7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（冀教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语语法的基础模块，考频占语法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷多个核心 题型：单项选择1-2题、语法填空23题、阅读理解（隐含考察，影响长难句分析）、书面表达（核心考察， 直接影响句子结构规范性与逻辑性)。在语法类题目中，句型结构的识别、成分划分及句式转换往往是解 题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构成与语境应用： ·基本句型结构：主谓、主谓宾、主谓表、主谓双宾、主谓宾宾补、there be句型、祈使句的构成特点与 识别； ·核心语法成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的词性特征与句法功能辨析； ·句型转换与应用：不同句型间的转换（如陈述句与疑问句）、复杂语境中句型结构的判断与成分分析。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 ·1.主谓结构（主语+谓语） 一结构特点：谓语为不及物动词，后无宾语 -例句：口The sun rises.(主语The sun,谓语rises)They laughed loudly.(主语They,谓语laughed) ·2.主谓宾结构（主语+谓语+宾语） 一结构特点：谓语为及物动词，后接宾语表动作对象 -例句：She eats an apple.(主语She,谓语eats,宾语an apple)He bought a book yesterday,. (主语He,谓语bought,宾语a book) ·3.主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语） 一结构特点：系动词连接主语和表语（名词形容词等） -例句：The flower is beautiful.(主语The flower,系动词is,表语beautiful)He became a teacher, (主语He,系动词became,表语a teacher) ·4.主谓双宾结构（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语） 一结构特点：谓语为能带双宾的动词，间接宾语表人，直接宾语表物 -例句：口I gave him a pen.(主语l,谓语gave,间接宾语him,直接宾语apen)口She taught us English.(主语She,谓语taught,间接宾语us,直接宾语English) ·5.主谓宾补结构（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语） 一结构特点：宾补补充说明宾语的状态或动作 -例句：口Ve made him happy.(主语We,谓语made,宾语him,宾补happy)☐I saw her dancing, (主语l,谓语saw,宾语her,宾补dancing) ·6.there be句型(there-+be+主语+地点时间状语) -结构特点：表“某地/某时有某物”，be动词与主语单复数一致 -例句：口There is a dog in the park.(主语adog,be动词is,地点状语in the park)☐There are five books on the desk.(主语five books,be动词are,地点状语on the desk) ·7.祈使句（谓语动词原形开头，省略主语you) 一结构特点：表命令、请求或建议 -例句：口Open the door..(谓语Open,宾语the door)口Don't smoke here.(否定式，助动词Don't+ 动词smoke) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】"The sun rises.”属于哪种句型结构？ A.主谓结构 B.主谓宾结构 C.主系表结构 D.主谓双宾结构 2.【句型成分】”She taught us English.”中，间接宾语是一，直接宾语是一。 3.【there be句型】请完成句子：There_a pen and two books on the desk.(用be动词的正确形式填 空) 4.【祈使句】下列哪项是祈使句的否定形式？ A.Open the window. B.Don't open the window. C.He doesn't open the window. D.Is he opening the window? 5.【主系表结构】系动词后接的成分是一，常见的系动词有一（至少写出两个）。 语法复习|英语|冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料(冀教版) 知识点二：核心从句类型及应用 ·1.定语从句(修饰名词/代词，限定或描述其特征) 1.关系代词(指人：who/whom/that/whose； 指物：which/that/whose) -用法示例： -0 The girl who is wearing are d dress is my sister. (who指代先行词the girl， 在从句中作主语) -This is the book which I bought yesterday. (which 指代先行词the book， 在从句中作宾语， 可 省略) -He lives in a house whose windows face south. (whose表示“…的”， 指代先行词house， 在 从句中作定语) 2.关系副词(when 指时间， where指地点， why指原因) -用法示例： - I still remember the day when we first met. (when 指代先行词the day， 在从句中作时间状语) -This is the school where I studied ten years ago. (where指代先行词the school， 在从句中作地 点状语) -The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus. (why指代先行词the reason， 在从句中 作原因状语) ·2.状语从句(修饰动词、形容词或整个主句，表时间、条件、原因、结果、让步等) 1.时间状语从句(引导词：when/while las/since l until/before/after) -例句： -□When I arrived home， my mother was cooking. (when“当……时”， 主句用过去进行时， 从句 用一般过去时) -I have lived here since I was born. (since“自从……以来”， 主句用现在完成时， 从句用一般过 去时) 2.条件状语从句(引导词：if/unless/as long as) 一例句： -□If i t rains tomorrow， we will stay at home. (if“如果”， 遵循“主将从现”原则， 主句用一般将来 时，从句用一般现在时) -□You will fail unless you work hard. (unless“除非”， =if not， 从句用一般现在时， 主句用一般将 来时) 3.原因状语从句(引导词：because/since/as) -例句： -□He didn't go to school because he was ill. (because“因为”， 回答why的提问， 语气最强) -□Since everyone is here， let's start the meeting. (since“既然”， 表已知的原因， 语气较弱) 4.让步状语从句（引导词：though/.although/even if) -例句： -·Though he is young,he knows a lot..(though“虽然”，不能与but连用，可放句首或句中) -☐Even if it snows heavily,,we will go out.(even if“即使”，表假设的让步) ·3.名词性从句（在句中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语，相当于名词） 1.主语从句(l导词：that/whether/what/.who/which/how/why) -例句： -·That the earth is round is a fact.(that引导主语从句，无意义，不充当成分，不可省略，主句谓 语动词用单数) -What he said surprised everyone.(what引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语，意为“…的话/事") 2.宾语从句(G引导词：that/if/whether/what/,when/where/how/why;主句为过去时，从句用相应过去 时态) 一例句： -口I think(that)he will come soon.(that引导宾语从句，无意义，可省略) -口She asked if/whether I had finished my homework.(if/whether“是否”，引导一般疑问句作宾语 从句) -口Could you tell me where the post office is??(where引导特殊疑问句作宾语从句，从句用陈述语 序) 3.表语从句（引导词：that/whether/what/who/which/how/why;位于系动词后） -例句： -口The problem is that we have no money..(that引导表语从句，无意义，不可省略) -口This is what I want to say.(what引导表语从句，在从句中作宾语，意为“.…的内容”) 4.同位语从句（引导词：that/whether;解释说明先行词的具体内容，先行词多为 news/fact/idea/promise) 一例句： -口The news that our team won the game made us excited.(that S导同位语从句，解释news的 内容，that无意义，不充当成分，不可省略) -I have a promise that I will help you.(that Sl导同位语从句，说明promise的具体内容) ·4.宾语从句与状语从句的区别（关键看从句在句中成分及引导词功能） -口宾语从句作动词/介词的宾语，引导词在从句中常作主语、宾语等成分（如what/who/which);状语 从句作状语，引导词在从句中作状语（如when/where/because) 一例句对比： -口Idon't know what he wants.(what引导宾语从句，在从句中作wants的宾语) -口I will call you when he comes.(when引导时间状语从句，在从句中作时间状语) 知识点三：时态与语态 ·1.一般时态（基础必备） 1.一般现在时（表经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理） 一口结构：主语+动词原形第三人称单数 -口例句：She usually gets up at6:30.(经常性动作)→The earth goes around the sun..(客观真 理) 2.一般过去时（表过去某个时间发生的动作或状态） -口结构：主语+动词过去式 -口例句：He visited the Great Wall last summer.(过去时间点动作)→They lived here five years ago.(过去状态) 3.一般将来时（表将要发生的动作或存在的状态） -口结构：will+动词原形/be going to+动词原形 -口例句：I will go to Beijing tomorrow.(单纯将来)→t is going to rain soon..(有迹象表明) ·2.进行时态（强调动作进行） 1.现在进行时（表现在正在进行的动作） -口结构：am/is/are+doing -☐例句：Look!The children are playing football..(现在进行)She is reading a book now.(当 前状态) 2.过去进行时（表过去某一时刻正在进行的动作） -D结构：was/were+doing -口例句：I was watching TV when the phone rang.(过去某时动作)→They were singing at8p.m. last night..(特定过去时间) 3.将来进行时（表将来某时正在进行的动作） -口结构：will be+doing -口例句：This time tomorrow,I will be flying to Shanghai.(将来特定时i间)→They will be studying in the library at7p.m.(计划中的将来动作) ·3.完成时态（强调动作完成或影响） 1.现在完成时（表过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在） -口结构：have/has+done -口例句：I have finished my homework.(结果)→He has lived here for ten years.(持续) 2.过去完成时（表过去的过去完成的动作） -·结构：had+done -口例句：/hen I arrived,the party had already begun.(过去动作之前完成)→She said she had seen the movie before.(间接引语中过去完成) 3.现在完成进行时（表从过去持续到现在并可能继续的动作） -☐结构：have/has been+doing -d例句：It has been raining for three days.(持续动作)→He has been learning English since 2018.(长期进行) ·4.被动语态（动作承受者作主语） -一般现在时被动：am/is/are+done→English is spoken by many people. -一般过去时被动：was/were+done→The bridge was built in201o. -一般将来时被动：will be+done→The work will be finished next week,. -现在完成时被动：have/has been-+done→The book has been translated into Chinese. -情态动词被动：情态动词+be+done→This work must be done today. 语法复习|英语|冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） 老法一：定语从句关系词辨析 ·核心：根据先行词类型（人物时间/地点原因)及关系词在从句中的语法成分（主语/宾语定语状语）， 选择正确的关系代词或关系副词 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl_is talking to my teacher is my best friend. -答案：who/that解析：先行词为the girl(指人)，关系词在从句中作主语，可用who或that。 ·真题2（完形填空）： This is the park_we met for the first time. A.which B.where C.when D.why -答案：B解析：先行词为the park(指地点)，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用where。 考法二：定语从句与时态结合 ·核心：分析定语从句中动作发生的时间或状态，结合先行词特征选择正确的关系词及时态搭配 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl_(meet)us at the station yesterday is my pen pal from Canada 一答案：who met解析：先行词the girl指人，在从句中作主语，用关系代词who;由时间标志词"yesterday'” 可知从句动作发生在过去，谓语动词用过去式mt。 ·真题2（完形填空）： This is the museum_we_(visit)last year. A.which:visit B.where;visited C.which;visited D.where;visit -答案：C解析：先行词museum指物，在从句中作宾语，用关系代词which;由时间标志词"last year'” 可知从句用一般过去时，visit的过去式为visited。 考法三：复合句中的时态与语态综合运用 ·核心：结合定语从句、状语从句等复合句结构，判断主句与从句的时态呼应及被动语态的正确使用 ·真题1（单项选择）： The novel_by Mo Yan last month_into many languages so far. A.written has translated B.written has been translated C.was written has translated D.was written has been translated -答案：B解析：第一空“written by Mo Yan”为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“novel'”,表被动完 成；第二空由时间标志“so far'”(至今)可知用现在完成时，且“novel”?与translate'”为被动关系， 需用现在完成时被动语态“has been translated”。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -A new bridge_(build)over the river now,which_(connect)the two villages when it is completed. -答案：is being built will connect解析：第一空由“now”可知用现在进行时，“bridge”与“build”为 被动关系，故填“is being built'”;第二空“when it is completed”为时间状语从句，遵循“主将从现” 原则，主句用一般将来时，填“will connect”。 语法复习丨英语|冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） 解题小妙招 定语从句妙招 关系词选看先行，人用who/that主，whom宾，whose来表所属； 物用which/that,,时间when地点where,原因why要分明； 关系词作成分，主宾用代词，状语用副词； 时态搭配看标志，过去现在和将来，主从呼应要牢记。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.The little boy_is playing in the garden is my neighbor's son. A.who B.which C.where D.when 2.We will go hiking tomorrow-it rains heavily. A.if B.unless C.since D.though 3.This is the school _I studied five years ago. A.which B.what C.where D.when 4.By the time we arrived at the station,the train_already. A.left B.has left C.had left D.was leaving 5.The book_on the desk was written by J.K.Rowling. A.lies B.lying C.lay D.laid 6.If you_harder,you_the exam last week. A.worked;would pass B.had worked;would have passed C.work;will pass D.work;would pass 7.The students_to finish their homework before class. A.tell B.are told C.told D.were telling 8.-he is young,he has traveled to many countries. A.Though B.Because C.If D.When 9.I don't know _he will come tomorrow. A.that B.if C.what D.which 10.A new library_in our city next year. A.builds B.will build C.will be built D.is built 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The girl(wear)a blue dress is my sister. 2.I(live)here since I was born.