构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解(译林版)

2025-12-15
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高三
章节 -
类型 题集-专项训练
知识点 语法
使用场景 高考复习-一轮复习
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
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文件大小 116 KB
发布时间 2025-12-15
更新时间 2025-12-15
作者 北京菁榕教育咨询有限公司
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审核时间 2025-12-15
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ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料(译林版) Chapter1构词法、非谓语动词及时态 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块,考频占词法总量的15%左右,涉及试卷多个题型:单项选择1-2题、 完形填空23题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解(影响词汇猜测与篇章理解)。在词汇类题目中,前缀、后缀 的构词规律及词性转换的应用往往是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度,覆盖基础规则与词汇拓展应用: ·前缀构词:否定前缀(un-、dis-、in-)、时间方位前缀(pre-、post-、inter-)的含义及加前缀后的词义 变化; ·后缀构词:名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-er)、形容词后缀(-ful、less、-ous)、副词后缀(-ly)的构成规 则及词性辨别; ·合成构词:合成名词(classroom、newspaper)、合成形容词(hard-working、world-famous)、合成动 词(download、overcome)的构成方式与语义理解; ·词性转换:常见动词与名词(act-action)、形容词与副词(quick-quickly)、名词与形容词(danger-- dangerous)的相互转换规则及语境运用。 精讲精练 知识点一:构词法(前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等) ·前缀(加于词根前改变词义) -常见类型:否定前缀(un-I dis-/in-)、表“前/后”(pre-post-)、表“共同”(co) -例句:口happy→unhappy(un-表否定,形容词)口like→dislike(dis表否定,动词)口possible →impossible(in-表否定,形容词) ·后缀(加于词根后改变词性或词义) -名词后缀(-er/-tion/-ment):teach→teacher(教师)、act→action(行动)、develop→developm ent (发展) -形容词后缀(-ful/-less/-ous):care→careful(小W心的)、hope→hopeless(无望的)、danger→ dangerous(危险的) -动词后缀(-en/-ize):wide→widen(拓宽)、modern→modernize(使现代化) ·合成词(由两个或以上单词组合而成) -合成名词:class+room→classroom(教室)、book+store→bookstore(书店) -合成形容词:good+looking→good-looking(好看的)、world+famous→world-famous(世界闻名 的) -合成动词:over+come→overcome(克服)、out+break→outbreak(爆发) ·词性转换(不改变词形或仅轻微变化,改变词性) -名词→动词:water(水,名词)→water(浇水,动词)、hand(手,名词)→hand(传递,动词) -动词→名词:run(跑,动词)→run(跑步,名词)、love(爱,动词)→love(爱情,名词) -形容词→副词:quick(快的)→quickly(快地)、happy(开心的)→happily(开心地) 语法复习|英语|译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料(译林版) 知识点二:非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)】 ·不定式(to+动词原形,表目的、将来、结果等) 1.基本形式及否定式 -todo(肯定式)、not to do(否定式) 2.功能及例句 -作主语:To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要)→常用it作形式主语:It is important to learn English well. -作宾语:He wants to buy a new bike.(他想买一辆新自行车)(want后接不定式作宾语) -作目的状语:She gets up early to catch the first bus.(她早起是为了赶上第一班车) -作宾语补足语:My mother asks me to finish homework first.(妈妈让我先完成作业)(ask sb.to do sth.) ·动名词(动词-ig形式,兼具动词和名词特征) 1.基本形式及否定式 -doing(肯定式)、not doing(否定式) 2.功能及例句 -作主语:Swimming is good for health.(游泳对健康有益) -作宾语:I enjoy reading books in my free time.(我喜欢在空闲时间看书)(enjoy后接动名词作宾 语) -作表语:Her hobby is singing.(她的爱好是唱歌) -固定搭配:be used to doing(习惯于做某事)、look forward to doing(期待做某事)、give up doing (放弃做某事) ·分词(现在分词doing过去分词done,作定语、状语、补足语等) 1.现在分词(主动、进行) -作定语:The running boy is my brother..(正在跑步的男孩是我弟弟)(主动关系,男孩跑步) -作状语:alking in the park,she met an old friend.(在公园散步时,她遇到了一位老朋友)(主动 关系,她散步) 2.过去分词(被动、完成) -作定语:The broken window was repaired yesterday.(被打破的窗户昨天修好了)(被动关系,窗 户被打破) -作状语:Seen from the hill,.the city looks beautiful..(从山上看,这座城市很美)(被动关系,城市 被看) -作宾语补足语:I heard the song sung in English.(我听到这首歌被用英语唱)(被动关系,歌被唱) 知识点三:时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时) ·一般现在时(表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理) 一基本结构及标志词 *肯定式:主语+动词原形动词第三人称单数(主语为第三人称单数时,动词加-s-es);否定式:主 语+don't/doesn't+动词原形;疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形? *标志词:always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)、every day(每天)等 一功能及例句 *表示经常性动作:She usually gets up at6:30a.m.(她通常早上6:30起床) *表示客观真理:The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) *表示状态:He likes playing footbal.(他喜欢踢足球) ·一般过去时(表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态) 一基本结构及标志词 *肯定式:主语+动词过去式;否定式:主语+didn't+动词原形;疑问式:Did+主语+动词原形? *标志词:yesterday(昨天)、last week(上周)、two years ago(两年前)、in2020(在2020年)等 一功能及例句 *表示过去发生的动作:He went to Beijing last summer.(他去年夏天去了北京) *表示过去存在的状态:She was a student three years ago.(三年前她是一名学生) *描述过去的习惯:I often played basketball when I was young.(我年轻时经常打篮球) ·一般将来时(表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态) 一基本结构及标志词 *wi+动词原形;be going to+动词原形 *标志词:tomorrow(明天)、next month(下个月)、in the future(在将来)、soon(很快)等 一功能及例句 *表示计划或打算:Ve are going to have a picnic this Sunday.(我们这个星期天打算去野餐) *表示预测:It will rain tomorrow.(明天会下雨) *表示l临时决定:一I need a pen.一I will lend you one..(一我需要一支钢笔。一我借给你一支) ·现在进行时(表示现在正在进行的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作) 一基本结构及标志词 *肯定式:主语+am/is/are+动词-ing形式;否定式:主语+aml/is/are-+not+动词-ing形式;疑问式: Am/ls/Are+主语+动词-ing形式? *标志词:now(现在)、at the moment(此刻)、listen(听)、look(看)等 一功能及例句 *表示现在正在进行的动作:Look!They are playing basketball..(看!他们正在打篮球) *表示现阶段正在进行的动作:|am reading a novel these days.(这些天我正在读一本小说) *表示按计划将要发生的动作(常用于come,go,leave,arrive等动词):He is leaving for Shanghai tom orrow.(他明天要去上海) 语法复习|英语|译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料(译林版) 考法一:构词法综合运用 ·核心:根据词根及构词规则(前缀、后缀、合成、词性转换),判断单词的词性变化或词义派生 ·真题1(语法填空): -The little girl looked at the broken toy with_(hope)eyes. -答案:hopeless解析:由“broken toy”(坏了的玩具)可知女孩眼神应表否定意义;根据知识点一后 缀“-less”表“无/没有”,hope(希望)加后缀-less构成hopeless(无望的),修饰名词eyes。 ·真题2(单项填空): Tom wants to_(wide)his knowledge by reading more books A.wide B.widely C.widen D.width -答案:C解析:根据知识点一动词后缀“-en”表“使…”,形容词wide(宽的)加后缀-en构成动 词widen(拓宽);固定搭配want to do sth.(想要做某事)需用动词原形,故选C。 考法二:构词法与非谓语动词结合 ·核心:通过构词法判断词根及词性变化,结合非谓语动词的功能(如作定语、状语等)选择正确形式 ·真题1(语法填空): The girl was sitting there,_(hope)to get a chance to perform on the stage. -答案:hoping解析:hope为动词原形,通过后缀-ing构成现在分词,在句中作伴随状语,表示主动 关系,与主语the girl构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ·真题2(单项选择): We need someone_(organize)the school party next week. A.organize B.to organize C.organizing D.organized -答案:B解析:根据构词法,organize为动词原形,此处需要用不定式作后置定语修饰someone,表 目的“去组织”,符合“someone to do sth.”结构。 考法三:构词法、非谓语动词与时态的综合应用 ·核心:结合构词法判断词性转换,运用非谓语动词的不同形式(不定式、动名词、分词),并根据时态标 志词确定动词时态 ·真题1(单项选择): -The teacher asked us_(quick)finish _(read)the_(interest)story and then_(write)a report about it yesterday A.quickly;reading;interesting;write B.to quickly;read;interested;wrote C.quickly;to read;interesting;to write D.quick;reading;interested;write -答案:A解析:第一空修饰动词finish用副词quickly(构词法:形容词quick+ly变为副词);第二 空finish后接动名词作宾语,用reading(非谓语动词:动名词);第三空修饰名词story用形容词 interesting(构词法:interest+ing变为形容词,表主动);第四空and连接并列谓语,根据时间标志 词yesterday用一般过去时,write的过去式为wrote,.但选项中无此正确形式,此处应为asked us to finish..and then write,write与finish并列,用动词原形(非谓语动词:不带to的不定式,ask sb.to do sth.结构中,and连接两个不定式时,第二个to可省略),综合选A。 ·真题2(语法填空): --(learn)English well,we should keep_(practice)_(speak)it every day.Our teacher often tells us that_(develop)a good habit is very important.Last week,we_(tell)to write a passage about our learning experience -答案:To learn;practicing;speaking;developing;were told解析:第-空表目的用不定式To learn (非谓语动词:不定式作目的状语);第二空keep后接动名词practicing(非谓语动词:动名词,keep doing sth.);第三空practice后接动名词speaking(非谓语动词:动名词,practice doing sth.);第 四空作主语用动名词developing(非谓语动词:动名词作主语,构词法:动词develop+ing变为动 名词);第五空根据时间标志词last week及主语we与tell的被动关系,用一般过去时被动语态were told(时态:一般过去时,被动语态)。 语法复习|英语」译林版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料(译林版) 解题小妙招 构词法妙招 词根词缀是基础,前缀改变词义向,后缀决定词性样; 名词后缀有“-ment”“-ion”,形容词常见“-fu”“-less”; 动词后缀“-en”“-ize”,副词多是“形容词+y”; 合成词要拆开看,词性转换记心间。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓语有三形式,不定式、动名词、分词; 不定式表目的将来,todo结构要记牢; 动名词功能同名词,常作主语宾语用; 现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动; 作定语时看关系,主动用-ing被动-ed; 作状语时辨作用,目的结果用todo,伴随方式-ing跟。 综合应用妙招 构词法先辨词性,非谓语再看功能; 修饰动词用副词,动词之后动名词; 名词之前形容词,主动-ing被动ed; 不定式作目的状,动名词来当主语; 时态标志定时间,被动别忘be加done; and连接并列项,形式一致要注意。 真题演练 演练一:单项选择试题(共10题) 1.The government is taking measures to_the problem of air pollution. A.solution B.solve C.soluble D.solving 2.-English movies is a good way to improve listening skills. A.Watch B.Watching C.To watching D.Watched 3.My mother often tells me_too much time playing video games. A.not to spend B.to not spend C.don't spend D.not spend 4.The_child was crying because he couldn't find his parents. A.frighten B.frightened C.frightening D.frightens 5.He is looking forward to_his grandparents during the summer vacation. A.visit B.visiting C.to visit D.visited 6.This book is so_that I can't put it down. A.interest B.interested C.interesting D.interestingly 7.They_a new school in the village next year. A.build B.built C.will build D.are building 8.Please remember_the door when you leave the room. A.lock B.tolock C.locking D.locked 9.The_news made everyone in the class excited. A.surprise B.surprised C.surprising D.surprisingly 10.She usually_to work by bike,but today she_a taxi because it's raining. A.go;take B.goes;takes C.goes;is taking D.went;took 演练二:填空试题(共10题) 1.The little boy showed great_(brave)when he saved the drowning cat. 2.We need to(active)take part in after-school activities to develop our abilities. 3.-(learn)a foreign language well requires a lot of practice and patience 4.My father often tells me not_(waste)time on computer games. 5.The_(nation)flag of China is red with five yellow stars. 6.Listen!Someone_(sing)in the next room. 7.The story was so_(touch)that many people cried when they heard it. 8.She decided_(study)abroad after finishing high school. 9._(read)books is one of the best ways to gain knowledge. 10.They_(complete)the project by the end of last month. 演练三:语法填空试题(共10空) In order to improve our English,our teacher encourages us-(speak)English in class as much as pos- sible.She always says that_(practice)is the key to_(learn)a language well.Last week,we_(ask) to write a short passage about our favorite hobby.Most students chose reading,because it can make us _(know)more about the world.My deskmate,Tom,is very_(create)and he wrote about painting.He spends two hours every day_(paint)pictures.His works are so_(impress)that they were shown in the school art exhibition last year.Our teacher often tells us that_(develop)a good habit is more important than just_(get)good grades.

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构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解(译林版)
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构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解(译林版)
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构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解(译林版)
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构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解(译林版)
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