7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（沪教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语句法的重要模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右，主要分布在核心题 型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(2-3题)、阅读理解（间接考察，影响长难句理解）、书面表达（核心 考察，直接影响句子结构正确性与逻辑性)。在语法分析类题目中，句型结构的识别及句子成分的划分往 往是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构成与语境应用： ·基本句型识别：主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补、There be句型、祈使句的结构特征与成 分划分（主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语）； ·成分功能辨析：不同语法成分（如定语与状语、直接宾语与间接宾语）在句中的位置及作用； ·句型转换与拓展：简单句与复合句的转换，基本句型在复杂语境中的灵活运用及成分省略。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 ·1.主谓结构(S+V) -构成：主语（动作发出者）+不及物动词（谓语） -例句：口The sun rises.(太阳升起。)口They laughed loudly..(他们大声笑。) ·2.主谓宾结构(S+V+0) 一构成：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语（动作承受者） -例句：口She reads books.(她读书。)口e visited the museum.(我们参观了博物馆。) ·3.主系表结构(S+V+P) 一构成：主语+系动词（谓语）+表语（说明主语特征/状态） -例句：口He is a student..(他是学生。)口The flowers look beautiful..(花看起来很漂亮。) ·4.主谓双宾结构(S+V+o+D0)》 一构成：主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） -例句：口My mother bought me a gift..(妈妈给我买了礼物。)口He taught us English.(他教我们英 语。) ·5.主谓宾补结构(S+V+0+C) 一构成：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（补充说明宾语） -例句：口We made him happy.(我们让他开心。)口I found the door open.(我发现门开着。) ·6.there be句型(There be+主语+地点时间) 一构成：表示“某地/某时有某物”，be动词随主语单复数变化 -例句：口There is a cat on the chair..(椅子上有一只猫。)☐There are three books on the desk.(桌 上有三本书。) ·7.祈使句（动词原形开头Dont+动词原形） -构成：省略主语(you),表命令、请求或建议 -例句：口Open the window.(打开窗户。)口Don't smoke here..(不要在这里抽烟。) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】”He is a teacher.”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主谓结构 B.主谓宾结构 C.主系表结构 D.主谓双宾结构 2.【句型构成】主谓双宾结构的完整形式是(S+V+O+DO),其中IO代表，DO代表一。 3.【句型判断】"There are five apples on the table.”属于哪种句型？ A.主谓宾补结构 B.There be句型 C.祈使句 D.主系表结构 4.【祈使句构成】否定祈使句的开头形式是一+动词原形。 5.【句型成分】在句子"Ve made him happy.”中，"happy”充当的语法成分是_。 语法复习|英语|沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词和三大从句 ·1.非谓语动词（不作谓语，保留动词特征） 1.动词不定式(todo) 一功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 一例句： *口To learn English well is important..(作主语，表具体动作) *☐He wants to buy a new bike.(作宾语，want后接todo) *口Her job is to teach children.(作表语，说明主语内容) *☐I have a book to read.(作定语，修饰名词book,表“要读的”) *☐She came here to see her mother.(作目的状语，“为了看妈妈”) *口My mother asked me to clean the room.(作宾补，补充说明me的动作) 2.动名词(doing) 一功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途） 一例句： *口Swimming is good for health.(作主语，表抽象概念) *口He enjoys playing football..(作宾语，enjoy后接doing) *口His hobby is collecting stamps.(作表语，说明主语内容) *口There is a reading room in our school.(作定语，表用途“用于阅读的") 3.现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done) 一区别：现在分词表主动/进行；过去分词表被动/完成 一功能：作定语、状语、宾语补足语 一例句： *口The running water is clean.(现在分词作定语，主动“流动的”) *☐The broken window needs repairing.(过去分词作定语，被动“被打破的") *口They stood there talking.(现在分词作伴随状语，“站着并交谈”) *口Seen from the hill,.the city looks beautiful..(过去分词作状语，逻辑主语city与see是被动关 系) *口I heard her singing in the room.(现在分词作宾补，“听到她正在唱歌”) *口Ve found the door locked..(过去分词作宾补，“发现门被锁了”) ·2.定语从句（修饰名词代词，作定语） 1.关系代词引导(that,which,who,whom,whose) 一用法：指代先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语 -例句： *☐This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.(先行词book,指物，关系代词that/which作 宾语，可省略) *☐The girl who/that is wearing a red dress is my sister..(先行词girl,指人，关系代词who/that 作主语，不可省略) *口He is the man whom/who/that I met at the party.(先行词man,指人，关系代词whom/who/that 作宾语，可省略) *口This is the house whose windows are broken..(先行词house,关系代词whose作定语，“ …的”) 2.关系副词引导(when,where,why) 一用法：指代先行词（时间、地点、原因），在从句中作状语 -例句： *I still remember the day when I first came to this school..(先行词day,时间，关系副词when 作时间状语) *口This is the place where I was born.(先行词place,地点，关系副词where作地点状语) *口The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.(先行词reason,原因，关系副词why 作原因状语)》 ·3.状语从句（修饰动词形容词副词句子，作状语）》 1.时间状语从句(when,while,.as,before,.after,,until,.since) 一例句： *口will call you when I arrive.(when“当…时”，arrive为短暂性动词) *口hile I was reading,he came in.(while“当…时”，从句常用进行时) *☐As time goes by,.we grow older.(as“随着”，强调伴随) *口Finish your homework before you go out.(before“在…之前”) *☐After she finished her work,she went home.(after“在…之后”) 2.条件状语从句(if,unless,as long as) 一例句： *口If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.(if“如果”，遵循“主将从现") *口You will fail unless you work hard..(unless“除非”，=if not) *口You can achieve your dream as long as you keep trying.(as long as“只要") 3.让步状语从句(though/although,even if/though.,no matter+疑问词) 一例句： *口Though/Although he is young,he knows a lot.(though/although“虽然”，不可与but连用) *口Even if it rains,we will go hiking.(even if“即使”，表假设) *口No matter what you say,I won't believe you.(no matter what“无论什么") ·4.名词性从句（在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，相当于名词）》 1.主语从句(that,whether,.what,who,when,where,how,why) 一例句： *口That she will come is certain.(thatSl导，无意义，不作成分，句首不可省略) *☐Whether he can pass the exam is unknown..(whether“是否”，可置于句首) *口/hat he said made me angry.(what“.…的话/事”，在从句中作宾语) 2.宾语从句(that,whether/if,what,who,when,where,how,why) -例句： *口I think that he is right..(that Sl导，无意义，可省略) *☐Do you know if/whether he will come?(if/whether“是否”，if不可置于句首或与or not直接 连用)》 *口Can you tell me where you live？(where“哪里”，在从句中作地点状语) 3.表语从句(that,whether,.what,who,when,where,how,why,because) -例句： *口The fact is that he lied to us.(that导，无意义，不可省略) *☐The question is whether we should go.(whether“是否”) *口This is what I want.(what“…的东西”，在从句中作宾语) *☐The reason is that he was ill..(reason作主语时，表语从句用that引导，不用because) 4.同位语从句(that,whether,when,where,.why,解释说明先行词内容) 一例句： *☐We heard the news that our team won..(先行词news,that引导同位语从句，解释news的 具体内容) *口There is no doubt that he will succeed.(doubt后的同位语从句用that) *口I have no idea when he will return.(idea后的同位语从句用when,表时间) 语法复习|英语」沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 知识点三：三大从句进阶应用 ·1.定语从句（关系词选择与特殊用法） -关系代词Vs关系副词（高频考点）： *口先行词指物，从句缺主语宾语用which/that;缺状语用where/when/why *例句：This is the factory where my father works.(先行词factory表地点，从句缺地点状语) *口先行词被the only/the first修饰时，关系代词用that *例句：He is the only student that passed the exam. *口”介词+关系代词”结构（物用which,人用whom) *The house in which he lives is very old.(The house which he lives in...) 一非限制性定语从句（区分于限制性）： *口用逗号隔开，不可用that,指代整个主句内容时用which *例句：She won the competition,which made her parents proud. ·2.状语从句（时态与连接词辨析） 一时间状语从句时态（主将从现主过从过）： *口hen I grow up,I will be a doctor..(主将从现) *☐He was reading when the phone rang.(主过从过) -连接词辨析（易混点）： *口while强调动作同时进行（主从句均用进行时） *例句：hile I was cooking,my brother was doing homework. *0 until肯定句表”直到.…为止”，否定句表”直到.才” *例句：I waited until she came back.(肯定句) *He didn't leave until the rain stopped.(否定句) ·3.名词性从句（连接词功能与语序） 一连接词功能区分： *口what在从句中作主语/宾语/表语(=the thing that) *例句：What he needs is a good rest.(what作主语) *口that无意义不作成分；whether/if表”是否”(if不可用于句首介词后) *例句：hether we will go depends on the weather..(句首用whether) 一宾语从句陈述语序（易错点）： *口错误：Can you tell me where is the library? *口正确：Can you tell me where the library is? ·4.三大从句对比（句式转换） -同义句转换示例： *D定语从句→简单句：The girl who is wearing a red coat is my sister..→The girl in a red coat is my sister. *☐状语从句→非胃语：hen she heard the news,she cried.Hearing the news,she cried, *口宾语从句→疑问词+不定式：Idon't know what I should do.→ldon't know what to do. 语法复习|英语|沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 考法一：非谓语动词作定语 ·核心：根据被修饰词与非谓语动词的主被动关系及动作发生时间，选择动词不定式、现在分词或过去分 词作定语 ·真题1（语法填空）： The girl (stand)at the door is my best friend. -答案：standing解析：被修饰词girl与stand是主动关系，且动作正在进行，用现在分词standing作 定语。 ·真题2（单项选择）： Please pass me the book_on the desk. A.lying B.to lie C.lay D.lain -答案：A解析：被修饰词book与lie(躺)是主动关系，用现在分词ying作定语表状态；B项不定式 表未发生动作，C、D为谓语动词形式，不符合非谓语作定语要求。 考法二：非谓语动词与定语从句融合应用 ·核心：结合非谓语动词(doing/done/to do)与定语从句的功能，判断是否需要用从句或非谓语形式修饰 名词，区分主动/被动关系及时态逻辑 ·真题1（语法填空）： The students_(attend)the lecture yesterday are from Class Three. -答案：attending解析：句中已有谓语动词are,需用非谓语动词作定语修饰students;students与 attend是主动关系，且动作发生在昨天，用现在分词attending(相当于who attended)。 ·真题2（单选题）： We need a room_with a large window. A.to equip B.equipping C.equipped D.which equip -答案：C解析：room与equip是被动关系(“被配备窗户”)，用过去分词equipped作定语（相当于 which is equipped);A项表将来动作，B项表主动，D项语法错误(equip需用被动语态)，故选C。 考法三：非谓语动词与定语从句、状语从句的综合运用 ·核心：结合语境判断非谓语动词的主动被动关系，掌握定语从句关系词选择及状语从句连接词辨析，实 现句式转换与语法结构整合 ·真题1（单顶选择）： -The girl_in the classroom is my best friend who_playing the piano. A.reading;enjoys B.read;enjoy C.to read;enjoying D.being read;enjoyed 一答案：A解析：第一空需用非谓语动词作定语修饰“the girl”,“gil”与“read”是主动关系，用现在 分词reading;第二空为定语从句，先行词“friend”指人，在从句中作主语，时态为一般现在时，谓 语动词用第三人称单数enjoys。 ·真题2（语法填空）： --(walk)along the street,I met an old teacher-taught me English when I was in primary school. -答案：Valking;who/that解析：第一空为非谓语动词作伴随状语，“I”与“walk”是主动关系，用现在 分词Walking;第二空引导定语从句，先行词“teacher”指人，在从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that。. 语法复习|英语」沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 解题小妙招 非谓语作定妙招 非谓作定看关系，主谓主动用doing; 动宾被动用done,将来未动用todo; 定从非谓可转换，主动doing替who which do; 被动done代hich be done,.时态逻辑要兼顾； 现分表进或主动，过分表被或完成； 不定式常表将来，谓语非谓要区分。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The novel _by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. A.write B.wrote C.writing D.written 2.She stood there,_for her friend at the bus stop. A.wait B.waiting C.waited D.to wait 3.This is the first time_I have visited the Great Wall. A.which B.when C.that D.where 4.-the project on time,we need to work extra hours. A.Finish B.Finishing C.To finish D.Finished 5.The teacher_us English last year now works in Beijing.