12种基础时态与被动-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（沪教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） Chapter112种基础时态与被动语态 考频分析 12种基础时态与被动语态是高中英语语法的重点内容，考频占语法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷多个核心 题型：单项选择1-2题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达核心考察，直接影响句子时态准确 性与语态合理性。在语境理解类题目中，时态的时间线索判断、语态的主语关系分析往往是解题关键。 老查内容 高中英语对12种基础时态与被动语态的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础用法与语境应用： ·基础时态结构：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来 进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时的构成及标志性时 间状语； ·被动语态转换：各时态被动语态的基本结构（含情态动词被动式），主动语态变被动语态的句式转换规则 (含不同句式及特殊结构)： ·语境综合应用：结合时间标志词、上下文语境判断时态，分析动作主被动关系选择语态，在阅读理解、完 形填空及书面表达中准确运用时态语态传递信息。 精讲精练 知识点一：12种基础时态与被动语态 ·1.一般现在时 -主动结构：主语+动词原形三单(sb.do/does sth.) -被动结构：主语+amis/are+过去分词(sth.be done by sb.) -例句：口She cleans the room every day..(主动)口The room is cleaned by her every day.(被动) ·2.一般过去时 -主动结构：主语+动词过去式(sb.did sth.) -被动结构：主语+was/were+过去分词(sth.was/were done by sb.) -例句：口He finished the work yesterday..(主动)☐The work was finished by him yesterday.(被动) ·3.一般将来时 -主动结构：主语+wil/shall+-动词原形(sb.will do sth.) -被动结构：主语+wil/shall be+过去分词(sth.will be done by sb.) -例句：口They will build a bridge next year..(主动)口A bridge will be built by them next year..(被动) ·4.现在进行时 -主动结构：主语+am/is/are+现在分词(sb.be doing sth.) -被动结构：主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词(sth.be being done by sb.) -例句：口She is writing a letter now.(主动)口A letter is being written by her now.(被动) ·5.过去进行时 -主动结构：主语+was/were+现在分词(sb.was/were doing sth.) -被动结构：主语+was/were+being+过去分词(sth.was/were being done by sb.) -例句：☐They were playing football at3p.m.yesterday.(主动)☐Football was being played by them at3p.m.yesterday.(被动) ·6.将来进行时 -主动结构：主语+will be+现在分词(sb.will be doing sth.) -被动结构：主语+will be being+过去分词(sth.will be being done by sb.) -例句：☐I will be reading at8p.m.tomorrow.(主动)☐A book will be being read by me at8p.m. tomorrow.(被动) ·7.现在完成时 -主动结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(sb.have/has done sth.) -被动结构：主语+have/has been+过去分词(sth.have/has been done by sb.) -例句：口We have finished the project..(主动)口The project has been finished by us.(被动) ·8.过去完成时 -主动结构：主语+had+过去分词(sb.had done sth.) -被动结构：主语+had been+过去分词(sth.had been done by sb.) -例句：口He told me he had bought a car..(主动)口He told me a car had been bought by him.(被 动) ·9.将来完成时 -主动结构：主语+will have+过去分词(sb.will have done sth.) -被动结构：主语+will have been+过去分词(sth.will have been done by sb.) -例句：They will have completed the task by Friday.(主动)口The task will have been completed by them by Friday.(被动) ·10.现在完成进行时 一主动结构：主语+have/has been-+现在分词(sb.have/has been doing sth.) -被动结构：无（强调动作持续，被动语态罕见） -例句：口She has been learning English for5 years.(主动) ·11.过去完成进行时 -主动结构：主语+had been+现在分词(sb.had been doing sth.) 一被动结构：无（强调动作持续，被动语态罕见） -例句：☐He said he had been working there since201o.(主动) ·12.将来完成进行时 -主动结构：主语+will have been+现在分词(sb.will have been doing sth.) 一被动结构：无（强调动作持续，被动语态罕见） -例句：☐By next July,I will have been studying here for3 years.(主动) 【即学即练】 1.【一般现在时被动】She waters the flowers every morning.(改为被动句) The flowers_by her every morning. 2.【过去进行时被动】They were repairing the road when I passed by..(改为被动句) The roadby them when I passed by. 3.【现在完成时被动】Ne have finished the homework.(改为被动句) The homework_by us. 4.【时态辨析】By the end of last year,we_(learn)2000 new words. A.learned B.have learned C.had learned D.will learn 5.【被动语态结构】现在进行时被动语态的核心结构是：主语+一+beig+过去分词。 语法复习|英语|沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 知识点二：时态与被动语态易错点解析 ·1.主动变被动的核心步骤 1.找出主动句宾语（动作承受者），作为被动句主语 2.将主动句谓语动词变为"be+过去分词”结构（时态通过be动词体现） 3.保留原句时态标志词和时间状语 4.主动句主语前加by,置于被动句未尾（可省略） ·例句转换： 主动：They will build a new hospital here next year.. 被动转换步骤： 口宾语”a new hospital'”变为主语 口主动谓语"will build”→被动"will be built” ☐保留时间状语”next year” 口主动主语"they”→"by them”(可省略) 最终被动句：A new hospital will be built here next year(by them). ·2.特殊时态的被动语态难点 1.将来进行时被动（高中阶段需识别结构） 结构：will be being done The experiment will be being conducted by the researchers at this time tomorrow. (标志词：at this time tomorrow提示将来进行时) 2.现在完成进行时无被动（逻辑矛盾点） 错误示例：English has been being learned by her for5 years.(x) 正t确表达：She has been learning English for5 years.(V) (现在完成进行时强调动作持续，被动结构违背逻辑) ·3.时态标志词误用辨析 1.since vs for since+时间点（用现在完成时）：He has worked here since2018, for+时间段（用现在完成时）：He has worked here for5 years. 错误示例：He worked here since2018.(×,需用现在完成时) 2.when引导的时态搭配 过去进行时+when+一般过去时： I was cooking when the doorbell rang.(rang是短暂性动作) 现在完成时+when+一般过去时： I have lived here since when I came to this city.(x,since I came) ·4.主谓一致易错点 1.集体名词作主语 主动：The team are playing footbal.(强调整体成员) 被动：Football is being played by the team.(被动句主语为单数) 2.不可数名词作主语 主动：The teacher gives us much homework. 被动：Much homework is given by the teacher.(不可数名词用is) ·5.高频错误对比 1.一般现在时Vs现在完成时 错误：He teaches here for10 years.(×,需用现在完成时) 正确：He has taught here for10 years.(V,for+时间段提示完成时) 2.过去进行时Vs一般过去时 错误：They played basketball when I arrived.(×,需用过去进行时) 正确：They were playing basketball when I arrived.(V,arrived瞬间动作打断持续动作) 3.被动语态遗漏be动词 错误：The letter written by her yesterday.(x,缺少be动词) 正t确：The letter was written by her yesterday..(√，一般过去时被动需用was) 知识点三：情态动词与虚拟语气 ·1.情态动词基本用法 一基础含义与搭配（高考核心）： 1.can/could(能力/许可)→例句：She can speak three languages.(能力)Could I borrow your pen?(许可，委婉) 2.may/might(许可/推测)→例句：You may leave now.(许可)/He might be at home.(推测，可 能性低) 3.must/have to(必须不得不)→例句：Ne must follow the school rules.(主观必须)/I have to finish the report today..(客观不得不) 4.shal/should(义务/建议)→例句：Students shall obey teachers.(规定义务)/You should exercise regularly.(建议) 5.will would(意愿习惯)→例句：I will help you.(意愿)He would go for a walk after dinner..(过 去习惯) 6.need/dare(需要/敢于)→例句：You needn't come early.(不必)She dare not speak in public.. (不敢) ·2.情态动词表推测 一不同时态的推测结构（高考难点）： 1.对现在/一般情况推测：must/may/might//cant+dobe 例句：This book must be his.(肯定推测)She may know the answer.(可能推测)/They can't be in the classroom.(否定推测) 2.对过去情况推测：must/may/might/.can't+have done 例句：He must have finished the work.(肯定推测)She might have missed the bus..(可能推测) /They can't have gone abroad.(否定推测) 3.对正在进行动作推测：must/may/might+be doing 例句：The children must be playing in the garden now. ·3.虚拟语气基础 一非真实条件句虚拟（高考重点）： 1.与现在事实相反：if+一般过去时，主句would/could/.might+do 例句：If I were you,I would take the job.(be动词用were) 2.与过去事实相反：if+过去完成时，主句would/could/.might+have done 例句：If she had studied harder,she would have passed the exam. 3.与将来事实相反：if+一般过去时/should do/were to do,主句would/could/might+do 例句：If it rained tomorrow,we would stay at home. ·4.虚拟语气特殊句型 一固定句式虚拟（高考常考）： 1.suggest/advise/insist+(that)sb.(should)do(建议I坚持类动词) 例句：The teacher suggests that we(should)have a picnic.(should可省略) 2.lt's important/necessary+that sb.(should)do(形容词后的从句) 例句：It's necessary that we(should)learn from each other. 3.wish后的宾语从句虚拟（时态倒退） 例句：I wish I knew the answer now.(与现在事实相反，用一般过去时)/I wish I had met her yesterday.(与过去事实相反，用过去完成时) 4.asif/as though导从句虚拟（根据语境判断时态） 例句：He talks as if he knew everything.(与现在事实相反) ·5.情态动词与虚拟语气易混点 1.must have done vs should have done 对比：He must have arrived.(肯定推测)/He should have arrived.(本应该做却未做) 2.can vs be able to 对比：I can swim.(能力)I was able to finish the task yesterday..(过去成功做某事) 3.if only vs only if 对比：If only I had more time!(要是…就好了，虚拟)Only if you work hard can you succeed.(只 有…才，真实条件) ·6.高考真题改编练习 1.单选题（语法填空形式）： 口The project_(com plete)by the end of next month,so we have to work hard.(提示：将来完成时 被动) 口Ifl(know)the truth,I would have told you.(提示：与过去事实相反的虚拟) ☐The teacher suggested that we_(practice)speaking English every day..(提示：suggest后t的虚 拟) ☐You_(not park)here.lt'sano-parking area.(提示：mustn't表禁止) 口By the time we arrived,the film_(start))already.(提示：过去完成时) 语法复习|英语|沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 考法一：被动语态转换 ·核心：根据主动句结构，按照”宾语变主语、谓语变b+过去分词、保留时态标志词”的步骤，转换为正 确的被动句 ·真题1（语法填空）： -A new bridge_(build)over the river by the workers next year. -答案：will be built解析：由时间标志词"next year'”可知用一般将来时；主动句谓语"will build”变为被 动'"will be built”,build的过去分词为built。 ·真题2（单选题）： -They were painting the house when I arrived.(改为被动句) The house_by them when I arrived. A.painted B.was painting C.was being painted D.is being painted -答案：C解析：原句为过去进行时主动，被动结构为"was/were being+过去分词”；主语the house为 单数，be动词用was,paint的过去分词为painted。 考法二：被动语态与时态结合 ·核心：识别主动句时态，按步骤转换为被动语态，重点关注be动词的时态变化和过去分词的正确使用 ·真题1（语法填空）： The old temple _(rebuild)by the workers now.It will be open to visitors next year. 一答案：is being rebuilt解析：由时间标志词“now”可知，动作正在进行，用现在进行时；主动句宾语 “the old temple”作被动句主语，主动谓语“are rebuilding”变为被动“is being rebuilt'”(主语为单 数，be动词用is)。 ·真题2（单选题）： A new bridge_across the river by the end of last year. A.was built B.had been built C.has been built D.will be built -答案：B解析：由时间标志词“by the end of last year”可知，动作在过去某时间前已完成，用过去 完成时；被动结构为“had been+过去分词”，build的过去分词为buit。 考法三：情态动词+虚拟语气+被动语态的综合运用 ·核心：结合情态动词表推测义务的用法、虚拟语气的时态规则，判断含被动结构的复杂语境 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The meeting room_by the cleaners when we arrived yesterday,so we had to wait outside. A.was being cleaned B.must have cleaned C.should be cleaning D.would have been cleaned -答案：A解析：由时间标志词”when we arrived yesterday”可知动作在过去某时正在进行；主语"the meeting room”是动作"clean”的承受者，需用过去进行时被动语态，结构为”was being+过去分词”， clean的过去分词为cleaned.。 ·真题2（语法填空）： If the project_(complete)on time last month,we would have avoided the punishment.But now it's still under discussion. -答案：had been completed解析：此处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句需用过去完成时；主 语"the project'”是动作”complete”的承受者，需用被动语态，结构为"nad been-+过去分词”，complete 的过去分词为completed。 语法复习|英语」沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 解题小妙招 时态语态妙招 时态判断看标志，没有标志品语境； 主动结构记“主谓”，被动必带“be和done”; 被动中be最关键，记住be就OK; 一现被动“am/is/are”,一过被动“was/were”; 进行被动要用“being”,完成被动“have/has/had been”; 将来被动“will be”,最后加上一个done。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The old temple_by workers now to prepare for the coming festival. A.repairs B.is repairing C.is being repaired D.has repaired 2.By the time we get to the cinema,the film_for 10 minutes. A.will start B.has started C.will have started D.will be starting 3.If I_you,I would not accept the risky challenge without preparation. A.am B.were C.was D.be 4.The research report_by Professor Li by next Friday,so we must speed up. A.will complete B.will be completed C.will have completed D.will have been completed 5.You_park here.The sign clearly says"No Parking".