构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（沪教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） Chapter1构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，主要分布在以下题型：单项选择1-2 题、完形填空23题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解（辅助词汇推测）。在词汇积累与语境理解中，前缀、后 缀的含义辨析及词性转换规则是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度，覆盖构词规则与词汇应用： ·前缀构词：否定前缀(un-、dis、in-)、时间/空间前缀(pre-、post-、inter-)等的语义辨析及词汇生成； ·后缀构词：名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-ness)、形容词后缀(-ful、-less、-able)、动词后缀(-en、-ize) 的词性转换及拼写规则； ·合成构词：复合名词(classroom、newspaper)、复合形容词(hard-working、state-owned)、复合动词 (overcome、update)的构成方式与语义理解； ·词性转换：动词-名词(act-action)、形容词-副词(quick-quickly)、名词-形容词(sun-sunny)的词形变 化及语法功能。 精讲精练 知识点一：构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） ·前缀（加于词根前改变词义） -常见类型：否定前缀(un-Idis/in-)、表”再”(re-)、表”共同”(co) -例词：口happy→unhappy(不开心的，unm-表否定)口like→dislike(不喜欢，dis-表否定)口write →rewrite(重写，re-表再次) ·后缀（加于词根后改变词性或词义） -名词后缀：-er(表示人)、-ment(表示行为结果)、tion(表示动作或状态)→例词：teach→teacher (教师)、develop→development(发展)、act→action(行动) -形容词后缀：-ful(充满…的)、-less(无…的)、-ous(具有…的)→例词：care→careful(仔细的) hope→hopeless(无望的)、danger→dangerous(危险的) ·合成（由两个或以上单词组合成新词） -常见类型：名词+名词(book+shop-bookshop)、形容词+名词(white+board-whiteboard)、动 词+副词(pick+up→pickup) -例词：☐classroom(class+room,教室)☐blackboard(black+board.,黑板)☐nomework(home+work, 家庭作业) ·词性转换（不改变词根拼写，仅通过语法功能改变词性） -常见类型：动词→，名词(teach-teacher)、名词→动词(water-→water)、形容词→副词 (quick→quickly）) -例词：口run(动词，跑)→run(名词，跑步)口slow(形容词，慢的)→slow(动词，放慢)口fast (形容词，快的)→fast(副词，快速地) 【即学即练】 1.【前缀构词】"unhappy”中的前缀”un-”表示什么含义？ A.再、又 B.共同、一起 C.否定 D.时间空间 2.【后缀构词】请写出"develop”的名词形式： 3.【合成构词】"whiteboard”属于哪种合成类型？ A.名词+名词 B.形容词+名词 C.动词+副词 D.副词+动词 4.【词性转换】”quick”转换为副词形式是？ A.quick B.quicky C.quickly D.quickness 5.【构词法应用】"hopeless”中后缀”-less”表示一，该单词的含义是一。 语法复习|英语|沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）》 ·不定式(to+动词原形，表目的、将来、结果等) 1.基本用法 -作主语：To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要) -作宾语：He wants to buy a new bike.(他想买一辆新自行车) -作表语：Her job is to teach children.(她的工作是教孩子) -作定语：I have a book to read.(我有一本书要读) -作状语：She came here to see her mother..(她来这里看她妈妈，表目的) 2.省略to的情况 -使役动词后：let/make/have sb.do sth.(让某人做某事)→He made me cry.(他让我哭了) -感官动词后：see/watch/hear sb.do sth.(看见/观看听见某人做某事，强调全过程)→I saw her go out.(我看见她出去了) -固定搭配：had better do sth.(最好做某事)、why not do sth.(为什么不做某事) ·动名词（动词ing,表动作或状态） 1.基本用法 -作主语：Swimming is good for health.(游泳对健康有益) -作宾语：I enjoy listening to music.(我喜欢听音乐) -作表语：Her hobby is dancing.(她的爱好是跳舞) -作定语：a reading room(阅览室)、a swimming pool(游泳池) 2.常见搭配 -介词后：be good at doing sth.(擅长做某事)、look forward to doing sth.(期待做某事)→Heis good at playing basketball.(他擅长打篮球) -动词后：finish doing sth.(完成做某事)、mind doing sth.(介意做某事)→I finished doing my hom ework.(我完成了我的作业) ·分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done) 1.现在分词（表主动、进行） -作定语：a developing country(发展中国家，国家主动发展)、the running water(流水，水主动 流动) -作状语：The girl came in,singing a song.(女孩唱着歌进来了，表伴随) -作宾补：I heard her singing in the room.(我听见她正在房间里唱歌，强调正在进行) 2.过去分词（表被动、完成） -作定语：a developed country(发达国家，国家被发展)、broken windows(破碎的窗户，窗户被 打破) -作状语：Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.(从山上看，这座城市很漂亮，城市被看) -作宾补：I have my hair cut..(我理发了，头发被剪) 知识点三：时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时） ·一般现在时（表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理） -基础用法（高频考点）： *表示经常性动作→例句：He gets up at7a.m.every day..(他每天早上7点起床) *表示客观真理→例句：The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) *表示状态或特征→例句：She likes playing the piano.(她喜欢弹钢琴) -时间标志词（必记）： *always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)、every day(每 天) 一第三人称单数变化规则（易错点）： *一般加-s(play→plays)例句：He plays basketball well.. *以s/x/sh/ch结尾加-es(watch-watches)→例句：She watches TV every night. *以辅音+y结尾变y为i加-es(study-studies)→例句：He studies hard at school. ·一般过去时（表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态） -基础用法（核心考点）： *表示过去具体时间的动作→例句：She visited her grandparents last Sunday.(她上周日拜访了祖 父母) *表示过去的状态→例句：They lived in Beijing five years ago.(他们五年前住在北京) -时间标志词（必记）： *yesterday(昨天)、last week(上周)、two days ago(两天前)、in2020(在2020年)、just now (刚才) -动词过去式变化规则（重点）： *规则变化：加-ed(work-worked)→例句：He worked in a factory last year.. *不规则变化（需特殊记忆）：go→went、see→saw、eat→ate→例句：I went to the park yesterday. ·一般将来时（表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态） 一基础用法（高频考点)： *wil+动词原形→例句：I will go to the cinema tomorrow.(我明天要去看电影) *be going to+动词原形（计划或有迹象发生）→例句：It is going to rain soon.(很快要下雨了) 一时间标志词（必记）： *tomorrow(明天)、next week(下周)、in the future(将来)、soon(很快)、this evening(今晚) 一特殊用法（易错点）： *趋向动词用现在进行时表将来(go/come/leave等)→例句：The train is leaving in five minutes. (火车五分钟后出发) *”主将从现”原则(if/until/when引导的从句用一般现在时)→例句：I will call you when I arrive.(我 到了会给你打电话) ·现在进行时（表示现在正在进行的动作） 一基础用法（核心考点）： *am/is//are+动词-ing→例句：She is reading a book now.(她现在正在看书) *表示现阶段正在进行的动作→例句：They are studying English these days.(他们这些天在学英 语) 一时间标志词（必记）： *now(现在)、look(看)、listen(听)、at the moment(此刻) -动词-ing变化规则（重点）： *一般加-ing(read→reading)→例句：He is reading a newspaper. *以不发音e结尾去e加-ing(write-writing)→例句：She is writing a letter. *重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ing(run-running)→例句：They are running on the playground. 语法复习|英语」沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 考法一：构词法综合应用 ·核心：通过分析词根与词缀的关系，判断单词的词性转换或合成词构成，理解词义并正确拼写 ·真题1（语法填空）： The government is taking action to_(development)renewable energy. -答案：develop解析：由不定冠词"to”可知此处需用动词原形；"development”为名词，通过词性转换 (去掉名词后缀-ment)变为动词”develop”,意为“发展”。 ·真题2（完形填空）： My mother is a_(care)person.She always helps others in need. A.care B.careful C.careless D.caring -答案：B解析：由名词"person”可知需用形容词作定语；”care”为动词名词，加形容词后缀-ful构 成”careful”,意为“细心的”，符合句意“我妈妈是个细心的人”。 考法二：构词法与非谓语动词结合 ·核心：通过构词法判断词根及词性，结合非谓语动词的语法功能（如作定语、状语等）选择正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The teacher asked us to read the_(interest)story and then write a_(summarize)about it -答案：interesting summary解析：第一空修饰名词story,需用形容词，interest加-ing后缀变形容词 interesting(令人感兴趣的)；第二空由不定冠词a可知需用名词，summarize去e加后缀-ation变为 名词summary(总结)。 ·真题2（单选题）： --carefully is important for_mistakes in exams. A.Read avoid B.Reading avoiding C.To read avoid D.Read avoiding -答案：B解析：第一空作主语，需用动名词reading(动词read加-ing变为动名词)；第二空位于介 词for后，需用动名词avoiding(avoid加-ing变为动名词)，符合“介词后接动名词”的规则（知识 点二)。 考法三：构词法、非谓语动词与时态的综合运用 ·核心：结合构词法判断词性转换，根据语境选择正确的非谓语动词形式，并匹配相应的时态要求 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The_(excite)children are looking forward to_(visit)the science museum next week,which_(build) last year. A.exciting;visiting;was built B.excited;visit;built C.exciting;visit;was building D.excited;visiting;was built 一答案：D解析：第一空修饰人用-ed形容词excited;第二空look forward to后接动名词visiting;第三 空由时间标志词”last year'”可知用一般过去时被动语态was built(博物馆被建造)。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -After_(careful)reading the instruction,he decided_(use)the_(newly)developed software to finish the task yesterday. -答案：carefully;to use;newly解析：第一空修饰动词reading用副词carefully (care→careful一→carefully,.词性转换)；第二空decide后接不定式to use(非谓语动词)；第三 空修饰过去分词developed用副词newly(new→newly,词性转换)，由"yesterday'”可知整句为过去 时态。 语法复习|英语引沪教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（沪教版） 解题小妙招 构词法妙招 词性转换看搭配，名动形副要辨明； 名词后缀常见-ment/-tion-summary,形容词有-ful-ing/-ed; 副词多是形容词加-Hy,动词原形常跟to或情态。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓形式有三种，to do/doing/.done要分清； 作主语用动名词，介词之后-ing跟； 修饰名词看主动，主动-ing被动-ed; decide后接不定式，look forward to加-ing。 综合运用妙招 构词先把词性变，非谓形式看功能； 时态标志定时间，主被动态看动作； 形修名来副修动，层层分析不慌乱。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The(frighten)children hid behind their parents when they saw the big dog A.frighten B.frightening C.frightened D.frightens 2.My brother is interested in_(collect)stamps,and he has over 500 of them now. A.collect B.collecting C.to collect D.collected 3.The teacher told us that the earth_(go)around the sun. A.goes B.went C.will go D.is going 4.We are planning_(visit)the Great Wall during the summer vacation. A.visit B.visiting C.to visit D.visited 5.The_(develop)of Al technology has changed our daily life a lot in recent years. A.develop B.developed C.developing D.development 6.(learn)English well requires hard work and practice every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 7.The little girl was heard _(sing)a song in her room when her mother came back. A.sing B.singing C.to sing D.sang 8.If it_(rain)tomorrow,we will have to cancel the picnic. A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.rained 9.The_(break)window was repaired by the worker this morning. A.break B.breaking C.broken D.breaks 10.He apologized for_(arrive)late to the meeting yesterday. A.arrive B.arriving C.to arrive D.arrived 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The government is trying to_(improvement)the public transportation system. 2.My father often tells me_(study)hard to achieve my dreams. 3.The book_(write)by Lu Xun is still popular among young readers. 4.We_(have)a party last night to celebrate my sister's birthday. 5.She was too tired_(walk)any further,so she stopped to rest. 6.The students are looking forward to_(travel)to Beijing next month. 7.This is the most_(interest)movie I have ever seen 8.The teacher let the students_(leave)early because of the heavy rain. 9.A new library(build)in our school last year. 10._(not talk)loudly in the library;everyone is reading quietly. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Sports and Health Sports play an important role in people's life.Many people enjoy_(do)sports,such as running,swim- ming,and playing ball games.Regular exercise helps-(keep)our bodies strong and healthy.It also reduces the risk of many_(ill). Yesterday,I_(go)to the gym with my friends.We spent two hours-(exercise)there.My friend Tom is good at_(play)basketball,and he taught me some skills.I found it very_(excite)to play with them. In the future,I_(continue)to exercise every day.I believe that_(stay)active is the key to a happy life As the saying goes,"No pain,no gain.Let's start-(move)and enjoy a healthier life! 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.C2.B3.A4.C5.D6.B7.B8.B9.C10.B 演练二：填空试题 1.improve 2.to study 3.written 4.had 5.to walk 6.traveling 7.interesting 8.leave 9.was built 10.Don'ttalk 演练三：语法填空