构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（冀教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） Chapter1构词法、非谓语动词与时态 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，主要分布在以下题型中：单项选择1-2 题、完形填空23题、语法填空23题、阅读理解（辅助词汇推测）。在词汇类题目中，前缀后缀的含义辨 析、合成词的构成理解及词性转换的语法应用常常是解题核心。 老查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度，覆盖构词规则与词汇应用： ·前缀构词：否定前缀(un-、dis-、in-)入、数量前缀(mono、bi、muti-)、方位前缀(pre-、post-、sub-) 的语义辨析及派生词拼写； ·后缀构词：名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-ness)、形容词后缀(-ul、-less、-able)、副词后缀(-ly)的词性 转换及语法功能； ·合成构词：合成名词(classroom、sunrise)、合成形容词(hard-working、state-owned)、合成动词 (overcome、download)的构成规则与语义理解； ·词性转换：动词-名词(act-action)、形容词-副词(quick-quickly)、名词-形容词(fame-famous)的词 形变化及语境应用。 精讲精练 知识点一：构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） ·前缀（加于词根前，改变词义） -常见类型：否定前缀(un-I dis-/in-)、反义前缀(mis)、程度前缀(re-/pre-) -例句：口happy→unhappy(un-表否定，词义变为“不开心的”)like→dislike(dis-表否定，词义 变为“不喜欢”) ·后缀（加于词根后，改变词性或词义） -名词后缀(-erI-or/-ment/-ion):teach→teacher(教师)、act→action(行动) -形容词后缀(-ful/-less-ous):care→careful(小W心的)、hope→hopeless(无望的) -一副词后缀(-ly):quick→quickly(快速地)、happy→happily(开心地) ·合成（两个或以上单词组合成新词） -常见类型：名词+名词(classroom教室)、形容词+名词(blackboard黑板)、动词+副词(breakfast 早餐) -例句：口snow+man→snowman(雪人)0book+store→bookstore(书店) ·词性转换（改变单词词性，不改变词根拼写） -动词→名词：work(工作v.)→work(工作n.)、teach(教v.)→teacher(教师n.) -名词→形容词：sun(太阳n.)→sunny(阳光充足的adj)、friend(朋友n.)→friendly(友好的 adj.) -形容词→动词：slow(慢的adj.)→slow(放慢v.)、clear(清晰的adj.)→clear(清除v.) 【即学即练】 1.【前缀构词】"unhappy”中的前缀”un-”表示什么含义？ A.数量 B.否定 C.方位 D.程度 2.【后缀构词】请写出"care”加后缀”-ful”构成的形容词： 3.【合成构词】"blackboard”属于哪种合成类型？ A.名词+名词 B.形容词+名词 C.动词+副词 D.副词+动词 4.【词性转换】”su”转换为形容词的正确形式是？ A.suny B.sunny C.sunful D.sunless 5.【构词法应用】"teach”转换为表示职业的名词形式是 其构成方式是加后缀 语法复习|英语|冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）》 ·不定式(to+动词原形，表目的、结果、将来或固定搭配) 1.基本用法 -作主语：To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要) -作宾语：He wants to buy a new bike.(他想买一辆新自行车) -作宾语补足语：ly mother asks me to clean the room.(妈妈让我打扫房间) -作目的状语：She gets up early to catch the bus.(她早起为了赶公交车) 2.固定搭配 -接不定式的动词：want(想要)、hope(希望)、decide(决定)、try(尝试)、refuse(拒绝) -例句：I hope to visit Beijing next year..(我希望明年去北京) 3.省略to的情况 -使役动词后(let/make/have):Let him go.(让他走) -感官动词后(see/watch/hear/feel):I saw her dance yesterday..(昨天我看见她跳舞了) ·动名词（动词+ig,作主语、宾语或表语，表抽象动作） 1.基本用法 -作主语：Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康) -作宾语：He enjoys playing footbal.(他喜欢踢足球) -作表语：Her hobby is singing.(她的爱好是唱歌) 2.固定搭配 -接动名词的动词：enjoy(喜欢)、finish(完成)、practise(练习)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免) -例句：They finished doing homework at9p.m.(他们晚上9点完成了作业) -接动名词的介词短语：be good at(擅长)、look forward to(期待)、give up(放弃) -例句：She is good at drawing pictures.(她擅长画画) ·分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done,作定语、状语或宾语补足语） 1.现在分词（表主动、进行） -作定语：The running boy is my brother.(正在跑步的男孩是我弟弟) -作状语（表伴随）：He sat there,reading a book..(他坐在那里看书) -作宾语补足语：I heard her singing in the room.(我听见她在房间里唱歌) 2.过去分词（表被动、完成） -作定语：The broken window was repaired.(被打破的窗户修好了) -作状语（表被动）：Seen from the hill,.the city looks beautiful..(从山上看，这座城市很美) -作宾语补足语：e found the door locked.(我们发现门锁了) 3.☒别 一现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系：The girl smiling is my sister.(微笑的女孩是我妹妹) -过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系：The letter written by him is on the desk.(他写的信在桌子上) 知识点三：时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时） ·一股现在时（表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观事实） 一基础用法（高中核心）： *表示经常性动作→例句：She gets up at6:30 every morning. *表示客观真理→例句：The earth goes around the sun. *状态动词用一般现在时→例句：He likes playing football. -时间标志词： *always(总是)→例句：My mother always cooks breakfast for me. *usually(通常)→例句：They usually go to school by bike. *oten(经常)→例句：I often read books in the library.. *sometimes(有时)→例句：Sometimes she walks to work. *never(从不)→例句：He never eats junk food, ·一般过去时（表示过去发生的动作或状态） 一基础用法（高中必背）： *过去特定时间的动作例句：I visited the Great Wall last summer: *过去习惯性动作→例句：He often played basketball when he was young. *过去状态→例句：She was a teacher ten years ago. -时间标志词： *yesterday(昨天)→例句：We went shopping yesterday.. *last week(上周)→例句：They had a party last week. *in2020(在2020年)→例句：I graduated from high school in2020. *just now(刚才)→例句：He called you just now. *ago(…以前)→例句：She left here five minutes ago, ·一般将来时（表示将要发生的动作或状态） 一基础结构（高中核心)： *will+动词原形→例句：I will go to Beijing tomorrow. *be going to+动词原形→例句：It is going to rain soon. 一时间标志词： *tomorrow(明天)→例句：They will have a meeting tomorrow. *next year(明年)→例句：She is going to study abroad next year. *in the future(将来)→例句：People will live on the moon in the future *soon(不久)→例句：He will come back soon. *tonight(今晚)→例句：We are going to watch a movie tonight.. ·现在完成时（表示过去发生并持续到现在或对现在有影响的动作） 一基础用法（高中易错）： *过去动作持续到现在→例句：I have lived here for five years. *过去动作对现在的影响→例句：She has finished her homework,so she can watch TV. *去过某地（已回）→例句：He has been to Shanghai twice. 一时间标志词： *already(已经)→例句：We have already eaten dinner. *yet(还，用于否定句和疑问句)→例句：Have you finished your work yet?? *ever(曾经)→例句：Have you ever been to America? *never(从不)→例句：I have never seen such a beautiful place *for+时间段→例句：They have studied English for three years. *since+时间点→例句：He has worked here since2018. 语法复习|英语|冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） 考法一：构词法综合运用 ·核心：通过分析词根与词缀（前缀、后缀）的关系，判断词性转换或合成词的正确拼写及含义 ·真题1（语法填空）： The little girl is very_(care)with her toys.She never breaks them. -答案：careful解析：由形容词后缀-ful可知，care(v.n.关心)加-ful构成形容词careful(小心的)， 符合句意“小女孩对玩具很小心”。 ·真题2（完形填空）： My brother wants to be a _(teach)when he grows up.He likes helping others learn. A.teach B.teacher C.teaching D.teaches -答案：B解析：由名词后缀-er可知，teach(v.教)加-er构成表示职业的名词teacher(教师)，符 合“想成为教师”的语境。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 ·核心：根据语境判断动作发生的时间及非谓语动词在句中的成分，结合时态标志词选择正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： She hopes_(visit)the Great Wall next month,because she _(never be)there before. -答案：to visit has never been解析：第一空，hope后接不定式作宾语，用to visit;第二空，由时间 标志词before”及语境可知动作对现在有影响，用现在完成时，主语为she,助动词用has,never 置于has后，be的过去分词为been。 ·真题2（单项选择）： --English well,he keeps_it every morning since 2020. A.Learn practicing B.To learn practicing C.Learning practiced D.To learn practiced -答案：B解析：第一空，表目的用不定式To learn;第二空，keep后接动名词作宾语，用practicing; 由时间标志词“since2020”可知主句用现在完成时，但keep为延续性动词，此处用一般现在时表持 续状态，语法一致要求动名词形式不变。 考法三：构词法、非谓语动词与时态结合应用 ·核心：通过构词法判断词性转换，结合时态语境选择正确的非谓语动词形式及时态搭配 ·真题1（单项选择）： The_(excite)children are looking forward to_(watch)the new movie which _(show)next week A.excited;watching;will be shown B.exciting;watch;is shown C.excited;watch;was shown D.exciting;watching;shows 一答案：A解析：第一空用形容词修饰children,-ed结尾的excited表“感到兴奋的”；look forward to 中to为介词，后接动名词watching;由时间标志词“next week”可知，电影“将被放映”，用一般将 来时被动语态will be shown。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -After_(careful)reading the instructions,he decided(try)the new method which_(invent)by a scientist last year. -答案：carefully;to try;was invented解析：第一空用副词carefully修饰reading(构词法：形容词 careful+y变为副词)；decide后接不定式to try(非谓语动词固定搭配)；由last year'”可知，“方 法被发明”用一般过去时被动语态，结构为“was+过去分词”，invent的过去分词为invented。. 语法复习|英语引冀教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（冀教版） 解题小妙招 构词法妙招 名词动词变形容，后缀ful和Iess行； 动词变人加er/or,,职业身份即刻明； 形容副词加y,仔细阅读辨语境； ed结尾表人感，ing结尾物特征。 非谓语动词妙招 todo表目的将来，动词后接不定式； doing表主动进行，介词keep后要跟紧； done表被动完成时，分析语态辨分明； see hear watch notice,后接do或doing; 不带to的不定式，let make have须记清。 时态语态妙招 时态判断看标志，没有标志品语境； 主动结构记“主谓”，被动必带“be和done”; 被动中be最关键，记住be就OK; 一现被动“amis/are”,一过被动“was/were”; 进行被动要用“being”,完成被动“have/has/had been”; 将来被动“wibe”,最后加上一个done。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.My sister is always_to help others,so everyone likes her. A.help B.helpful C.helping D.helpless 2.He spent three hours_his homework last night. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished 3.Wein this city for ten years and we still love it here. A.live B.lived C.have lived D.will live 4.The teacher asked us_quiet in the library. A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.kept 5.This is astory.It made all of us laugh. A.amuse B.amused C.amusing D.amusement 6.-you ever to the Great Wall? -Yes,I went there with my parents last summer. A.Do;go B.Did;go C.Have;been D.Will;go 7.He decided_part in the English speech contest next month. A.take B.to take C.taking D.took 8.The_children are opening their Christmas presents happily. A.excite B.excited C.exciting D.excitement 9.By the time she was five,she_2,000 English words. A.learns B.learned C.has learned D.had learned 10.The machine _in 2020 and it has been working well since then. A.invents B.invented C.was invented D.will be invented 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The little boy is very_(hope)about his future.He believes he can be successful. 2.My father usually_(read)newspapers after breakfast,but this morning he_(watch)TV. 3.I heard her_(sing)in the next room when I passed by. 4.This book is very_(use)for learning English grammar. 5.We(finish)our project by next Friday,so we need to work hard. 6.He is afraid of_(speak)in public,so he avoids giving speeches. 7.The_(discover)of electricity changed the world greatly. 8.She(study)English for six years and she can now speak it fluently. 9.The students are looking forward to _(visit)the science museum. 10.The old man was_(deep)moved by the children's kindness. 演练三：语法填空（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When I was young,I dreamed of becoming a_(science).I was always_(interest)in how things worked and loved_(do)experiments.My mother,who is a_(teach),encouraged me to follow my passion One day,I decided_(build)a small robot.After_(careful)researching online,I bought the necessary parts.It took me three weeks _(complete)the robot.When it finally moved,I felt so_(excite)!My father, who is an engineer,praised me for my hard work and said,"This robot_(improve)your problem-solving skills.” Now,I often take part in science competitions.Last month,my robot-(win)first prize in a city-level contest.I hope to study robotics in college and become a great inventor in the future.