's Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【篇章导读】本文是一篇议论文，通过引述荷兰作者的新书《出行之道》，批评了城市街道设计过度服务汽车、忽视行人尤其是儿童出行安全的问题，呼呼人们重新思考街道的功能，建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。 【解析】31. A 标题归纳题。全文围绕汽车文化导致的"匆忙通行"(rush through)展开批判，末段直指问题核心"Do we recognise what it costs..?"(我们是否意识到代价?)，A项"Why the Rush?"(为何匆忙?)以设问形式点明主旨，故选A项。 典例2（2025年全国二卷C篇）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now, ” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone(激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants, ” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. ” If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】B 【解析】31. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 典例3 (2024全国甲卷B篇)Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals（声音）that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators（食肉动物）. Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。 方｜法｜提｜练 关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词 主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题 串联法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题 逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·福建福州·一模）Imagine you’re writing a poem, rhymes must be paired up before you start a new line. It turns out that AI does something similar! When Claude, a large language model (LLM), is given the first line “he saw a carrot and had to grab it”, it begins thinking about words like “rabbit” almost immediately, writing the next sentence to end at the appropriate rhyme. Such forethought is unexpected. Scientists at Anthropic, the lab that developed Claude, built a tool and they discovered some unexpected complexity. The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks. If a particular area of the LLM lights up whenever it produces words like rabbit, then that gets marked as being related to rabbits. This has let the team solve some open questions in AI research, for example, whether a multilingual (多语言的) chatbot has awareness of concepts beyond language. When Claude is asked for the opposite of “big” in English, or the same concept in Chinese, the same feature lights up in every case, before more language-specific circuits kick in to “translate” the concept of smallness into a particular word. This suggests that AI might have a deeper understanding of the world than we thought. Other insights, though, are less encouraging. When Claude itself is asked to reason, printing out its chain of thought to answer maths questions, the microscope suggests that the way the model says it reached a conclusion, and what it actually thought, might not always be the same. Worse still, ask a leading question — suggesting that the answer “might be 4”, and it will specifically add numbers that ultimately lead it to agree with the question, even if the suggestion is wrong. But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future. The goal, after all, is not to have to do brain surgery, but to know what it’s thinking. Which of the following titles best suits this text? A．Why AI Still Gets It Wrong B．Chatbots’ Language Magic C．Looking Inside AI’s Mind D．The Rise of AI Chatbots 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中的“The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks.(这个被称为“数字显微镜”的工具，能让科学家观察到人工智能在处理不同任务时，其神经网络的哪些部分会被激活。)”以及最后一段中的“But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future.(但能够深入了解大型语言模型（LLM）的“思维”，为未来找到阻止它出现类似问题的方法提供了线索。)”可知，文章围绕通过“数字显微镜”探究AI的“思维”展开，“探究AI的内心（思维）”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 变式2（2025·湘豫名校联考）Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you see some abandoned rubbish, which eventually makes their way into the ocean where it degrades over decades or even centuries. For the most part, spotting all that garbage still requires eyes and a fair deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique. A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants. Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean. This process works relatively well for identifying large pieces of plastic in the water, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often mix in or is partially buried by sand which makes spotting it much more difficult. The team created a new spectral index, the Beached Plastic Debris Index (BPDI), which looks for patterns of reflected light from plastics. To test their new tool, the researchers collected various types of plastic trash that would likely be found on a beach. They finally settled on 14 different plastic targets and placed them 3.7 meters apart from each other on a beach in Victoria, Australia. Once the plastics were in place, the satellite flew far overhead and took a series of photos. Researchers applied their index to the images and compared them to three other already-developed indices intended for detecting plastics, two for plastics on land and one for objects floating in the ocean. The BPDI index well outperformed the other three indices in terms of accuracy. The other three generally struggled to identify plastics and, in some cases, would even misidentify shadows as trash. Still, the BPDI index wasn’t perfect. In particular, the study notes it was difficult to identify transparent and translucent polymers like plastic water bottles and bags. Looking to the future, the researchers want to move these findings out of limited test environments and into the real world. That could mean partnering with other organizations specializing in coastal plastic removal to use their satellite imagery technique. 15．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Beached Plastic Debris Index B．A New Technique for Identifying Plastics on Beaches C．A New Tool to Identify New Light Spectrum D．New Satellite Techniques for Ocean Exploration 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants.(一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，可以准确地识别海滩上的塑料物品，并将它们与沙子、水和植物区分开来)”结合文章主要说明了一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料垃圾，所以B选项“一种新的海滩塑料识别技术”最适合作文章标题。故选B。 变式3（25-26高三上·云南昆明·月考）Scientists have made an exciting step forward in understanding brain aging and possible ways to reverse it. They developed a special “clock” to measure how the brain ages at a biological level, using genes. This clock, based on the activity of 365 genes, can estimate a person’s brain age with an average error of only 4 to 6 years. It works well across different brain areas, genders, and groups of people tested. To build this clock, researchers analyzed gene data from 2,456 brain tissue samples. These samples came from 778 healthy people aged 20 to 97. Using this tool, they then searched through 43,840 sets of data. These data showed how 5,771 chemicals and genetic changes affect two types of brain cells: neural progenitor cells(神经祖细胞) and neurons. They found 453 unique compounds might have the power to reverse brain aging. Interestingly, some of them had already been shown to extend life in animal studies, which made the findings more plausible. Next, the scientists tested a combination of three of these compounds on old mice. The results were promising: the mice acted less anxious, and their brain genes acted more like those of younger mice. Their memory seemed to get better too, though this wasn’t proven statistically. However, there were some things that can’t be neglected. It used mixed brain tissue samples instead of looking at specific types of brain cells, which might mean missing some details about how aging affects certain neurons. Also, the research only looked at two types of cells, so the findings might not apply to all brain cells. What’s more, only one mix of three drugs was tested, so we don’t know how each drug works on its own. Finally, the long-term safety of these drugs wasn’t checked. Therefore, this research opens up new possibilities for understanding and maybe even reversing brain aging, though more work is needed to overcome its limitations. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Reversing Brain Aging Has Taken a Further Step B．Gene Technology Is Used to Reverse Brain Aging C．A Special Clock Can Measure Brain Age Accurately D．A New Method Was Identified to Improve Memory 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have made an exciting step forward in understanding brain aging and possible ways to reverse it. They developed a special “clock” to measure how the brain ages at a biological level, using genes(科学家在理解大脑衰老以及可能的逆转方法方面取得了令人兴奋的进展。他们开发了一种特殊的“时钟”，利用基因来测量大脑在生物层面的衰老程度)”、第二段“Interestingly, some of them had already been shown to extend life in animal studies(有趣的是，其中一些化合物在动物研究中已经被证明可以延长寿命)”以及最后一段“Therefore, this research opens up new possibilities for understanding and maybe even reversing brain aging, though more work is needed to overcome its limitations(因此，这项研究为理解和甚至可能逆转大脑衰老开辟了新的可能性，尽管还需要开展更多工作来克服其局限性)”可知，文章主要介绍了科学家在理解大脑衰老以及可能的逆转方法方面取得的进展，A项“Reversing Brain Aging Has Taken a Further Step(逆转大脑衰老又向前迈进了一步)”表达的含义符合语境，适合用作文章标题。故选A项。 变式4（25-26高三上·江苏·月考）For seven summers, the world had been without peaches. While people dismissed this oddity alongside other strange news — female sea turtles, unprecedented storms — Millie, pregnant with her first child, found it unbearable. Her intense desire for a single, juicy peach became a question of what kind of world she was bringing her daughter into. Refusing to accept the vague explanation from a local supermarket employee that “the trees just weren’t happy”, Millie launched a determined mission. She tracked down peach orchards (果园) , driving for hours to meet farmers named Barry and Emery. Each showed her the same heartbreaking sight: beautiful, green trees with completely bare branches. Her journey, fueled by hope and hormones, ended at Blithe’s orchard, where she sank to the ground, weeping for her unborn daughter. Blithe offered no fruit, but something else: simple kindness. She gave Millie a place to rest, acknowledging her grief without judgment. This human connection relieved Millie’s despair. Her daughter was born that fall, perfect, into a world still absent of peaches. Years later, a tradition formed. Each summer, Millie and her now seven-year-old daughter visit the orchards, the child knowing a peach tree only as a beautiful, non-fruit-bearing plant. Watching her happy daughter play in the place where she once despaired, Millie understood a profound truth. “Happiness doesn’t grow on trees,” she remarked. “No,” Blithe replied, handing her an apple. “But maybe hope does.” Inspired, on their next trip to the very same supermarket, Millie helped her daughter write a suggestion card begging for peaches. As the world buzzed with newer crises, her daughter asked, “Do you think they’ll bring them back?” Looking at her child’s hopeful face, Millie chose faith over complaint. “Yeah,” she said, slipping the note into the box, “one day.” 8．What is the best title for the text? A．A Request For Peaches B．The Unhappy Peach Trees C．A Mother’s Love D．The Last Peach Farmer 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。文章以“寻找桃子”为线索展开，从米莉孕期渴望桃子、寻找桃园，到多年后和女儿写建议卡请求超市进货桃子，贯穿全文的核心都和“对桃子的诉求”相关，这个标题既概括了文章的主要内容，又吸引了读者的注意。故选A。 ◇题型 02 文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1　(2024新课标II卷第31题)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】31. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 【解析】31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 典例2（2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解B 篇）Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home. C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries. 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好加入这一运动)”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(在这个过程中，我学到了一些东西，我希望如果你在一个不总是支持你的家庭中尽最大努力去弄清楚如何做出改变，你会感到鼓舞)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。 方｜法｜提｜练 记叙文的文章大意：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。 本题是一篇记叙文，文章大意需要归纳总结文中的主要内容。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·浙江·模拟预测）More than 1, 000 metres below the surface of the oceans, darkness dominates. Marine creatures rely on sound for navigation, communication, and searching for food. However, this way of life has come under threat from shipping, contributing to a rise in underwater volume of approximately 3.3 decibels (分贝) per decade. The trend shows little sign of levelling off. With roughly 90% of trade relying on shipping, quieting the ocean through reductions in shipping itself is untenable . While efficiency improvements of shipping may cut noise, experts say more is needed. That is why technologies like modified propellers (螺旋桨) and noise-reducing materials are being developed to help humans and marine life coexist. Much of the underwater noise a ship produces comes from its propeller. Spinning blades (桨叶) create low pressure, causing the water to boil and produce bubbles, a process known as cavitation (空化现象). When those bubbles collapse, a low-frequency noise is produced, disrupting the movements of marine lives. One solution, being developed by researchers at the University of British Columbia, integrates flexible polymers (聚合物) into the metal propeller blades, allowing their tips to bend and twist. This movement prevents bubbles from forming and thereby reduces the noise the blades produce. Based on simulations, the design could reduce cavitation noise by 20 decibels. Dr Jaiman says researchers intend to start testing a model next year. Cavitation can also be reduced by increasing the number of bubbles, rather than reducing them. Researchers at MARIN, a Dutch research institute, have blown bubbles onto a propeller’s blades, which can dampen the resulting noise. Model-scale tests of this system showed a 12-decibel decrease in low-frequency noise. But shipping noise does not come only from the propeller, with roughly 20% coming from engines and generators. To reduce this, MARIN researchers have experimented with a bubble screen generated from tubes positioned in belts around the outside of the ship. These bubbles prevent noise from spreading. What’s the passage mainly about? A．Strategies to prevent ships from making noise. B．Innovations to minimize underwater ship noise. C．Adapted propeller designs to restore undersea quiet. D．Negative impacts of underwater noise on marine life. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, this way of life has come under threat from shipping, contributing to a rise in underwater volume of approximately 3.3 decibels (分贝) per decade. The trend shows little sign of levelling off.(然而，这种生活方式受到了航运的威胁，导致水下音量每十年增加约3.3分贝。这一趋势几乎没有趋于平稳的迹象。)”、第四段“One solution, being developed by researchers at the University of British Columbia, integrates flexible polymers (聚合物) into the metal propeller blades, allowing their tips to bend and twist. This movement prevents bubbles from forming and thereby reduces the noise the blades produce.(英属哥伦比亚大学的研究人员正在开发一种解决方案，将柔性聚合物集成到金属螺旋桨叶片中，使其尖端可以弯曲和扭转。这种运动可以防止气泡形成，从而减少叶片产生的噪音。)”和最后一段“Cavitation can also be reduced by increasing the number of bubbles, rather than reducing them. Researchers at MARIN, a Dutch research institute, have blown bubbles onto a propeller’s blades, which can dampen the resulting noise.(空化也可以通过增加气泡的数量而不是减少它们来减少。荷兰研究机构MARIN的研究人员在螺旋桨叶片上吹了气泡，可以减弱由此产生的噪音。)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了为应对航运产生噪音对海洋生物生活的威胁，人们所开发创新的将水下船只噪音最小化的解决办法。故选B。 变式2（2025高三下·山东·专题练习）The sun likes to remind us that Earth is merely one part of a joint system. Despite our connection with the sun, there are still numerous scientific mysteries to uncover about this critical star, particularly its magnetic field (磁场). Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this solar region. The solar magnetic field is the primary driver of solar storms and flares. As society grows increasingly reliant on technology, this space weather generates threats to power networks, communication systems, and in-space technologies like GPS and satellites. “Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the energy for storms that can impact Earth.” Scientists have been able to routinely measure the magnetic field on the sun’s surface. Large telescopes like the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), which is the world’s largest solar telescope, can measure the three-dimensional coronal magnetic fields in depth. It recently demonstrated its ability to make detailed observations of the coronal magnetic field. However, DKIST can’t map the sun all at once. To try to get more overall mapping, the team turned to the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (UCoMP). UCoMP can block out parts of the sun. It uses a dise called a coronagraph to enable scientists to measure the sun’s atmosphere. UCoMP has a much smaller aperture (光图) compared to DKIST, but it can take a wider view, which makes it possible for scientists to study the entire sun on most days. “We are entering a new age of solar physics research when we can routinely measure the coronal magnetic field,” said Yang. Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all-sided view of the coronal magnetic field. What is the main idea of the text? A．The importance of solar physics research. B．The comparison between DKIST and UCoMP. C．The sun’s magnetic field and its impact on Earth. D．The new progress in measuring the sun’s coronal magnetic field. 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍科学家借助相关设备首次常规测量日冕磁场，填补研究空白并提供全面视角。 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是结合第一段中“Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this solar region. (现在，科学家们首次对太阳的日冕磁场进行了近乎每日的测量，这一观测为这个太阳区域提供了更动态的视角。)”以及最后一段中“Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all sided view of the coronal magnetic field. (结合DKIST和UCoMP的测量结果，可以更全面地了解日冕磁场。)”可知，本文主要介绍了在测量太阳日冕磁场方面取得的新进展。故选D项。 变式3（2025·四川省攀枝花市高三统考）If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images. Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at telling the difference as they think they are,” said Andrea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo. Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content — but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just scrolling through online information in a rush or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said. Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for ill-intentioned or illegal action caused by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and law-making isn’t often able to keep up:AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022. “Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly evolving and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to distinguish real images from false ones. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and prevent this.” 11．What is the text mainly about? A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Challenges caused by AI-generated images. C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between real and false images. 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段“If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. (如果你最近很难判断一张人物图片是真实的还是通过人工智能生成的，你并不孤单。根据加拿大安大略省滑铁卢大学的一项新研究，研究人员发现，人们区分真实人物和人工智能生成的人物比预期的要困难得多。)”可知，本文主要讲述的是很难区分出人工智能生成的图像。故选C。 变式4（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）Some scientists fear researchers are misusing ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence(AI)chatbots to produce scientific literature, citing a rise in questionable AI words in published papers. Some of these remarks — such as the careless inclusion of “certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic” in a recent paper from Elsevier Inc.’s Surfaces and Interfaces — are reasonably obvious evidence that a scientist used an AI chatbot known as a large language model(LLM). But “that’s probably only the tip of the iceberg,” says Elisabeth Bik. A representative of Elsevier Inc. told SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that the publisher regrets the situation and is investigating how the paper could have “slipped through” the evaluation process. LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate. “The problem is that these tools are not good enough yet to trust,” Bik says. They’ll be in what computer scientists call hallucinations: simply put, they make stuff up. “Specifically, for scientific papers,” Bik notes, an AI “will generate references that don’t exist.” So if scientists place too much anaclisis in LLMs, study authors risk putting AI-produced mistakes into their work, mixing more potential for error into the already messy reality of scientific publishing. Andrew Gray, a librarian and researcher at University College London, recently hunted for AI buzzwords(流行语)in scientific papers using Dimensions, a data-analytics platform that its developers say tracks more than 140 million papers worldwide. He searched for words improperly used by chatbots, such as “intricate” “meticulous” and “commendable”. These indicator words, he says, show the problem more clearly than any “giveaway” AI phrase a careless author might copy into a paper. At least60,000 papers — slightly more than 1 percent of all scientific articles published globally last year— may have used an LLM, according to Gray’ s analysis. Other studies that focused specifically on subsections of science suggest even more reliance on LLMs. One such investigation found that up to 17.5 percent of recent computer science papers exhibit signs of AI writing. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．The development of large language models in recent years. B．The rise of AI chatbots in scientific literature is uncontrollable. C．The potential risks of relying on AI chatbots for scientific literature. D．The publishers are responsible for the misuse of AI chatbots in literature. 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段的“LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate.(LLMs旨在生成文本，但它们生成的内容可能是准确的，也可能不准确)”可知，文本主要介绍依赖AI聊天机器人撰写科学文献的潜在风险。故选C。 ◇题型 03 段落大意题：理清脉络，提炼每段“灵魂句” 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2024新课标I卷)B篇 26题Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 典例2(2023全国乙卷第32题) 主题句在段首 [1] If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. [2] Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. … [3] In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. … 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：What, the first paragraph, mainly about。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。根据关键词定位到文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·山东临沂·期中）Though needing much computing power and not necessarily more energy-saving, liquid neural networks are an important step toward realistic, brain-like AI. As Rus says, “I’m excited about Liquid AI because I believe it could change the future of AI and computing.” What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．Liquid AI has both limits and value. B．Brain-like AI has been fully achieved. C．Traditional AI is more reliable than liquid AI. D．Liquid AI will definitely control the AI market. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Though needing much computing power and not necessarily more energy-saving, liquid neural networks are an important step toward realistic, brain-like AI.(尽管需要大量计算能力，且不一定更节能，但液态神经网络是迈向逼真、类脑人工智能的重要一步。)”可知，该段既提到了液态神经网络的局限性，也指出了其价值，即液态AI既有局限也有价值。故选A项。 变式2（2025·广西南宁·一模）FabBRICK works with businesses to transform their fabric waste into new products, promoting waste reduction and recycling awareness. The company processes unwanted clothes at a Parisian studio, where clothes are sorted by color and cut up into fibers. These fibers are then mixed with an ecological glue and pressed into bricks without the use of conventional dyeing, maintaining the fabric’s original colors. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How the eco-bricks are made. B．What FabBRICK aims to do. C．Who FabBRICK partners with. D．How colors are preserved in eco-bricks. 【答案】 A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“FabBRICK works with businesses to transform their fabric waste into new products, promoting waste reduction and recycling awareness. The company processes unwanted clothes at a Parisian studio, where clothes are sorted by color and cut up into fibers. These fibers are then mixed with an ecological glue and pressed into bricks without the use of conventional dyeing, maintaining the fabric’s original colors.(FabBRICK 与企业合作，将其产生的织物废料转化为新产品，同时推动减少浪费和提升回收意识。该公司在巴黎的一间工作室处理废弃衣物：先按颜色对衣物进行分类，再将其剪碎成纤维。随后，这些纤维会与一种环保胶水混合，经压制形成砖块；整个过程无需使用传统染色工艺，从而保留了织物原本的颜色)”第三段围绕FabBRICK的制作流程展开：与企业合作收集织物废料→在巴黎工作室对衣物分类、剪碎成纤维→纤维与环保胶水混合→压制为砖块（无需传统染色，保留织物原色）。核心是“环保砖块的制作过程”。故选A项。 变式3（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems. 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly want to tell us? A．The great need for nickel. B．The main reasons for phytomining. C．The practical application of phytomining. D．The disadvantages of conventional mining. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems.(预计到2040年，用于制造电动汽车电池的镍需求量将翻一番，达到每年600多万吨。然而，开采和提炼镍对环境是有害的，而且根据镍的产地和生产方式的不同，开采一吨镍会产生10至59吨的二氧化碳。植物镍的开采避免了这些问题)”可知，本段主要介绍了植物采矿的原因：镍的需求量大，现行的开采方式存在的缺点。最后一句总结本段内容，植物采矿可以避免这些问题。由此推断，本段主要介绍采用植物采矿的原因。故选B。 变式4（2025·河北省省级联考）Most companies working on AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But, last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the 86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy consumption and supply chain emissions. 28．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．AI’s great demand for energy. B．AI’s scientific improvement. C．The powerful function of AI. D．The complicated operation of AI. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Most companies working on  AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But,  last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the  86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year  by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy  consumption and supply chain emissions.(大多数从事人工智能研究的公司，包括ChatGPT的制造商OpenAI，都没有披露他们的排放量。但是，上周谷歌发布了一份新的可持续发展报告。在这份长达86页的报告中，谷歌表示，自2019年以来，其去年的温室气体排放量增长了48%。该公司将这一增长归因于其数据中心的能源消耗和供应链排放)”可知，本段中心讨论的话题是人工智能对能源的巨大需求。故选A。 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题11 主旨大意题的宏观把握与标题提炼 目录 第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考 第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区 【考点01】考查标题归纳 【考点02】考查文章大意 【考点03】考查段落大意 第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固 【题型01】标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题 【题型02】文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图 【题型03】段落大意题：理清脉络，提炼每段“灵魂句” 核心考向聚焦 核心价值：主旨大意题旨在考查学生对语篇整体意义的理解能力，强调从宏观角度把握作者意图、文章结构和中心思想。这不仅体现语言运用能力，更反映思维品质（如归纳、概括、批判性思维），是落实英语学科核心素养（特别是“思维品质”与“学习能力”）的重要载体。 关键能力与思维瓶颈 关键能力：考查本专题重点考查学生的信息整合能力、逻辑推理能力、语篇结构分析能力以及抽象概括能力。要求学生能跳脱细节干扰，准确识别文章主题句、段落主旨及全文中心，并据此提炼恰当标题或主旨句。。 培优瓶颈： 1. 学生易陷入“细节陷阱”，过度关注局部信息而忽略整体脉络； 2. 对隐含主旨类文章（如议论文、夹叙夹议文）缺乏有效解读策略； 3. 标题提炼时语言表达不够精准、简洁或偏离作者立场； 4. 面对多段落、多观点文本时，难以厘清主次关系与逻辑主线。 命题前瞻与备考策略 预测： 未来高考英语阅读理解中，主旨大意题将继续作为高频考点，尤其在C、D篇（说明文、议论文为主）中占比稳定。命题趋势将更注重真实语境下的高阶思维考查，可能出现“无明确主题句”“多观点交织”“文化思辨类”文本，要求学生具备更强的语篇意识和批判性阅读能力。 策略： 1. 强化语篇结构训练：引导学生识别常见文体（记叙、说明、议论）的结构特征，掌握“总—分—总”“问题—解决”“现象—分析”等典型模式； 2. 训练主旨定位技巧：如关注首尾段、段首句、重复关键词、情感态度词等； 3. 开展标题对比辨析练习：通过选项干扰项分析（如以偏概全、无中生有、过度引申），提升辨识力； 4. 实施“反向出题”活动：让学生为给定文章拟写标题，再与标准答案比对，培养精准概括能力； 5. 融入跨文化主题语境：结合人与社会、人与自然、科技伦理等热点话题，提升在复杂语境中把握主旨的能力。 ◇考点 01 考查标题归纳 1.题型解读 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。 2.解题技巧 1)文章大意题找主题句的技巧： ①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 ②首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 ③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 ④ 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 2)段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句： ①段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。 ②段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。 ③无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。 3)标题归纳题找主题句 ①概括性：概括全文，体现主旨； ②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致； ③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球； ④简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。 3. 阅读主旨大意题答题误区 1. 以偏概全：误把细节当主旨 误区表现：考生易将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文核心，忽略整体脉络。 例如：2023年全国卷I卷D篇：文章围绕“人类语言中某些发音（如 /f/ 和 /v/）因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若仅关注牙齿结构的描述，会误选该细节选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。 2. 过度推断：主观延伸未提及的内容 误区表现：脱离文本事实，根据个人经验或常识进行无依据推断。 例如：2024年全国乙卷阅读C篇：文章介绍 “电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为 “未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及对实体店的替代关系。 3. 忽略首尾段及转折词：错失主题句定位 误区表现：未重点关注文章首尾段及 but、however 等转折词后的内容，导致主题句定位错误。 例如：2024年新高考卷I阅读A篇：文章首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测，改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选 “设备硬件设计的创新细节”。 4. 混淆文体特征：未针对性解题 误区表现：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。 例如：2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇（议论文）：文章通过对比 “传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证 “混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句 “教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”。 4. 阅读主旨大意题误区应对 1.强化主题句定位训练 每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按照文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置的规律，形成快速定位的直觉。​ 2.高频词筛选练习 利用真题阅读材料，制作 “高频词筛选卡片”。阅读文章时，将重复出现 3 次及以上的名词、名词短语标注出来，思考其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理一次高频词，分析同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提高通过高频词把握主旨的能力。​ 3.干扰项分析笔记 建立 “主旨大意题错题本”，将每次练习中的错误选项分类整理（以偏概全、过度推断等）。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，如 “选项 A 只涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别。​ 名师指津 1.阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 2.重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 3.推理判断题注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏离主旨或推理过度。 4.标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 5.议论文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ◇考点 02 考查文章大意 1.题型解读 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.设问方式 1.What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text? 2.What does the text/passage mainly focus on? 3.What is the passage/text mainly about? 4. What does the passage mainly focus on? 3.解题技巧 题型一：位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 ◇考点 03 考查段落大意 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 2.思维导图 ◇题型 01 标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1（2025年全国一卷C篇）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty - six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What's Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 典例2（2025年全国二卷C篇）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now, ” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone(激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants, ” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. ” If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 典例3 (2024全国甲卷B篇)Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals（声音）that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators（食肉动物）. Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·福建福州·一模）Imagine you’re writing a poem, rhymes must be paired up before you start a new line. It turns out that AI does something similar! When Claude, a large language model (LLM), is given the first line “he saw a carrot and had to grab it”, it begins thinking about words like “rabbit” almost immediately, writing the next sentence to end at the appropriate rhyme. Such forethought is unexpected. Scientists at Anthropic, the lab that developed Claude, built a tool and they discovered some unexpected complexity. The tool, a “digital microscope”, lets scientists look at which parts of the AI’s neural (神经的) network light up when it’s working on different tasks. If a particular area of the LLM lights up whenever it produces words like rabbit, then that gets marked as being related to rabbits. This has let the team solve some open questions in AI research, for example, whether a multilingual (多语言的) chatbot has awareness of concepts beyond language. When Claude is asked for the opposite of “big” in English, or the same concept in Chinese, the same feature lights up in every case, before more language-specific circuits kick in to “translate” the concept of smallness into a particular word. This suggests that AI might have a deeper understanding of the world than we thought. Other insights, though, are less encouraging. When Claude itself is asked to reason, printing out its chain of thought to answer maths questions, the microscope suggests that the way the model says it reached a conclusion, and what it actually thought, might not always be the same. Worse still, ask a leading question — suggesting that the answer “might be 4”, and it will specifically add numbers that ultimately lead it to agree with the question, even if the suggestion is wrong. But being able to gain insight into the mind of an LLM provides clues as to how to stop it doing the same in the future. The goal, after all, is not to have to do brain surgery, but to know what it’s thinking. Which of the following titles best suits this text? A．Why AI Still Gets It Wrong B．Chatbots’ Language Magic C．Looking Inside AI’s Mind D．The Rise of AI Chatbots 变式2（2025·湘豫名校联考）Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you see some abandoned rubbish, which eventually makes their way into the ocean where it degrades over decades or even centuries. For the most part, spotting all that garbage still requires eyes and a fair deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique. A team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectral characters in plastics, which could accurately identify plastic items on beaches and tell them from sand, water, and plants. Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean. This process works relatively well for identifying large pieces of plastic in the water, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often mix in or is partially buried by sand which makes spotting it much more difficult. The team created a new spectral index, the Beached Plastic Debris Index (BPDI), which looks for patterns of reflected light from plastics. To test their new tool, the researchers collected various types of plastic trash that would likely be found on a beach. They finally settled on 14 different plastic targets and placed them 3.7 meters apart from each other on a beach in Victoria, Australia. Once the plastics were in place, the satellite flew far overhead and took a series of photos. Researchers applied their index to the images and compared them to three other already-developed indices intended for detecting plastics, two for plastics on land and one for objects floating in the ocean. The BPDI index well outperformed the other three indices in terms of accuracy. The other three generally struggled to identify plastics and, in some cases, would even misidentify shadows as trash. Still, the BPDI index wasn’t perfect. In particular, the study notes it was difficult to identify transparent and translucent polymers like plastic water bottles and bags. Looking to the future, the researchers want to move these findings out of limited test environments and into the real world. That could mean partnering with other organizations specializing in coastal plastic removal to use their satellite imagery technique. 15．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Beached Plastic Debris Index B．A New Technique for Identifying Plastics on Beaches C．A New Tool to Identify New Light Spectrum D．New Satellite Techniques for Ocean Exploration 变式3（25-26高三上·云南昆明·月考）Scientists have made an exciting step forward in understanding brain aging and possible ways to reverse it. They developed a special “clock” to measure how the brain ages at a biological level, using genes. This clock, based on the activity of 365 genes, can estimate a person’s brain age with an average error of only 4 to 6 years. It works well across different brain areas, genders, and groups of people tested. To build this clock, researchers analyzed gene data from 2,456 brain tissue samples. These samples came from 778 healthy people aged 20 to 97. Using this tool, they then searched through 43,840 sets of data. These data showed how 5,771 chemicals and genetic changes affect two types of brain cells: neural progenitor cells(神经祖细胞) and neurons. They found 453 unique compounds might have the power to reverse brain aging. Interestingly, some of them had already been shown to extend life in animal studies, which made the findings more plausible. Next, the scientists tested a combination of three of these compounds on old mice. The results were promising: the mice acted less anxious, and their brain genes acted more like those of younger mice. Their memory seemed to get better too, though this wasn’t proven statistically. However, there were some things that can’t be neglected. It used mixed brain tissue samples instead of looking at specific types of brain cells, which might mean missing some details about how aging affects certain neurons. Also, the research only looked at two types of cells, so the findings might not apply to all brain cells. What’s more, only one mix of three drugs was tested, so we don’t know how each drug works on its own. Finally, the long-term safety of these drugs wasn’t checked. Therefore, this research opens up new possibilities for understanding and maybe even reversing brain aging, though more work is needed to overcome its limitations. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Reversing Brain Aging Has Taken a Further Step B．Gene Technology Is Used to Reverse Brain Aging C．A Special Clock Can Measure Brain Age Accurately D．A New Method Was Identified to Improve Memory 变式4（25-26高三上·江苏·月考）For seven summers, the world had been without peaches. While people dismissed this oddity alongside other strange news — female sea turtles, unprecedented storms — Millie, pregnant with her first child, found it unbearable. Her intense desire for a single, juicy peach became a question of what kind of world she was bringing her daughter into. Refusing to accept the vague explanation from a local supermarket employee that “the trees just weren’t happy”, Millie launched a determined mission. She tracked down peach orchards (果园) , driving for hours to meet farmers named Barry and Emery. Each showed her the same heartbreaking sight: beautiful, green trees with completely bare branches. Her journey, fueled by hope and hormones, ended at Blithe’s orchard, where she sank to the ground, weeping for her unborn daughter. Blithe offered no fruit, but something else: simple kindness. She gave Millie a place to rest, acknowledging her grief without judgment. This human connection relieved Millie’s despair. Her daughter was born that fall, perfect, into a world still absent of peaches. Years later, a tradition formed. Each summer, Millie and her now seven-year-old daughter visit the orchards, the child knowing a peach tree only as a beautiful, non-fruit-bearing plant. Watching her happy daughter play in the place where she once despaired, Millie understood a profound truth. “Happiness doesn’t grow on trees,” she remarked. “No,” Blithe replied, handing her an apple. “But maybe hope does.” Inspired, on their next trip to the very same supermarket, Millie helped her daughter write a suggestion card begging for peaches. As the world buzzed with newer crises, her daughter asked, “Do you think they’ll bring them back?” Looking at her child’s hopeful face, Millie chose faith over complaint. “Yeah,” she said, slipping the note into the box, “one day.” 8．What is the best title for the text? A．A Request For Peaches B．The Unhappy Peach Trees C．A Mother’s Love D．The Last Peach Farmer ◇题型 02 文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1　(2024新课标II卷第31题)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 典例2（2023年1月·浙江卷·阅读理解B 篇）Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home. C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（2025·浙江·模拟预测）More than 1, 000 metres below the surface of the oceans, darkness dominates. Marine creatures rely on sound for navigation, communication, and searching for food. However, this way of life has come under threat from shipping, contributing to a rise in underwater volume of approximately 3.3 decibels (分贝) per decade. The trend shows little sign of levelling off. With roughly 90% of trade relying on shipping, quieting the ocean through reductions in shipping itself is untenable . While efficiency improvements of shipping may cut noise, experts say more is needed. That is why technologies like modified propellers (螺旋桨) and noise-reducing materials are being developed to help humans and marine life coexist. Much of the underwater noise a ship produces comes from its propeller. Spinning blades (桨叶) create low pressure, causing the water to boil and produce bubbles, a process known as cavitation (空化现象). When those bubbles collapse, a low-frequency noise is produced, disrupting the movements of marine lives. One solution, being developed by researchers at the University of British Columbia, integrates flexible polymers (聚合物) into the metal propeller blades, allowing their tips to bend and twist. This movement prevents bubbles from forming and thereby reduces the noise the blades produce. Based on simulations, the design could reduce cavitation noise by 20 decibels. Dr Jaiman says researchers intend to start testing a model next year. Cavitation can also be reduced by increasing the number of bubbles, rather than reducing them. Researchers at MARIN, a Dutch research institute, have blown bubbles onto a propeller’s blades, which can dampen the resulting noise. Model-scale tests of this system showed a 12-decibel decrease in low-frequency noise. But shipping noise does not come only from the propeller, with roughly 20% coming from engines and generators. To reduce this, MARIN researchers have experimented with a bubble screen generated from tubes positioned in belts around the outside of the ship. These bubbles prevent noise from spreading. What’s the passage mainly about? A．Strategies to prevent ships from making noise. B．Innovations to minimize underwater ship noise. C．Adapted propeller designs to restore undersea quiet. D．Negative impacts of underwater noise on marine life. 变式2（2025高三下·山东·专题练习）The sun likes to remind us that Earth is merely one part of a joint system. Despite our connection with the sun, there are still numerous scientific mysteries to uncover about this critical star, particularly its magnetic field (磁场). Now, for the first time, scientists have taken nearly daily measurements of the sun’s coronal (日冕的) magnetic field and this observation offers a more dynamic view of this solar region. The solar magnetic field is the primary driver of solar storms and flares. As society grows increasingly reliant on technology, this space weather generates threats to power networks, communication systems, and in-space technologies like GPS and satellites. “Global mapping of the coronal magnetic field has been a big missing part in the study of the sun,” said Zihao Yang, a postdoctoral fellow from Peking University in China. “This research is helping us fill a crucial gap in our understanding of coronal magnetic fields, which are the source of the energy for storms that can impact Earth.” Scientists have been able to routinely measure the magnetic field on the sun’s surface. Large telescopes like the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), which is the world’s largest solar telescope, can measure the three-dimensional coronal magnetic fields in depth. It recently demonstrated its ability to make detailed observations of the coronal magnetic field. However, DKIST can’t map the sun all at once. To try to get more overall mapping, the team turned to the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (UCoMP). UCoMP can block out parts of the sun. It uses a dise called a coronagraph to enable scientists to measure the sun’s atmosphere. UCoMP has a much smaller aperture (光图) compared to DKIST, but it can take a wider view, which makes it possible for scientists to study the entire sun on most days. “We are entering a new age of solar physics research when we can routinely measure the coronal magnetic field,” said Yang. Using DKIST’s and UCoMP’s measurements together offers a more all-sided view of the coronal magnetic field. What is the main idea of the text? A．The importance of solar physics research. B．The comparison between DKIST and UCoMP. C．The sun’s magnetic field and its impact on Earth. D．The new progress in measuring the sun’s coronal magnetic field. 变式3（2025·四川省攀枝花市高三统考）If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. According to a new study from University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images. Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at telling the difference as they think they are,” said Andrea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo. Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content — but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just scrolling through online information in a rush or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said. Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for ill-intentioned or illegal action caused by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and law-making isn’t often able to keep up:AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022. “Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly evolving and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to distinguish real images from false ones. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and prevent this.” 11．What is the text mainly about? A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Challenges caused by AI-generated images. C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between real and false images. 变式4（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）Some scientists fear researchers are misusing ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence(AI)chatbots to produce scientific literature, citing a rise in questionable AI words in published papers. Some of these remarks — such as the careless inclusion of “certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic” in a recent paper from Elsevier Inc.’s Surfaces and Interfaces — are reasonably obvious evidence that a scientist used an AI chatbot known as a large language model(LLM). But “that’s probably only the tip of the iceberg,” says Elisabeth Bik. A representative of Elsevier Inc. told SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that the publisher regrets the situation and is investigating how the paper could have “slipped through” the evaluation process. LLMs are designed to generate text, but what they produce may or may not be accurate. “The problem is that these tools are not good enough yet to trust,” Bik says. They’ll be in what computer scientists call hallucinations: simply put, they make stuff up. “Specifically, for scientific papers,” Bik notes, an AI “will generate references that don’t exist.” So if scientists place too much anaclisis in LLMs, study authors risk putting AI-produced mistakes into their work, mixing more potential for error into the already messy reality of scientific publishing. Andrew Gray, a librarian and researcher at University College London, recently hunted for AI buzzwords(流行语)in scientific papers using Dimensions, a data-analytics platform that its developers say tracks more than 140 million papers worldwide. He searched for words improperly used by chatbots, such as “intricate” “meticulous” and “commendable”. These indicator words, he says, show the problem more clearly than any “giveaway” AI phrase a careless author might copy into a paper. At least60,000 papers — slightly more than 1 percent of all scientific articles published globally last year— may have used an LLM, according to Gray’ s analysis. Other studies that focused specifically on subsections of science suggest even more reliance on LLMs. One such investigation found that up to 17.5 percent of recent computer science papers exhibit signs of AI writing. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．The development of large language models in recent years. B．The rise of AI chatbots in scientific literature is uncontrollable. C．The potential risks of relying on AI chatbots for scientific literature. D．The publishers are responsible for the misuse of AI chatbots in literature. ◇题型 03 段落大意题：理清脉络，提炼每段“灵魂句” 典｜例｜精｜析 典例1(2024新课标I卷)B篇 26题Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but And Priscilla . What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 典例2(2023全国乙卷第32题) 主题句在段首 [1] Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. [2] Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. … [3] In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. … 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 变｜式｜巩｜固 变式1（25-26高三上·山东临沂·期中）Though needing much computing power and not necessarily more energy-saving, liquid neural networks are an important step toward realistic, brain-like AI. As Rus says, “I’m excited about Liquid AI because I believe it could change the future of AI and computing.” What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．Liquid AI has both limits and value. B．Brain-like AI has been fully achieved. C．Traditional AI is more reliable than liquid AI. D．Liquid AI will definitely control the AI market. 变式2（2025·广西南宁·一模）FabBRICK works with businesses to transform their fabric waste into new products, promoting waste reduction and recycling awareness. The company processes unwanted clothes at a Parisian studio, where clothes are sorted by color and cut up into fibers. These fibers are then mixed with an ecological glue and pressed into bricks without the use of conventional dyeing, maintaining the fabric’s original colors. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How the eco-bricks are made. B．What FabBRICK aims to do. C．Who FabBRICK partners with. D．How colors are preserved in eco-bricks. 变式3（2025·湖南省郴州市高三统考）Demand for nickel to make electric vehicle (EV) batteries is forecast to double to more than 6 million tonnes (吨) per year by 2040. Yet mining and refining it is environmentally destructive and, depending on where and how it is produced, mining a tonne of nickel generates between 10 and 59 tonnes of CO2. Phytomining for nickel avoids these problems. 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly want to tell us? A．The great need for nickel. B．The main reasons for phytomining. C．The practical application of phytomining. D．The disadvantages of conventional mining. 变式4（2025·河北省省级联考）Most companies working on AI, including ChatGPT maker OpenAI, don’t disclose their emissions. But, last week, Google released a new sustainability report. Deep within the 86-page report, Google said its greenhouse gas emissions rose last year by 48% since 2019. It owes that rise to its data center energy consumption and supply chain emissions. 28．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．AI’s great demand for energy. B．AI’s scientific improvement. C．The powerful function of AI. D．The complicated operation of AI. 17 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $