构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（外研版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） Chapter1构词法、非谓语动词、时态与语态 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多个题型：单项选择1-2题、 完形填空23题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解（辅助词汇推测）。在词汇类题目中，前缀、后缀的辨析及词 性转换的运用往往是解题关键。 老查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度，覆盖基础规则与词汇应用： ·前缀构词：否定前缀(u-、dis、im-)、表示“前后”的前缀(pre-、post-)、表示“共同”的前缀(co-) 等的含义及加缀规则； ·后缀构词：名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-er)、形容词后缀(-ful、-less、-ous)、副词后缀(-ly)）等的词性 转换及拼写变化； ·合成构词：合成名词(classroom、newspaper)、合成形容词(hard-working、world-famous)、合成动 词(overcome、update)的构成方式与语义理解； ·词性转换：动词与名词(act-action)、形容词与副词(quick-quickly)、名词与形容词(care-careful)的 相互转换规则及语境应用。 精讲精练 知识点一：构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） ·前缀（加于词根前，改变词义） -常见类型：否定前缀(un-/dis/in-)、表“再/又”(re)、表“共同”(co-) -例句：口happy→unhappy(不高兴的，un-表否定)口like→dislike(不喜欢，dis-表否定)write →rewrite(重写，re-表“再") ·后缀（加于词根后，改变词性或词义） -名词后缀：-er(人/物)、-ment(行为/结果)、tion(动作/状态)→例句：teach→teacher(教师)、 develop→development(发展)、act→action(行动) -形容词后缀：-fu(充满…的)、-ess(无…的)、-ous(具有…的)→例句：care→careful(小心的)、 hope→hopeless(无望的)、danger→dangerous(危险的) -副词后缀：-y(通常由形容词加y构成)→例句：quick→quickly(快速地)、happy→happily(快 乐地) ·合成（由两个或多个单词组合成新词） -常见类型：合成名词（名词+名词/形容词+名词）、合成形容词（形容词+名词+ed/副词+现在分词） -例句：口class+room→classroom(教室，合成名词)口black+board→blackboard(黑板，合成 名词)☐good+looking→good--looking(好看的，合成形容词)☐hard+working→hard-working (勤奋的，合成形容词) ·词性转换（不改变词形，仅改变词性） 一常见转换：名词→动词、形容词→动词、动词→名词 -例句：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)→例句：I water the flowers every day.clean(adj.干 净的)→clean(v.打扫)→例句：She cleans the room every morning.口run(v.跑)→run(n.跑 步)→例句：I go for a run every morning. 【即学即练】 1.【前缀辨析】选择正确的前缀填空：ltis_(fair)to give him all the work while others do nothing. 2.【后缀应用】写出achieve的名词形式：一 3.【合成构词】"hard-working”属于什么类型的合成词？ A.合成名词 B.合成形容词 C.合成动词 D.合成副词 4.【词性转换】water作动词时的含义是： A.水 B.浇水 C.喝水 D.水域 5.【构词法综合】用care的适当形式填空：The_girl always forgets to lock the door. 语法复习|英语」外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 知识点二：非谓语动词三大形式及用法 ·动词不定式(todo)(表目的、将来、具体动作) 1.基本结构：to+动词原形（否定式：not to do) 2.功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语 3.例句： -To learn English well is important.(作主语，表具体动作) -He wants to buy a new bike.(作宾语，表将来动作) -Her dream is to be a doctor.(作表语，表目的) -I have a lot of homework to finish.(作定语，修饰名词homework) -She went to the shop to buy some milk.(作目的状语) ·动名词(doing)(表主动、进行、抽象概念) 1.基本结构：动词原形+-ing(否定式：not doing) 2.功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语 3.例句： -Swimming is good exercise.(作主语，表抽象概念) -He enjoys playing football..(作宾语，enjoy后接动名词) -Her hobby is singing.(作表语，表抽象动作) -There is a reading room in our school.(作定语，修饰名词room) ·分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done) 1.现在分词（主动、进行）： 一功能：作定语、状语、补语 -例句：口The running water is clean.(作定语，表主动)☐He sat there reading a book..(作状语， 表伴随)☐I saw him playing basketball.(作补语，表进行) 2.过去分词（被动、完成）： 一功能：作定语、状语、补语 -例句：口The broken window needs repairing.(作定语，表被动)口Seen from the hill,.the city looks beautiful..(作状语，表被动)口I had my hair cut yesterday..(作补语，表被动) 知识点三：时态与语态 ·一般现在时（表经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理） 一主动语态结构：主语+动词原形三单形式 -被动语态结构：主语+amis/are+过去分词 一例句 *She gets up at6:O0 every morning..(主动，表习惯) *ater boils at100☐.（主动，客观真理） *English is spoken by many people.(被动) ·现在进行时（表此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作） -主动语态结构：主语+am/is/are+doing -被动语态结构：主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词 -例句： *They are playing football now.(主动) *A new hospital is being built in our city.(被动) ·现在完成时（表过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在） -主动语态结构：主语+have/has+done -被动语态结构：主语+have/has+been+过去分词 一例句： *I have finished my homework.(主动，影响) *He has lived here for10 years.(主动，持续) The book has been translated into Chinese. ·一般过去时（表过去某个时间发生的动作或状态） 一主动语态结构：主语+动词过去式 -被动语态结构：主语+was/were+过去分词 一例句： *She went to Beijing last week.(主动) *The letter was written by Tom yesterday..(被动) ·一般将来时（表将来要发生的动作） -主动语态结构：will/shall+do;be going to+do -被动语态结构：will/shall be+done;be going to be+done 一例句： *Ne will visit the museum tomorrow.(主动) The meeting is going to be held next Monday.( 语法复习|英语」外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 考法一：前缀辨析 ·核心：根据词根及语境，判断否定前缀(un-/dis/i-)的正确使用 ·真题1（语法填空）： It is_(fair)to give him all the work while others do nothing. 一答案：unfair解析：由“while others do nothing”可知，语境表否定意义“不公平的”；fair的否定前 缀为un-,构成unfair(不公平的)。 ·真题2（完形填空）： She was_(satisfied)with the result and decided to try again. A.dis B.un C.in D.im -答案：B解析：由“decided to try again”可知，语境表否定意义“不满意的”；satisfied的否定前缀 为un-,构成unsatisfied(不满意的)。 考法二：构词法与非谓语动词、时态的综合运用 ·核心1（构词法+非谓语动词）：通过构词法判断词根词性，结合非谓语动词用法选择正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： The_(care)girl always forgets to lock the door when she leaves. -答案：careless解析：根据句意“健忘的女孩”，需用否定意义形容词；词根为care,加后缀-less构 成形容词careless,表“无…的”。 ·真题2（完形填空）： After finishing the work,we felt a sense of_(achieve). A.achieve B.achieving C.achievement D.achieved 一答案：C解析：介词of后需接名词；achieve为动词，通过加名词后缀-ment构成achievement(成 就)，符合语法要求。 ·核心2（构词法+时态）：利用词性转换判断动词形式，结合时态标志词确定正确时态 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The gardener_(water)the flowers when it suddenly rained yesterday. -答案：was watering解析：water可由名词转换为动词“浇水”；由时间标志词“when it suddenly rained yesterday”可知，动作在过去某时正在进行，用过去进行时；主语为三单，be动词用was。 ·真题2（完形填空）： My mother usually_(clean)the house on weekends,but she_(shop)now. A.clean;shop B.cleans;is shopping C.cleaned;shopped D.will clean;shops -答案：B解析：clean可由形容词转换为动词“打扫”；第一空由“usually”可知用一般现在时，主语 三单，动词加s;第二空由“now”可知用现在进行时，be+doing结构。 ·核心3（非谓语动词+时态）：根据非谓语动词功能判断形式，结合主句时态确定逻辑关系 ·真题1（语法填空）： --(finish)his homework,he went out to play basketball with his friends 一答案：Having finished解析：非谓语动词作时间状语，“完成作业”发生在“出去玩”之前，表主动完 成，用现在分词完成式having finished。. ·真题2（完形填空）： The teacher told us _(not talk)in class while she_(teach). A.not to talk;taught B.don't talk;teaches C.not talk;is teaching D.not talking;was teaching -答案：A解析：第一空为动词不定式否定式not to do,作宾补；第二空由主句“told”可知从句用一 般过去时，teach的过去式为taught。 考法三：构词法、非谓语动词与被动语态的综合应用 ·核心：结合构词法判断词性转换，运用非谓语动词形式分析逻辑关系，同时根据语境选择正确的被动语 态结构 ·真题1（单项选择）： The_(develop)plan_(make)by the government last month.Now we are trying our best_(carry) it out A.developing;was made;to carry B.development;made;carrying C.development;was made;to carry D.developing;made;carry -答案：C解析：第一空需名词作定语修饰plan,develop的名词形式为developm ent(知识点一：名 词后缀-ment);第二空主语plan是动作make的承受者，时间标志词last month提示用一般过去时 被动语态，结构为was made(知识点三)；第三空try one's best后接不定式作目的状语，用to carry (知识点二：动词不定式表目的)。 ·真题2（语法填空）： Our teacher often tells us that _(read)more books_(help)us improve our English.These books -(translate)into many languages so far. -答案：reading;helps;have been translated解析：第一空需动名词作主语，read的动名词形式为 reading(知识点二：动名词作主语表抽象概念)；第二空主语为动名词短语，谓语动词用第三人称单 数形式helps;第三空主语books是动作translate的承受者，时间标志词so far提示用现在完成时被 动语态，结构为have been translated(知识点三)。 语法复习|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 解题小妙招 否定前缀妙招 否定前缀看词根，un-常用形副前，fair变unfair;dis-多接动词根，satisfied用un-添，unfair是典范；in-否 定形容词，语境含义是关键，前缀搭配记心间。 构词法妙招 构词法要辨词性，名词后缀-ment加，achieve变achievement;-less加在名词后，形容词义“无”中含， care变careless不难；名词动词可转换，water作动用得欢，clean动词也常见。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓语看功能，介词之后名词跟，of后achievement真；作状语看先后，完成主动having done,Having finished放句首稳；不定式表目的，tell后接not to do,否定形式要记准。 时态语态妙招 时态判断看标志，usually现在时，三单cleans莫忘记；yesterday过去时，过去进行was watering,now 现在进行is shopping;被动必带be和done,last month过去被动was made,so far完成被动have been translated. 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.It is important_English well in modern society A.learn B.to learn C.learning D.learned 2.The girl enjoys-books in her free time A.read B.to read C.reading D.reads 3.My father usually_the garden every morning A.water B.waters C.watered D.is watering 4.We_dinner when the doorbell rang A.have B.had C.were having D.are having 5.The book_into many languages since it was published A.translates B.translated C.has been translated D.was translated 6.He was made_the work all by himself A.do B.to do C.doing D.done 7._the homework,he went to bed A.Finishing B.Finished C.Having finished D.To finish 8.This is a_story A.moved B.moving C.move D.to move 9.The teacher told us_in class A.not talk B.not to talk C.don't talk D.not talking 10.He has a_daughter A.five-years-old B.five-year-old C.five year old D.five years old 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.She decided_(study)abroad next year 2.I saw him_(play)basketball on the playground 3.The meeting _(hold)yesterday afternoon 4.My mother often tells me stories before I go to _(sleep) 5.This is an_(interest)book 6.He_(work)in this factory for 10 years 7.(be)honest is very important for everyone 8.The room needs_(clean) 9.When I got home,my father_(watch)TV 10.She is good at(sing) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Learning English is important for students.Many students want__(improve)their English quickly.Some students spend much time_(memorize)new words,but they often forget them soon.Actually,the best way_(learn)English well is to use it as much as possible. Last year,I_(join)an English club.There I met many friends who were interested in English.We (practice)speaking English every weekend.Sometimes we _(watch)English movies together. Through these activities,my English-(improve)a lot. Now I can_(communicate)with foreigners easily.I-(realize)that practice makes perfect.I(continue) to work hard to learn English better in the future. 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.B2.C3.B4.C5.C6.B7.C8.B9.B10.B 演练二：填空试题 1.to study 2.playing 3.was held 4.sleep 5.interesting 6.has worked 7.Being 8.cleaning/to be cleaned 9.was watching 10.singing