专题06 阅读理解C篇 （上海专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题06 阅读理解C篇 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2026年静安区一模） Geology, the study of the structure and formation of the Earth, is the baby of all the other sciences. Until comparatively recently, scholars paid little attention to rocks and rock formations. Indeed, the word geology only appeared in the English language in 1735 and took another seventy or so years to enter general usage. Geology made its first appearance in the Encyclopedia Britannica (大英百科全书) in the 1810 edition. Despite this inclusion, the science of geology remained largely ignored until much later in the century. Nowadays the mystery of the Earth and its formation fascinates geologists across the world. However, few people know that the whole modern discipline of geology and the way we look at our world owes its inspiration to a single man with an extraordinary passion for landscape and rocks. That man was William Smith, who was born in 1769 in the small village of Churchill in the south of England. From an early age, William showed a strong interest in the world about him and asked questions about the landscape that no one could properly answer. As a young boy William picked up strange-looking stones that lay in the fields around his home and felt that some of the most common patterns in these stones looked like animals found living in the sea. He asked the men of knowledge and science in the district how these stones came to find themselves here. No one, it seemed, had answers to his questions or even thought it remotely interesting to ask the questions in the first place. A chance meeting with a man called Edward Webb led to William being offered a position to work down the mines. He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks. Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. It took William many years of frustration and hardship to draw a huge map of Great Britain by hand. The map, on display today at Burlington House in London, uses beautiful colors to show every layer of rock below in the most precise detail. Unique in its time, William’s map gave birth to every geological survey that we take for granted in the world today. 43. The author mentions the late inclusion of “geology” in the Encyclopedia Britannica primarily to ________. A. question the accuracy of earlier editions of the encyclopedia B. highlight the slow academic acceptance of geology as a discipline C. emphasize the pioneering contribution of the Encyclopedia Britannica to science D. provide a precise birth date for the formal study of Earth’s structure 44. William Smith’s key contribution to geology was the realization that ________. A. mining operations were crucial for accessing complete rock orders B. the entire British landscape could be represented in a detailed map C. fossils provided the only reliable means for classifying rock types D. the order of rock layers preserved a record of past geological time 45. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Smith’s extensive travels were the most important part of his work. B. The main value of Smith’s map today is as a piece of displayed art. C. Smith’s work laid the foundation for modern geological surveys. D. Smith’s map was immediately recognized as a major scientific breakthrough. 46. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage? A. How Fossil Patterns Revealed Ancient Seas B. The Man Who Uncovered the Earth’s Story C. The Encyclopedia Britannica and the Rise of Geology D. William Smith:From Miner to Master of Mapping 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了地质学的发展历程以及威廉・史密斯对现代地质学的贡献，包括他从小对岩石的兴趣、在矿井中的发现以及绘制地图等经历。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Until comparatively recently, scholars paid little attention to rocks and rock formations. Indeed, the word geology only appeared in the English language in 1735 and took another seventy or so years to enter general usage. Geology made its first appearance in the Encyclopedia Britannica (大英百科全书) in the 1810 edition. Despite this inclusion, the science of geology remained largely ignored until much later in the century.(直到相对较近的时期，学者们对岩石和岩层都鲜少关注。事实上，geology一词直到1735年才出现在英语中，又过了大约七十年才被广泛使用。地质学首次被收录进《大英百科全书》是在1810年版中。尽管被收录其中，但地质学这门科学在19世纪的大部分时间里仍基本被忽视。)”可知，作者提及《大英百科全书》较晚才收录“地质学”一词，主要是为了突出地质学作为一门学科在学术界获得认可的进程十分缓慢。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks.(随着他深入地下，他逐渐意识到不同类型的岩石在不同的层次上。这使威廉提出，较老的岩石比新岩石埋得更深。)”可知，威廉·史密斯对地质学的主要贡献在于他意识到岩石层的顺序保存了过去地质时期的记录。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Unique in its time, William’s map gave birth to every geological survey that we take for granted in the world today.(威廉绘制的这幅地图在当时独一无二，催生了如今我们习以为常的每一项地质调查。)”可知，史密斯的工作为现代地质调查奠定了基础。故选C。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. It took William many years of frustration and hardship to draw a huge map of Great Britain by hand. The map, on display today at Burlington House in London, uses beautiful colors to show every layer of rock below in the most precise detail. Unique in its time, William’s map gave birth to every geological survey that we take for granted in the world today.(凭借对岩石形成的新见解，威廉走遍大不列颠，打算对他所发现的各种各样奇妙的岩石进行勘测和分类。威廉耗费多年，历经无数挫折与艰辛，亲手绘制了一幅巨大的英国地图。这幅如今陈列于伦敦伯灵顿宫的地图，用精美的色彩精确细致地展现了地下每一层岩石。威廉绘制的这幅地图在当时独一无二，催生了如今我们习以为常的每一项地质调查。)”可知，本文主要讲述了地质学的发展历程，重点介绍了威廉·史密斯（William Smith）对地质学的开创性贡献，因此本文最好的题目是B选项“The Man Who Uncovered the Earth’s Story(揭开地球故事的人)”。故选B。 （二） （2026年虹口区一模） Hollywood writers scored a major victory last month in their battle over how artificial intelligence can be used in future film and television projects. Experts say the contract guidelines between the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) could offer a model for workers in Hollywood and other industries. The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. The new rules guard against several occasions that writers had feared, comedian Adam Conover, a member of the WGA negotiating committee, said. One such situation was studios being allowed to generate a full script using AI and then demanding that a human writer complete the writing process. Under the new terms, studios “cannot use AI to write scripts or to edit scripts that have already been written by a writer”, Conover said. The contract also prevents studios from treating AI-generated content as “source material”, like a novel or a play that screenwriters could be assigned to adapt for a lower fee and less credit than an original script. For instance, if the studios were allowed to use Chat GPT to generate a 100,000-word novel and then ask writers to adapt it, “That would be a loophole (漏洞) for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters,” he said. “We’re not allowing that.” If writers adapt output from large language models, it will still be considered an original screenplay, he added. Simon Johnson, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studies technological transformation,called the new terms a “fantastic win for writers” and said it would likely result in “better quality work and a stronger industry for longer”. The union win on AI is also not a loss for the studios, he noted, since they “will get a better product from this arrangement” than they might have otherwise. 43. What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. 44. According to the new rules,which of the following practices is disallowed ? A. Using AI to finish or revise a script written by a human writer. B. Asking writers to polish scripts originally written by others. C. Letting writers adapt plays or novels into new screenplays. D. Preventing writers from using AI tools for brainstorming ideas. 45. It can be inferred that the writers view AI technology mainly as ________. A. a tool that can improve efficiency if allowed B. a long-term issue that needs further negotiation C. a necessary evil that would eventually be accepted D. a threat that requires immediate restrictions 46. Why does Simon Johnson think highly of the new rules? A. The entertainment industry is forced to focus on writers’ welfare. B. They ensure greater job stability and fairer treatment for writers. C. The adoption of AI tools saves time and lowers the studios’ cost. D. They secure writers’ rights and support a more sustainable industry. 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. D 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国编剧工会（WGA）和美国电影电视制片人联盟（AMPTP）之间合同条款的相关内容，包括对人工智能工具使用的规定、新规则禁止的行为以及专家对新规则的评价等。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them.（编剧合同并没有禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，以确保这项技术掌握在工人手中，而不是被老板用来取代他们。）”可知，人工智能工具可以被使用，但必须处于编剧的控制之下。故选B项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Under the new terms, studios “cannot use AI to write scripts or to edit scripts that have already been written by a writer”, Conover said.（Conover说，根据新条款，电影公司“不能使用人工智能编写剧本，也不能编辑已经由编剧写好的剧本”。）”可知，根据新规定，使用人工智能完成或修改人类编剧编写的剧本是不被允许的。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them.（编剧合同并没有禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，以确保这项技术掌握在工人手中，而不是被老板用来取代他们。）”和第三段“The new rules guard against several occasions that writers had feared, comedian Adam Conover, a member of the WGA negotiating committee, said. One such situation was studios being allowed to generate a full script using AI and then demanding that a human writer complete the writing process.（美国编剧工会谈判委员会成员、喜剧演员Adam Conover表示，新规定防止了编剧们担心的几种情况。其中一种情况是，允许制片厂使用人工智能生成完整的剧本，然后要求人类编剧完成写作过程。）”以及第五段“For instance, if the studios were allowed to use Chat GPT to generate a 100,000-word novel and then ask writers to adapt it, “That would be a loophole (漏洞) for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters,” he said. “We’re not allowing that.”（例如，如果允许制片厂使用Chat GPT生成一部10万字的小说，然后要求编剧改编，“这将是他们降低编剧工资的一个漏洞，”他说。“我们不允许这样。”）”可知，编剧们担心人工智能被雇主用来取代自己或压榨劳动价值，因此将其视为需要立即限制的威胁。故选D项。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Simon Johnson, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studies technological transformation, called the new terms a “fantastic win for writers” and said it would likely result in “better quality work and a stronger industry for longer”. The union win on AI is also not a loss for the studios, he noted, since they “will get a better product from this arrangement” than they might have otherwise.（麻省理工学院研究技术转型的经济学家Simon Johnson称这些新条款是“编剧的巨大胜利”，并表示这可能会带来“更优质的工作，让行业更强大、更持久”。他指出，工会在人工智能方面的胜利对制片厂来说也不是损失，因为他们“从这个安排中得到的产品”会比其他方式得到的更好。）”可知，Simon Johnson高度评价新规则是因为它们保障了编剧的权利，支持了行业更可持续的发展。故选D项。 （三） （2026年嘉定区一模） What makes a genius? We might say it’s a combination of extraordinary talent and drive, often accompanied by madness. Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso all made pioneering breakthroughs in their respective fields while living legendary lives. Helen Lewis’s The Genius Myth, however, argues that society wrongly admires figures like them. She claims the “genius” label excuses immoral behaviours — alcoholism, abandonment, drug abuse. But does her criticism really make sense? In her book, Lewis links the idea of innate (天生的) genius to the harmful history of intelligence testing. This field, started by figures like Francis Galton, is connected to racism. She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. For them, she suggests, “genius” becomes a cover on extreme or even evil thinking, a characteristic increasingly seen in some online fans. Her solution? Stop admiring individuals. Call specific works genius, not people. But I question whether the public really believes this “genius myth” as desperately as Lewis insists. Her sweeping statements about “our” blind love for “troublesome individuals” feel forced — like she’s projecting her own views on everyone else. The book has significant drawbacks. Lewis essentially invents a term “weak model of genius” to dress up a long-known obvious point — imperfect people can be talented — as new insight. It feels like she’s selling a cure for a disease she invented. Besides, her attempts at a friendly, TED-Talk-inspired style feel awkward rather than genuine. The heavy use of italics (斜体字) makes the writing feel struggled, as if she is trying too hard to convince both readers and herself. More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 43. According to The Genius Myth, Helen Lewis would most likely agree that ______. A. people like Picasso have never made any real achievements B. some figures’ evil behaviors are excused by the word “genius” C. many so-called geniuses cannot pass intelligence testing D. nothing in this world is worth the genius label 44. What does the writer think of the Genius Myth? A. Its writing style is engaging, sincere and humble. B. “The weak model of genius” is an innovative term. C. Its criticism of the “genius myth” lacks evidence. D. It fails to explain the root cause of people’s passion for genius. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Society’s admiration for geniuses is dangerous. B. Lewis criticism of “the genius myth” is unconvincing. C. The public should hold a critical view on geniuses. D. Specific works instead of people should be admired. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. A 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍《天才神话》对“天才”标签的批判，却指出该书观点主观、缺依据、文风生硬，其批判的观念已无强影响力，整体论证缺乏说服力。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso all made pioneering breakthroughs in their respective fields while living legendary lives. Helen Lewis’s The Genius Myth, however, argues that society wrongly admires figures like them. She claims the “genius” label excuses immoral behaviours — alcoholism, abandonment, drug abuse.(托马斯·爱迪生、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和巴勃罗·毕加索在各自的领域都取得了开创性的突破，同时他们的人生也充满了传奇色彩。然而，海伦·刘易斯所著的《天才的神话》却认为，社会错误地推崇了像他们这样的人物。她声称，“天才”这一称号会为不道德的行为开脱——比如酗酒、遗弃、吸毒)”可知，根据《天才神话》一书，海伦·刘易斯很可能会认同这样的观点：某些人物的恶劣行为之所以会被原谅，是因为他们具有“天才”这一特质。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument.(更糟糕的是，这些不满并没有充分的证据支持。她那种毫无根据地声称毕加索之所以受到喜爱是因为他的不完美之处，而非尽管有这些不完美之处才受到喜爱的观点，更像是愤怒的言论而非理性的论证)”可知，作者认为这本书对“天才神话”的批判缺乏依据。故选C。 【45题详解】 句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s.(虽然一些网络粉丝会不加批判地追捧某些巨星，但自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，人们对 “天赋型天才” 的盲目崇拜已经有所减弱。)”可知，自20世纪60年代起，人们对‘天赋型天才’的笃信已大幅减弱”，即说明刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念。故划线意思是“刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念”。故选A。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument.(更糟糕的是，这些不满并没有充分的证据支持。她那种毫无根据地声称毕加索之所以受到喜爱是因为他的不完美之处，而非尽管有这些不完美之处才受到喜爱的观点，更像是愤怒的言论而非理性的论证)”以及文章先引出 Lewis《天才神话》的核心观点（批判“天才”标签、否定对天才个体的崇拜），再从观点主观性（将自身看法强加于人）、术语无创新性（包装旧观点）、文风生硬（刻意说服读者）、批判无依据（对艺术和天才的评价缺乏论证）、批判对象过时（所批判的观念已无强影响力）等多维度，论证其观点缺乏说服力。故这篇文章的主要观点是刘易斯关于“天才神话”的批评缺乏说服力。故选B。 （四） （2026年徐汇区一模） Tapping out a message with a finger or two on a smartphone is catching up to the speed of typing on a traditional keyboard. Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results. Mobile typists who use auto-correct are faster than those who use word-prediction tools, according to a study that looked at 37,000 volunteers tested by researchers at Finland’s Aalto University, the University of Cambridge and ETH Zürich. Earlier devices such as the BlackBerry promoted typing on miniature keyboards, too. Now, most smartphone users type on their devices with one or both thumbs. Some also type with a single index finger. As the smartphone has claimed a bigger and bigger portion of our communications, many educators and researchers have posed questions about the longer-term effects the move to typing on a digital keyboard may have — particularly on younger generations. The better-than-expected results surprised researchers, because typing on a smartphone “is a type of motor skill that people learn on their own with no formal training, which is very unlike typing on physical keyboards,” study co-author Antti Oulasvirta said in a news release. In fact, 10-to-19-year-olds type about 10 wpm faster than people in their 40s do, regardless of whether the keyboard was on a smartphone or a computer. The best typists could do more than 80 wpm. The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves. Still, there are some trade-offs when it comes to typing on a smartphone. Those participating in the study left more errors uncorrected, something that also resulted in less backspacing. “A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. The researchers collected the typing data from thousands of individuals using an online typing test. The test asked participants to transcribe a series of sentences, and recorded their keystrokes, errors, speed and other metrics. It also asked them to self-report their demographic (人口统计学的) data, as well as information about how they type and the sort of keyboard they used to complete the test. Smartphones may have some of the ergonomic (人体工学的) risks associated with their more traditional counterparts, professors say. Smartphone usage can lead to neck, shoulder and grip issues, said Bradley Chase, an associate professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University of San Diego. “The concerns aren’t fewer, just different” than those with traditional keyboards, Chase said. 43. Which of the following is true about the speed of mobile typing? A. It is equivalent to the speed of typing on a keyboard. B. It is much faster than typing on a keyboard. C. It is a little slower than typing on a keyboard. D. It is much faster than researchers can imagine. 44. It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that . A. people have never formally learned how to type on smartphones B. the youth type slower than the middle-aged mainly on a computer C. mobile typing will totally replace physical keyboard typing D. the gap between typing on phone and typing with keyboards may close 45. Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of typing? A. Physical keyboards will definitely become obsolete within a few years. B. The speed gap between mobile and physical keyboard typing might disappear. C. Ergonomic risks associated with smartphones are expected to be completely eliminated. D. Auto-correct technology will be replaced by word-prediction tools. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究表明手机打字速度已接近传统键盘，年轻人速度更快，不过手机打字易留错、有人体工学风险，研究预测两者速度差距未来或缩小。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results.( 据研究人员称，迄今为止规模最大的手机打字实验显示，双拇指手机打字者平均每分钟能打出38个单词。研究人员表示，这仍然比物理键盘用户每分钟51.56个单词的平均水平低四分之一，但差距并不像预期的那么大，并补充说他们对结果感到“惊讶”。)”可知，手机打字的速度比在键盘上打字慢一点。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段中“The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves.( 该研究的作者预测，随着人们对物理键盘的熟练程度越来越低，以及移动打字技术的进步，打字差距可能会在某个时候缩小。)”可知，用手机打字和用键盘打字之间的差距可能会缩小。故选D项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第七段中““A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers.( 研究人员表示：“一个可能的解释是，在移动设备上纠正错误的交互成本更高，而且文本编辑方法有限。”)”可知，人们不改正打字错误的可能原因是更高的互动成本。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段中“The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves.( 该研究的作者预测，随着人们对物理键盘的熟练程度越来越低，以及移动打字技术的进步，打字差距可能会在某个时候缩小。)”可知，B选项“两者速度差距可能消失”是对原文“差距可能缩小”的合理推断。故选B项。 （五） （2026年松江区一模） Even if you don’t worry that artificial intelligence (AI) will destroy the human race, you might fear its huge appetite for electricity will damage the environment. Asking an AI chatbot a question is equivalent to using ten times more energy than an old-fashioned internet search. As the AI boom took off, you may think that emissions(排放)from tech giants evidently rise. With huge investments in new data centers planned, more rises seem inevitable. But the worry is on shaky ground. In absolute terms, AI may be less energy-hungry than assumed. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that electricity consumption by data centers could more than double in five years. Even if energy usage increases sharply, the basic is still low. Data centers currently account for only about 1.5% of global electricity consumption — and the vast majority of that is due to streaming, social media and online shopping, not AI. Handled in a smart way, some of AI’s electricity use will help with greening the economy. AI is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, which can help reduce emissions. It is already helping improve the efficiency of electrical networks with real-time balance of supply and demand. Besides, it has assisted in reducing petrol consumption in shipping through adjusting routes and speeds to the fittest, and spotting leaks of methane (a greenhouse gas) by cooperating with satellites and ground sensors. The task for policymakers and industry bosses is to maximize AI’s advantages in saving energy, thus minimizing its climate impacts. The most elegant solution would be for governments to set a proper price on carbon. But because a global carbon price remains a distant dream, it would be more realistic to focus on other measures. The first is greater openness. From August 2026, the EU will require some AI developers to report their energy use in detail, which can be copied elsewhere. A second is to rethink how data centers operate. The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. Third, tech firms should live up to their environmental promises. Many now rely heavily on buying renewable-energy credits, a problematic way of balancing their emissions. A better one is to use their influence to promote the decarbonization of the energy networks by pushing for planning reform and supporting alternatives like nuclear power. Doubling down on these would help transform AI from climate suspect to climate hero. 43. The reason why the author says “the worry is on shaky ground” is that________. A. tech companies have already achieved their carbon goals B. future data centers will be powered by renewable energy C. the current energy use by AI is small within global context D. AI’s environmental benefits can make up for its energy cost 44. We can learn from paragraph 3 that________. A. energy used by AI would otherwise realize a green economy B. energy saving in shipping is partly due to AI-improved routes C. AI’s real-time management has raised electricity consumption D. methane leak detection done by AI can be sensed by satellites 45. Which of the following is recommended to handle AI’s climate impacts? A. Setting a global carbon price for tech industries. B. Scheduling data centers’ workloads dynamically. C. That tech firms balance emissions through credit exchange. D. That AI developers stay open to others’ reporting approaches 46. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Technology’s Impact on Climate Change B. Government Regulations on AI and Energy C. AI’s Energy Demand and Tech Innovation D. AI’s Energy Consumption and Conservation 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了AI能耗担忧被夸大：IEA称数据中心用电仅占全球1.5%，AI占比更小，且AI可优化电网、航运与甲烷监测助减排。关键在透明报告、分时负载与清洁电源，辅以碳价，可使AI成为气候英雄而非元凶。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“In absolute terms, AI may be less energy-hungry than assumed. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that electricity consumption by data centers could more than double in five years. Even if energy usage increases sharply, the basic is still low. Data centers currently account for only about 1.5% of global electricity consumption—and the vast majority of that is due to streaming, social media and online shopping, not AI.(从绝对意义上讲，人工智能可能不像人们想象的那么耗能。国际能源署（IEA）估计，数据中心的用电量将在五年内增加一倍以上。即使能源使用急剧增加，基本价格仍然很低。目前，数据中心的用电量仅占全球用电量的1.5%左右，其中绝大部分用电量来自流媒体、社交媒体和在线购物，而不是人工智能)”可知，数据中心仅占全球电力消耗的1.5%，且大部分来自流媒体、社交媒体等非AI活动，所以第一段中提到AI对电力的巨大需求会破坏环境这一担心是站不住脚的。短语on shaky ground意为“站不住脚，令人质疑的”。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Besides, it has assisted in reducing petrol consumption in shipping through adjusting routes and speeds to the fittest, and spotting leaks of methane (a greenhouse gas) by cooperating with satellites and ground sensors.(此外，它还通过调整航线和航速来帮助减少航运中的汽油消耗，并通过与卫星和地面传感器合作来发现甲烷的泄漏)”可知，航运业节约了很多能源部分原因是由于人工智能改善了航线。故选B项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“A second is to rethink how data centers operate. The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power.(第二是重新思考数据中心的运作方式。国际能源署指出，在不同时间安排数据中心之间的工作量可以减轻压力，并有助于平衡能源网络，使其更好地与可再生能源相匹配)”可知，为解决AI对气候的影响，文中建议可以动态安排数据中心的工作量。故选B项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Even if you don’t worry that artificial intelligence (AI) will destroy the human race, you might fear its huge appetite for electricity will damage the environment. Asking an AI chatbot a question is equivalent to using ten times more energy than an old-fashioned internet search. As the AI boom took off, ou may think that emissions(排放)from tech giants evidently rise. With huge investments in new data centers planned, more rises seem inevitable. But the worry is on shaky ground.(即使你不担心人工智能（AI）会毁灭人类，你也可能担心它。向人工智能聊天机器人提问，相当于使用比老式互联网搜索多10倍的能量。随着人工智能的蓬勃发展，你可能会认为科技巨头的排放量明显上升。随着对新数据中心的巨额投资计划，更多的上涨似乎是不可避免的。但这种担忧是站不住脚的)”并纵观全文可知，文章开头提到人工智能耗能巨大有可能危害气候引发担忧，下文否定了这一担忧，并指出人工智能的一些电力使用将有助于绿色经济，在节约能源方面的优势，有关部门的加倍努力将有助于人工智能从气候嫌疑犯转变为气候英雄。由此可知，D项概括主旨，适合用作标题。故选D项。 （六） （2026年黄浦区一模） I love the way clouds float above my head. These ever-shifting sculptures of vapor (蒸气) and light are among nature’s least appreciated marvels. How exactly cloud cover will shift in a warming world is anyone’s guess. Clouds don’t just look different from one another; they also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. These differences have to do with how much of the sun’s heat they allow through and how much of Earth’s heat they trap in. Low clouds typically have a cooling effect. Much of the sun’s rays are reflected off their white tops back up into space. And they are heavy enough to cast shadows, cooling the surface below. Since their water drops are warmer, they’re as good at giving off Earth’s heat up into space as they are at absorbing it from below. High clouds do the opposite, warming Earth’s surface. Contrary to common belief, this is because the ice crystals (冰晶) in these clouds are cold. High clouds are often not as heavy, so they can let in more of the sun’s rays. But since they are cold, they don’t send out as much of Earth’s heat into space — more like blankets than umbrellas, resulting in a warming effect. The mix of cloud types over our planet ensures they have an overall cooling effect because the shade from the low clouds outweighs the warming effect of the high ones. Yet as temperatures rise, low clouds may decline while high clouds persist, creating a climate feedback loop — a self-enhancing cycle similar to a classic feedback mechanism. In a recent paper in the journal Science, reduced low cloud cover contributed about 0.2℃ to 2023’s record-breaking average global temperatures. In other words, the reduction in Earth’s low clouds helped explain some of the extreme heat that year. Climate feedback loops brought on by clouds have been identified as one of the largest unknowns in projections of warming. As we learn more about the potential tipping points of our climate — irreversible changes in the system — we may find ourselves approaching one too quickly for decarbonization efforts alone to prevent it. Some understanding of the likely effects of geoengineering projects such as cloud brightening will then be invaluable, no matter how misguided such interventions might seem. If clouds are changing, then so should the way we study them. It requires all of us to look up and take notice. 43. According to the passage, which of the following statements correctly describes clouds? A. Low clouds are not as heavy as high clouds. B. Thick white clouds warm the ground by trapping heat. C. Warm water drops of high clouds release and absorb heat equally. D. Clouds differ in how they let in the sun’s heat and trap Earth’s heat. 44. According to the passage, a climate feedback loop is a cycle that_________. A. speeds up the very warming that activated it B. enhances cooling by promoting low cloud formation C. reduces high cloud cover to boost sunlight reflection D. balances warming and cooling effects at the same time 45. What can be inferred from the passage about the writer’s opinion? A. Decarbonization may influence how clouds form. B. Clouds may offer a way to address global warming. C. Cloud-based geoengineering projects may be worthless. D. Studying clouds can tell us when the tipping point arrives. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Actionable climate solutions. B. Changes in how low and high clouds move. C. Links between clouds and global warming. D. Approaches to appreciating cloud beauty. 【答案】43. D 44. A 45. B 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了云的类型不同对地球表面温度的影响不同，以及云引发的气候反馈循环与全球变暖的关系。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Clouds don’t just look different from one another; they also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. These differences have to do with how much of the sun’s heat they allow through and how much of Earth’s heat they trap in.(云不仅看起来彼此不同；它们对下面陆地或水体表面的温度也有非常不同的影响。这些差异与它们允许多少太阳的热量通过以及它们捕获多少地球的热量有关。)”可知，云在允许太阳热量进入和捕获地球热量方面存在差异。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Yet as temperatures rise, low clouds may decline while high clouds persist, creating a climate feedback loop—a self-enhancing cycle similar to a classic feedback mechanism.(然而，随着气温上升，低云可能会减少，而高云则会持续存在，形成一个气候反馈循环——一个类似于经典反馈机制的自增强循环。)”以及“In other words, the reduction in Earth’s low clouds helped explain some of the extreme heat that year.(换句话说，地球低云的减少，在一定程度上解释了当年的极端高温现象。)”可知，气候反馈循环是一种自我强化的循环，会加速引发它的变暖过程。故选A。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Climate feedback loops brought on by clouds have been identified as one of the largest unknowns in projections of warming. As we learn more about the potential tipping points of our climate — irreversible changes in the system — we may find ourselves approaching one too quickly for decarbonization efforts alone to prevent it. Some understanding of the likely effects of geoengineering projects such as cloud brightening will then be invaluable, no matter how misguided such interventions might seem.(云层引发的气候反馈循环，被视为气候变暖预测中最大的未知因素之一。随着我们对气候潜在临界点（即气候系统中不可逆转的变化）的了解不断加深，可能会发现人类正过快逼近这一临界点，仅靠脱碳努力或许难以阻止。届时，即便诸如 “云层增亮” 等地球工程方案的干预方式看似存有争议，对其潜在效果的深入了解也将变得至关重要。)”可知，作者认为云可能为解决全球变暖提供一种方法。故选B。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Clouds don’t just look different from one another; they also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. These differences have to do with how much of the sun’s heat they allow through and how much of Earth’s heat they trap in.(云不仅看起来彼此不同；它们对下面陆地或水体表面的温度也有非常不同的影响。这些差异与它们允许多少太阳的热量通过以及它们捕获多少地球的热量有关。)”以及后文对云引发的气候反馈循环与全球变暖的关系的阐述可知，本文主要讲述了云与全球变暖之间的联系。故选C。 （七） （2026年宝山区一模） Over the past few years, areas in East Asia, North America and northern Europe have been colder than normal during some periods of winter. This has left many debating whether Earth is experiencing global warming or not, but scientists have shown that Earth’s warming trends are responsible. When people in the Northern Hemisphere hear North Pole or Arctic region, they automatically think of the hemisphere’s northernmost area, the home of extremely cold weather during late fall and winter. During this time, very little, if any, sunlight reaches the Arctic’s stratosphere, one layer of Earth’s atmosphere that exists six to 20 kilometers above Earth’s surface. To balance the temperature difference with that of the warm equatorial region, an area of low pressure called the polar vortex forms and flows in a complete circle around the pole. This occurs inside the stratosphere about 10 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained, it can be destroyed by loss of sea ice, due to global warming. This results in surface temperatures changing, changes which make them less stable. If this happens, the polar vortex may shift, slipping off the North Pole and moving south, or it can separate into two or three rings that form in multiple places far south of the pole. This stretching or distortion of the polar vortex also makes influences on the path of the polar jet stream, which is responsible for Earth’s weather. This jet stream, along with three other primary jet streams in different parts of the world, is located in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer just below the stratosphere. The polar jet stream’s air currents blow from 177 kilometers an hour to over 400 kilometers an hour and from west to east between 50 degrees and 60 degrees latitude — think from France to Norway. The differences in cold polar air and warm mid-latitude air form the polar jet stream, and its movement prolongs periods of cold or warm weather in different regions. Large temperature differences between the Arctic and mid-latitudes cause the polar jet stream to be strong and move straight, keeping the cold in the north. Because the Arctic is warming at a fast pace, the temperature difference between it and mid-latitudes is decreasing, making the polar jet stream slower and weaker. That, in turn, makes the stream more likely to bend north and south. When it bends far enough, the barrier between Arctic and mid-latitude air can dive down to Mexico, taking Arctic temperatures along for the ride. Although heat and cold are considered opposites, in the case of climate, the former can cause the latter. 43. The word “prolong” (para 5) is closest in meaning to ________. A. extend B. regulate C. control D. shorten 44. What is suggested in the passage? A. Heat and cold are opposite but they can change each other. B. The air layers above the earth are responsible for climate change. C. The extreme cold in some areas originated from other areas’ heat. D. The Warming Earth is actually caused by the Colder Winters. 45. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The streams in the Northern Hemisphere have to move to the South. B. It is certain that the Earth will become warmer and warmer. C. The temperature difference between day and night will decrease. D. The colder areas might gradually become larger and larger in the future. 46. What is the main focus of the passage? A. The Relationship between Warming Earth and Colder Winters B. The Strange Phenomenon of Warming Earth with Colder Winters C. The Temperature Differences between the Arctic and Mid-latitude Areas D. The Potential Reasons for Earth Becoming Warmer and Warmer 【答案】43. A 44. C 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了全球变暖致使北极海冰消融、极涡变形，进而影响极地急流，引发北半球部分地区冬季异常寒冷，揭示了气候变暖与局部寒冬的关联。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The differences in cold polar air and warm mid-latitude air form the polar jet stream, and its movement(冷的极地空气和暖的中纬度空气之间的差异形成了极地急流，其移动……)”以及后文“periods of cold or warm weather in different regions(不同地区寒冷或温暖的天气持续时间)”可知，极地急流的移动会延长不同地区寒冷或温暖天气的持续时间。故划线词意思是“延长”。故选A。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Although heat and cold are considered opposites, in the case of climate, the former can cause the latter.(尽管热与冷被视为相反的两种状态，但在气候方面，前者却能够导致后者出现)”可知，某些地区的极度寒冷是由其他地区过热所导致的。故选C。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“Large temperature differences between the Arctic and mid-latitudes cause the polar jet stream to be strong and move straight, keeping the cold in the north. Because the Arctic is warming at a fast pace, the temperature difference between it and mid-latitudes is decreasing, making the polar jet stream slower and weaker. That, in turn, makes the stream more likely to bend north and south. When it bends far enough, the barrier between Arctic and mid-latitude air can dive down to Mexico, taking Arctic temperatures along for the ride.(北极与中纬度地区的巨大温差，会让极地急流强劲且呈直线运动，从而将冷空气封锁在北方。由于北极变暖速度加快，它与中纬度地区的温差正在缩小，这使得极地急流变得更缓、更弱。而这一变化反过来又会让急流更容易向南北方向弯曲。当急流弯曲幅度足够大时，分隔北极气团与中纬度气团的屏障就会向南延伸至墨西哥一带，同时裹挟着北极的冷空气一路南下)”可知，随着北极变暖趋势持续，急流弯曲的频率和幅度可能增加，南下的冷空气会影响更多区域，因此未来寒冷区域的范围可能逐渐扩大。故选D。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Over the past few years, areas in East Asia, North America and northern Europe have been colder than normal during some periods of winter. This has left many debating whether Earth is experiencing global warming or not, but scientists have shown that Earth’s warming trends are responsible.(在过去几年里，东亚、北美洲和北欧的一些地区在冬季的某些时段气温比往年要低。这使得许多人争论地球是否正在经历全球变暖，但科学家们已经表明，地球的变暖趋势才是原因所在)”可知，文章主要说明了全球变暖致使北极海冰消融、极涡变形，进而影响极地急流，引发北半球部分地区冬季异常寒冷，揭示了气候变暖与局部寒冬的关联。由此可知，这篇文章的主要关注点是地球变得越来越热的潜在原因。故选B。 （八） （2026年崇明区一模） When you were a kid, you most likely had more friends than you do now. As you grew up, your friendship circle most likely grew smaller. You now have just a few really important friendships. One idea suggests that we become more selective about our friends because we become increasingly aware of our own mortality (生命的有限). In other words, we have future-oriented cognition (认知). However, a recent study suggests that our friendships may not actually be tied to thinking about the future. In this study, a team of researchers analyzed 78,000 hours of observations of 21 male chimpanzees (黑猩猩) made between 1995 and 2016. A unique feature of this study is the value that exists in the long-term collection of data. Like humans, as these chimpanzees grew older, they increased the number of mutual friendships and decreased the number of one-sided friendships. In these mutual friendships, aged chimpanzees were more likely to groom (理毛) each other, and they engaged in grooming for longer, which suggests these friendships were of high value to the chimpanzees. These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. Because we are so closely related to chimpanzees, these findings in the wild chimps might also apply to people. But if future-orientated cognition isn’t the source of this shift in social behavior seen in both humans and chimpanzees, what is? Now, the researchers are using the same data set to investigate whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings from the male chimpanzees. Joan Silk, a professor not involved in the study, explained that it could be emotional reactivity, but that’s just a possible explanation, distinct from a complete explanation of how something works. Does emotional reactivity also explain human shifts in friendship selection? These are questions that deserve further study. Anyway, the new study gives valuable insight into how natural selection shapes social relationship strategies as we age, and it is also stimulating because it makes one reconsider the nature of how humans think and behave. Answering questions like this is difficult because humans live such a long time, but what’s important about this study is that it provides long-term data on known individuals that live a long time. By studying our evolutionary cousins, we can learn more about our own behavior. 43. What social change occurs in both humans and chimpanzees as they age? A. They avoid all forms of social grooming. B. Their friendship circles expand significantly. C. They prioritize quantity over quality in friendships. D. They focus on fewer but deeper mutual relationships. 44. The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibitcd stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness 45. What did Joan Silk imply about the chimpanzee study? A. Its approach is innovative. B. Its findings remain incomplete. C. Its explanation is reasonable. D. Its conclusions are unbelievable. 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Aging and Friendship: A New Insight from Chimpanzees B. Future-Oriented Cognition: The Key to Friendships C. The Emotional Reactivity of Male Chimpanzees D. How Mortality Shapes Human Friendship 【答案】43. D 44. D 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，通过一项对黑猩猩的长期观察研究，探讨了人类和黑猩猩在衰老过程中社交关系的变化，并对原有的“社会情感选择理论”提出了质疑。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第1段中“As you grew up, your friendship circle most likely grew smaller. You now have just a few really important friendships.(随着你的成长，你的朋友圈很可能会变小。你现在只有几个真正重要的朋友了)”及第4段中“Like humans, as these chimpanzees grew older, they increased the number of mutual friendships and decreased the number of one-sided friendships.(和人类一样，随着年龄的增长，这些黑猩猩的双向友谊数量有所增加，而单向友谊的数量则有所减少)”可知，人类和黑猩猩变老后都会更关注数量更少但更深厚的双向关系。故选D。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第5段中“These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not.(这些结果对社会情绪选择理论的某些方面提出了质疑。人类有生命有限的意识，但人们普遍认为黑猩猩没有这种意识)”可知，黑猩猩没有生命有限的认知却仍出现社交关系的转变，这一点挑战了该理论。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第6段中Joan Silk的解释“Joan Silk, a professor not involved in the study, explained that it could be emotional reactivity, but that’s just a possible explanation, distinct from a complete explanation of how something works.(乔安·西尔克（Joan Silk）是一位未参与此项研究的教授，她解释说这可能是情绪反应性，但这只是一个可能的解释，并非对事物运作方式的完整说明)”可知，Joan Silk认为研究提出的解释（情绪反应性）只是一种可能性，并不完整，暗示这项研究的发现并不完备。故选B。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是文章开篇“As you grew up, your friendship circle most likely grew smaller. You now have just a few really important friendships.(随着你的成长，你的朋友圈很可能会变小。你现在只有几个真正重要的朋友了)”提出人类随年龄增长朋友变少的现象，并引出一个理论解释“One idea suggests that we become more selective about our friends because we become increasingly aware of our own mortality.(有一种观点认为，我们对朋友的选择越来越挑剔，因为我们越来越意识到自己终有一死)”。接着第3、4段重点介绍了一项对黑猩猩的长期研究，该研究发现了黑猩猩也有类似的社交变化，并在第5段对原有理论提出了质疑“These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not.(这些结果对社会情绪选择理论的某些方面提出了质疑。人类有生命有限的意识，但人们普遍认为黑猩猩没有这种意识)”，最后在文章末尾“By studying our evolutionary cousins, we can learn more about our own behavior.(通过研究我们的进化表亲，我们可以更多地了解我们自己的行为)”指出这项研究为了解人类行为提供了新视角。 由此可知，文章围绕衰老与友谊展开，且借助黑猩猩的研究给出了新视角。A选项“衰老与友谊：来自黑猩猩的新见解”为最佳标题。故选A。 （九） （2026年杨浦区一模） When a fire at a supplier’s factory forced a temporary shutdown at the plant of a large European manufacturer of consumer goods, Tim Schweisfurth and his colleagues at the Technical University of Munich found a surprising upside: The idleness (闲散) led to an outpouring of ideas for improvements. The conclusion: Unexpected Interruptions Can Boost Creativity. We discovered this when we looked at the online system the company used to collect plant workers’ ideas and suggestions. People could enter submissions whenever they were on-site. Some proposed small changes like replacing worn tools; others, major ones, such as a new paint-ordering system that saved the firm €280, 000 a year. The 8,500 employees in the part of the plant that shut down were sent home for four days. In the three weeks after they returned to work, they produced 58%more ideas than uninterrupted employees did. In addition, their ideas were higher quality: Managers rated the accepted submissions and determined that those from sidelined employees were roughly three percentage points better than those from other workers. We also studied an unexpected interruption at the plant that didn’t lead to idle time: a flood that required employees to clean up the damage. That incident lowered creative performance because workers had to switch their attention to the new task. A similar thing happens when your focus immediately shifts after a social media app beeps to signal a new post. There are many good reasons to take a vacation, but our research doesn’t suggest it will improve your creativity at work, because it wouldn’t be an unexpected interruption. When we looked at a third kind of interruption at the plant — extended weekends — we found no increase in employee suggestions after people returned to work. We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. Think of all the times you’ve had a breakthrough moment in the shower or while pushing a cart around the grocery store. Those insights all resulted from your brain’s behind-the-scenes perseveration. When we do something that allows us to totally disengage, such as taking a long weekend or a vacation, we don’t experience the same attention residue, so we don’t have the same kinds of breakthroughs. 43. What did the study find about employees who experienced a 4-day shutdown? A. Their creativity decreased significantly. B. They submitted mostly minor tool suggestions. C. Most of their ideas were approved by managers. D. They produced more and better ideas after returning. 44. What conclusion can be drawn concerning unexpected interruptions based on the_________. A. Idle time has a negative impact on the generation of creative ideas. B. Creativity depends upon how much attention remains on the original task. C. Creativity is determined by how focused an individual person is. D. Employees are motivated to be more creative in the face of a challenge. 45. The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine 46. Which of the following situations is most likely to boost creativity? A. An extended weekend at home. B. A five-day planned trip to a scenic spot. C. A short, unexpected break from work. D. An unexpected work-related assignment. 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了慕尼黑工业大学的一项研究发现，即意外的中断，如工厂的临时停工，可以提升员工的创造力，而计划内的休息或中断，如长周末或假期，则不会对创造力产生同样的积极影响。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The 8,500 employees in the part of the plant that shut down were sent home for four days. In the three weeks after they returned to work, they produced 58%more ideas than uninterrupted employees did. In addition, their ideas were higher quality: Managers rated the accepted submissions and determined that those from sidelined employees were roughly three percentage points better than those from other workers.(工厂停工部分的8500名员工被送回家四天。在他们重返工作岗位后的三周内，他们提出的想法比未受中断的员工多58%。此外，他们的想法质量更高：经理们对被采纳的建议进行了评分，并确定，那些来自被搁置的员工的建议比其他员工的建议大约高出3个百分点)”可知，经历四天停工的员工在返回工作岗位后提出了更多且质量更高的想法。故选D项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“That incident lowered creative performance because workers had to switch their attention to the new task.(这一事件降低了创造性表现，因为工人们不得不把注意力转移到新的任务上)”和最后一段中“We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity.(我们认为原因与所谓的注意力残留有关——这是创造力的最佳点。即使我们已经转移到另一项活动，我们的大脑仍会继续思考对我们重要的事情)”可推知，意外中断后创造力是否提升取决于对原任务的注意力残留多少，即注意力是否仍部分集中在原任务上。故选B项。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. Think of all the times you’ve had a breakthrough moment in the shower or while pushing a cart around the grocery store. Those insights all resulted from your brain’s behind-the-scenes perseveration.(即使我们已经转移到另一项活动，我们的大脑仍会继续思考对我们重要的事情。想想你在洗澡或推着购物车逛杂货店时，所有有过突破的时刻。这些见解都源于你大脑幕后的持续思考)”可知，后文解释了“attention residue”的具体表现，即大脑在切换任务后仍持续思考原问题，由此可推知，划线短语“attention residue”意为“持续的精神投入”。故选A项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“The conclusion: Unexpected Interruptions Can Boost Creativity.(结论：意外的中断可以提高创造力)”和最后一段中“When we looked at a third kind of interruption at the plant — extended weekends — we found no increase in employee suggestions after people returned to work. We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity.(当我们观察工厂里的第三种中断——长周末——时，我们发现人们重返工作岗位后，员工的建议并没有增加。我们认为原因与所谓的注意力残留有关——这是创造力的最佳点)”可知，意外的中断可以提升创造力，而计划内的休息(如长周末或假期)则不会产生同样的效果，因为后者不会留下“注意力残留”，由此可推知，一个短暂而意外的休息最有可能激发创造力。故选C项。 （十） （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. During the second world war, some statisticians wanted to determine how many tanks the German army was producing. Captured tanks couldn’t be re-released, but, as tank components are marked with serial numbers, another approach allowed them to make an estimate. They logged the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. This is known as the German tank problem in statistics. One of my favourite population estimation stories was told to me by a teacher friend, who tasked her students with estimating the number of forks in the school canteen — impossible to count as, at any given time, a number will be in use and others will be in the wash. Her class “captured” a set of forks and marked each one with a drop of nail polish, then released them back into the population. A week later, they recaptured another sample population and used it to make an estimate of the total number of forks. Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 43. Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method?（marked ） A. B. C. D. 44. In order to estimate the production of German tanks, statisticians need to know the _________. A. fixed order in which German tanks were numbered B. smallest and largest serial numbers of captured tanks C. average of the serial numbers of all the tanks in a battle D. total of the captured tanks and their largest serial number 45. What can you infer about the final result of the teaspoon experiment? A. The missing teaspoons were equal to the released teaspoons. B. Scientists proposed an effective technique to count numbers. C. Missing teaspoons were sheepishly returned by spoon stealers. D. Researcher worked out the total of the missing forks in the lab. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. 【答案】43. A 44. D 45. C 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“捕获——重捕法”这一估算移动 / 难以逐个计数物体数量的技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数及实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法的应用场景与实际效果。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二、三段“The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. (‘捕获——重捕法’的操作流程是：先获取样本——比如等待一些动物经过时捕捉一部分，给这些个体做上独特标记后，再将它们放回种群。一段时间后，重复上述过程捕捉另一组动物，统计其中已被标记的个体数量。举例来说，如果你最初捕捉并标记了50只动物，第二次捕捉时发现其中一半带有标记，这就能让你推断出整个种群的数量。既然样本中有一半是标记个体，那就意味着整个种群里有一半被标记过——因此种群总数约为100只。这种方法无需找到并计数种群中的每一个成员，就能对种群数量做出相当准确的估算。)”可知，“捕获——重捕法”的核心流程是：①捕捉并标记一定数量的个体（如50只动物）→②放回原种群使其混合→③再次捕捉一定数量的个体→④统计其中被标记的个体比例→⑤根据比例估算总数量。符合这一流程的图表即为正确选项。故选A。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“They logged the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. (他们记录下所有被俘坦克的序列号，假设这些序列号按固定顺序编排且随机分布。如果收集到的数据中最大序列号为L，捕获的坦克数量为n，那么坦克总数的估算公式为L + L/n。)”可知，估算德军坦克产量需要两个关键数据：捕获坦克的最大序列号L和捕获坦克的总数n，所以为了估算德国坦克的产量，统计学家需要了解缴获的坦克总数及其最大序列号。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. (20年前，研究人员也做过一个类似的实验，目的是让人们羞愧地归还实验室物品。当时他们的实验室里有大量茶匙莫名丢失，于是研究人员给一批茶匙做了标记后放回，观察它们的流转情况并发表了研究结果。结果证明，这篇论文的发表让科学方法发挥了作用。)”可知，实验目的是让人们羞愧而归还有关实验室物品，且结果是研究成果发表后方法奏效，由此可推断：偷勺子的人不好意思地归还了丢失的茶匙。故选C。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. (无论是战场上的敌方坦克、野外的动物，还是繁忙食堂里的餐具，要统计移动中的物体数量都并非易事。幸运的是，有一种方法无需逐一计数，就能估算出某类物体的总数。)”并结合全文可知，文章开篇指出“很难统计移动中的物体数量”，随后介绍“捕获 - 重捕法”这一技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数、实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法如何解决“统计移动 / 难以逐个计数的物体”问题，文章核心是介绍一种帮助你计算移动物体数量的技巧。故选C。 （十一） （2026年金山区一模） In some Western parts, children of healthy weight have long become the exception. Now even in poor countries, childhood obesity (肥胖) is spreading faster than ever before. The problem is not new: the percentage of overweight children around the world went up in the 1980s, as junk food became a dietary staple. But the trend today is alarming. A report by UNICEF found that the number of school-aged children who are obese is, for the first time, higher than those who do not get enough food to stay healthy. In Niue and the Cook Islands, nearly 40% of 5 — 19-year-olds are obese — the highest rates in the world. The south Pacific also has some of the worst adult obesity rates, fueled by shifting diets and a culture that prizes size. America ranks in the top 20 countries for childhood obesity, with a rate of 20%. In Europe, Hungary leads with 15%. Poor countries are particularly ill-equipped to tackle this issue. Health systems there were built to fight hunger not obesity. Many babies are born underweight because of poor diets when their mothers are expecting them. That alters their metabolism (新陈代谢) and makes rapid weight gain and other long-term health problems more likely in adulthood. In South America and parts of Africa and the Middle East, the share of overweight children is already higher than in western Europe and is nearing the 45% seen in North America. The reason is simple: cheap, heavily processed foods are dominating children’s diets worldwide, crowding out fresh fruits, vegetables and proteins. A UNICEF survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries found that more than half of babies aged 6 — 23 months in 13 countries had consumed sweet drinks or sugary foods the previous day. Even in Britain many ready-to-eat baby foods marketed as healthy are far from it. In countries with lax regulation, the meals are worse. A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. But changing diets is hard. Ultra-processed foods are about 50% cheaper than fresh or minimally processed foods, according to the UN’s report on food systems. A global survey of school meals in 2024 found that 25% of schools served processed meats, 21% served sweets, 19% served deep-fried food and 14% provided sugar-sweetened drinks. Stronger rules that restrict the advertising and sales of unhealthy foods could help. So could financial aid to make good food cheaper. What children eat early shapes their tastes for life. Adult diets are habits fixed in childhood. Once formed, those tastes are hard to shift. 45. The author cites the specific obesity rates of Niue and the Cook Islands, America, and Hungary in Paragraph 2 primarily ________. A. to argue that European policies are the most effective B. to show the problem is global, affecting diverse regions C. to rank the economic development levels of these places D. to suggest the issue is most severe in Pacific Island nations 46. Which of the following is a major concern regarding childhood obesity in poor countries according to the passage? A. Parents are not aware of the risks of obesity at all. B. Children refuse to eat any fresh fruits or vegetables. C. There is a complete lack of regulations on food advertising. D. Health systems are not designed to deal with such problems. 47. The underlined word “lax” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A. strict B. effective C. loose D. detailed 48. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To criticize the food industry for promoting unhealthy foods. B. To recommend specific lifestyle programs for obese children. C. To analyze the global trend and challenges of childhood obesity. D. To compare obesity rates between developed and poor countries. 【答案】45. B 46. D 47. C 48. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章揭示了儿童肥胖的全球化趋势，指出贫困国家因卫生系统缺陷和加工食品泛滥而面临严峻挑战，并呼吁加强监管与健康饮食推广。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“In Niue and the Cook Islands, nearly 40% of 5 — 19-year-olds are obese — the highest rates in the world. The south Pacific also has some of the worst adult obesity rates, fueled by shifting diets and a culture that prizes size. America ranks in the top 20 countries for childhood obesity, with a rate of 20%. In Europe, Hungary leads with 15%. (在纽埃和库克群岛，近40%的5至19岁青少年肥胖，这是世界上肥胖率最高的国家。南太平洋地区的成年人肥胖率也是最高的，这是由于饮食习惯的改变和崇尚体型的文化造成的。美国儿童肥胖率为20%，排在前20位。在欧洲，匈牙利以15%领先。)”可知，作者列举了纽埃和库克群岛、美国和匈牙利惊人的儿童肥胖率数据，以表明肥胖问题是全球性的，影响不同地区。故选B项。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Poor countries are particularly ill-equipped to tackle this issue. Health systems there were built to fight hunger not obesity. (贫穷国家在解决这一问题上的能力尤其不足。那里的卫生系统是为了对抗饥饿而不是肥胖而建立的。)”可知，贫穷国家的主要问题是卫生系统并非针对肥胖问题设计。故选D项。 【47题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. (一项对七个东南亚国家销售的数百种婴儿食品的研究发现，其中一半是超加工食品。三分之一含有联合国食品标准法典不允许的添加剂。)”可知，这些国家的婴儿食品有一半是不健康的，且三分之一含违规的添加剂，这表明食品监管不够严格，画线词所在句意思是“在监管宽松的国家，膳食更糟糕”，画线词意思与loose“宽松的”接近。故选C项。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“In some Western parts, children of healthy weight have long become the exception. Now even in poor countries, childhood obesity (肥胖) is spreading faster than ever before. (在西方一些地区，保持健康体重的孩子早已成为例外。现在，即使在贫穷国家，儿童肥胖的蔓延速度也比以往任何时候都要快。)”可知，文章首段指出全球儿童肥胖趋势，后文从加工食品、贫穷国家困境等分析原因，最后提出应对的方法。由此推知，文章旨在分析儿童肥胖的全球趋势与挑战。故选C项。 （十二） （2026年奉贤区一模） On 27 September 1825, Robert Stephenson and Co’s Locomotion No.1 arrived in Stockton, England. As the first rail vehicle to carry passengers, it was greeted with a seven-gun salute and an astonished crowd. “It was found to be quite impossible to contain the enthusiasm of the crowd,” reported a journalist. This weekend the celebrations are likely to be slightly less wild, as the 200th anniversary of the pioneering Stockton and Darlington railway line(S&DR) is marked. But they will undoubtedly be heartfelt. A replica (复制品) of the pioneering engine is to recreate the original journey, with viewing tickets sold out along the route and a big screen following its progress in the town centre. A set of stamps in memory of the event is being issued, which feels appropriately old school. The businessmen who invested in the S&DR back in the 19th century were motivated by the functional benefits of transporting coal more efficiently. But their project eventually unlocked far wider human possibilities, transforming the sense of distance and changing the way the nation lived. Trains carried Victorian working-class families to the seaside and back, and reunited lovers on windswept platforms. Crowded 20th-century passenger trains ran regularly between satellite towns and cities. A railway station became part of the identity of a place, as well as a point of departure from it. These days the railways are journeying with difficulty towards a new era. The short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s, and the needless, failed privatization (私有化) of the 1990s, were avoidable political errors whose legacy is still felt today. Extremely high-ticket prices and long-term mismanagement in the north, where the story began, harm the contemporary network. As the government gradually takes more train operators back under public ownership, a much-needed strategic reset is required. The rail industry should become a key force of green sustainable growth. Sadly, plans for high-speed rail in northern England are to be delayed again. This does not inspire confidence. For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 43. According to the passage, Locomotion No.1 referred to _________ A. a project founded by businessmen in the Victorian era B. a replica built to celebrate the railway’s 200th anniversary C. a machine dedicated to carrying coal out more efficiently D. a vehicle marking the beginning of passenger transport by rail 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes 45. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 most probably means _________ A. decisions intended for reforms have led to long-lasting damage B. increases in ticket price were meant for a potential service upgrade C. railway cuts in the 1960s once thought short-sighted prove necessary D. political errors in the past have ended the railway network for good 46. What’s the author’s attitude towards the changes in the railway over the past two centuries? A. disappointed but optimistic B. hateful and critical C. respectful yet regretful D. confident and admiring 【答案】43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文纪念斯托克顿 - 达灵顿铁路线通车200周年，讲述其开创铁路客运的意义、社会文化影响，同时惋惜其发展中的失误与现状困境。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“On 27 September 1825, Robert Stephenson and Co’s Locomotion No.1 arrived in Stockton, England. As the first rail vehicle to carry passengers, it was greeted with a seven-gun salute and an astonished crowd. “It was found to be quite impossible to contain the enthusiasm of the crowd,” reported a journalist.( 1825年9月27日，罗伯特·斯蒂芬森公司的“1号机车”抵达英格兰的斯托克顿。作为第一辆载客的铁路车辆，它受到了七响礼炮和一片惊讶人群的热烈欢迎。一位记者报道说：“人们发现，要抑制住人群的狂热情绪几乎是不可能的。”)”可知，1号机车指的是标志着铁路客运时代开端的交通工具。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past, not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track.(但对于火车爱好者来说，这个周末的意义在于回顾过去，而非展望未来。编号为 1的列车开启了一段远不止从 A 地到 B 地的旅程。从埃·内斯比特对乡村童年的描述到惠特·奥登的诗歌，这次旅行在我们的文学作品中留下了深远的影响。在兰开夏郡的坎福德，人们仍然铭记着该车站在经典电影《短暂的邂逅》中所扮演的重要角色，在这部影片中，一段悲惨的爱情因一名警卫的哨声以及轮子开始在铁轨上转动时发出的有节奏的声音而告终)”可知，铁路不仅是交通方式，还深刻影响了文学和影视，由此可推断铁路具有超越运输功能的文化意义。故选A。 【45题详解】 句意猜测题。根据第四段“These days the railways are journeying with difficulty towards a new era. The short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s, and the needless, failed privatization of the 1990s, were avoidable political errors whose legacy is still felt today. Extremely high-ticket prices and long-term mismanagement in the north, where the story began, harm the contemporary network.(如今，铁路行业正艰难地迈向一个崭新的时代。20世纪60年代那些目光短浅的铁路建设消减，以及20世纪90年代不必要的、失败的私有化举措，都是可以避免的错误决策，其遗留影响至今仍可见。在故事起源的北方地区，高昂的票价和长期的管理不善损害了当前的铁路网络)”可知，20世纪60年代短视的铁路线路削减，以及90年代毫无必要且失败的私有化，都是本可避免的政治错误，其负面影响至今仍能被感受到。故划线句意思是“原本旨在进行改革的决策却造成了长期的损害”。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“On 27 September 1825, Robert Stephenson and Co’s Locomotion No. 1 arrived in Stockton, England. As the first rail vehicle to carry passengers, it was greeted with a seven-gun salute and an astonished crowd. “It was found to be quite impossible to contain the enthusiasm of the crowd,” reported a journalist.( 1825年9月27日，罗伯特·斯蒂芬森公司的“1号机车”抵达英格兰的斯托克顿。作为第一辆载客的铁路车辆，它受到了七响礼炮和一片惊讶人群的热烈欢迎。一位记者报道说：“人们发现，要抑制住人群的狂热情绪几乎是不可能的。”)”以及第四段“These days the railways are journeying with difficulty towards a new era. The short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s, and the needless, failed privatization of the 1990s, were avoidable political errors whose legacy is still felt today. Extremely high-ticket prices and long-term mismanagement in the north, where the story began, harm the contemporary network.(如今，铁路行业正艰难地迈向一个崭新的时代。20世纪60年代那些目光短浅的铁路建设决策，以及20世纪90年代不必要的、失败的私有化举措，都是可以避免的错误决策，其遗留影响至今仍可见。在故事起源的北方地区，高昂的票价和长期的管理不善损害了当前的铁路网络)”文中肯定了 Stockton and Darlington 铁路线的开创性意义，以及铁路对人们生活、文化领域的深远影响；同时惋惜铁路发展中出现的政治失误（线路削减、私有化失败）、票价高昂、管理不善和高铁计划推迟等问题。可知，作者对于过去两百年间铁路的变化表示尊重但又略带遗憾。故选C。 （十三） （2026年长宁区一模） Britain is at its greatest risk of de-industrialisation in modern times. This is because businesses are expected to face new tax increases, and the government fails to provide cheaper energy for manufacturers. That was the warning from Make UK, a business group for manufacturers — from giants such as BAE Systems to thousands of professional engineering firms. In a statement released before the November 26 budget, it said British industry is at a crossroads. “Britain’s manufacturers are urging the government to use the coming budget to focus only on measures to boost growth. They warn that if business taxes go up further, and if the government still fails to cut energy costs for industry, the UK could end up on a path to major de-industrialisation, “ the organisation said. It is not the first warning on this theme from Make UK since last year. Earlier it has spoken of the consequences if ministers did not make good on their promise to deliver a modern industrial strategy. “Businesses are facing two big problems: weak demand both in the UK and other countries, and overall rising costs, ”Stephen Phipson said. He used to be an industrialist and a civil servant, and now he is the head of Make UK. He added, “If we want to get the economy growing again, it will be businesses that make this happen—and this budget must make growth its main focus, ” He also said that high energy costs presented British industry with “an existential threat”, adding: “Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself. “ The manufacturers’ worries have shown up in the latest survey of Make UK’s 20, 000 member companies. More than two-thirds of them are preparing for tax increases, saying that costs have already increased by more than expected in the past six months. Over half said they had been forced to pass those on to their customers through higher prices. The increase in employers ‘national insurance contributions, and the fear of the government’s employment rights bill, are also having an impact on the industrial workforce: more than half of companies said they have reduced pay increases; nearly a third have instituted pay freezes; and half have frozen employment 43. It can be learned from paragraphs 1~3 that ________. A. the November 26 budget will put industrial growth at the core B. Britain faces serious de-industralisation risks from tax and energy plans C. Make UK mainly represents large manufacturing giants like BAE Systems D. the UK government has started to fulfil its promise about industrial strategy 44. The phrase ”kicking the can down the road" in paragraph 5 implies that the government ________. A. keeps postponing decisive action on the announced energy support plan B. refuses to extend the energy support plan to the small and medium firms C. dismisses the current energy-support strategy as a temporary adjustment D. warns of the threat loudly yet delays assigning funds for the very purpose 45. It can be inferred from the passage that British manufacturers ________. A. will stop investing in new projects unless the budget meets their demands B. have received substantial financial support from the energy department C. have adjusted their business strategies to address ongoing pressures D. consider de-industrialisation an unavoidable outcome for the UK 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Britain’s New Budget to Solve Industrial Energy and Tax Problems B. The Government’s Industrial Strategy: A Trial for UK Manufacturers C. Make UK’s Survey Reveals Manufacturers’ More Financial Pressures D. UK Manufacturers Warn of De-Industrial Risks, Urge Growth Policies 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. C 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了英国制造商组织Make UK发出警告，称英国正面临现代以来最大的去工业化风险，原因是企业将面临新的税收增加，且政府未能为制造商提供更便宜的能源，同时呼吁政府在即将到来的预算中采取措施促进增长。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Britain is at its greatest risk of de-industrialisation in modern times. This is because businesses are expected to face new tax increases, and the government fails to provide cheaper energy for manufacturers.(英国正面临现代以来最大的去工业化风险。这是因为企业预计将面临新的税收增加，而政府未能为制造商提供更便宜的能源。)”以及第二段中的“They warn that if business taxes go up further, and if the government still fails to cut energy costs for industry, the UK could end up on a path to major de-industrialisation,(他们警告说，如果商业税收进一步增加，如果政府仍然未能降低工业能源成本，英国最终可能会走上大规模去工业化的道路)”可知，英国面临着来自税收和能源计划的严重去工业化风险。故选B项。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself.(政府需要停止对（今年夏天宣布的针对最大工业能源用户的）能源支持计划袖手旁观，并不断kicking the can down the road，希望问题能自行解决。)”可知，政府不能只是袖手旁观，希望问题自行解决，也就是不能一直拖延对能源支持计划采取决定性行动，所以“kicking the can down the road”意思是“不断推迟对已宣布的能源支持计划采取决定性行动”。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The manufacturers’ worries have shown up in the latest survey of Make UK’s 20, 000 member companies. More than two - thirds of them are preparing for tax increases, saying that costs have already increased by more than expected in the past six months. Over half said they had been forced to pass those on to their customers through higher prices.(制造商的担忧在Make UK对其20,000家会员公司的最新调查中显现出来。超过三分之二的公司正在为增税做准备，称过去六个月成本已经比预期增加得更多。超过一半的公司表示，他们被迫通过提高价格将这些成本转嫁给客户。)”以及最后一段“The increase in employers ‘national insurance contributions, and the fear of the government’s employment rights bill, are also having an impact on the industrial workforce: more than half of companies said they have reduced pay increases; nearly a third have instituted pay freezes; and half have frozen employment.(雇主国民保险缴款的增加，以及对政府就业权利法案的担忧，也对工业劳动力产生了影响：超过一半的公司表示他们已经减少了加薪；近三分之一的公司实行了工资冻结；一半的公司冻结了招聘。)”可推知，英国制造商已经调整了他们的商业策略以应对持续的压力。故选C项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Britain is at its greatest risk of de-industrialisation in modern times. This is because businesses are expected to face new tax increases, and the government fails to provide cheaper energy for manufacturers.(英国正面临现代以来最大的去工业化风险。这是因为企业预计将面临新的税收增加，而政府未能为制造商提供更便宜的能源。)”以及第二段中的“They warn that if business taxes go up further, and if the government still fails to cut energy costs for industry, the UK could end up on a path to major de-industrialisation,(他们警告说，如果商业税收进一步增加，如果政府仍然未能降低工业能源成本，英国最终可能会走上大规模去工业化的道路。)”可知，文章主要讲述了英国制造商组织Make UK发出警告，称英国正面临去工业化风险，并呼吁政府采取促进增长的政策，所以D选项“UK Manufacturers Warn of De-Industrial Risks, Urge Growth Policies（英国制造商警告去工业化风险，敦促采取增长政策）”最符合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 （十四） （2026年普陀区一模） The line from Othello — “How poor are they that have not patience!”— may have been in the mind of the Royal Shakespeare Company when it was considering how best to retain the attention of time-poor audiences this season. Yet it chose a different route — an intentional departure from tradition: one play is to be streamlined into an 80-minute production, for those who don’t have the time to sit through the full two-or three-hour version. Tamara Harvey and Daniel Evans, co-artistic directors announcing their first season of RSC programming, said this shortened show — As You Like It, to be performed in the outdoor Holloway Garden Theatre — would be ideal for tourists visiting Stratford-upon-Avon, the birthplace of William Shakespeare. But is it really a departure? Even as a lover of the plays in all their messy fullness, I believe there can be a refreshing focus to a short show. Some shortened Shakespeare’s — such as Simon Godwin’s Romeo and Juliet — are every bit as rich as the originals, if done well. Beyond artistic interpretation, the new format offers something practical: accessibility. The RSC’s shortened production reflects a broader vision of making theatre more convenient and varied. Tickets are cheaper, starting at £10, and As You Like It begins at 5 p. m. so visitors can catch an evening train out of Stratford. I have foolishly attempted to return to London after a first night at the RSC, only to find the last train long gone. Shakespeare himself would have approved — ever the businessman, ever the pragmatist (实用主义者), and ever alert to his audiences’ needs. The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life Of course, the play’s the thing, and it is why we go to the theatre. But it’s not the only reason. Some want to enjoy the full three-hour production with not a word removed; others want to have dinner and chat afterwards, or catch the bus home without having to make a mad run for it. Within this landscape, a bite-size Shakespeare has its rightful place. 43. What is the main purpose of shortening As You Like It to an 80-minute version? A. To make the story easier for younger audiences to understand. B. To provide a convenient option for visitors with limited time. C. To experiment with new stage technology and visual effects. D. To replace the original two-or three-hour play temporarily. 44. Why does the writer mention missing the last train to London? A. To criticize the poor public transport in Stafford. B. To show that evening plays are too long for travelers. C. To highlight the need for better planning by theatre visitors. D. To illustrate how the new schedule solves a real inconvenience. 45. What is the main idea of the 4th paragraph? A. The RSC is losing artistic value by shortening plays. B. The directors resolve to simplify Shakespeare’s language. C. The audience prefers watching plays online rather than in theatres. D. The theatre experience should consider audience comfort and modern lifestyles. 46. What is the central message of the article? A. Shorter Shakespeare plays weaken artistic traditions. B. The RSC’s shortened productions balance art and practicality. C. Traditional plays are adapted into other art forms for promotion. D. Modern audiences no longer appreciate Shakespeare’s long plays. 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了英国皇家莎士比亚剧团（RSC）为了吸引时间有限的观众，将《皆大欢喜》缩短为80分钟的版本。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“one play is to be streamlined into an 80-minute production, for those who don’t have the time to sit through the full two-or three-hour version.(其中一部戏剧将被精简为80分钟的版本，供那些没有时间观看完整两三个小时版本的人观看。)”可知，将《皆大欢喜》缩短为80分钟版本的主要目的是为时间有限的游客提供方便的选择。故选B。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The RSC’s shortened production reflects a broader vision of making theatre more convenient and varied. Tickets are cheaper, starting at £10, and As You Like It begins at 5 p. m. so visitors can catch an evening train out of Stratford. I have foolishly attempted to return to London after a first night at the RSC, only to find the last train long gone. Shakespeare himself would have approved — ever the businessman, ever the pragmatist (实用主义者), and ever alert to his audiences’ needs.(皇家莎士比亚剧团的精简版剧目，折射出一种更宏大的愿景 —— 让戏剧变得更便捷、更多元。该剧目票价更加亲民，最低仅10英镑，并且《皆大欢喜》的演出从下午5点开始，这样一来，游客们便能赶上驶离埃文河畔斯特拉特福的夜间火车。我曾有过一次颇为糊涂的经历：在皇家莎士比亚剧团看完首演夜的戏剧后便打算返回伦敦，结果却发现末班车早已开走。莎士比亚本人想必也会赞同这种做法 —— 他向来是一位精明的商人、一位务实主义者，并且总能敏锐地洞察观众的需求。)”可知，作者提到错过末班车是为了说明新时间表如何解决了一个真正的不便。故选D。 【45题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段“The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life.(哈维和埃文斯此番举措兼具前瞻性与亲和力，核心在于他们考量的是观众看戏的完整体验，而非仅仅孤立地看待戏剧本身。去剧院看一场戏，过程可能满是奔波疲惫：火急火燎地扒完一顿仓促的晚餐、排不完的如厕长队、挤进那些为身形纤瘦的维多利亚时代人设计的座位，视线还总会被前排的人头无情遮挡。缩短戏剧时长，绝非是对其艺术性的削弱，而是让戏剧更具人文关怀，让艺术与现代生活的节奏同频共振。)”可知，第四段的主要思想是剧院体验应该考虑观众的舒适和现代生活方式。故选D。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。提到皇家莎士比亚剧团将《皆大欢喜》缩短为80分钟的版本，为时间有限的游客提供方便的选择，并且票价更便宜，开始时间也更适合游客赶火车，还提到缩短一场演出并不是减少其艺术性，而是使其更人性化，使艺术与现代生活的节奏相协调，由此可知，这篇文章的中心思想是皇家莎士比亚剧团的精简版在艺术和实用性之间取得了平衡。故选B。 （十五） （2026年青浦区一模） There exists a certain human experience that goes beyond cultures and generations— the sudden shake that runs down your spine (脊柱) when a violin reaches its highest note, or when singers’ harmony resolves perfectly. These musical chills, electrifying feelings triggered by emotionally powerful music, sometimes accompanied by visible goosebumps, represent one of the most fascinating blends between art and neurology. Recent advances in brain imaging have transformed our understanding of this phenomenon, revealing it to be a complex neurological event involving multiple brain regions. The process begins with pattern recognition in the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) , which constantly predicts where a musical phrase will lead. When a composer breaks these expectations on purpose—through an unexpected key change, or a delay in resolution— it creates what neuroscientists call “prediction error.” This surprise element triggers the nucleus accumbens (伏隔核) , the brain’s pleasure center associated with reward processing. Within milliseconds, the area releases dopamine, the same neurotransmitter involved in the pleasures of eating chocolate or falling in love. Studies show this neural activity pattern is nearly identical to that seen during other peak emotional experiences. Individual differences in musical chills provide important clues. Only about half the population reports frequent musical chills, and brain scans reveal why. These individuals possess stronger white matter connections between the auditory cortex and two key regions: one processing bodily awareness and the other involved in emotional evaluation. This enhanced neural connection creates the ability to experience more delicate emotional responses to music. The evolutionary origins of this response may come before humanity itself. Charles Darwin first noted that music shares characteristics with animal distress calls and mating songs. The physiological markers of musical chills— including goosebumps and changes in heart rate— mirror ancient fear and excitement responses. Some theorists suggest music developed as an early language that promoted social unity, with chill responses reinforcing group bonding through shared emotional peaks. Modern medicine has begun using this knowledge. Neurologists now use musical chill tests to assess lack of emotional response in depression patients, as reduced chill response connects with an inability to feel pleasure. Music therapists working with Alzheimer’s patients have documented cases where chill-arousing songs temporarily restore access to lost memories, likely through activation of the region relatively spared in early dementia (痴呆症) . The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience. 43. What triggers the “prediction error” in Paragraph 2? A. The release of dopamine from the same neurotransmitter area. B. A composer’s intentional breaking of listeners’ musical expectations. C. The similarity between musical chills and other emotional experiences. D. The auditory cortex’s failure to recognize the familiar musical patterns. 44. What can we know about the evolutionary fact of musical chills? A. They were developed to distinguish between fear and excitement responses. B. They played a role in promoting social connection among early human groups. C. Their origin lay in the same biological mechanism as animal mating behaviors. D. Their physical indicators like goosebumps fade away in the process of evolution. 45. From the case of Alzheimer’s patients, we can infer that _________. A. chill-arousing music is the more effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease B. all dementia patients can fully recover lost memories through musical chills C. emotional distress in depression is caused by weakened musical chill responses D. modern medicine has begun to apply the effect of musical chills to curing diseases 46. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Only music with specific notes can trigger the neural activity of chills. B. The experience of musical chills reflects multiple aspects of human nature. C. Musical chills are the most direct way to study the human brain’s complexity. D. The ability to feel musical chills is unique to humans compared with other species. 【答案】43. B 44. B 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了音乐寒颤是艺术与神经学的交汇现象，由作曲家打破听众音乐预期触发，其个体差异、演化起源已被揭示，且该研究成果已应用于现代医学领域。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When a composer breaks these expectations on purpose—through an unexpected key change, or a delay in resolution— it creates what neuroscientists call “prediction error.”(当作曲家故意打破这些预期时——比如采用出人意料的转调或延迟和声解决时——就会产生神经科学家所说的“预测错误”。)”可知，作曲家故意打破听众的音乐期望触发了“预测错误”。故选B项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Some theorists suggest music developed as an early language that promoted social unity, with chill responses reinforcing group bonding through shared emotional peaks.( 一些理论家认为，音乐是一种促进社会团结的早期语言，通过共同的情感高峰，寒颤反应加强了群体联系。)”可知，关于音乐寒颤的进化事实，我们能知道它们在促进早期人类群体之间的社会联系方面发挥了作用。故选B项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“Modern medicine has begun using this knowledge. Neurologists now use musical chill tests to assess lack of emotional response in depression patients, as reduced chill response connects with an inability to feel pleasure. Music therapists working with Alzheimer’s patients have documented cases where chill-arousing songs temporarily restore access to lost memories, likely through activation of the region relatively spared in early dementia (痴呆症) .( 现代医学已经开始运用这一知识。神经学家现在使用音乐寒颤测试来评估抑郁症患者缺乏情绪反应，因为寒颤反应的减少与无法感受到快乐有关。与阿尔茨海默病患者一起工作的音乐治疗师已经记录了一些案例，这些案例表明，能令人起鸡皮疙瘩的歌曲可以暂时恢复对失去的记忆的访问，可能是通过激活早期痴呆症相对不受影响的区域。)”可知，从老年痴呆症患者的案例中，我们可以推断现代医学已经开始利用音乐寒颤的效果来治疗疾病。故选D项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience.( 下次当你在听最喜欢的歌曲时感到那种熟悉的颤抖时，认清它的真正含义。那些令人起鸡皮疙瘩的音符证明了我们令人难以置信的神经复杂性，我们古老的进化历史，以及我们对惊人体验的持久能力。)”可推知，作者在最后一段暗示了音乐寒颤的经历反映了人性的多个方面。故选B项。 （十六） （2026年闵行区一模） Lots of names have been proposed for the world’s youngest generation, born roughly since 2010. Some are predictable, such as “iPad kids” and “Generation AI”. Others are puzzling, as with “Polars”, which nods both to growing polarisation and shrinking ice caps. One name has caught on in the English-speaking West: “Generation Alpha”. It symbolises a fresh chapter, says Mark McCrindle, the Australian demographer (人口学家) behind it. He consulted people for ideas nearly 20 years ago; many suggested the name “Gen A”. But rather than go back to the start of the Latin alphabet (字母表), he shifted to the Greek one. “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. Research is largely driven by commercial interests. Alpha is projected to be the world’s largest generation, with more than 2 billion members. By 2029, nearly $5.5 trillion will be spent on Alphas a year, predicts McCrindle’s research firm. That presents an opportunity for businesses, and for the marketing firms that advise “how to prepare for Gen Alpha”. Restrictions on marketing to youngsters prevent many insights. Governments regulate advertisements aimed at minors and stop their personal data from being collected without parental permission. Some surveys about Gen Alpha are filled out by parents, who interpret their children’s habits. Many conclusions do not apply to the youngest members. There are disagreements about who exactly counts as Alpha. McCrindle thinks the group should include those born between 2010 and 2024. Yet other firms say Gen Z only stopped being born in 2012. Because there is no official classification, one person’s Z is another’s Alpha. But no one can deny that Alphas are in their formative years, when attitudes and values continue to change as they grow up and come of age. It will be at least five years before Alphas are old enough for real differences to be seen between them and others, believes Duffy. Until then, the generation will keep experts and parents on their toes. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 44. What can be inferred from the current research on Alphas mentioned in paragraphs 4 and 5? A. Its objectivity may be affected by commercial motivation. B. It is mainly conducted for academic exploration. C. The sample size used in the research process is limited. D. Legal restrictions make the findings more reliable. 45. According to paragraph 6, what does the author imply about Generation Alpha? A. Their values are largely shaped by outside social forces. B. Adults can take a relaxed attitude when dealing with them. C. Disagreements over labels don’t affect how the group is understood. D. Noticeable and distinct qualities won’t emerge until the generation matures. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The media’s excitement about naming the youngest generation. B. Why Generation Alpha is expected to reshape future markets and culture. C. The challenges and uncertainties in defining and researching Generation Alpha. D. How parents and marketing agencies influence children’s early development. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“阿尔法一代”(2010年后出生的一代)的命名背景、研究面临的挑战及相关争议等。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. (但社会科学家表示，现在就确定这个包含学步儿童在内的群体的独特特征还为时过早。伦敦大学国王学院教授Bobby Duffy表示，预测他们将如何成长“和猜测没什么区别”：现在做出的许多判断在未来将被证明是错误的。)”可知，社会科学家和Bobby Duffy都认为目前无法精准描述阿尔法一代的特征。故选C项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Research is largely driven by commercial interests. (研究在很大程度上是由商业利益驱动的。)”及“That presents an opportunity for businesses, and for the marketing firms that advise “how to prepare for Gen Alpha”. (这为企业提供了机会，也为那些建议“如何为阿尔法时代做准备”的营销公司提供了机会。)”可知，关于阿尔法一代的研究主要受商业利益驱动，其客观性可能会受商业动机影响。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But no one can deny that Alphas are in their formative years, when attitudes and values continue to change as they grow up and come of age. It will be at least five years before Alphas are old enough for real differences to be seen between them and others, believes Duffy. (但没人能否认，阿尔法一代正处于成长形成期，随着他们的长大成年，态度和价值观会不断改变。Duffy认为，阿尔法至少还需要五年的时间才能长到足以看出它们和其他群体之间的真正差异。)”可知，作者暗示阿尔法一代的显著独特特质要等他们成年后才会显现。故选D项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。第1段介绍了针对2010年后出生的新一代，人们提出了多种命名；第2段说明“阿尔法一代”这一名称在英语国家流行，由人口学家 Mark McCrindle提出，象征“新的篇章”；第3段指出“阿尔法一代”相关报道虽多，但社会科学家认为目前无法精准定义其特征，Bobby Duffy称这类预测“和猜测没什么区别”；第4-5段说明对阿尔法一代的研究受商业利益驱动，且存在法律限制、样本偏差等问题，研究结论的客观性存疑；第6段提到“阿尔法一代”的群体划分存在争议，且其特质要等成长后才会显现。由此可知，文章核心围绕“定义和研究阿尔法一代过程中面临的挑战与不确定性”展开。故选C项。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解C篇 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2026年静安区一模） Geology, the study of the structure and formation of the Earth, is the baby of all the other sciences. Until comparatively recently, scholars paid little attention to rocks and rock formations. Indeed, the word geology only appeared in the English language in 1735 and took another seventy or so years to enter general usage. Geology made its first appearance in the Encyclopedia Britannica (大英百科全书) in the 1810 edition. Despite this inclusion, the science of geology remained largely ignored until much later in the century. Nowadays the mystery of the Earth and its formation fascinates geologists across the world. However, few people know that the whole modern discipline of geology and the way we look at our world owes its inspiration to a single man with an extraordinary passion for landscape and rocks. That man was William Smith, who was born in 1769 in the small village of Churchill in the south of England. From an early age, William showed a strong interest in the world about him and asked questions about the landscape that no one could properly answer. As a young boy William picked up strange-looking stones that lay in the fields around his home and felt that some of the most common patterns in these stones looked like animals found living in the sea. He asked the men of knowledge and science in the district how these stones came to find themselves here. No one, it seemed, had answers to his questions or even thought it remotely interesting to ask the questions in the first place. A chance meeting with a man called Edward Webb led to William being offered a position to work down the mines. He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks. Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. It took William many years of frustration and hardship to draw a huge map of Great Britain by hand. The map, on display today at Burlington House in London, uses beautiful colors to show every layer of rock below in the most precise detail. Unique in its time, William’s map gave birth to every geological survey that we take for granted in the world today. 43. The author mentions the late inclusion of “geology” in the Encyclopedia Britannica primarily to ________. A. question the accuracy of earlier editions of the encyclopedia B. highlight the slow academic acceptance of geology as a discipline C. emphasize the pioneering contribution of the Encyclopedia Britannica to science D. provide a precise birth date for the formal study of Earth’s structure 44. William Smith’s key contribution to geology was the realization that ________. A. mining operations were crucial for accessing complete rock orders B. the entire British landscape could be represented in a detailed map C. fossils provided the only reliable means for classifying rock types D. the order of rock layers preserved a record of past geological time 45. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Smith’s extensive travels were the most important part of his work. B. The main value of Smith’s map today is as a piece of displayed art. C. Smith’s work laid the foundation for modern geological surveys. D. Smith’s map was immediately recognized as a major scientific breakthrough. 46. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage? A. How Fossil Patterns Revealed Ancient Seas B. The Man Who Uncovered the Earth’s Story C. The Encyclopedia Britannica and the Rise of Geology D. William Smith:From Miner to Master of Mapping （二） （2026年虹口区一模） Hollywood writers scored a major victory last month in their battle over how artificial intelligence can be used in future film and television projects. Experts say the contract guidelines between the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) could offer a model for workers in Hollywood and other industries. The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. The new rules guard against several occasions that writers had feared, comedian Adam Conover, a member of the WGA negotiating committee, said. One such situation was studios being allowed to generate a full script using AI and then demanding that a human writer complete the writing process. Under the new terms, studios “cannot use AI to write scripts or to edit scripts that have already been written by a writer”, Conover said. The contract also prevents studios from treating AI-generated content as “source material”, like a novel or a play that screenwriters could be assigned to adapt for a lower fee and less credit than an original script. For instance, if the studios were allowed to use Chat GPT to generate a 100,000-word novel and then ask writers to adapt it, “That would be a loophole (漏洞) for them to reduce the wages of screenwriters,” he said. “We’re not allowing that.” If writers adapt output from large language models, it will still be considered an original screenplay, he added. Simon Johnson, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studies technological transformation,called the new terms a “fantastic win for writers” and said it would likely result in “better quality work and a stronger industry for longer”. The union win on AI is also not a loss for the studios, he noted, since they “will get a better product from this arrangement” than they might have otherwise. 43. What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. 44. According to the new rules,which of the following practices is disallowed ? A. Using AI to finish or revise a script written by a human writer. B. Asking writers to polish scripts originally written by others. C. Letting writers adapt plays or novels into new screenplays. D. Preventing writers from using AI tools for brainstorming ideas. 45. It can be inferred that the writers view AI technology mainly as ________. A. a tool that can improve efficiency if allowed B. a long-term issue that needs further negotiation C. a necessary evil that would eventually be accepted D. a threat that requires immediate restrictions 46. Why does Simon Johnson think highly of the new rules? A. The entertainment industry is forced to focus on writers’ welfare. B. They ensure greater job stability and fairer treatment for writers. C. The adoption of AI tools saves time and lowers the studios’ cost. D. They secure writers’ rights and support a more sustainable industry. （三） （2026年嘉定区一模） What makes a genius? We might say it’s a combination of extraordinary talent and drive, often accompanied by madness. Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso all made pioneering breakthroughs in their respective fields while living legendary lives. Helen Lewis’s The Genius Myth, however, argues that society wrongly admires figures like them. She claims the “genius” label excuses immoral behaviours — alcoholism, abandonment, drug abuse. But does her criticism really make sense? In her book, Lewis links the idea of innate (天生的) genius to the harmful history of intelligence testing. This field, started by figures like Francis Galton, is connected to racism. She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. For them, she suggests, “genius” becomes a cover on extreme or even evil thinking, a characteristic increasingly seen in some online fans. Her solution? Stop admiring individuals. Call specific works genius, not people. But I question whether the public really believes this “genius myth” as desperately as Lewis insists. Her sweeping statements about “our” blind love for “troublesome individuals” feel forced — like she’s projecting her own views on everyone else. The book has significant drawbacks. Lewis essentially invents a term “weak model of genius” to dress up a long-known obvious point — imperfect people can be talented — as new insight. It feels like she’s selling a cure for a disease she invented. Besides, her attempts at a friendly, TED-Talk-inspired style feel awkward rather than genuine. The heavy use of italics (斜体字) makes the writing feel struggled, as if she is trying too hard to convince both readers and herself. More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 43. According to The Genius Myth, Helen Lewis would most likely agree that ______. A. people like Picasso have never made any real achievements B. some figures’ evil behaviors are excused by the word “genius” C. many so-called geniuses cannot pass intelligence testing D. nothing in this world is worth the genius label 44. What does the writer think of the Genius Myth? A. Its writing style is engaging, sincere and humble. B. “The weak model of genius” is an innovative term. C. Its criticism of the “genius myth” lacks evidence. D. It fails to explain the root cause of people’s passion for genius. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Society’s admiration for geniuses is dangerous. B. Lewis criticism of “the genius myth” is unconvincing. C. The public should hold a critical view on geniuses. D. Specific works instead of people should be admired. （四） （2026年徐汇区一模） Tapping out a message with a finger or two on a smartphone is catching up to the speed of typing on a traditional keyboard. Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results. Mobile typists who use auto-correct are faster than those who use word-prediction tools, according to a study that looked at 37,000 volunteers tested by researchers at Finland’s Aalto University, the University of Cambridge and ETH Zürich. Earlier devices such as the BlackBerry promoted typing on miniature keyboards, too. Now, most smartphone users type on their devices with one or both thumbs. Some also type with a single index finger. As the smartphone has claimed a bigger and bigger portion of our communications, many educators and researchers have posed questions about the longer-term effects the move to typing on a digital keyboard may have — particularly on younger generations. The better-than-expected results surprised researchers, because typing on a smartphone “is a type of motor skill that people learn on their own with no formal training, which is very unlike typing on physical keyboards,” study co-author Antti Oulasvirta said in a news release. In fact, 10-to-19-year-olds type about 10 wpm faster than people in their 40s do, regardless of whether the keyboard was on a smartphone or a computer. The best typists could do more than 80 wpm. The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves. Still, there are some trade-offs when it comes to typing on a smartphone. Those participating in the study left more errors uncorrected, something that also resulted in less backspacing. “A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. The researchers collected the typing data from thousands of individuals using an online typing test. The test asked participants to transcribe a series of sentences, and recorded their keystrokes, errors, speed and other metrics. It also asked them to self-report their demographic (人口统计学的) data, as well as information about how they type and the sort of keyboard they used to complete the test. Smartphones may have some of the ergonomic (人体工学的) risks associated with their more traditional counterparts, professors say. Smartphone usage can lead to neck, shoulder and grip issues, said Bradley Chase, an associate professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University of San Diego. “The concerns aren’t fewer, just different” than those with traditional keyboards, Chase said. 43. Which of the following is true about the speed of mobile typing? A. It is equivalent to the speed of typing on a keyboard. B. It is much faster than typing on a keyboard. C. It is a little slower than typing on a keyboard. D. It is much faster than researchers can imagine. 44. It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that . A. people have never formally learned how to type on smartphones B. the youth type slower than the middle-aged mainly on a computer C. mobile typing will totally replace physical keyboard typing D. the gap between typing on phone and typing with keyboards may close 45. Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of typing? A. Physical keyboards will definitely become obsolete within a few years. B. The speed gap between mobile and physical keyboard typing might disappear. C. Ergonomic risks associated with smartphones are expected to be completely eliminated. D. Auto-correct technology will be replaced by word-prediction tools. （五） （2026年松江区一模） Even if you don’t worry that artificial intelligence (AI) will destroy the human race, you might fear its huge appetite for electricity will damage the environment. Asking an AI chatbot a question is equivalent to using ten times more energy than an old-fashioned internet search. As the AI boom took off, you may think that emissions(排放)from tech giants evidently rise. With huge investments in new data centers planned, more rises seem inevitable. But the worry is on shaky ground. In absolute terms, AI may be less energy-hungry than assumed. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that electricity consumption by data centers could more than double in five years. Even if energy usage increases sharply, the basic is still low. Data centers currently account for only about 1.5% of global electricity consumption — and the vast majority of that is due to streaming, social media and online shopping, not AI. Handled in a smart way, some of AI’s electricity use will help with greening the economy. AI is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, which can help reduce emissions. It is already helping improve the efficiency of electrical networks with real-time balance of supply and demand. Besides, it has assisted in reducing petrol consumption in shipping through adjusting routes and speeds to the fittest, and spotting leaks of methane (a greenhouse gas) by cooperating with satellites and ground sensors. The task for policymakers and industry bosses is to maximize AI’s advantages in saving energy, thus minimizing its climate impacts. The most elegant solution would be for governments to set a proper price on carbon. But because a global carbon price remains a distant dream, it would be more realistic to focus on other measures. The first is greater openness. From August 2026, the EU will require some AI developers to report their energy use in detail, which can be copied elsewhere. A second is to rethink how data centers operate. The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. Third, tech firms should live up to their environmental promises. Many now rely heavily on buying renewable-energy credits, a problematic way of balancing their emissions. A better one is to use their influence to promote the decarbonization of the energy networks by pushing for planning reform and supporting alternatives like nuclear power. Doubling down on these would help transform AI from climate suspect to climate hero. 43. The reason why the author says “the worry is on shaky ground” is that________. A. tech companies have already achieved their carbon goals B. future data centers will be powered by renewable energy C. the current energy use by AI is small within global context D. AI’s environmental benefits can make up for its energy cost 44. We can learn from paragraph 3 that________. A. energy used by AI would otherwise realize a green economy B. energy saving in shipping is partly due to AI-improved routes C. AI’s real-time management has raised electricity consumption D. methane leak detection done by AI can be sensed by satellites 45. Which of the following is recommended to handle AI’s climate impacts? A. Setting a global carbon price for tech industries. B. Scheduling data centers’ workloads dynamically. C. That tech firms balance emissions through credit exchange. D. That AI developers stay open to others’ reporting approaches 46. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Technology’s Impact on Climate Change B. Government Regulations on AI and Energy C. AI’s Energy Demand and Tech Innovation D. AI’s Energy Consumption and Conservation （六） （2026年黄浦区一模） I love the way clouds float above my head. These ever-shifting sculptures of vapor (蒸气) and light are among nature’s least appreciated marvels. How exactly cloud cover will shift in a warming world is anyone’s guess. Clouds don’t just look different from one another; they also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. These differences have to do with how much of the sun’s heat they allow through and how much of Earth’s heat they trap in. Low clouds typically have a cooling effect. Much of the sun’s rays are reflected off their white tops back up into space. And they are heavy enough to cast shadows, cooling the surface below. Since their water drops are warmer, they’re as good at giving off Earth’s heat up into space as they are at absorbing it from below. High clouds do the opposite, warming Earth’s surface. Contrary to common belief, this is because the ice crystals (冰晶) in these clouds are cold. High clouds are often not as heavy, so they can let in more of the sun’s rays. But since they are cold, they don’t send out as much of Earth’s heat into space — more like blankets than umbrellas, resulting in a warming effect. The mix of cloud types over our planet ensures they have an overall cooling effect because the shade from the low clouds outweighs the warming effect of the high ones. Yet as temperatures rise, low clouds may decline while high clouds persist, creating a climate feedback loop — a self-enhancing cycle similar to a classic feedback mechanism. In a recent paper in the journal Science, reduced low cloud cover contributed about 0.2℃ to 2023’s record-breaking average global temperatures. In other words, the reduction in Earth’s low clouds helped explain some of the extreme heat that year. Climate feedback loops brought on by clouds have been identified as one of the largest unknowns in projections of warming. As we learn more about the potential tipping points of our climate — irreversible changes in the system — we may find ourselves approaching one too quickly for decarbonization efforts alone to prevent it. Some understanding of the likely effects of geoengineering projects such as cloud brightening will then be invaluable, no matter how misguided such interventions might seem. If clouds are changing, then so should the way we study them. It requires all of us to look up and take notice. 43. According to the passage, which of the following statements correctly describes clouds? A. Low clouds are not as heavy as high clouds. B. Thick white clouds warm the ground by trapping heat. C. Warm water drops of high clouds release and absorb heat equally. D. Clouds differ in how they let in the sun’s heat and trap Earth’s heat. 44. According to the passage, a climate feedback loop is a cycle that_________. A. speeds up the very warming that activated it B. enhances cooling by promoting low cloud formation C. reduces high cloud cover to boost sunlight reflection D. balances warming and cooling effects at the same time 45. What can be inferred from the passage about the writer’s opinion? A. Decarbonization may influence how clouds form. B. Clouds may offer a way to address global warming. C. Cloud-based geoengineering projects may be worthless. D. Studying clouds can tell us when the tipping point arrives. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Actionable climate solutions. B. Changes in how low and high clouds move. C. Links between clouds and global warming. D. Approaches to appreciating cloud beauty. （七） （2026年宝山区一模） Over the past few years, areas in East Asia, North America and northern Europe have been colder than normal during some periods of winter. This has left many debating whether Earth is experiencing global warming or not, but scientists have shown that Earth’s warming trends are responsible. When people in the Northern Hemisphere hear North Pole or Arctic region, they automatically think of the hemisphere’s northernmost area, the home of extremely cold weather during late fall and winter. During this time, very little, if any, sunlight reaches the Arctic’s stratosphere, one layer of Earth’s atmosphere that exists six to 20 kilometers above Earth’s surface. To balance the temperature difference with that of the warm equatorial region, an area of low pressure called the polar vortex forms and flows in a complete circle around the pole. This occurs inside the stratosphere about 10 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained, it can be destroyed by loss of sea ice, due to global warming. This results in surface temperatures changing, changes which make them less stable. If this happens, the polar vortex may shift, slipping off the North Pole and moving south, or it can separate into two or three rings that form in multiple places far south of the pole. This stretching or distortion of the polar vortex also makes influences on the path of the polar jet stream, which is responsible for Earth’s weather. This jet stream, along with three other primary jet streams in different parts of the world, is located in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer just below the stratosphere. The polar jet stream’s air currents blow from 177 kilometers an hour to over 400 kilometers an hour and from west to east between 50 degrees and 60 degrees latitude — think from France to Norway. The differences in cold polar air and warm mid-latitude air form the polar jet stream, and its movement prolongs periods of cold or warm weather in different regions. Large temperature differences between the Arctic and mid-latitudes cause the polar jet stream to be strong and move straight, keeping the cold in the north. Because the Arctic is warming at a fast pace, the temperature difference between it and mid-latitudes is decreasing, making the polar jet stream slower and weaker. That, in turn, makes the stream more likely to bend north and south. When it bends far enough, the barrier between Arctic and mid-latitude air can dive down to Mexico, taking Arctic temperatures along for the ride. Although heat and cold are considered opposites, in the case of climate, the former can cause the latter. 43. The word “prolong” (para 5) is closest in meaning to ________. A. extend B. regulate C. control D. shorten 44. What is suggested in the passage? A. Heat and cold are opposite but they can change each other. B. The air layers above the earth are responsible for climate change. C. The extreme cold in some areas originated from other areas’ heat. D. The Warming Earth is actually caused by the Colder Winters. 45. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The streams in the Northern Hemisphere have to move to the South. B. It is certain that the Earth will become warmer and warmer. C. The temperature difference between day and night will decrease. D. The colder areas might gradually become larger and larger in the future. 46. What is the main focus of the passage? A. The Relationship between Warming Earth and Colder Winters B. The Strange Phenomenon of Warming Earth with Colder Winters C. The Temperature Differences between the Arctic and Mid-latitude Areas D. The Potential Reasons for Earth Becoming Warmer and Warmer （八） （2026年崇明区一模） When you were a kid, you most likely had more friends than you do now. As you grew up, your friendship circle most likely grew smaller. You now have just a few really important friendships. One idea suggests that we become more selective about our friends because we become increasingly aware of our own mortality (生命的有限). In other words, we have future-oriented cognition (认知). However, a recent study suggests that our friendships may not actually be tied to thinking about the future. In this study, a team of researchers analyzed 78,000 hours of observations of 21 male chimpanzees (黑猩猩) made between 1995 and 2016. A unique feature of this study is the value that exists in the long-term collection of data. Like humans, as these chimpanzees grew older, they increased the number of mutual friendships and decreased the number of one-sided friendships. In these mutual friendships, aged chimpanzees were more likely to groom (理毛) each other, and they engaged in grooming for longer, which suggests these friendships were of high value to the chimpanzees. These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. Because we are so closely related to chimpanzees, these findings in the wild chimps might also apply to people. But if future-orientated cognition isn’t the source of this shift in social behavior seen in both humans and chimpanzees, what is? Now, the researchers are using the same data set to investigate whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings from the male chimpanzees. Joan Silk, a professor not involved in the study, explained that it could be emotional reactivity, but that’s just a possible explanation, distinct from a complete explanation of how something works. Does emotional reactivity also explain human shifts in friendship selection? These are questions that deserve further study. Anyway, the new study gives valuable insight into how natural selection shapes social relationship strategies as we age, and it is also stimulating because it makes one reconsider the nature of how humans think and behave. Answering questions like this is difficult because humans live such a long time, but what’s important about this study is that it provides long-term data on known individuals that live a long time. By studying our evolutionary cousins, we can learn more about our own behavior. 43. What social change occurs in both humans and chimpanzees as they age? A. They avoid all forms of social grooming. B. Their friendship circles expand significantly. C. They prioritize quantity over quality in friendships. D. They focus on fewer but deeper mutual relationships. 44. The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibitcd stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness 45. What did Joan Silk imply about the chimpanzee study? A. Its approach is innovative. B. Its findings remain incomplete. C. Its explanation is reasonable. D. Its conclusions are unbelievable. 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Aging and Friendship: A New Insight from Chimpanzees B. Future-Oriented Cognition: The Key to Friendships C. The Emotional Reactivity of Male Chimpanzees D. How Mortality Shapes Human Friendship （九） （2026年杨浦区一模） When a fire at a supplier’s factory forced a temporary shutdown at the plant of a large European manufacturer of consumer goods, Tim Schweisfurth and his colleagues at the Technical University of Munich found a surprising upside: The idleness (闲散) led to an outpouring of ideas for improvements. The conclusion: Unexpected Interruptions Can Boost Creativity. We discovered this when we looked at the online system the company used to collect plant workers’ ideas and suggestions. People could enter submissions whenever they were on-site. Some proposed small changes like replacing worn tools; others, major ones, such as a new paint-ordering system that saved the firm €280, 000 a year. The 8,500 employees in the part of the plant that shut down were sent home for four days. In the three weeks after they returned to work, they produced 58%more ideas than uninterrupted employees did. In addition, their ideas were higher quality: Managers rated the accepted submissions and determined that those from sidelined employees were roughly three percentage points better than those from other workers. We also studied an unexpected interruption at the plant that didn’t lead to idle time: a flood that required employees to clean up the damage. That incident lowered creative performance because workers had to switch their attention to the new task. A similar thing happens when your focus immediately shifts after a social media app beeps to signal a new post. There are many good reasons to take a vacation, but our research doesn’t suggest it will improve your creativity at work, because it wouldn’t be an unexpected interruption. When we looked at a third kind of interruption at the plant — extended weekends — we found no increase in employee suggestions after people returned to work. We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. Think of all the times you’ve had a breakthrough moment in the shower or while pushing a cart around the grocery store. Those insights all resulted from your brain’s behind-the-scenes perseveration. When we do something that allows us to totally disengage, such as taking a long weekend or a vacation, we don’t experience the same attention residue, so we don’t have the same kinds of breakthroughs. 43. What did the study find about employees who experienced a 4-day shutdown? A. Their creativity decreased significantly. B. They submitted mostly minor tool suggestions. C. Most of their ideas were approved by managers. D. They produced more and better ideas after returning. 44. What conclusion can be drawn concerning unexpected interruptions based on the_________. A. Idle time has a negative impact on the generation of creative ideas. B. Creativity depends upon how much attention remains on the original task. C. Creativity is determined by how focused an individual person is. D. Employees are motivated to be more creative in the face of a challenge. 45. The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine 46. Which of the following situations is most likely to boost creativity? A. An extended weekend at home. B. A five-day planned trip to a scenic spot. C. A short, unexpected break from work. D. An unexpected work-related assignment. （十） （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. During the second world war, some statisticians wanted to determine how many tanks the German army was producing. Captured tanks couldn’t be re-released, but, as tank components are marked with serial numbers, another approach allowed them to make an estimate. They logged the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. This is known as the German tank problem in statistics. One of my favourite population estimation stories was told to me by a teacher friend, who tasked her students with estimating the number of forks in the school canteen — impossible to count as, at any given time, a number will be in use and others will be in the wash. Her class “captured” a set of forks and marked each one with a drop of nail polish, then released them back into the population. A week later, they recaptured another sample population and used it to make an estimate of the total number of forks. Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 43. Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method?（marked ） A. B. C. D. 44. In order to estimate the production of German tanks, statisticians need to know the _________. A. fixed order in which German tanks were numbered B. smallest and largest serial numbers of captured tanks C. average of the serial numbers of all the tanks in a battle D. total of the captured tanks and their largest serial number 45. What can you infer about the final result of the teaspoon experiment? A. The missing teaspoons were equal to the released teaspoons. B. Scientists proposed an effective technique to count numbers. C. Missing teaspoons were sheepishly returned by spoon stealers. D. Researcher worked out the total of the missing forks in the lab. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. （十一） （2026年金山区一模） In some Western parts, children of healthy weight have long become the exception. Now even in poor countries, childhood obesity (肥胖) is spreading faster than ever before. The problem is not new: the percentage of overweight children around the world went up in the 1980s, as junk food became a dietary staple. But the trend today is alarming. A report by UNICEF found that the number of school-aged children who are obese is, for the first time, higher than those who do not get enough food to stay healthy. In Niue and the Cook Islands, nearly 40% of 5 — 19-year-olds are obese — the highest rates in the world. The south Pacific also has some of the worst adult obesity rates, fueled by shifting diets and a culture that prizes size. America ranks in the top 20 countries for childhood obesity, with a rate of 20%. In Europe, Hungary leads with 15%. Poor countries are particularly ill-equipped to tackle this issue. Health systems there were built to fight hunger not obesity. Many babies are born underweight because of poor diets when their mothers are expecting them. That alters their metabolism (新陈代谢) and makes rapid weight gain and other long-term health problems more likely in adulthood. In South America and parts of Africa and the Middle East, the share of overweight children is already higher than in western Europe and is nearing the 45% seen in North America. The reason is simple: cheap, heavily processed foods are dominating children’s diets worldwide, crowding out fresh fruits, vegetables and proteins. A UNICEF survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries found that more than half of babies aged 6 — 23 months in 13 countries had consumed sweet drinks or sugary foods the previous day. Even in Britain many ready-to-eat baby foods marketed as healthy are far from it. In countries with lax regulation, the meals are worse. A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. But changing diets is hard. Ultra-processed foods are about 50% cheaper than fresh or minimally processed foods, according to the UN’s report on food systems. A global survey of school meals in 2024 found that 25% of schools served processed meats, 21% served sweets, 19% served deep-fried food and 14% provided sugar-sweetened drinks. Stronger rules that restrict the advertising and sales of unhealthy foods could help. So could financial aid to make good food cheaper. What children eat early shapes their tastes for life. Adult diets are habits fixed in childhood. Once formed, those tastes are hard to shift. 45. The author cites the specific obesity rates of Niue and the Cook Islands, America, and Hungary in Paragraph 2 primarily ________. A. to argue that European policies are the most effective B. to show the problem is global, affecting diverse regions C. to rank the economic development levels of these places D. to suggest the issue is most severe in Pacific Island nations 46. Which of the following is a major concern regarding childhood obesity in poor countries according to the passage? A. Parents are not aware of the risks of obesity at all. B. Children refuse to eat any fresh fruits or vegetables. C. There is a complete lack of regulations on food advertising. D. Health systems are not designed to deal with such problems. 47. The underlined word “lax” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A. strict B. effective C. loose D. detailed 48. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To criticize the food industry for promoting unhealthy foods. B. To recommend specific lifestyle programs for obese children. C. To analyze the global trend and challenges of childhood obesity. D. To compare obesity rates between developed and poor countries. （十二） （2026年奉贤区一模） On 27 September 1825, Robert Stephenson and Co’s Locomotion No.1 arrived in Stockton, England. As the first rail vehicle to carry passengers, it was greeted with a seven-gun salute and an astonished crowd. “It was found to be quite impossible to contain the enthusiasm of the crowd,” reported a journalist. This weekend the celebrations are likely to be slightly less wild, as the 200th anniversary of the pioneering Stockton and Darlington railway line(S&DR) is marked. But they will undoubtedly be heartfelt. A replica (复制品) of the pioneering engine is to recreate the original journey, with viewing tickets sold out along the route and a big screen following its progress in the town centre. A set of stamps in memory of the event is being issued, which feels appropriately old school. The businessmen who invested in the S&DR back in the 19th century were motivated by the functional benefits of transporting coal more efficiently. But their project eventually unlocked far wider human possibilities, transforming the sense of distance and changing the way the nation lived. Trains carried Victorian working-class families to the seaside and back, and reunited lovers on windswept platforms. Crowded 20th-century passenger trains ran regularly between satellite towns and cities. A railway station became part of the identity of a place, as well as a point of departure from it. These days the railways are journeying with difficulty towards a new era. The short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s, and the needless, failed privatization (私有化) of the 1990s, were avoidable political errors whose legacy is still felt today. Extremely high-ticket prices and long-term mismanagement in the north, where the story began, harm the contemporary network. As the government gradually takes more train operators back under public ownership, a much-needed strategic reset is required. The rail industry should become a key force of green sustainable growth. Sadly, plans for high-speed rail in northern England are to be delayed again. This does not inspire confidence. For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 43. According to the passage, Locomotion No.1 referred to _________ A. a project founded by businessmen in the Victorian era B. a replica built to celebrate the railway’s 200th anniversary C. a machine dedicated to carrying coal out more efficiently D. a vehicle marking the beginning of passenger transport by rail 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes 45. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 most probably means _________ A. decisions intended for reforms have led to long-lasting damage B. increases in ticket price were meant for a potential service upgrade C. railway cuts in the 1960s once thought short-sighted prove necessary D. political errors in the past have ended the railway network for good 46. What’s the author’s attitude towards the changes in the railway over the past two centuries? A. disappointed but optimistic B. hateful and critical C. respectful yet regretful D. confident and admiring （十三） （2026年长宁区一模） Britain is at its greatest risk of de-industrialisation in modern times. This is because businesses are expected to face new tax increases, and the government fails to provide cheaper energy for manufacturers. That was the warning from Make UK, a business group for manufacturers — from giants such as BAE Systems to thousands of professional engineering firms. In a statement released before the November 26 budget, it said British industry is at a crossroads. “Britain’s manufacturers are urging the government to use the coming budget to focus only on measures to boost growth. They warn that if business taxes go up further, and if the government still fails to cut energy costs for industry, the UK could end up on a path to major de-industrialisation, “ the organisation said. It is not the first warning on this theme from Make UK since last year. Earlier it has spoken of the consequences if ministers did not make good on their promise to deliver a modern industrial strategy. “Businesses are facing two big problems: weak demand both in the UK and other countries, and overall rising costs, ”Stephen Phipson said. He used to be an industrialist and a civil servant, and now he is the head of Make UK. He added, “If we want to get the economy growing again, it will be businesses that make this happen—and this budget must make growth its main focus, ” He also said that high energy costs presented British industry with “an existential threat”, adding: “Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself. “ The manufacturers’ worries have shown up in the latest survey of Make UK’s 20, 000 member companies. More than two-thirds of them are preparing for tax increases, saying that costs have already increased by more than expected in the past six months. Over half said they had been forced to pass those on to their customers through higher prices. The increase in employers ‘national insurance contributions, and the fear of the government’s employment rights bill, are also having an impact on the industrial workforce: more than half of companies said they have reduced pay increases; nearly a third have instituted pay freezes; and half have frozen employment 43. It can be learned from paragraphs 1~3 that ________. A. the November 26 budget will put industrial growth at the core B. Britain faces serious de-industralisation risks from tax and energy plans C. Make UK mainly represents large manufacturing giants like BAE Systems D. the UK government has started to fulfil its promise about industrial strategy 44. The phrase ”kicking the can down the road" in paragraph 5 implies that the government ________. A. keeps postponing decisive action on the announced energy support plan B. refuses to extend the energy support plan to the small and medium firms C. dismisses the current energy-support strategy as a temporary adjustment D. warns of the threat loudly yet delays assigning funds for the very purpose 45. It can be inferred from the passage that British manufacturers ________. A. will stop investing in new projects unless the budget meets their demands B. have received substantial financial support from the energy department C. have adjusted their business strategies to address ongoing pressures D. consider de-industrialisation an unavoidable outcome for the UK 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Britain’s New Budget to Solve Industrial Energy and Tax Problems B. The Government’s Industrial Strategy: A Trial for UK Manufacturers C. Make UK’s Survey Reveals Manufacturers’ More Financial Pressures D. UK Manufacturers Warn of De-Industrial Risks, Urge Growth Policies （十四） （2026年普陀区一模） The line from Othello — “How poor are they that have not patience!”— may have been in the mind of the Royal Shakespeare Company when it was considering how best to retain the attention of time-poor audiences this season. Yet it chose a different route — an intentional departure from tradition: one play is to be streamlined into an 80-minute production, for those who don’t have the time to sit through the full two-or three-hour version. Tamara Harvey and Daniel Evans, co-artistic directors announcing their first season of RSC programming, said this shortened show — As You Like It, to be performed in the outdoor Holloway Garden Theatre — would be ideal for tourists visiting Stratford-upon-Avon, the birthplace of William Shakespeare. But is it really a departure? Even as a lover of the plays in all their messy fullness, I believe there can be a refreshing focus to a short show. Some shortened Shakespeare’s — such as Simon Godwin’s Romeo and Juliet — are every bit as rich as the originals, if done well. Beyond artistic interpretation, the new format offers something practical: accessibility. The RSC’s shortened production reflects a broader vision of making theatre more convenient and varied. Tickets are cheaper, starting at £10, and As You Like It begins at 5 p. m. so visitors can catch an evening train out of Stratford. I have foolishly attempted to return to London after a first night at the RSC, only to find the last train long gone. Shakespeare himself would have approved — ever the businessman, ever the pragmatist (实用主义者), and ever alert to his audiences’ needs. The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life Of course, the play’s the thing, and it is why we go to the theatre. But it’s not the only reason. Some want to enjoy the full three-hour production with not a word removed; others want to have dinner and chat afterwards, or catch the bus home without having to make a mad run for it. Within this landscape, a bite-size Shakespeare has its rightful place. 43. What is the main purpose of shortening As You Like It to an 80-minute version? A. To make the story easier for younger audiences to understand. B. To provide a convenient option for visitors with limited time. C. To experiment with new stage technology and visual effects. D. To replace the original two-or three-hour play temporarily. 44. Why does the writer mention missing the last train to London? A. To criticize the poor public transport in Stafford. B. To show that evening plays are too long for travelers. C. To highlight the need for better planning by theatre visitors. D. To illustrate how the new schedule solves a real inconvenience. 45. What is the main idea of the 4th paragraph? A. The RSC is losing artistic value by shortening plays. B. The directors resolve to simplify Shakespeare’s language. C. The audience prefers watching plays online rather than in theatres. D. The theatre experience should consider audience comfort and modern lifestyles. 46. What is the central message of the article? A. Shorter Shakespeare plays weaken artistic traditions. B. The RSC’s shortened productions balance art and practicality. C. Traditional plays are adapted into other art forms for promotion. D. Modern audiences no longer appreciate Shakespeare’s long plays. （十五） （2026年青浦区一模） There exists a certain human experience that goes beyond cultures and generations— the sudden shake that runs down your spine (脊柱) when a violin reaches its highest note, or when singers’ harmony resolves perfectly. These musical chills, electrifying feelings triggered by emotionally powerful music, sometimes accompanied by visible goosebumps, represent one of the most fascinating blends between art and neurology. Recent advances in brain imaging have transformed our understanding of this phenomenon, revealing it to be a complex neurological event involving multiple brain regions. The process begins with pattern recognition in the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) , which constantly predicts where a musical phrase will lead. When a composer breaks these expectations on purpose—through an unexpected key change, or a delay in resolution— it creates what neuroscientists call “prediction error.” This surprise element triggers the nucleus accumbens (伏隔核) , the brain’s pleasure center associated with reward processing. Within milliseconds, the area releases dopamine, the same neurotransmitter involved in the pleasures of eating chocolate or falling in love. Studies show this neural activity pattern is nearly identical to that seen during other peak emotional experiences. Individual differences in musical chills provide important clues. Only about half the population reports frequent musical chills, and brain scans reveal why. These individuals possess stronger white matter connections between the auditory cortex and two key regions: one processing bodily awareness and the other involved in emotional evaluation. This enhanced neural connection creates the ability to experience more delicate emotional responses to music. The evolutionary origins of this response may come before humanity itself. Charles Darwin first noted that music shares characteristics with animal distress calls and mating songs. The physiological markers of musical chills— including goosebumps and changes in heart rate— mirror ancient fear and excitement responses. Some theorists suggest music developed as an early language that promoted social unity, with chill responses reinforcing group bonding through shared emotional peaks. Modern medicine has begun using this knowledge. Neurologists now use musical chill tests to assess lack of emotional response in depression patients, as reduced chill response connects with an inability to feel pleasure. Music therapists working with Alzheimer’s patients have documented cases where chill-arousing songs temporarily restore access to lost memories, likely through activation of the region relatively spared in early dementia (痴呆症) . The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience. 43. What triggers the “prediction error” in Paragraph 2? A. The release of dopamine from the same neurotransmitter area. B. A composer’s intentional breaking of listeners’ musical expectations. C. The similarity between musical chills and other emotional experiences. D. The auditory cortex’s failure to recognize the familiar musical patterns. 44. What can we know about the evolutionary fact of musical chills? A. They were developed to distinguish between fear and excitement responses. B. They played a role in promoting social connection among early human groups. C. Their origin lay in the same biological mechanism as animal mating behaviors. D. Their physical indicators like goosebumps fade away in the process of evolution. 45. From the case of Alzheimer’s patients, we can infer that _________. A. chill-arousing music is the more effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease B. all dementia patients can fully recover lost memories through musical chills C. emotional distress in depression is caused by weakened musical chill responses D. modern medicine has begun to apply the effect of musical chills to curing diseases 46. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Only music with specific notes can trigger the neural activity of chills. B. The experience of musical chills reflects multiple aspects of human nature. C. Musical chills are the most direct way to study the human brain’s complexity. D. The ability to feel musical chills is unique to humans compared with other species. （十六） （2026年闵行区一模） Lots of names have been proposed for the world’s youngest generation, born roughly since 2010. Some are predictable, such as “iPad kids” and “Generation AI”. Others are puzzling, as with “Polars”, which nods both to growing polarisation and shrinking ice caps. One name has caught on in the English-speaking West: “Generation Alpha”. It symbolises a fresh chapter, says Mark McCrindle, the Australian demographer (人口学家) behind it. He consulted people for ideas nearly 20 years ago; many suggested the name “Gen A”. But rather than go back to the start of the Latin alphabet (字母表), he shifted to the Greek one. “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. Research is largely driven by commercial interests. Alpha is projected to be the world’s largest generation, with more than 2 billion members. By 2029, nearly $5.5 trillion will be spent on Alphas a year, predicts McCrindle’s research firm. That presents an opportunity for businesses, and for the marketing firms that advise “how to prepare for Gen Alpha”. Restrictions on marketing to youngsters prevent many insights. Governments regulate advertisements aimed at minors and stop their personal data from being collected without parental permission. Some surveys about Gen Alpha are filled out by parents, who interpret their children’s habits. Many conclusions do not apply to the youngest members. There are disagreements about who exactly counts as Alpha. McCrindle thinks the group should include those born between 2010 and 2024. Yet other firms say Gen Z only stopped being born in 2012. Because there is no official classification, one person’s Z is another’s Alpha. But no one can deny that Alphas are in their formative years, when attitudes and values continue to change as they grow up and come of age. It will be at least five years before Alphas are old enough for real differences to be seen between them and others, believes Duffy. Until then, the generation will keep experts and parents on their toes. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 44. What can be inferred from the current research on Alphas mentioned in paragraphs 4 and 5? A. Its objectivity may be affected by commercial motivation. B. It is mainly conducted for academic exploration. C. The sample size used in the research process is limited. D. Legal restrictions make the findings more reliable. 45. According to paragraph 6, what does the author imply about Generation Alpha? A. Their values are largely shaped by outside social forces. B. Adults can take a relaxed attitude when dealing with them. C. Disagreements over labels don’t affect how the group is understood. D. Noticeable and distinct qualities won’t emerge until the generation matures. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The media’s excitement about naming the youngest generation. B. Why Generation Alpha is expected to reshape future markets and culture. C. The challenges and uncertainties in defining and researching Generation Alpha. D. How parents and marketing agencies influence children’s early development. 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $